Laboratory 2: Reproductive Morphology
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Inflorescences
Inflorescences - Floral Displays Inflorescences - Floral Displays A shift from widely The vast majority of flowering plants spaced single flowers to an inflorescence required possess flowers in clusters called an condensation of shoots inflorescence. and the loss of the intervening leaves. These clusters facilitate pollination via a prominent visual display and more The simplest efficient pollen uptake and deposition. inflorescence type would thus be indeterminate with the oldest flowers at the base and the younger flowers progressively closer to the apical meristem of the shoot. = a raceme Raceme (Prunus or cherry) One modification of the basic raceme is to make it compound The panicle is essentially compound a series of attached racemes with the oldest racemes at the base and the youngest at the apex of the inflorescence. Panicle (Zigadenus or white camass) Raceme Panicle 1 A second modification of the basic raceme is to lose its pedicels The spike is usually associated with congested reduced flowers and often, but not always, with wind Pedicel loss pollination. wind pollinated Spike (Plantago or plantain) Raceme Spike A third modification of the basic raceme is to lose its internodes The spike is usually associated with congested reduced flowers and often, animal pollinated but not always, with wind Internode loss pollination. Umbel Spike (Combretum - Brent’s plants) Raceme 2 The umbel characterizes specific families (carrot and The umbel is found scattered in many other families ginseng families for example). as well. These families typically show a compound umbel - smaller umbellets on a larger umbel. Umbel Umbel (Cicuta or water hemlock) (Zizia or golden alexander) (Eriogonum or false buckwheat - family Polygonaceae) - Ben’s plants A fourth modification of the basic raceme is for the stem axis to form a head The head or capitulum characterizes specific families - most notably the Compositae or Asteraceae. -
Proposal for the Development of Large Scale Seed Production and Roadside Establishment Protocol for Five Native Hawaiian Groundcovers
TERMINATION REPORT FOR (TA) DL2012-2 Proposal for the Development of Large Scale Seed Production and Roadside Establishment Protocol for Five Native Hawaiian Groundcovers. PREPARED BY Dr. Joseph DeFrank, project PI DATED: July 05, 2018 TERINATION REPORT FOR - (TA) DL 2012-2 - July 05, 2018 Page 1 Table of Contents Page Description number Executive Summary of Project Accomplishments 2-3 Establishing seed production nursery on Oahu. 4-10 Weed control research with native plants. 11-16 Seed Harvest Index for Aalii (Dodonaea viscosa) 17-19 Seed Harvest Index for Ahinahina (Achyranthes splendens) 19-23 Seed Harvest Index for Aweoweo (Chenopodium oahuense) 24-25 Seed Harvest Index for Ilima (Sida fallex) 26-27 Seed Harvest Index for Uhaloa (Waltheria indica) 28-30 Executive Summary of Project Accomplishments The Hawaii Department of Transportation has provided funding in support of the research and development project titled: “Proposal for the Development of Large Scale Seed Production and Roadside Establishment Protocol for Five Native Hawaiian Groundcovers”. The notice to proceed date was May15, 2015 with termination date of May 15, 2018. The Task Agreement (TA) for this project is DL2012-2 with Purchase Order No. 40055133. The Cooperative Agreement number is DOT-10-030. Summary of work performed during the project period Establishing seed production nurseries on Oahu. A .9 acre seed production nursery was established in the median area on the leeward side of Oahu in the Halawa interchange, see photos 1-7. All five of the project native plant species are included in this nursery. The nursery is supplied with automatic irrigation. Water conservation and clean seed collection is enhanced due to the used of durable woven black plastic ground cover used extensively throughout the planting. -
Reproduction in Plants Which But, She Has Never Seen the Seeds We Shall Learn in This Chapter
Reproduction in 12 Plants o produce its kind is a reproduction, new plants are obtained characteristic of all living from seeds. Torganisms. You have already learnt this in Class VI. The production of new individuals from their parents is known as reproduction. But, how do Paheli thought that new plants reproduce? There are different plants always grow from seeds. modes of reproduction in plants which But, she has never seen the seeds we shall learn in this chapter. of sugarcane, potato and rose. She wants to know how these plants 12.1 MODES OF REPRODUCTION reproduce. In Class VI you learnt about different parts of a flowering plant. Try to list the various parts of a plant and write the Asexual reproduction functions of each. Most plants have In asexual reproduction new plants are roots, stems and leaves. These are called obtained without production of seeds. the vegetative parts of a plant. After a certain period of growth, most plants Vegetative propagation bear flowers. You may have seen the It is a type of asexual reproduction in mango trees flowering in spring. It is which new plants are produced from these flowers that give rise to juicy roots, stems, leaves and buds. Since mango fruit we enjoy in summer. We eat reproduction is through the vegetative the fruits and usually discard the seeds. parts of the plant, it is known as Seeds germinate and form new plants. vegetative propagation. So, what is the function of flowers in plants? Flowers perform the function of Activity 12.1 reproduction in plants. Flowers are the Cut a branch of rose or champa with a reproductive parts. -
Seed and Seed Dispersal
1st GRADE SEEDS AND SEED DISPERSAL Summary: This lab is all about seeds. First, students take apart a swollen lima bean seed and find the seed coat, food storage area, and the plant embryo. Second, the students sort a bag of seeds into groups and notice that all seeds look different but have the same three seed parts. Finally, students sort seeds that are dispersed in different ways. Students identify seeds that are dispersed by wind, hitchiking, animals carrying and burying, and animals eating and pooping. Intended Learning Outcomes for 1st Grade: Objective 1: Framing questions. Conducting investigations. Drawing conclusions. Objective 2: Developing social interaction skills with peers. Sharing ideas with peers. Connecting ideas with reasons. Objective 3: Ideas are supported by reasons. Communicaiton of ideas in science is important for helping to check the reasons for ideas. Utah State Core Curriculum Tie: Standard 4 Objective 1: Life Science Analyze the individual similarities and differences within and across larger groups. Standard 4 Objective 2: Life Science Describe and model life cycles of living things. Make observations about living things and their environment using the five senses. Preparation time: 1 hour to locate seeds the first time, then 20 min if seeds are reused Lesson time: 50 min Small group size: works best with one adult for every 5 students Materials: 1. one petri dish or paper towel per student 2. 1 bag of dried lima beans 3. One seed classification bag per group, this should include 5-6 seeds of about 15 different seed types. Use old seeds from seed packets or spices or seeds or nuts you may have in your kitchen. -
Flowering Plant Families of Northwestern California: a Tabular Comparison
Humboldt State University Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University Botanical Studies Open Educational Resources and Data 12-2019 Flowering Plant Families of Northwestern California: A Tabular Comparison James P. Smith Jr Humboldt State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Smith, James P. Jr, "Flowering Plant Families of Northwestern California: A Tabular Comparison" (2019). Botanical Studies. 95. https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps/95 This Flora of Northwest California-Regional is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Educational Resources and Data at Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Botanical Studies by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLOWERING PLANT FAMILIES OF NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA: A TABULAR COMPARISON James P. Smith, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Botany Department of Biological Sciences Humboldt State University December 2019 Scientific Name Habit Leaves Sexuality • Floral Formula Common Name Fruit Type • Comments Aceraceae TSV SC:O U-m [P] • K 4-5 C 4-5 A 4-10 G (2) Maple Paired samaras • leaves often palmately lobed Acoraceae H S:A U-m • P 3+3 A 6 or G (3) Sweet Flag Berry • aquatic; aromatic rhizomes Aizoaceae HS S:AO B • P [3] 5 [8] A 0-4 Gsi (2-5-4) Ice Plant Capsule (berry-like) • fleshy; stamens divided, petaloid Alismataceae -
Rosa L.: Rose, Briar
Q&R genera Layout 1/31/08 12:24 PM Page 974 R Rosaceae—Rose family Rosa L. rose, briar Susan E. Meyer Dr. Meyer is a research ecologist at the USDA Forest Service’s Rocky Mountain Research Station Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Provo, Utah Growth habit, occurrence, and uses. The genus and act as seed dispersers (Gill and Pogge 1974). Wild roses Rosa is found primarily in the North Temperate Zone and are also utilized as browse by many wild and domestic includes about 200 species, with perhaps 20 that are native ungulates. Rose hips are an excellent source of vitamin C to the United States (table 1). Another 12 to 15 rose species and may also be consumed by humans (Densmore and have been introduced for horticultural purposes and are nat- Zasada 1977). Rose oil extracted from the fragrant petals is uralized to varying degrees. The nomenclature of the genus an important constituent of perfume. The principal use of is in a state of flux, making it difficult to number the species roses has clearly been in ornamental horticulture, and most with precision. The roses are erect, clambering, or climbing of the species treated here have been in cultivation for many shrubs with alternate, stipulate, pinnately compound leaves years (Gill and Pogge 1974). that have serrate leaflets. The plants are usually armed with Many roses are pioneer species that colonize distur- prickles or thorns. Many species are capable of clonal bances naturally. The thicket-forming species especially growth from underground rootstocks and tend to form thick- have potential for watershed stabilization and reclamation of ets. -
Heterospory: the Most Iterative Key Innovation in the Evolutionary History of the Plant Kingdom
Biol. Rej\ (1994). 69, l>p. 345-417 345 Printeii in GrenI Britain HETEROSPORY: THE MOST ITERATIVE KEY INNOVATION IN THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE PLANT KINGDOM BY RICHARD M. BATEMAN' AND WILLIAM A. DiMlCHELE' ' Departments of Earth and Plant Sciences, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford OXi 3P/?, U.K. {Present addresses: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburiih, Inverleith Rojv, Edinburgh, EIIT, SLR ; Department of Geology, Royal Museum of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EHi ijfF) '" Department of Paleohiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC^zo^bo, U.S.A. CONTENTS I. Introduction: the nature of hf^terospon' ......... 345 U. Generalized life history of a homosporous polysporangiophyle: the basis for evolutionary excursions into hetcrospory ............ 348 III, Detection of hcterospory in fossils. .......... 352 (1) The need to extrapolate from sporophyte to gametophyte ..... 352 (2) Spatial criteria and the physiological control of heterospory ..... 351; IV. Iterative evolution of heterospory ........... ^dj V. Inter-cladc comparison of levels of heterospory 374 (1) Zosterophyllopsida 374 (2) Lycopsida 374 (3) Sphenopsida . 377 (4) PtiTopsida 378 (5) f^rogymnospermopsida ............ 380 (6) Gymnospermopsida (including Angiospermales) . 384 (7) Summary: patterns of character acquisition ....... 386 VI. Physiological control of hetcrosporic phenomena ........ 390 VII. How the sporophyte progressively gained control over the gametophyte: a 'just-so' story 391 (1) Introduction: evolutionary antagonism between sporophyte and gametophyte 391 (2) Homosporous systems ............ 394 (3) Heterosporous systems ............ 39(1 (4) Total sporophytic control: seed habit 401 VIII. Summary .... ... 404 IX. .•Acknowledgements 407 X. References 407 I. I.NIRODUCTION: THE NATURE OF HETEROSPORY 'Heterospory' sensu lato has long been one of the most popular re\ie\v topics in organismal botany. -
Conifer Reproductive Biology Claire G
Conifer Reproductive Biology Claire G. Williams Conifer Reproductive Biology Claire G. Williams USA ISBN: 978-1-4020-9601-3 e-ISBN: 978-1-4020-9602-0 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9602-0 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009927085 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover Image: Snow and pendant cones on spruce tree (reproduced with permission of Photos.com). Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword When it comes to reproduction, gymnosperms are deeply weird. Cycads and coni- fers have drawn out reproduction: at least 13 genera take over a year from pollina- tion to fertilization. Since they don’t apparently have any selection mechanism by which to discriminate among pollen tubes prior to fertilization, it is natural to won- der why such a delay in reproduction is necessary. Claire Williams’ book celebrates such oddities of conifer reproduction. She has written a book that turns the context of many of these reproductive quirks into deeper questions concerning evolution. The origins of some of these questions can be traced back Wilhelm Hofmeister’s 1851 book, which detailed the revolutionary idea of alternation of generations. -
Fruits: Kinds and Terms
FRUITS: KINDS AND TERMS THE IMPORTANT PART OF THE LIFE CYCLE OFTEN IGNORED Technically, fruits are the mature ovaries of plants that contain ripe seeds ready for dispersal • Of the many kinds of fruits, there are three basic categories: • Dehiscent fruits that split open to shed their seeds, • Indehiscent dry fruits that retain their seeds and are often dispersed as though they were the seed, and • Indehiscent fleshy fruits that turn color and entice animals to eat them, meanwhile allowing the undigested seeds to pass from the animal’s gut We’ll start with dehiscent fruits. The most basic kind, the follicle, contains a single chamber and opens by one lengthwise slit. The columbine seed pods, three per flower, are follicles A mature columbine follicle Milkweed seed pods are also large follicles. Here the follicle hasn’t yet opened. Here is the milkweed follicle opened The legume is a similar seed pod except it opens by two longitudinal slits, one on either side of the fruit. Here you see seeds displayed from a typical legume. Legumes are only found in the pea family Fabaceae. On this fairy duster legume, you can see the two borders that will later split open. Redbud legumes are colorful before they dry and open Lupine legumes twist as they open, projecting the seeds away from the parent The bur clover modifies its legumes by coiling them and providing them with hooked barbs, only opening later as they dry out. The rattlepods or astragaluses modify their legumes by inflating them for wind dispersal, later opening to shed their seeds. -
Starch Biosynthesis in the Developing Endosperms of Grasses and Cereals
Review Starch Biosynthesis in the Developing Endosperms of Grasses and Cereals Ian J. Tetlow * and Michael J. Emes Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-519-824-4120 Received: 31 October 2017; Accepted: 27 November 2017; Published: 1 December 2017 Abstract: The starch-rich endosperms of the Poaceae, which includes wild grasses and their domesticated descendents the cereals, have provided humankind and their livestock with the bulk of their daily calories since the dawn of civilization up to the present day. There are currently unprecedented pressures on global food supplies, largely resulting from population growth, loss of agricultural land that is linked to increased urbanization, and climate change. Since cereal yields essentially underpin world food and feed supply, it is critical that we understand the biological factors contributing to crop yields. In particular, it is important to understand the biochemical pathway that is involved in starch biosynthesis, since this pathway is the major yield determinant in the seeds of six out of the top seven crops grown worldwide. This review outlines the critical stages of growth and development of the endosperm tissue in the Poaceae, including discussion of carbon provision to the growing sink tissue. The main body of the review presents a current view of our understanding of storage starch biosynthesis, which occurs inside the amyloplasts of developing endosperms. Keywords: amylopectin; amylose; cereals; debranching enzymes; endosperm; forage grasses; Poaceae; starch; starch synthase; starch branching enzyme 1. Introduction The grasses can rightly be regarded as a cornerstone of human civilization. -
Molecular Control of Oil Metabolism in the Endosperm of Seeds
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Molecular Control of Oil Metabolism in the Endosperm of Seeds Romane Miray †, Sami Kazaz † , Alexandra To and Sébastien Baud * Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; [email protected] (R.M.); [email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (A.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: In angiosperm seeds, the endosperm develops to varying degrees and accumulates different types of storage compounds remobilized by the seedling during early post-germinative growth. Whereas the molecular mechanisms controlling the metabolism of starch and seed-storage proteins in the endosperm of cereal grains are relatively well characterized, the regulation of oil metabolism in the endosperm of developing and germinating oilseeds has received particular attention only more recently, thanks to the emergence and continuous improvement of analytical techniques allowing the evaluation, within a spatial context, of gene activity on one side, and lipid metabolism on the other side. These studies represent a fundamental step toward the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms governing oil metabolism in this particular tissue. In particular, they highlight the importance of endosperm-specific transcriptional controls for determining original oil compositions usually observed in this tissue. In the light of this research, the biological functions of oils stored in the endosperm of seeds then appear to be more diverse than simply constituting a source of carbon made available for the germinating seedling. Keywords: seed; endosperm; oil; fatty acid; metabolism Citation: Miray, R.; Kazaz, S.; To, A.; Baud, S. -
Plant Collecting Expedition for Berry Crop Species Through Southeastern
Plant Collecting Expedition for Berry Crop Species through Southeastern and Midwestern United States June and July 2007 Glassy Mountain, South Carolina Participants: Kim E. Hummer, Research Leader, Curator, USDA ARS NCGR 33447 Peoria Road, Corvallis, Oregon 97333-2521 phone 541.738.4201 [email protected] Chad E. Finn, Research Geneticist, USDA ARS HCRL, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, Oregon 97330 phone 541.738.4037 [email protected] Michael Dossett Graduate Student, Oregon State University, Department of Horticulture, Corvallis, OR 97330 phone 541.738.4038 [email protected] Plant Collecting Expedition for Berry Crops through the Southeastern and Midwestern United States, June and July 2007 Table of Contents Table of Contents.................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements:................................................................................................................ 3 Executive Summary................................................................................................................ 4 Part I – Southeastern United States ...................................................................................... 5 Summary.............................................................................................................................. 5 Travelog May-June 2007.................................................................................................... 6 Conclusions for part 1 .....................................................................................................