Plant Anatomy & Plant Parts

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Flower and Inflorescence Types What you need to know to identify plants Wildland Plant Identification REM 252 Flowers and Reproduction New Plant Flower Fruit/Seed Pollination Structure of Flowers Structure of Flowers PERFECT Flower = includes stamens (♂ or male) AND pistil (♀ or female) IMPERFECT Flower = has stamens (♂ or male) OR pistil (♀ or female) but not both Perfect Flowers Imperfect Flowers Monoecious - ♂ and ♀ flowers on SAME plant Dioecious - ♂ and ♀ flowers on SEPARATE plants Monoecious Dioecious Male Male Plant Female Male Female Female Plant Imperfect Flowers Monoecious - ♂ and ♀ flowers on SAME plant Dioecious - ♂ and ♀ flowers on SEPARATE plants Monoecious Dioecious Male Plant Male Female Female Plant Structure of Flowers Flower Inflorescence Structure of Flowers Inflorescence - Group of flowers Structure of Flowers Catkin = a dense spike or raceme with many small, usually naked, flowers. Cyme = a convex or flat-topped flower cluster with the central flower the first to open. A determinate inflorescence. Panicle Flowers attached to branching branches Raceme Flowers attached to main stalk with pedicels Spike Flowers connected directly to main stalk (not on panicle branches off main stem) * You do not need to memorize the terms pedicel or sessile Umbel All pedicles appx. same length connect to stalk at same location This is a compound umbel (umbel with umbels at the tips) Corymb Raceme with longer (uneven) pedicles at bottom of inflorescence Flowers appear to be at the same height Corymb = a simple racemose inflorescence that is flat-topped. An indeterminate inflorescence. Cyme Oldest flower in center. Younger flowers grow on outside with longer pedicles so flowers appear to be at the same height. Cyme - a convex or flat-topped flower cluster with the central flower the first to open. A determinate inflorescence. Inflorescence Composite/Head Ray and Disk flowers Family Asteraceae (daisy/sunflower family) Ray flowers Disk flowers Composite Heads Ray Flowers Disk Flowers Ray and Disk Flowers.

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Inflorescences
Inflorescences - Floral Displays Inflorescences - Floral Displays A shift from widely The vast majority of flowering plants spaced single flowers to an inflorescence required possess flowers in clusters called an condensation of shoots inflorescence. and the loss of the intervening leaves. These clusters facilitate pollination via a prominent visual display and more The simplest efficient pollen uptake and deposition. inflorescence type would thus be indeterminate with the oldest flowers at the base and the younger flowers progressively closer to the apical meristem of the shoot. = a raceme Raceme (Prunus or cherry) One modification of the basic raceme is to make it compound The panicle is essentially compound a series of attached racemes with the oldest racemes at the base and the youngest at the apex of the inflorescence. Panicle (Zigadenus or white camass) Raceme Panicle 1 A second modification of the basic raceme is to lose its pedicels The spike is usually associated with congested reduced flowers and often, but not always, with wind Pedicel loss pollination. wind pollinated Spike (Plantago or plantain) Raceme Spike A third modification of the basic raceme is to lose its internodes The spike is usually associated with congested reduced flowers and often, animal pollinated but not always, with wind Internode loss pollination. Umbel Spike (Combretum - Brent’s plants) Raceme 2 The umbel characterizes specific families (carrot and The umbel is found scattered in many other families ginseng families for example). as well. These families typically show a compound umbel - smaller umbellets on a larger umbel. Umbel Umbel (Cicuta or water hemlock) (Zizia or golden alexander) (Eriogonum or false buckwheat - family Polygonaceae) - Ben’s plants A fourth modification of the basic raceme is for the stem axis to form a head The head or capitulum characterizes specific families - most notably the Compositae or Asteraceae.
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CHESTNUT (CASTANEA Spp.) CULTIVAR EVALUATION for COMMERCIAL CHESTNUT PRODUCTION
CHESTNUT (CASTANEA spp.) CULTIVAR EVALUATION FOR COMMERCIAL CHESTNUT PRODUCTION IN HAMILTON COUNTY, TENNESSEE By Ana Maria Metaxas Approved: James Hill Craddock Jennifer Boyd Professor of Biological Sciences Assistant Professor of Biological and Environmental Sciences (Director of Thesis) (Committee Member) Gregory Reighard Jeffery Elwell Professor of Horticulture Dean, College of Arts and Sciences (Committee Member) A. Jerald Ainsworth Dean of the Graduate School CHESTNUT (CASTANEA spp.) CULTIVAR EVALUATION FOR COMMERCIAL CHESTNUT PRODUCTION IN HAMILTON COUNTY, TENNESSEE by Ana Maria Metaxas A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science May 2013 ii ABSTRACT Chestnut cultivars were evaluated for their commercial applicability under the environmental conditions in Hamilton County, TN at 35°13ꞌ 45ꞌꞌ N 85° 00ꞌ 03.97ꞌꞌ W elevation 230 meters. In 2003 and 2004, 534 trees were planted, representing 64 different cultivars, varieties, and species. Twenty trees from each of 20 different cultivars were planted as five-tree plots in a randomized complete block design in four blocks of 100 trees each, amounting to 400 trees. The remaining 44 chestnut cultivars, varieties, and species served as a germplasm collection. These were planted in guard rows surrounding the four blocks in completely randomized, single-tree plots. In the analysis, we investigated our collection predominantly with the aim to: 1) discover the degree of acclimation of grower- recommended cultivars to southeastern Tennessee climatic conditions and 2) ascertain the cultivars’ ability to survive in the area with Cryphonectria parasitica and other chestnut diseases and pests present.
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An Abstract of the Thesis Of
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Annie M. Chozinski for the degree of Master of Science in Horticulture presented on November 23. 1994. Title: The Evaluation of Cold Hardiness in Corvlus. Abstract approved: Shawn A. Mehlenbacher Anthesis of both staminate and pistillate flowers of Cory/us occurs in midwinter. To insure adequate pollination and nut set, these flowers must attain a sufficient hardiness level to withstand low temperatures. This study estimated cold hardiness of Cory/us cultivars and species using laboratory freezing of shoots without artificial hardening. In December, January and February of 1991-92 and 1992-93, one-year stems were collected 0 0 and frozen at regular intervals from -10 C to -38 C/ and visual browning assessed survival approximately 10 days after freezing. Elongated catkins were clipped prior to freezing. Percent flower bud survival was calculated and plotted against temperature. Linear regression generated an equation relating percent bud survival to temperature. From this equation, estimates of the LT^ (lethal temperature for 50% of the buds) was calculated for catkins, female inflorescences, and vegetative buds. C. avellana L. catkins, on average, were less hardy in both December and January than female inflorescences and vegetative buds. Maximum hardiness was reached in December and nearly all had elongated prior to the February freeze. Cultivars with the most hardy catkins were 'Morell', 'Brixnut', 'Creswell', 'Gem', 'Giresun OSU 54.080', 'Hall's Giant', 'Riccia di Talanico', 'Montebello' and 'Rode Zeller'. Maximum hardiness was observed for both vegetative and pistillate buds in January and was followed by a marked loss of hardiness in February.
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Species Profile for California Live Oak (Quercus Agrifolia)
California Phenology Project: species profile for California Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia) CPP site(s) where this species is monitored: Redwood Regional Park, Roberts Regional Recreation Area What does this species look like? This large evergreen tree has a dark grey, stout, short trunk and wide spreading branches. The leathery leaves are shiny on the upper surface and dull on the lower surface, which is covered with fuzzy hairs. The leaf margins are spiny and holly-like. The individuals are monoecious; each tree bears both male and female flowers but the male flowers produce only anthers and the female flowers produce only pistils. The yellow-green male flowers are clustered in elongated, drooping catkins that are 4-10 cm long, and the female flowers are clustered in reddish green spikes. When monitoring this species, use the USA-NPN broadleaf evergreen (with pollen) trees and shrubs Photo credit: randomtruth (Flickr) datasheet. Species facts! • The CPP four letter code for this species is QUAG. • This oak is very fire resistant. Adaptations to fire include evergreen leaves, thick bark, and the ability to sprout post-fire from the roots, trunk, and upper crown. • Individuals can live up to 250 years. • Susceptible to Sudden Oak Death disease. • Wind pollinated. • Each acorn takes a full year to develop from a pollinated flower. Photo credit: randomtruth (Flickr) Where is this species found? • In valleys, slopes, mixed-evergreen forest, and woodlands at elevations less than 1500 meters. • Endemic to California; found in North Coast Ranges, Central Western California, and SW California. • Occurs on soils ranging from silts and clays to weathered granite.
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The Inheritance of Apospory in <Emphasis Type="Italic">
THE INHER,ITANCE OF APOSPOR,¥ IN SCOLOPENDRI UM V ULGARE BY I. ANDEI~SSON-KOTT0 A~D A. E. C4AIICDNEI% Joh~t Innes Horticultu~'al Institution, Me,rton, Londo'Jb (With Plates VI-XII and Two Folders) TIt~ literature on apomixis and apospory is very extensive. Morpho- logical and taxonomic studies, and lately cytological and genetical work, have brought to light various important facts which have not only made possible extensive conclusions but have given rise to speculations in various directions. Among the more general questions which have arisen are those relating to the cause of apomixis and apospory, the relation of polyploidy to apomixis, the relation of polymorphism of plant genera to apomixis and apospory, or generally the part played by apomixis in evolution and species formation, and the alternation of generations. It is impossible here to go into the extensive literature on the subject, it will only be necessary to refer to the recent handbooks by l%osenberg (1930) and Schnarf (1929). It may be mentioned that, in addition to speculations on hybridism in itself as the cause of apomixis, whether on cytological (Winge, 1917) or comparative (Ernst, 1918) grounds, more definite views were expressed on t]zis subject by I~osenberg (1917), Whlkler (1920) and more especially by Hohngren (1919), and by l%osen- berg in his later work (1930); these authors were conscious of the possi- bility of a genetic factor for tendency to apomixis, and have expressed themselves to this effect. More recently Schnarf (1929) expresses himself in the following way: "Die Anlage zur kpomixis diirfte in vielen Fgllen schon vet der Kreuzung vorhanden gewesen sein, and diese dr'trite eher eine ausl6sende als eine unmittelbar hervorrufende gewesen sein." (J-ustafsson (1932) is more definite and considers in more detail the possibilities of the origin of new forms and of apomi~s as a dominant or recessive character in triploid Yfaraxaca and Ar&ie,ra~ia.
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Reproductive Ecology of Heracleum Mantegazzianum
4 Reproductive Ecology of Heracleum mantegazzianum IRENA PERGLOVÁ,1 JAN PERGL1 AND PETR PYS˘EK1,2 1Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Pru˚honice, Czech Republic; 2Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic Botanical creature stirs, seeking revenge (Genesis, 1971) Introduction Reproduction is the most important event in a plant’s life cycle (Crawley, 1997). This is especially true for monocarpic plants, which reproduce only once in their lifetime, as is the case of Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier. This species reproduces only by seed; reproduction by vegetative means has never been observed. As in other Apiaceae, H. mantegazzianum has unspecialized flowers, which are promiscuously pollinated by unspecialized pollinators. Many small, closely spaced flowers with exposed nectar make each insect visitor to the inflorescence a potential and probable pollinator (Bell, 1971). A list of insect taxa sampled on H. mantegazzianum (Grace and Nelson, 1981) shows that Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera are the most frequent visitors. Heracleum mantegazzianum has an andromonoecious sex habit, as has almost half of British Apiaceae (Lovett-Doust and Lovett-Doust, 1982); together with perfect (hermaphrodite) flowers, umbels bear a variable propor- tion of male (staminate) flowers. The species is considered to be self-compati- ble, which is a typical feature of Apiaceae (Bell, 1971), and protandrous (Grace and Nelson, 1981; Perglová et al., 2006). Protandry is a temporal sep- aration of male and female flowering phases, when stigmas become receptive after the dehiscence of anthers. It is common in umbellifers. Where dichogamy is known, 40% of umbellifers are usually protandrous, compared to only about 11% of all dicotyledons (Lovett-Doust and Lovett-Doust, 1982).
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Salix Caprea (Goat Willow, Great Sallow, Pussy Willow) Goat Willow Is a Small Multi Stemmed Deciduous Tree Native to Europe and Western Asia
Salix caprea (Goat Willow, Great Sallow, Pussy Willow) Goat willow is a small multi stemmed deciduous tree native to Europe and western Asia. It is growing a silky male flower called catkins in early spring Female and male flower grows in a different tree.The leaves are dark green and hairy underneath. Mainly the weeping cultivate is used in gardens. It likes sun and well-drained soil, and benefits from a severe pruning every 2 or 3 years. Grow it where late winter and early spring interest are needed in the garden. Landscape Information French Name: Saule marsault Pronounciation: SAL-iks Plant Type: Tree Origin: Europe and western Asia. Heat Zones: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Hardiness Zones: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Uses: Screen, Hedge, Specimen, Container, Windbreak, Cut Flowers / Arrangements Size/Shape Growth Rate: Fast Tree Shape: Upright, Weeping Canopy Symmetry: Irregular Canopy Density: Medium Canopy Texture: Medium Height at Maturity: 5 to 8 m Spread at Maturity: 3 to 5 meters Time to Ultimate Height: 10 to 20 Years Plant Image Salix caprea (Goat Willow, Great Sallow, Pussy Willow) Botanical Description Foliage Leaf Arrangement: Alternate Leaf Venation: Pinnate Leaf Persistance: Deciduous Leaf Type: Odd Pinnately compund Leaf Blade: 5 - 10 cm Leaf Shape: Ovate Leaf Margins: Entire, Dentate Leaf Textures: Glossy, Medium Leaf Scent: No Fragance Color(growing season): Green Color(changing season): Green Flower Image Flower Flower Showiness: True Flower Size Range: 1.5 - 3 Flower Type: Catkin Flower Sexuality: Diecious (Monosexual) Flower Scent: No Fragance
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Invasive Weeds of the Appalachian Region
$10 $10 PB1785 PB1785 Invasive Weeds Invasive Weeds of the of the Appalachian Appalachian Region Region i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments……………………………………...i How to use this guide…………………………………ii IPM decision aid………………………………………..1 Invasive weeds Grasses …………………………………………..5 Broadleaves…………………………………….18 Vines………………………………………………35 Shrubs/trees……………………………………48 Parasitic plants………………………………..70 Herbicide chart………………………………………….72 Bibliography……………………………………………..73 Index………………………………………………………..76 AUTHORS Rebecca M. Koepke-Hill, Extension Assistant, The University of Tennessee Gregory R. Armel, Assistant Professor, Extension Specialist for Invasive Weeds, The University of Tennessee Robert J. Richardson, Assistant Professor and Extension Weed Specialist, North Caro- lina State University G. Neil Rhodes, Jr., Professor and Extension Weed Specialist, The University of Ten- nessee ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank all the individuals and organizations who have contributed their time, advice, financial support, and photos to the crea- tion of this guide. We would like to specifically thank the USDA, CSREES, and The Southern Region IPM Center for their extensive support of this pro- ject. COVER PHOTO CREDITS ii 1. Wavyleaf basketgrass - Geoffery Mason 2. Bamboo - Shawn Askew 3. Giant hogweed - Antonio DiTommaso 4. Japanese barberry - Leslie Merhoff 5. Mimosa - Becky Koepke-Hill 6. Periwinkle - Dan Tenaglia 7. Porcelainberry - Randy Prostak 8. Cogongrass - James Miller 9. Kudzu - Shawn Askew Photo credit note: Numbers in parenthesis following photo captions refer to the num- bered photographer list on the back cover. HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE Tabs: Blank tabs can be found at the top of each page. These can be custom- ized with pen or marker to best suit your method of organization. Examples: Infestation present On bordering land No concern Uncontrolled Treatment initiated Controlled Large infestation Medium infestation Small infestation Control Methods: Each mechanical control method is represented by an icon.
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20-053 — Provisional Recommendations And
Factsheet #20-053 | AGDEX 240 | AUGUST 2020 Provisional Recommendations and Descriptions of Hazelnut Varieties in Ontario T. Leuty INTRODUCTION potential market uses and yield and sensitivity to The Ontario hazelnut industry is currently in a state winter injury (hardiness zone). of early commercial development. Hazelnut cultivars are being evaluated as potential crop cultivars and Hazelnuts are self-incompatible. This means that pollen source cultivars, based on their ability to a hazelnut plant will not pollenize its own female tolerate minimum winter temperatures, spring frost flowers or pollenize female flowers of other and manage native diseases, mainly Eastern filbert hazelnut plants within the same variety. Hazelnut blight (EFB) and bacterial blight. Maturing orchards varieties must cross-pollenize with other compatible have begun to produce an annual hazelnut crop. varieties in order to set and grow a nut crop. It is Kernels are being evaluated for quality attributes recommended that growers provide three to five and for various market uses including fresh, different compatible pollen source varieties for each confectionary and other value-added products. crop cultivar to ensure successful pollen transfer and optimize crop yield. The timing of pollen Table 1 provides provisional hazelnut variety release is also a factor. Male catkin flowers should recommendations for Ontario with revised release pollen when the female crop flowers are tolerance/susceptibility to Eastern filbert blight, open and receptive. Table 1. Provisional
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Pollination of Cultivated Plants in the Tropics 111 Rrun.-Co Lcfcnow!Cdgmencle
ISSN 1010-1365 0 AGRICULTURAL Pollination of SERVICES cultivated plants BUL IN in the tropics 118 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO 6-lina AGRICULTUTZ4U. ionof SERNES cultivated plans in tetropics Edited by David W. Roubik Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Panama Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations F'Ø Rome, 1995 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-11 ISBN 92-5-103659-4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. FAO 1995 PlELi. uion are ted PlauAr David W. Roubilli (edita Footli-anal ISgt-iieulture Organization of the Untled Nations Contributors Marco Accorti Makhdzir Mardan Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Cascine del Ricci° Malaysian Bee Research Development Team 50125 Firenze, Italy 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Stephen L. Buchmann John K. S. Mbaya United States Department of Agriculture National Beekeeping Station Carl Hayden Bee Research Center P.
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Introductory Grass Identification Workshop University of Houston Coastal Center 23 September 2017
Broadleaf Woodoats (Chasmanthium latifolia) Introductory Grass Identification Workshop University of Houston Coastal Center 23 September 2017 1 Introduction This 5 hour workshop is an introduction to the identification of grasses using hands- on dissection of diverse species found within the Texas middle Gulf Coast region (although most have a distribution well into the state and beyond). By the allotted time period the student should have acquired enough knowledge to identify most grass species in Texas to at least the genus level. For the sake of brevity grass physiology and reproduction will not be discussed. Materials provided: Dried specimens of grass species for each student to dissect Jewelry loupe 30x pocket glass magnifier Battery-powered, flexible USB light Dissecting tweezer and needle Rigid white paper background Handout: - Grass Plant Morphology - Types of Grass Inflorescences - Taxonomic description and habitat of each dissected species. - Key to all grass species of Texas - References - Glossary Itinerary (subject to change) 0900: Introduction and house keeping 0905: Structure of the course 0910: Identification and use of grass dissection tools 0915- 1145: Basic structure of the grass Identification terms Dissection of grass samples 1145 – 1230: Lunch 1230 - 1345: Field trip of area and collection by each student of one fresh grass species to identify back in the classroom. 1345 - 1400: Conclusion and discussion 2 Grass Structure spikelet pedicel inflorescence rachis culm collar internode ------ leaf blade leaf sheath node crown fibrous roots 3 Grass shoot. The above ground structure of the grass. Root. The below ground portion of the main axis of the grass, without leaves, nodes or internodes, and absorbing water and nutrients from the soil.
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Descriptors for Hazelnut (Corylus Avellana L.)
Descriptors for Hazelnut(Corylus avellana L.) List of Descriptors Allium (E, S) 2001 Pearl millet (E/F) 1993 Almond (revised)* (E) 1985 Pepino (E) 2004 Apple* (E) 1982 Phaseolus acutifolius (E) 1985 Apricot* (E) 1984 Phaseolus coccineus* (E) 1983 Avocado (E/S) 1995 Phaseolus lunatus (P) 2001 Bambara groundnut (E, F) 2000 Phaseolus vulgaris* (E, P) 1982 Banana (E, S, F) 1996 Pigeonpea (E) 1993 Barley (E) 1994 Pineapple (E) 1991 Beta (E) 1991 Pistachio (A, R, E, F) 1997 Black pepper (E/S) 1995 Pistacia (excluding Pistacia vera) (E) 1998 Brassica and Raphanus (E) 1990 Plum* (E) 1985 Brassica campestris L. (E) 1987 Potato variety* (E) 1985 Buckwheat (E) 1994 Quinua* (E) 1981 Cañahua (S) 2005 Rambutan 2003 Capsicum (E/S) 1995 Rice* (E) 2007 Cardamom (E) 1994 Rocket (E, I) 1999 Carrot (E, S, F) 1998 Rye and Triticale* (E) 1985 Cashew* (E) 1986 Safflower* (E) 1983 Cherry* (E) 1985 Sesame (E) 2004 Chickpea (E) 1993 Setaria italica and S. pumilia (E) 1985 Citrus (E, F, S) 1999 Shea tree (E) 2006 Coconut (E) 1995 Sorghum (E/F) 1993 Coffee (E, S, F) 1996 Soyabean* (E/C) 1984 Cotton (revised)* (E) 1985 Strawberry (E) 1986 Cowpea (E, P)* 1983 Sunflower* (E) 1985 Cultivated potato* (E) 1977 Sweet potato (E/S/F) 1991 Date Palm (F) 2005 Taro (E, F, S) 1999 Durian (E) 2007 Tea (E, S, F) 1997 Echinochloa millet* (E) 1983 Tomato (E, S, F) 1996 Eggplant (E/F) 1990 Tropical fruit (revised)* (E) 1980 Faba bean* (E) 1985 Ulluco (S) 2003 Fig (E) 2003 Vigna aconitifolia and V.
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