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Macrophytography of Cultivated Liriopogons and Genera Delineation

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Macrophytography of Cultivated Liriopogons and Genera Delineation JOBNAME: hortte 18#3 2008 PAGE: 1 OUTPUT: May 22 17:35:44 2008 tsp/hortte/163121/00895 families, including Ophiopogonaceae Macrophytography of Cultivated Liriopogons Endl., Liliaceae Juss., Convallariaceae and Genera Delineation Horan., and currently (Stevens, 2006), Ruscaceae Spreng. Members of liriopogons are dif- Paul R. Fantz1,2 ficult to segregate and identify by many professionals in the nursery and landscape industries. They typi- ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Liriope, Ophiopogon, Convallariaceae, Haemodoraceae, Liliaceae, Ophiopogonaceae, Ruscaceae, morphology, ground covers, aztec grass, cally use only a few characters for lilyturf, mondo grass, monkey grass, snakesbeard segregation of species: growth form (‘‘clumper’’ vs. ‘‘runner’’), height, leaf SUMMARY. Liriopogons (Liriope Lour. spp. and Ophiopogon Ker-Gawl. spp.) are length and width, and flower color. versatile landscape plants with a complexity of taxonomic problems, including These traits are variable when one the question of whether they are segregate genera or only one genus. examines named plants. Hence, com- Macrophytography (descriptive terminology of morphology) of the liriopogons is described with commentary on patterns of variation and reliable characters for mon or vernacular names used for segregation. Liriopogons were found to include two valid genera, delineated and these plants typically are associated described, and two imposters marketed as liriopogons. Liriope species bear across generic lines. One needs to spreading to upright rotate flowers with zygomorphic stamens, of which the clearly define and understand plant filaments are sigmoid, the anthers oblong and poricidal dehiscent, and the style is characteristics exhibited and their incurved-falcate. Ophiopogon species bear nodding campanulate flowers with patterns of variation before one can actinomorphic stamens, of which the filaments are subsessile and straight, the use those characters that are distinct anthers sagittate and longitudinally dehiscent, and the style is straight. The and reliable for distinguishing genera imposters are nonvalid liriopogons, and include species of sedges and grasses segregation, delineation, and accurate misidentified as liriopogons. Included are a key to delineation of taxa and a table identification of plants used in molec- of taxonomic terminology used in this study for describing liriopogon taxa. ular research projects. Phytography is the descriptive iriopogons are versatile land- Liriope and Ophiopogon were terminology (morphology) of plants scape plants that are becoming united under the genus Ophiopogon and their component parts for the Lincreasingly important in the (Maximowicz, 1781), as distinguish- purpose of providing an accurate nursery and landscape industries ing features were limited. L.H. Bailey and complete vocabulary for descrip- (Adams, 1989). Liriopogons are discussed the complex nomenclatural tions, identification, and classification commonly known as ‘aztec grass’, history and was unsure if there were (Radford et al., 1974). Macrophytog- ‘lilyturfs’, ‘mondo grass’, ‘monkey two distinct genera or one genus as raphy includes structures one can grass’, or infrequently as ‘snake- treated by botanists in the 1800s observe with the naked eye, hand beards’ in the green industry trade (Bailey, 1929). However, he did not lens, or a low-powered microscope (Fantz, 1993). A complexity of taxo- merge them, but recognized two gen- (·10 to ·30). nomic problems were reported that era of cultivated liriopogons as Liriope A taxonomic program was initi- needed to be resolved in cultivated and Mondo (Kaempf.) Adanson (Bailey, ated at North Carolina State Univer- liriopogons (Fantz, 1993). How can 1929). Currently, Ophiopogon is a sity with the objective of a taxonomic one segregate species and cultivars? conserved name recognized interna- revision to include an inventory of Are liriopogons members of one tionally over the name Mondo. Mod- cultivated germplasm, quantitative genus or two genera (Ophiopogon ern authors have followed Bailey’s descriptions of taxa, observational and Liriope)? The latter question treatment of two genera, including notes, nomenclatural comment, needs to be resolved first to begin the official reference of the American documented vouchers, and identifi- addressing the previous question. Society for Horticultural Science for cation aids (e.g., keys). In the green correct scientific names (Griffiths, industry today, there are four distinct Salary and research support provided in part by the 1994). However, recent molecular genera sold as liriopogons! The North Carolina Agricultural Research Service research is leading to conclusions that objectives herein were to define the (NCARS), Raleigh, NC 27695-7643. Additional funds in support of research provided by Taylor’s support only one genus, not two phytography, to discuss the morphol- Nursery, Inc. (Raleigh, NC) and publication funds (Cutler, 1992; Mcharo et al., 2003; ogy of liriopogons and patterns of provided by the North Carolina Association of Nurs- Rudall et al., 2000). erymen, Inc. (Raleigh, NC). variation observed, to determine the Ophiopogon was placed originally number of liriopogon genera, and to Thanks go to Paul Lineberger, retired Superintend- ent, Horticultural Field Laboratory, Raleigh, and his in the Haemodoraceae Arnott note those characters that are being staff for cultural assistance with germplasm collection (Bentham and Hooker, 1880). Later, used in developing quantitative used in this study, and to those individuals, nurseries, the genus was transferred to several and botanical gardens listed in Table 1 that donated descriptions of the taxa. plants for this research. The use of nursery and trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the NCARS of the nurseries or products named nor criticism of similar ones not mentioned. Units 1Department of Horticultural Science, North Caro- To convert U.S. to SI, To convert SI to U.S., lina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609 multiply by U.S. unit SI unit multiply by 2Corresponding author. E-mail: paul_fantz@ 2.54 inch(es) cm 0.3937 ncsu.edu. 25.4 inch(es) mm 0.0394 334 • July–September 2008 18(3) JOBNAME: hortte 18#3 2008 PAGE: 2 OUTPUT: May 22 17:35:45 2008 tsp/hortte/163121/00895 Materials and methods plants have elongate rhizomes, leav- Table 1. Sources of liriopogon Germplasm of liriopogons culti- ing open patches between plantlets. germplasm, including the original origin as cited by the source. vated in the United States were accu- These members are typically vigorous mulated, grown together from 1990 growers, becoming aggressive in Botanic gardens/arboreta to 2005 for morphological compar- landscapes, and appearing weedy. Brookside Gardens, Wheaton, MD ison and observation, and vouchered Weakly rhizatomous plants have short Busse Gardens, Cokato, MN as described by Fantz (1994). Table 1 runners, with daughter plants borne Carroll Gardens, Westminster, MD summarizes the sources of germplasm close to the mother plant and their Duke Botanic Gardens, Durham, NC collections reported (Fantz, 1994), roots intertwining. This growth pat- Hangzhou Botanical Garden, Hangzhou, China and includes the known original tern will form a dense carpet or mound over the ground with age, JC Raulston Arboretum, North Carolina source of origin of some taxa being State University, Raleigh, NC introduced into the U.S. from China, with original planting sites merging together, providing an attractive Millpond Plantation, Thomasville, GA England, Germany, and Japan. Table Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, UK ornamental appearance. These plants 2 summarizes the morphological U.S. National Arboretum, characters from which data were commonly are cited as stoloniferous Washington, DC obtained for each taxon examined. in the literature, but stolons are Nurseries/garden centers Table 3 provides the phytographic defined historically as specialized hor- Bentley Nursery, Monticello, FL descriptive terminology used by this izontal stems that creep along the Kurt Blumel, Inc., Baldwin, MD author and others (Bagust, 1992; ground on the soil surface, not Classic Groundcovers, Athens, GA Dahlgren and Clifford, 1982; Dahlg- beneath it (Harris and Harris, 1994; Coastal Gardens and Nursery, Myrtle ren et al., 1985; Harris and Harris, Radford et al., 1974). Beach, SC 1994) that follows standard taxo- Caespitose plants expand out- Fowler’s Nursery, Raleigh, NC Evergreen Nursery, Athens, GA nomic references. ward radially from the caudex crown of the original plant in dense tufts Garden Place, Mentor, OH Results and discussion (‘‘clumper’’), forming a mound or Ga¨rtnerischer Pfanzenbau, cushion on the ground with age. Marktheidenfeld, Germany Results obtained and the follow- Greenbrier Farms, Chesapeake, VA ing discussion will be presented in five The mound includes the original Hines Nursery, Fulchear, TX parts. First, phytography of liriopo- ‘‘mother’’ plant from which lateral Ishiguro Momiji-en, Santa Rosa, CA gon morphology and patterns of var- secondary plantlets (‘‘daughter plants’’) Juroku-en, Kasugahara, Japan iation are discussed, organ by organ. produce new clumps of leaves and Kairyo-en, Kawagochi, Japan Second, characters reliable for genera scapes. Individual mounds are quite K-Mart, Cary, NC and species segregation are presented. distinguishable after several years Louisiana Nursery, Opelousas, LA Third, the number of liriopogon of growth. Individual plants are Malloy Nursery, Monticello, FL genera are discussed. Fourth, discus- crowded together, thus
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