SEED LEAFLETS Re-issue 2018

Environment , Forest and Climate Change Commission ՗¢^]ŃΎÜŒŠΎ—Õ0ΎŒ`+pΎ ¼ČΎ¥@Œ SEED LEAFLET No. 2 March 2000 Re-issue 2018 Acacia auriculiformis Cunn. ex Benth.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Botanical description Family: Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) A large shrub or medium-sized, evergreen tree, usu- Synonyms: Acacia auriculaeformis A. Cunn. ex Benth., ally 8-20 m tall, on good sites up to 35 m. Bark grey Racosperma auriculiforme (A. Cunn. ex Benth.) Pedley. or brown, longitudinally fissured. Leaves (phyllodes) Vernacular/common names: Northern black wattle 8-20 cm long, glabrous and curved, with 3 prominent (Australian trade name); coast wattle, ear pod wattle. nerves (four in A. mangium). Flowers bisexual, creamy yellow, scented, in up to 8.5 cm long spikes. Distribution and habitat Native to Australia, Papua New Guinea and Indo- nesia in hot humid and sub-humid lowlands with mean annual rainfall of 800-2500 mm and mean an- nual temperature of 20-30°C. Often found on river banks and in coastal areas. It is cultivated widely in the tropics within an altitude range of 0-500 (-1000) masl, and even though frost does not occur in its natural range, it tolerates light frost. It is exceptionally tolerant to soil type in regard to fertility, salinity and pH. It can grow on acid mine spoils with pH 3 and on alkaline beach sands with pH 8-9. It does not tolerate shade or strong winds. Isoenzyme analysis has revealed a marked genetic variation with 3 distinct groups corresponding to the geographic distribution in Papua New Guinea, Queensland and Northern Territory. Field trials show that provenances from Papua New Guinea have the highest production while those from Queensland Seed with funicle, flowering branch and pod. Copyright: have a high proportion of single stems. Those from CSIRO, Forestry & Forest Products, Australian Tree Seed the Northern Territory are inferior in both growth and Centre. form. The hybrid A. auriculiformis x A. mangium has shown desirable characteristics. Fruit and seed description Uses Fruit: flat, dehiscent, somewhat woody pod, 6.5 cm This species can grow under even the most difficult long, 1.5 cm wide, strongly curved and with undulate conditions in the tropics. The rapid early growth rate, margins. ability to fix nitrogen, tolerance of infertile, acid, al- Seed: shiny black or brown, encircled by a long, red kaline, saline or seasonally waterlogged soils and or yellow funicle. There are 55,000-75,000 seeds/kg. moderately dry seasons makes it very suitable for re- habilitation of degraded land. A valuable feature is Flowering and fruiting habit the ability to compete with Imperata cylindrica re- The yellow flower spikes can be found on individual ducing the grass to a sparse ground cover. The wood is trees throughout the year but there is usually a dis- excellent for firewood, charcoal, paper pulp and tinct peak flowering season which may vary consid- lighter construction work. Because of its spreading and erably with location. competitive surface rooting habit it is not widely used Pollination is carried out by a wide range of insects. in agroforestry systems but intercropping with peanut, Seed is produced at an early age and normally in large rice, mung beans and kenaf has been successful. quantities.

Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) Phenology data: Doran, J.C., Turnbull, J.W., 1997. Australian trees and shrubs: Species for land rehabilitation and farm planting Locality Flowering Fruiting in the tropics. ACIAR Monograph No. 24. 384 pp. Acacia auriculiformis - N. Territory Apr-June Aug-Oct Faridah Hanum, I., van der Maesen, L.J.G., eds., 1997. Queensland Feb-May Oct-Apr Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 11. Auxillary Kuala Lumpur Feb-May Oct-Apr plants. Leiden, Netherlands: Backhuys. 389 pp. Sabah Feb-May Oct-Apr Khongsak Pinyopusarerk, 1996. Java Mar-June a multipurpose tropical wattle. FACT Sheet 96-05 Thailand Aug-Feb Padma, V., Reddy, B.M., Satyanarayana, G., 1993. Vietnam June-July Nov-Mar Breaking dormancy in certain Acacia spp. by pre-sowing seed treatments. Seed Research, publ. 1995, 21(1):26-30; 4 ref. Wickneswari, R. and Norwati, M., 1991. Genetic struc- Harvest ture of natural populations of Acacia auriculiformis in Collection from the tree or from the ground. If collec- Australia and Papua New Guinea. In: J.W. Turnbull (ed), tion is too early, it can be difficult to open the pods Advances in tropical acacia research. ACIAR Proceedings while late collection may result in loss of seeds. No. 35.

Processing and handling The pods are dried in the sun until they open. After extraction the funicle can be removed manually by rubbing the seed over a sieve.

Storage and viability Seeds are orthodox and can be stored for several years in closed plastic bags. Moisture content for storage should be about 7%.

Dormancy and pretreatment Pretreatment by scarification or immersion in boiling water for 1 min and left to soak for 24 hours.

Sowing and germination Germination of 40-100% occurs after 6-15 days. Propagation by container plants, direct sowing or vegetatively by cuttings. Nursery techniques are de- scribed in Doran and Turnbull (1997).

Selected readings Booth, T.H., Turnbull, J.W., 1994. Domestication of lesser-known tropical tree species: The Australian ex- Forest tree form. Bensbach River, Balamuk, Western perience. In: Leakey RRB, Newton AC, eds. Tropical Provenance, Papua New Guinea. Photo: Maurice McDonald, trees: The Potential for Domestication and Rebuilding of CSIRO, Forestry & Forest Products, Australian Tree Seed Forest Resources. ITE. Centre. Boland, D.J., 1989. Trees for the tropics. Growing Aus- tralian multipurpose trees and shrubs in Developing THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY Countries. ACIAR Monograph, No. 10, ii + 247 pp.; 11 pp. DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE of ref. Doran, J.C., Gunn, B.V., 1987. Treatments to promote Author: Dorthe Jøker seed germination in Australian acacias. In: Turnbull JW, ed. Australian Acacias in Developing Countries. Proceed- Phone: 251-116172000 ings of an International Workshop, Gympie, Qld., Aus- ext. 2491 tralia, 4-7 August 1986. ACIAR Proceedings No 16:57-63 Email:[email protected]

Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 3 April 2000 Re-issue 2018

Acacia mangium Willd.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Uses Family: Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) A major plantation species in Asia where it is grown Synonyms: Rancosperma mangium (Willd.) Pedley mainly for paper pulp. Other uses include fuelwood, Vernacular/common names: black wattle, hickory construction and furniture wood, wattle timber, ero- wattle, brown salwood (trade name). sion control, shade and shelter. A valuable feature is the ability to compete with Imperata cylindrica re- Distribution and habitat ducing the grass to a sparse ground cover. Native to northern Queensland in Australia, through Papua New Guinea into the Indonesian provinces of Botanical description Irian Jaya and Maluku. A fast-growing, relatively Evergreen tree, up to 30 m tall. The bole can be short-lived (30-50 years) tree, adapted to a wide unbranched for more than half of the total tree height; range of acidic (pH 4.5-6.5) soils in moist tropical it is sometimes fluted at the base and the diameter lowlands. rarely exceeds 50 cm. Bark is rough and furrowed, It does not tolerate frost or shade. Grows better on either grey or brown. Small branches are winged. fertile sites with good drainage but will tolerate soils Leaves (phyllodes) large, up to 25 cm long, 3-10 cm of low fertility and impeded drainage. Young trees broad, dark green with normally four main longitudi- are susceptible to fire. Can become a weed under nal nerves (three in A. auriculiformis); leaves on ju- certain conditions. venile trees are compound. Flowers bisexual, white Natural hybrids of A. auriculiformis and A. or creamy, in rather loose spikes up to 10 cm long, mangium have shown desirable characteristics. single or in pairs in the upper leaf corners.

Fruit and seed description Fruit: dehiscent pod that is tightly coiled when ripe, slightly woody, 7-8 cm long, 3-5 mm wide. Seed: black and shiny, elliptical, 3-5 x 2-3 mm, with a bright yellow or orange funicle folded beneath the seed. There are 66,000-120,000 seeds/kg.

Flowering and fruiting habit Time of flowering differs throughout its natural and planted range. In Australia flowering occurs Febru- ary-May, and seed matures October-December. In In- donesia mature fruits are available from July, in Papua New Guinea in late September. As an exotic, the normal flowering cycle may be disrupted and flowering can occur throughout the year; however, a distinct peak is usually discernible. The peak is reported to be June-July in Peninsular Malaysia, January in Sabah, October-November in Taiwan and September in Thailand. In Tanzania mature fruits are harvested June-July. It flowers precociously, and viable seed can be harvested 24 months after planting. The species is generally outcrossing; and pollination is by insects. 1, Habit of young tree; 2, flowering twig; 3 pods. From: Plant resources of South-East Asia 5:2.

Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) Harvest Collection from the tree or from the ground. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I., Wong, W.C., eds. 1995. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5 (2). Processing and handling Timber trees: minor commercial timbers. 655 pp.; Prosea The pods should be processed as soon as possible af- Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. ter harvest. Pods and seeds should not be left long to Preece, D. & Brook, R. 1996. Acacia mangium: an im- dry in the sun, as temperatures over 43°C can reduce portant multipurpose tree for the tropic lowlands. FACT viability. Extraction with flailing thresher followed Sheet 96-03 by winnowing as described in Doran et al. (1983) is Wickneswari, R., 1994. Acacia mangium x Acacia suitable for this species. The funicle can be removed auriculiformis hybrids. Research Pamphlet No. 116, manually by rubbing the seed over a sieve. FRIM, Malaysia.

Storage and viability The seeds are orthodox and can retain viability for several years when stored in airtight containers in a dark, cool room. The recommended moisture content for storage is 5-7 %.

Dormancy and pretreatment Mature seeds are pretreated by immersion in boiling water for 30 seconds followed by soaking in cold water for 24 hours; alternatively they can be manu- ally scarified. Germination rate is high (75-90%) af- ter suitable treatment.

Sowing and germination Seeds can be sown in seedbeds, germination trays (wet towel method) or directly in containers. Awang and Taylor (1994) give a detailed description of nurs- ery techniques. Vegetative propagation by cutting and tissue culture is very important for this species.

Selected readings Awang, K. & Taylor, D. (eds.), 1993. Acacia mangium: growing and utilisation. MPTS Monograph Series No. 3. Jointly published with the FAO Forestry Research Support Programme for Asia and the Pacific (FORSPA) and Forest Tree Improvement Project (FORTIP). 280 pp. Booth, T.H., ed., 1996. Matching trees and sites. Proceed- Natural stand in Papua New Guinea. Photo: Maurice ings of an International Workshop held in Bangkok, Thai- Mcdonald, CSIRO, Forestry & Forest Products, Australian land, March 1995. ACIAR Proc. No. 63. Tree Seed Centre. Doran, J.C., Turnbull, J.W., Boland, D.J., Gunn, B.V., 1983. Handbook on seeds of dry-zone acacias. A guide for THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY collecting, extracting, cleaning, and storing the seed and DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE for treatment to promote germination of dry-zone acacias. FAO, Rome, Italy. Author: Dorthe Jøker Doran, J.C., Gunn, B.V., 1987. Treatments to promote seed germination in Australian acacias. In: Turnbull JW, ed. Australian Acacias in Developing Countries. Proceed- ings of an International Workshop, Gympie, Qld., Aus- tralia, 4-7 August 1986. ACIAR Proceedings No 16:57-63 Doran, J.C. & Turnbull, J.W. (eds.) 1997. Australian Phone: 251-116172000 Trees and Shrubs: species for land rehabilitation and farm ext. 2491 planting in the tropics. ACIAR Monograph No 24. Email:[email protected]

Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 4 September 2000 Re-issue 2018 Acacia mearnsii De Wild.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Uses Family: Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Produces high quality tannin, paper pulp, firewood Synonyms: A. molllissima Willd., A decurrens and charcoal. Used for erosion control, windbreaks (Wendl.) Willd. var. mollis Lindl. Rocosperma and soil improvement. mearnsii The use of tannin for production of waterproof wood Vernacular/common names: black wattle (standard adhesives is expanding. It is an efficient nitrogen-fixer trade name); acacia noir (Fr.); acacia negra (Sp.). with annual yields up to 250 kg/ha of fixed nitrogen, and it is also a good source of green manure. Distribution and habitat Unfortunately an aggressive coloniser that is becoming A fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing tree adapted to a wide a weed in many places. range of sites from the temperate and subtropical low- lands to tropical highlands. Botanical description It is native to Australia but grown world-wide. Tree or large shrub, 6-10 m tall, sometimes reaching Optimal areas in the subtropics are above 400 m in 25 m and with a diameter up to 60 cm. The bark is altitude, 850-1200 mm rain/yr. and mean temperature brownish-black, hard and fissured. Young branches above 16°C. In tropical areas it is best grown in with hairs. No thorns. Leaves 8-12 cm long, fern like; highlands at 1500-2500 m altitude, 900-1600 mm 8-21 pinnae each with 16-70 pairs of small, olive rain/yr. and mean temperature of 12-18°C. Absolute green leaflets. minimum temperature of 5°C to avoid frost damage. Inflorescence a globular head with 20-30 pale yellow- Fairly tolerant to soil type but prefers moist, white flowers. The inflorescences are arranged in a relatively deep light-textured and well-drained soils. much branched panicle. Light-demanding and sensitive to fire. Fruit and seed description Fruit: pod with fine hairs, straight or almost so, often constricted between the seeds. Typically 7 seeds/ fruit. Seed: small, 3-5 mm long, black, smooth with a short cream-coloured aril. There are 65,000-90,000 seeds per kg.

Flowering and fruiting habit Flowering begins when the trees are about 2 years old, but significant seed production does not start before the fifth or sixth year. Flowering takes place from October to December in Australia, during September to October in Brazil and from late August to early October in South Africa. Mature seed is available for collection some 12-14 months after flowering. Pollinated by insects, especially bees. A. mearnsii is regarded as an outcrossing species with partial self- compatibility. Estimates of out-crossing rates in this species are variable and range from 48 to 100%. It is 1, Flowering branch; 2, pods. From: Plant resources of common that many of the flowers are male only. South-East Asia.

Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) Harvest Selected readings The pods are dehiscent and seeds are dispersed when Brown, A.G., Ho, C.K., 1997. Black Wattle and its Utili- the pods open. When the seeds are mature, they sation. Canberra: Rural Industries Research and Devel- change colour from white to black and the pod colour opment Corporation. changes from green through yellow to brown. There Doran, J.C., Turnbull, J.W., 1997. Australian trees and is great variation within and between trees in regard shrubs: Species for land rehabilitation and farm planting to time of ripening. in the tropics. ACIAR Monograph No. 24. 384 pp. NFTA, Collection can take place when the pods have 1985. Acacia mearnsii: Multipurpose Highland Legume turned yellow. There are typically 2-3 weeks from the Tree. FACT Net, NFT Highlights, 85-02. seeds are mature and until the are dispersed. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Wulijarni-Soetjipto, N. (Editors), Collection can be from the tree or from covers on the 1991. Plant resources of South-East Asia. No. 3. Dye and ground. tannin-producing plants. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I., Wong, W.C., eds. Processing and handling 1995. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5 (2). Timber Fresh pods have a high moisture content and gunny trees: minor commercial timbers. 655 pp.; Prosea Founda- bags should be used for temporary storage. For the tion, Bogor, Indonesia. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. seed to afterripen, the pods are spread out on a cover National Academy of Sciences, 1980. Firewood Crops: in the shade until they turn brown. The pods are then Shrub and Tree Species for Energy Production. NAS, left in the sun to dry until they open and the seed is Washington DC. released. To extract the seed, a flailing thresher is ef- Raymond, C.A., 1997. Flowering biology, genetics and fective. After extraction the seed is dried directly in breeding. In: Brown AG, Ho CK, eds. Black Wattle and its the sun, which may take several days. Utilisation. Canberra, Australia: Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, 18-27. Storage and viability Ross, J.H., 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Spe- The seed is orthodox. When properly stored in air- cies. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. tight containers the seed can keep high viability for 44. 1977 many years. Optimal moisture content for storage is Sherry, S.P., 1971. The Black Wattle (Acacia mearnsii De 5-7 %. Wild.). 1971. 402pp + 24 plates. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. Dormancy and pretreatment The seeds have a hard seedcoat and requires pre- treatment by immersion in boiling water for 1 min or 90°C for 3 min followed by soaking in cold water for 24 h.

Sowing and germination The seeds can be sown directly in the field or in con- tainers. Normally two seeds are sown and surplus seedlings transplanted to empty pots. Seedlings are ready for outplanting after about 4 months when they are 20 cm tall. Inoculation with rhizobium bacteria may be necessary when it is grown outside of its natural range. For direct sowing in the field, the seed is sown Trees pollarded for shade in tea estates in India. Photo: in rows 1.8-2.7 m apart in well-cultivated and weed- Douglas Boland, CSIRO, Forestry & Forest Products. free ground and later thinned until the spacing is appropriate. Germination is typically 50-80%. Vegetative THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY propagation is possible using 10-15cm cuttings with DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE leaves. Mist spray, constant heat of 28°C, and mixtures of IBA and NAA appear essential to good Author: Dorthe Jøker rooting. Phone: 251-116172000 ext. 2491 Email:[email protected]

Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 126 December 20008 Re-issue 2018 Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth.

Taxonomy and nomenclature FlowHUEXGVUHGGLVKÁowers white or cream Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae), Mimosiodeae coloured in elongated spikes, up to 3.5 cm long. Synonym: Acacia detinens Burch.; Acacia senegal ssp. mel- IndiYLGXDOÁowers small with ½-1½ mm pedicel, 1 lifera (Vahl) Roberty; Mimosa mellifera Vahl. mm calyx and 2½-3½ mm corolla. Vernacular/Common names: Black thorn, hook thorn, wait-a-bit thorn (Engl.); kikwata (Swahili); bilel, lanen, laner (Somali); swartaak, swarthook (Afrikaans); kedad, kitir, kitr (Arabic).

Distribution and habitat Acacia mellifera has two separate distribution areas in Africa: Its largest distribution is in the Sahelian east Africa extending into the Arabic peninsula; another distribution area is dry southern Africa in Namibia and Botswana. The species commonly occurs in dry savannah sites in western, eastern and southern Africa with mean annual rainfall 250-650 mm; sometimes extending up to 1500 masl on rocky hillsides. It thrives on a variety of soil types from sandy to heavy clay including vertisols. It can grow in mixed stands with e.g. Commiphora, Salvadora, Balanites aegyptiaca and other acacias. It is a strong regenerator both by seed and root suckers and sometimes form large stands of 2-3 m high, dense, impenetrable thickets. Absence of gUDVVÀUHVWHQGVWRSURPRWHUHgeneration by A. mellifera.

Uses A melliferaÁowering and fruiting branch. From: El Amin 1990. Acacia mellifera is a multipurpose tree species of the dry and harsh environment. Wood is small and only Fruit and Seed description applicable for small construction purposes e.g. native Fruit: The fruit is a dehiscent pod containing huts and fuel. Foliage and pods are eagerly browsed by 2-3-seeds. It is papery and reticulate, straw-coloured, camels and goats. Flowers are a good source of honey ÁDWHORQgated, 2½-5½ cm long, 18-23 mm wide with for bees. The plant has alleged medical properties as pointed apex. the bark is used for stomach-ache, sterility, pneumo- Seed: Seeds are hard-coated. The form is circular to nia, malaria and syphilis. lenticular, 7-9 mm long, 5-6 mm wide, compressed, The plant has a shallow and aggressive root system, 1.5-1.8 mm thick. Light brown-olive green, smooth. limiting its use in farms with crops. Pleurogram horse-shoe shaped. Funicle redbrown. 1,000 seed weight, 42-47g; there are approximately 20 Botanical description 000 seeds/kg Acacia mellifera is a low branched tree or shrub, rarely more than 5-6 m. The bark is smooth and light Flowering and fruiting habit brown, turning blackish with age. Thorns in pairs, Reproduction may start after 3 years. Flowering takes small, black, sharp and hooked. place in the dry season, usually before leafÁXVKLQ Compound leaves with two pinnae, each with a bimodal climates twRÁowering events may take place. single pair of OHDÁHWs/HDÁHWVHOOLSWLFFPORQJ DevHORSPHQWIURPÁowering to fruit takes about 3-4 and 0.6-1.2 cm wide, glabrous. months.

Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) Harvest Sowing and germination Harvest by picking up pods under the trees or beating Germination is epigeal. Seeds may be sown in pots or or shaking fruit bearing branches. Harvest time is not seed beds for later transplanting. Germination is usu- critical unless seeds are strongly attached by bruchids ally quick with paracotyledons unfolding after 4-5 days or pods are removed by browsers.

Processing and handling Pods will open upon drying and seeds can be released with gentle mechanical impact on the pods. Pods are light and papery. Most of them can be removed by hand. Small pieces of pod and other light debris can be removed by winnowing or other air blowing method.

Storage and viability BrancKOHWZLWKÁowers. Photo: James Wolstencroft The seed exhibit orthodox storage behaviour, and dry seeds can be stored for several years even at ambient Selected readings temperature. Bruchid infested seed can be damaged Beentje, H.J. 1994. Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. Na- during storage but the insects rarely re-infest new tional Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya. 722p. seed in storage. Viability can be maintained for several Dale, I.R. and P.J. Greenway. 1961. Kenya trees and years in hermetic storage at 10°C with 4.5-9% mc.. shrubs. Buchanan’s Kenya Estates Ltd. Von Maydell, H.J. 1986. Trees and shrubs of the Sahel, - Dormancy and pretreatment their characteristic and uses. GTZ Verlag Josef Magraf. Seeds exhibit moderate physical dormancy, with about El Amin, H.M. 1990. Trees and shrubs of the Sudan. Ith- 10% fresh seed germinating w/o pretreatment. Bulk aca Press Exeter pretreatment by submerging seeds in boiling water and letting the seeds cool and imbibe in water overnight. Authors: Lars Schmidt and Anne Mbora (ICRAF) Alternative is 5-15 minutes in concentrated sulphuric acid followed by careful rinsing.

Phone: 251-116172000 ext. 2491 Email:[email protected]

Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 137 December 2008 Re-issue 2018 Acacia nilotica (L.) Del.

Taxonomy and nomenclature has alleged medical properties as the bark is used for Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae), Mimosoideae treatment of cough, cancers, tumours of the ear, in- Synonym: Acacia subalata, A. scorpioides, A. arabica, Mi- testine pains an the roots to treat impotence. mosa arabica, M. nilotica. Vernacular/Common names: Tuwer (Somali), Nun- Botanical description ga, Mgunga (Swahili), Babul (int. trade name). Acacia nilotica is a small tree growing to 12-15 meters Subspecies: 9 subspecies / varieties are recognised, with a broad rounded (rarely umbrella shaped) crown. the most important are subsp. adstringens; subsp. kraus- On pooorer soils it mainly grows as a shrub. siana; subsp. nilotica; subsp. tomentosa. Bark dark brown, cracking, underbark rust red. Young branchlets light brown, hairy, covered with Distribution and habitat lenticels. Spines (thorns) in pairs, straight, thin, sharp, Acacia nilotica is found throughout sub-Saharan Africa up to 10 cm long. Leaves bipinnately compound with from west to east extending into southern Africa as 2-11 pairs of pinnae, 7-25 pairs of OHDÁHWs. Flowers in far as Botswana and south-western Asia with common bright yellow globose heads, 1.2 – 1.5 cm in diameter. occurrence in Iran, Iraq, Pakistan and dry zone India. It has been introduced into cultivation in both Aus- tralia and southern America and Mexico. Subsp. nilotica occurs grows in Sahel from Senegal over Sudan and the Arabian peninsula to India. Subsp. kraussiana is a more southern species.

Natural distribution range (countries) of Acacia nilotica.

The species occurs from 0-1340 masl with 200-1270 mm mean annual rainfall. It is light demanding, Fruit and Seed description drought resistant and tolerate seasonal waterlogging. Fruit: The fruit is an indehiscent pod, which shows Its natural growth niche is particularly along rivers large variation between different sub-species in terms and streams, and near ponds. However, it also occurs of size, form and constriction between the seed. Sub- abundantly away from water in dry areas. sp. tomentosa is deeply constricted between the seeds, while subsp. nilotica and subsp. subalata and kraussiana Uses has a leathery appearance and not or very little con- Acacia nilotica is one of the most important multipur- stricted between the seeds. There are 8-12 seeds per pose tree species of dryland Africa and South Asia. pod, average approx. 11. The wood is hard and used for general construction Seed: Seeds are extremely hard-coated. They are ob- purposes and implements. It is fairly termite resistant. long, 6½-11 mm long, 12-14 mm wide and 3½-4 cm The wood yields an excellent fuelwood. Flowers are thick, dark brown to blackish brown. Pleurogram dis- attracting bees and make a good base for apiculture. tinct, oblong, creamy white. Seed weight variable; 1000 Pods are nutritious and make a high quality fodder for seed weight 100 – 250 g, equivalent to 4000 to 10000 livestock especially during the dry season. The plant seeds per kg

Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) Flowering and fruiting habit Flowers are nectar-less0RVWÁowers are functionally male with a few hermaphrodites and are mainly bee- pollinated. THPSHUDWXUHDIIHFWVÁowering and fruiting. In the Sudan A. niloticaÁowers irregularly but gener- ally between June and September and seed fall takes place from March to May. In AXVWUDOLDWUHHVÁower from March to June and green pods are produced within four months but ripe pods fall from November Dormancy and pretreatment to February. Seeds exhibits very strong physical dormancy and very few seeds will germinate without pretreatment. Harvest Manual pre-treatment by e.g. hot wire burQLQJÀOLQJ Harvest by picking up pods under the trees or beating or nicking is most effective. Dipping into boiling water or shaking fruit bearing branches. Harvest time is not may be used for non-stored seed but has very small critical unless seeds are strongly attached by bruchids effect on dry seed. Bulk treatment with concentrated or pods are removed by browsers. sulphuric acid for 10-20 minXWHVLVPRVWHIÀFLHQW There is no other known dormancy type. Processing and handling Seeds are extracted from dried pods by pounding, Sowing and germination threshing or other type of mechanical disintegration Germination is epigeal. Seeds may be sown in pots or of pods. Different sub-species exhibit great variance seed beds for later transplanting. Germination is usu- in terms of ease of extraction. Seeds are very hard ally fast with paracotyledons unfolding after 4-5 days and are rarely damaged by mechanical extraction. After disintegration of pods, seeds are extracted by Selected readings a combination of sifting and winnowing. Beentje, H.J. 1994. Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. National Alternatively pods can be fed to goats and seeds, Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya. 722p. most of which pass undamaged, and extracted from Tybirk, K. 1989. Flowering, pollination and seed produc- the dung. tion of Acacia nilotica. Nord. J. Bot. 9, 375-381. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Agroforestry data- Storage and viability base. The seeds exhibit orthodox storage behaviour, and Dale, I.R. and P.J. Greenway. 1961. Kenya trees and dry seeds can be stored for several years even at ambi- shrubs. Buchanan’s Kenya Estates Ltd. ent temperature. Bruchid infested seed can be dam- aged during storage but the insects rarely re-infest new Author: Lars Schmidt and Anne Mbora (ICRAF) seed in storage.

Phone: 251-116172000 ext. 2491 Email:[email protected]

Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 5 September 2000 Re-issue 2018 Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Uses Family: Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) A pioneer, nitrogen-fixing tree that is mainly grown Varieties: Acacia senegal var. rostrata Brenan, A. for production of gum arabic but also used for senegal var. kerensis Schweinf., A. senegal var. fuelwood, fodder, rope, dune stabilisation and soil leiorhachis Brenan, A. senegal var. senegal. improvement. Synonyms: Acacia circummarginata Chiov., A. Leaves and pods are browsed by sheep, goats, oxyosprion Chiov., A. rostrata Sim., A. rupestris Stocks camels, impala, and giraffe. The leaves contain 10%- ex Boiss., A. spinosa Marloth & Engl., A. verek Guill. & 13% digestible protein and 0.12%-0.15% Perr., A. volkii Suesseng., Mimosa senegal L., M. phosphorus, while the pods contain 15% digestible senegalensis Houtt. protein and 0.12%-0.14% phosphorus. Dried seeds Vernacular/common names: three-thorned acacia, are also used for human consumption. gum arabic tree (Eng.); gommier blanc, verek (Fr.); It is highly suitable in agroforestry systems in gummibaum (Ger.); goma arábica (Sp.). combination with watermelon, millet, forage grasses and others. In Sudan it is grown in “gum gardens” for Distribution and habitat gum production as well as to restore soil fertility. Widespread in tropical Africa from Senegal in the west to Ethiopia and Somalia in the north-east, southwards Botanical description to Natal; also extends into India. Variable species. Deciduous tree or shrub up to 15 m It is most common in areas with 300-400 mm rain/ tall but usually less; umbrella-shaped crown; bark year but can grow in areas with as little as 100 mm, variable. Short, black prickles, normally in threes, the and a dry period of 8-11 months. Altitude range of central curved downwards. 100-1700 m. Very drought-resistant and tolerant of Leaves small, 1-10 cm long, 3-8 pairs of pinnae, high daily temperatures but sensitive to frost. Prefers each with 7-25 pairs of leaflets. Flowers white and well-drained, sandy soils but can grow on slightly fragrant, in 3-12 cm long spikes, 2-3 together in the loamy sands. leaf axils.

Fruit and seed description Fruit: yellow to brown, papery, dehiscent pod, 2-19 cm long, 1-3.5 cm wide, flat and thin with either rounded or pointed end. There are 1-8 seeds per pod. Seed: round and flat, 8-12 mm in diameter, olive brown. There are 10,000-30,000 seeds/kg.

Flowering and fruiting habit In general, flowering begins just before or at the be- ginning of the rainy season when the leaves emerge and the seeds mature in the dry season. In areas with more than one variety there can be large variations in flowering and fruiting time. Pollination is probably by insects.

Harvest 1, Foliage and inflorescence of A. senegal var rostrata; 2 Before they open, the pods are harvested by shaking and 3, Seed and pod from same. 4, Pod and seed of A. the branches over a tarpaulin on the ground. To mini- senegal var leiorhachis. From: J.H. Ross 1979. A mise insect attack the pods are often collected early conspectus of the African Acacia species. when they are still green.

Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) Processing and handling Selected readings After collection the pods are dried in the sun until Anderson, D.M.W 1995. NFT Gums - Ancient and Mod- they open and the seeds are extracted by beating the ern Commercial Products. NFT Highlights, No. 95-01. pods in a sack before cleaning. Cossalter, C., 1991. Acacia senegal: gum tree with prom- ise for agroforestry. NFT Highlights, No. 91-02. Storage and viability Doran, J.C., Turnbull, J.W., Boland, D.J., Gunn, B.V., The seeds are orthodox and store well in a cool, dry, 1983. Handbook on seeds of dry-zone acacias. A guide for insect-free place. At 10°C and moisture content of 5- collecting, extracting, cleaning, and storing the seed and for 7%, viability can be maintained for several years. treatment to promote germination of dry-zone acacias. FAO, Rome, Italy. Dormancy and pretreatment International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, 1984. Unlike other acacias, the seed coat of A. senegal is Forage and browse plants for arid and semi-arid Africa. not impermeable to water even after storage, and 293pp. scarification is normally not necessary. Germination Maydell, H.J. 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. Germany. is improved if the seeds are soaked in cold water for Oleghe, P.E., Akinnifesi, F.K., 1992. Gum yield of Acacia 12-24 hours before sowing. senegal as affected by soil water potential and season of tapping. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports, 10: 106-109. Sowing and germination Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. As a typical pioneer species it is easy to propagate Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. from seed and germination is fast and uniform. Southgate B.J., 1983. Handbook on seed insects of Acacia The seeds are sown polypots or in 30 cm long tubes, species. 30 pp., also available in French and Spanish; FAO, 2-4 seeds per tube, thinned to one seedling after 4-6 Rome, Italy. weeks. Frequent root pruning is necessary in container plants as the tap root is fast growing. Planting out can take place after 4-6 months. Weeding is necessary the first two years. For intercropping, 10 x 10 m spacing is suitable. For gum production, plants can be raised in the nursery or in direct seeded plantations spaced at about 4 x 4 m.

Phytosanitary problems The seed is very susceptible to insect attacks. The buffalo treehopper (Stictocephala bubalus) may de- stroy seed crops. Larval stage of Coleoptera (bruchids), Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera damage Habit of fruiting tree of A. senegal var. senegal, growing at the seed. Arba Nosa ranch, Ethiopian highlands. Photo: Chris Fagg, OFI.

THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE

Author: Dorthe Jøker

Phone: 251-116172000 ext. 2491 Email:[email protected]

Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 34 September 2000 Re-issue 2018

Acacia seyal Del.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Both varieties have straight thorns in pairs, up to 8 cm Family: Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) long but only var. fistula bears whistling thorns (ant- Synonyms: A. stenocarpa A. Rich.; A. hockii De galls) that are fused at the base. Wild. Leaves are bipinnate with 2-12 pairs of pinnae each Vernacular/common names: thal, white thorn, with 10-22 pairs of leaflets. Flowers bright yellow, in whistling thorn (Eng.); soffa (Arabic); epineux, seyal large round heads, 2-3 flower heads together in the (French); bulki (Fula); fullai (Somali); dushe kerafi leaf axils. (Hausa); mgunga (Swahili). Fruit and seed description Two varieties are recognised, var. seyal and var. fis- Fruit: the dehiscent pods are light brown, slightly tula. curved, 7-22 cm long, with fine longitudinal veins and slightly constricted between the seeds. There are Distribution and habitat 6-10 seeds/pod. Widespread in the semi-arid zone of tropical Africa Seed: light brown, 6-9 mm long, 4-5 mm wide. There from Senegal eastwards to Somalia and the Red Sea, are 20,000-25,000 seeds/kg. and from the Nile valley south to Zambia. The range of the two varieties is quite distinct, var. seyal extend- ing north- and westwards from central Sudan, var. fistula south of latitude 10°S. Normally found in areas with 500-1200 mm rain/yr. and a distinct dry season. The upper elevation limit is about 2000 m. Lowest temperature within its natural range is 5-10°C occasionally below 5°C at high altitudes but the pattern of distribution indicates a frost-sensitive species. Grows well on deep, heavy soils with high pH (6-8) and especially var. fistula is tolerant to waterlogging.

Uses Nitrogen-fixing species that is excellent for silvo- pastoral systems. The bark provides valuable forage for cattle and game and leaves and pods are used for fodder. The dry matter net energy contents of both varieties are high, 6-8 MJ kg-1 (foliage) and 4-7 MJ kg-1 (fruits) and the digestible protein content is 8- 12% in leaves and 13-15% in fruits. Also used for gum production (gum talha) though not as valuable as gum arabic. Especially var. seyal is an important source of fuelwood and charcoal, stands managed on a 10-15 A. seyal var. seyal. a, flowering branchlet; b, pod. A. seyal year rotation yield 10-35 m3 fuelwood per ha. var, fistula. c, sterile branchlet showing “ant-galls”. Illustration from Ross 1977. Botanical description Variable species. Tree up to 9 m tall, sometimes Flowering and fruiting habit reaching 17 m, with a flattened, spreading crown. Flowering is concentrated in the middle of the dry The slash is bright red, exuding yellowish gum. In season and ripe fruits are available about 4 months var. fistula the powdery bark is normally white or later. greenish-yellow while var. seyal has reddish bark.

Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) Harvest Phytosanitary problems Full-sized pods are harvested from the tree before Over 40 species of insects are reported associated they open. with A. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid beetles, which may damage large proportions of Processing and handling stored seeds. The pods are dried in the sun until they open and the seeds are released. Selected readings Bekele-Tesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for Storage and viability Ethiopia. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. Seeds are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber years if they are well dried and kept cool and free of uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects. Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation Guide, 19: 8-12. 9%. Hall, J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- hara desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. Dormancy and pretreatment Hall, J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- There are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possibly due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versity of Wales, Bangor. however, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell, H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate. The most common method is scarification. Eschborn 1986. Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. Sowing and germination Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. Germination is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 days. The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter paper to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- mant seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to containers filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings require shade until the second leaf expands and wa- tering at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the medium moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in prepared planting spots is practised with success in Sudan; at early stages of development A. seyal was capable of competing with weeds. Nodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial regeneration it has been achieved by pelleting seed with culture of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected medium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected seedlings have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and Bradyrhizobium from the latter have proved to be effective symbionts. THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE

Author: Dorthe Jøker

Phone: 251-116172000 ext. 2491 Email:[email protected]

Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 19 September 2000 Re-issue 2018 Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne

Taxonomy and nomenclature Uses Family: Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Subspecies: A. A slow-growing species but grows relatively fast on tortilis subsp. heteracantha (Burch.) Brenan, A. dry soils. tortilis subsp. raddiana (Savi) Brenan, A. tortilis It is an important fodder tree in many arid areas. subsp. spirocarpa (A. Rich.) Brenan, A. tortilis Pods and leaves have a good level of digestible subsp. tortilis protein (mean = 12%) and energy 6.1 MJ/kg dry Synonyms: Acacia fasciculata Guill. & Perr., A. matter, as well as being rich in minerals. Seeds are heteracantha Burch., A. litakunensis Burch., A. high in crude protein (38%) and phosphorus, an maras Engl., A. raddiana Savi, A. spirocarpa A. element usually scarce in grasslands. Rich., A. spirocarpoides Engl., Mimosa tortilis The pods require milling to increase digestion in Forssk. cattle. Over 90% of the flowers abort and drop from Vernacular/common names: Apple ring acacia, the trees, providing an additional important forage. umbrella thorn. The wood is excellent for fuelwood production and the tree resprouts vigorously when coppiced. Distribution and habitat Although used for a number of purposes, the timber is Widespread throughout the savannah and dry zones neither strong nor durable. of Africa, from Senegal to Somalia and south to South Africa; in Asia in Israel, Jordan and southern Botanical description Arabia to Iran. Subsp. raddiana has successfully A very variable species. It can be multi-stemmed been introduced to India from Israel. shrubs (ssp. tortilis), or trees up to 20 m tall with A very drought-resistant species that grows in areas rounded (ssp. raddiana) or flat-topped (ssp. with as little as 40 mm rain/year and with heteracantha and spirocarpa) crowns. temperatures reaching up to 50°C. In the countries Bark is grey-brown-black, rough and fissured. The that fringe the Sahara it is often the species that spines are in pairs, some short and hooked up to 5 mm extends furthest into the desert. It is found growing long, mixed with long straight slender spines up to 10 from below sea level and up to 2000 m altitude and cm long. The presence of these two types of thorns tolerates light night frost. It favours alkaline soils and distinguishes A. tortilis from other African acacias. avoids waterlogged sites, but apart from that it will Leaves are smooth to densely pubescent, 1-7 cm grow on a wide range of sites. long, with 2-14 pinnae each with 6-22 pairs of leaflets. Flowers white or pale yellowish-white, fragrant, in round heads, solitary or in fascicles.

Fruit and seed description Fruit: a contorted or spirally twisted pod, yellow- brown, 5-15 cm long, with longitudinal veins and slightly constricted between the seeds. There are 5- 18 seeds/pod. Semi-dehiscent, i.e. the ripe pods open but remain on the tree without releasing the seed. Seed: elliptic, slightly compressed, 6 x 35 mm, olive green to red brown, smooth. The surface is darker in- side the horseshoe-shaped pleurogram. There are 10,000-50,000 seeds/kg depending on subspecies.

Flowering and fruiting habit Flowering is prolific with up to 400 flowers/meter twig and seed setting is normally high. The time from flower- A, subsp. radiana; B, subsp. spirocarpa. From: Acacias of ing to fruit maturity can be three to four months or more, Kenya. being timed towards the end of the dry season. Fruit

Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) drop can be spread over a number of months. Some pods Sowing and germination may be retained in the dense thorny crown for months The seeds are sown in seedbeds, followed by pricking after maturity. into pots. Young plants need protection from brows- ing for at least 3 years. Trees should be planted at Locality Flowering wide spacing. Early growth is slow. subspecies spirocarpa Phytosanitary problems Zambia Nov-Dec Infestation of seeds by insects is a major problem. Mozambique Jan-Feb Malawi Jan-Feb Selected readings Zimbabwe Mar-Apr Coe, M. and Beentje, H. 1991. A Fieldguide to the Aca- Namibia Mar-Apr cias of Kenya. Published in association with Oxford For- East Africa Jan-Mar and Aug-Dec estry Institute, Oxford University Press. subspecies raddiana Fagg, C., 1991. Acacia tortilis: Fodder tree for desert East Africa Jan-Feb and Sep-Oct sands. NFT Highlights, NFTA 91-01. West Africa Sep-Nov Fagg, C.W. and Barnes, R.D., 1995. African Acacias, India May-June Study and Assembly of the Genetic Resources, Report to subspecies tortilis ODA R.5655. Oxford, UK: Oxford Forestry Institute. East Africa Apr, Aug and Nov Fagg, C.W., Barnes, R.D. and Marunda, C.T. 1997. subspecies heteracantha African acacia trials network: a seed collection of six spe- southern Africa Nov-Feb cies for provenance/progeny tests held at the Oxford For- estry Institute. Forest Genetic Resources (FAO), 25. ISTA, 1998. Tropical and subtropical tree and shrub seed Harvest handbook. 1st edition. The seeds are mature when the pods change colour Kayongo, M. H. and Field, C.R. 1983. Feed quality and from green to yellow/light brown. To avoid infesta- utilization by cattle grazing natural pasture in the range ar- tion by insects, the pods should be harvested from the eas of northern Kenya. In W. Lusingi (ed), IPAL Report A5. tree by shaking them down from the canopy on to tar- Ross, J.H., 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Spe- paulins. Pods that have been lying on the ground for cies. Memoirs of the Botanical Suevey of South Africa No. 44. some time are often infested. It is possible to afterripen seed extracted from pods that still have patches of green.

Processing and handling The pods are dried in the sun and extracted by pound- ing the pods in a mortar or a sack or with a flailing thresher. After threshing, the material should be sieved and cleaned by winnowing or in an air screen cleaner.

Storage and viability The seeds are orthodox and stores well in airtight containers at 0-5°C at 5-7% moisture content. Tests have shown germination of 77-98% after 7-9 years’ storage at 4°C and elevated CO2 concentrations. Habit of subsp. spirocarpa growing at 2000 metres on the Dormancy and pre-treatment scarp of the Cherangani Hills, northern Kenya. Photo: The seeds are hard coated and must be pretreated to Chris Fagg, OFI. germinate well. Boiling water is poured over the seeds before they are soaked in water for 24 hours. THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY Scarification with 50% concentrated sulphuric acid DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE for 40-50 minutes followed by washing in cold run- Author: Dorthe Jøker ning water and then drying in the shade overnight is an alternative method. Phone: 251-116172000 Seeds of various dimensions have varying ext. 2491 scarification requirements. Email:[email protected]

Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 109 January 2006 Re-issue 2018 Adansonia digitata L.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Botanical description Family: Bombacaceae Deciduous tree, usually not more than 20m tall, with Synonyms: Adansonia bahobab L., A. integrifolia a hugely swollen trunk of 3-10m (up to 28m on very Raf., A. situla (Lour.) Spreng., A. somalensis Chiov., old individuals) in diameter. It is one of the longest A. sphaerocarpa A. Chev., A. sulcata A. Chev., A. living trees in the world (3000 years). Bark is smooth, digitata L. var congolensis A. Chev, Baobabus digi- folded, reddish-brown or greyish brown. Primary tata (L.) Kuntze, Ophelus sitularius Lour. branches stout. Leaves are compound with 3-9 leaf- Vernacular/common names: baobab tree, monkey lets, each 5-15cm long. Flowers are large, white, soli- bread tree, upside-down tree. Local names include: tary in leaf axils. mbuyu (Swahili), mwamba (Kamba), olimisiera (Maa- sai), toega (Mooré), Sira (Bambara), mramba (Ki- pare), isimuhu (Zulu).

Distribution and habitat Distributed throughout Tropical and Sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal to Sudan, eastern Africa, from Ethiopia to Mozambique and Natal. It is also found in Madagascar and has been introduced to Tropical America. It is usually located at low altitudes (up to 1000m), with mean annual rainfall of 100-1000mm, and a mean annual temperature of 20-30C. How- ever, it does not grow at high altitudes, or in moist tropical forests. It occurs on well drained soils of varying quality and is often left standing when land is cleared for cultivation. Bush burning in the dry season, grazing and seed diseases limit the number of trees. Damage to mature trees is often caused by elephants and mortality rates vary from 1 to 4% per year. Unfor- tunately, the population is declining and there is very low regeneration in its natural environment probably Baobab tree. Road to Kariba border, Zambia. because of poor seed germination in some places and Photo: C. Rønne livestock, which readily eats the young trees. It is largely protected as a socio-cultural tree. Fruit and seed description Fruit: the mature indehiscent fruits, which hang on Uses long stalks, are yellow-brown in colour, cylindrical The baobab is an important indigenous fruit tree spe- in shape, slightly tapered at each end and up to 13 by cies, the white pulp is rich in vitamin C and used for 35cm. The fruit can be very variable and irregular in making juice. The roasted seeds are very nutritious, shape and has a hard woody shell covered in yellow- rich in proteins and fats and this socio-economically grey hairs. The pericarp is 8-10mm thick, enclosing important species is essential in the local diet. Fibres the dry pulp. The fruits are persistent on the tree. Each from the inner bark are long (90-120cm) and used fruit contains over 100 seeds, within its pulp. to make rugs, mats, rope etc. The leaves, shoots and Seed: the dark brown, angular, oval seeds are c. 1.3 fruits are used as fodder. Most parts of the tree are by 0.9cm, and are contained within the fruit’s whit- used medicinally for a variety of illnesses. The wood ish-pink, dry, acidic pulp. The seeds are smooth and is light (210-320kg/m3) and easily attacked by fungi. laterally ÀDWWHQHG The seed coat is hard. There are It has no commercial value as a timber, is unsuitable typically 1700-2500 seeds per kg. Seeds have an oil DVIXHOZRRGEXWXVHGIRUFDQRHVDQG¿VKLQJÀRDWV content of c. 14%.

Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) Flowering and fruiting habit Flowering primarily occurs before the beginning of Dormancy and pretreatment the rainy season. Some trees may be in Àower at other The seeds are known to remain dormant in the soil times, except during the height of the dry season. The for several months. The limiting factor in germina- trees typically begin to Àower when they are 8 to 23 tion is mainly the seed coats’ impermeability to water. years old. The pungently fragrant, white waxy Àow- For optimum germination the seeds are scari¿ed, e.g. ers are large (up to 20cm in diameter) and showy. with a hot wire, sulphuric acid (c. 1 hour), or soaked They open fully soon after sunset and stay open until in boiling water for 5-7 min. and left to cool overnight. morning, and are pollinated mainly by bats, but pos- The seeds that swell should then be planted and the re- sibly also by wind and insects. Each Àower wilts and maining seeds re-immersed, until they also swell. falls within 24 hours of opening. The fruits mature 5-8 If properly pretreated, baobab seed normally has a months after pollination and an average mature tree high germination rate. produces 200kg of fruit a year. When fruits fall to the ground termites enter and release the seeds. Monkeys, Sowing and germination baboons, elephants, birds and rodents help to disperse Seeds can be sown in beds or containers. Under opti- the seeds. mum conditions they germinate in 15-40 days. Ger- mination is epigeal, the seed coat cracking and the Harvest radicle protruding from the scar end. Seedlings should When the fruits seem dry and hollow they are mature. be protected from livestock (as the leaves are very pal- Fruits can be collected from the crown of standing DWDEOH DQG¿UHXQWLOWKH\DUHZHOOHVWDEOLVKHG trees by using a hook to cut the hanging fruits or by When seedlings emerge it is best to shade them for 8 climbing into the crown. It is not recommended to col- days, provide half shade for 4-7 days and then expose to lect from the ground. 3-8kg of fruit are required to full sun. Seedlings need to be 3-4 months old, reaching obtain 1kg of seed. a height of 40-50cm, before transplanting.

Processing and handling Selected readings Dry fruits are collected and seeds are extracted by hit- Bosch, C.H., K. Sié and B.A. Asafa. 2004. Adansonia digi- ting the fruit on a hard surface in order to break it. The tata L. From: Grubben, G.J.H. and O.A. Denton (Editors). mixture of seeds and pulp is then soaked in water for PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands. http://database.prota. up to 6 hours to remove the pulp by gentle squashing org/search.htm. and ÀRDWLQJ in water. Floatation also separates dead Omondi, W. et al. 2004. Tree seed hand book of Kenya. seeds, with those that ÀRDW being discarded; this is in Second Edition. KEFRI, Nairobi. general about a third of the total. The seeds can then Seed Information Database (SID). 2004. http://www.rb- be dried in the sun for 2 days. gkew. org.uk/data/sid (release 6.0, October 2004). Sidibe, M. and J.T. Williams. 2002. Baobab: Adansonia digitata L. International Centre for Underutilised Crops, Southampton University, United Kingdom. Teel, W. 1985. A Pocket Directory of Trees and Seeds in Kenya. KENGO, Nairobi Wickens, G.E. 1982. The Baobab – Africa’s upside-down tree. Kew Bulletin, 37. pp. 173-209. Wyk, B. and Gericke, N. 2000. People’s plants, A Guide to Useful Plants of Southern Africa. Briza Publications, South Africa. Baobab seed. Photo: M. Sacandé THIS LEAFLET WAS PREPARED IN COLLABORA- Storage and viability TION WITH CENTRE NATIONAL DE SEMENCES The seed of this species displays orthodox seed storage FORESTIÈRES, BURKINA FASO behaviour. Dry seeds can be stored for up to 4 years at room temperature, without signi¿cant loss in viability. Authors: Moctar Sacande, Charlotte Rønne, Seeds stored at c. 8% moisture content in a cool room Mathurin Sanon and Dorthe Jøker (4°C) at CNSF for 15 years, germinated 94% at 25°C. Phone: 251-116172000 The species has been stored at the MSB since 1991. ext. 2491 Email:[email protected]

Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 7 September 2000 Re-issue 2018 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Fruit and seed description Family: Fabaceae - Mimosoideae Fruit: pods are pale straw to light brown at maturity, Synonyms: Acacia lebbek (L.) Willd., Mimosa leb- 15-25 cm long, 3-5 cm wide, papery to leathery, flat beck L., Mimosa sirissa Roxb. and not raised or constricted between the seeds. The Vernacular/common names: East Indian walnut, pods are indehiscent. Indian siris, woman’s tongue, rattle pod, kokko (trade Seed: brown, flat, 8-10 x 6-7 mm. The 6-12 seeds are name). placed transversely in the pod. There are 7,000- 12,000 seeds per kg. Distribution and habitat Indigenous to South-East Asia and Australia. It has been widely cultivated and is now pantropical. It grows well in areas with 600-2500 mm rain/year but tolerates as little as 300 mm. The altitudinal range is 0-1800 m and mean annual temperature 20-35ºC. Grows well on fertile, well-drained loamy soils but poorly on heavy clays. It tolerates acidity, alkalinity, heavy and eroded soils, and waterlogged soils. It is nitrogen-fixing, tolerant to drought and older trees can survive grass fires and intense night frost. While fire and frost will kill off aboveground growth of young trees, new growth will normally follow.

Uses Albizia lebbeck is one of the most promising fodder trees for semi-arid regions. It has leaves during a large part of the rainy season and digestibility of the twigs is considerably higher than that of most fodder trees. The concentration of crude protein is about 20% for 1, Flowering branch; 2, flower; 3, fruit. From: Plant green leaves, 13% for leaf litter and 10% for twigs. In Resources of South-East Asia. No 5:3. vitro digestibility is about 45% for mature leaves, 70% for young leaves and 40% for twigs. Leaves, flowers Flowering and fruiting habit and pods fall to the ground gradually during the dry The growth pattern follows the seasonal changes. It season and can be browsed on the ground. stops growing early in the dry season, loses the leaves It is an excellent fuelwood and charcoal species and 2-3 months later and remains leafless for 1-2 months the wood is suitable for construction, furniture and only. Towards the end of the dry season growth con- veneer. The shallow root system makes it a good soil tinues and flowering begins. Flowering and seed set- binder and recommendable for soil conservation and ting occur in the wet season and unless the trees have erosion control. been frequently coppiced, they will produce large amounts of seed every year. Mature pods remain on Botanical description the tree for 3-4 months. Deciduous tree, 15-20 m tall sometimes up to 30 m. Within its natural area of distribution flowering occurs Bark grey, corky, fissured and somewhat flaky. September-October and pods mature in May-July in the Leaves compound, bipinnate with 2-4 pairs of pinnae beginning of the dry season. In India flowering is in each with 2-11 leaflets. Flowers in large heads, 5-7.5 March-May, fruits mature in August-October. In cm wide; each flower green or creamy white, fra- Sudan it flowers March-May and fruits May-August. grant, with many 1.5-2 cm long stamens. In Tanzania ripe pods can be found July-December with a peak in August-October. Flowers are pollinated by insects.

Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) Harvest Selected readings The pods are mature when they have turned light yel- Burrows, D., Prinsen, J., 1992. Performance and palat- low and should be harvested when the last patches of ability of various Australian trees and shrubs. Nitrogen green are disappearing. It is important that collection Fixing Tree Research Reports, 10: 33-35. is not delayed as the mature pods can very quickly be Hocking, D., ed., 1993. Trees for drylands. New Delhi, In- infested by insects. It is possible that early collection dia: Oxford and IBH. followed by afterripening in the shade could mini- Kumar, N., Toky, O.P., 1994. Variation in chemical con- mise the damage. tents of seed, and foliage in Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth. of different provenances. Agroforestry Systems, 25(3):217-225. Processing and handling Larbi, A., Smith, J.W., Kurdi, I.O., Adekunle, I.O., Raji, Even when the pods are collected early, many are in- A.M., Ladipo, D.O., 1996. Feed value of multipurpose fested by insects and temporary storage should be as fodder trees and shrubs in West Africa: edible forage pro- short as possible as the insects develop during this duction and nutritive value of Millettia thonningii and phase. If the pods are collected when they are still Albizia lebbeck. Agroforestry Systems, 33(1):41-50. green, the bags should be kept open during transport Lowry, J.B., Prinsen, J.H., Burrows, D.M., 1994. to ensure ventilation. Pods are dried directly in the Albizia lebbeck - a promising forage tree for semiarid re- sun until they rattle and become brittle. The seed is gions. In: Gutteridge RC, Shelton HM, eds. Forage tree extracted by beating or in a flailing thresher which is legumes in tropical agriculture. Wallingford, UK: CAB In- very effective for this species. After extraction the ternational, 75-83. seed is dried directly in the sun and pod segments and Mannetje, L., Jones, R.M., eds, 1992. Plant Resources of debris is removed in a seed cleaning machine. South-East Asia. No. 4. Forages. Wageningen, Netherlands. Padma, V., Satyanarayana, G., Reddy, B.M., 1994. Ef- Storage and viability fect of scarification treatments on the germination of Leu- Seed storage is orthodox and viability is maintained caena leucocephala, Albizia lebbeck and Samanea saman for several years in hermetic storage at room tem- [Albizia saman]. Seed Research, 22(1):54-57. perature with low moisture content. Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., Prawirohatmodjo, S., eds, 1998. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No 5(3). Timber Dormancy and pretreatment trees: lesser-known timbers. Leiden, Netherlands; The seed is hard coated but pretreatment is not al- Backhuys Publishers. ways necessary. If the seed coat is very thin, boiling water may be harmful. For other seed lots pretreat- ment with boiling water for 3-10 seconds is optimal. After immersion in boiling water the seeds are left to cool in the water for 24 hours.

Sowing and germination Can be established by direct sowing, using container- grown stock or as bare-rooted seedlings or stump plants. When sown directly, it is necessary to weed the rows for several years. To reduce the field estab- lishment period, seedlings can be raised in nursery beds for one year or more and transplanted as stumps with about 25 cm root and 10 cm shoot. For production of bare rooted seedlings or stumps, seeds are sown in lines about 15 cm apart with the Tree habit. Photo: David Lea, CSIRO Forestry and Forest seeds spaced about 2 to 3 cm in lines and about 1 cm products. deep. About 40 g seed is required for sowing 1 m2 of nursery bed. Germination starts within a few days THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY DANIDA FOREST and is complete in a month. Best seedling SEED CENTRE development is obtained in full sunlight. Author: Dorthe Jøker

Phytosanitary problems Phone: 251-116172000 The seeds can be heavily attacked by insects, but it is ext. 2491 not known whether insect attacks proceed during Email:[email protected] storage.

Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 1 April 2000 Re-issue 2018

Alnus acuminata spp. argutta (Schlecht.) Farlow

Taxonomy and nomenclature Fruit and seed description Family: Betulaceae Fruit: the fruiting catkin is cone-like, dehiscent, 1.5- Synonyms: Alnus jorullensis H.B.K., A. ferruginea 2.0 cm long, 1.2-2.0 cm wide, with persistent, woody Kundh, A. mirbelli Spach, A. spachii scales; green/yellowish at first, later brown. Fruit a Vernacular/common names: Aliso, ilite (Mexico); one-seeded samara with winged bract. There are 80- palo de lama (Guatemala), jaúl (Costa Rica); cerezo 100 seeds per catkin and 6,000-10,000 female catkins (Colombia). per tree. Seed: elliptic, flattened, very small (0.65-1.30 mm Distribution and habitat long). Dispersed by wind. 800,000-4,500,000 seeds Native to the high mountain regions of tropical per kg. America from Mexico to the north of Argentina, es- pecially along rivers. Prefers 4 - 15°C but can survive Flowering and fruiting habit temperatures below 0°C for shorter periods. Grows Flowers early; in Costa Rica male flowers often in on slopes from 1500 to 3200 m in altitude, with an- Jan-Feb, female Sep-Jan. nual rainfall of 1000-3000 mm and a dry season of 3- 5 months. Can grow on poor soils but prefers deep, Harvest well drained silt or sandy silt of alluvial or volcanic The ripe catkins are collected when the colour has origin. Tolerant to acid soils, pH 4.5-6.0. changed from green to yellow/brown and before they open. They are dried on paper in a shady place pro- tected from wind and, if necessary, after-ripened in a cool and dry place. In Costa Rica the harvest season is Aug-Nov, with a peak in Sep-Oct. Collection is only from trees older than 10 years. Younger trees bear viable seed, but smaller and with lower germination. It is good practice to cut the catkin in two and observe the seed. If the embryos are white and the wings light brown, the fruits are ready to be collected. Catkins from previous years can persist on the tree; they are dark brown or black, contain no seeds and should be avoided. Branch with female and male inflorescences. From: CATIE Processing and handling After harvest the catkins should be kept in perforated sacks or paper bags to allow ventilation. After 36 Botanical description hours at room temperature followed by 2 hours in sun Tree up to 25 m tall; trunk up to 150 cm in diameter, they will open. After extraction the seed can be straight, with numerous yellow lenticels. Crown wide. cleaned with a sieve. If collection is done at the right Leaves alternate, simple with serrate margin. The flow- time, flotation is not necessary. ers are unisexual, male and female flowers in separate inflorescences, called catkins, on the same tree. Male Storage and viability catkin 5-12 cm, hanging; female 2 cm, erect. The seed is considered orthodox and can be stored in Wood cream-coloured, reddish when dry, without hermetically sealed glass bottles or plastic bags, smell. Grain straight, texture fine, density 0.36-0.42 preferably at 3-5°C. After one year in a ordinary re- g/cm3. Not resistant to rot or insects. Easy to work frigerator, germination is reduced with app. 2% every and used for coffins, boxes for transporting month. If stored at room temperature losses in germi- vegetables, shoe lasts, matches, carpentry and nation between 5 and 10% after 9 months have been furniture. reported.

Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) Dormancy and pretreatment Selected readings The seeds are pretreated by stratification in moist Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y En- sand at 5°C for 10-20 days. señanza. 1996. Jaúl (Alnus acuminata). Especia de árbol de uso múltiple en América Central. Serie Técnica. Sowing and germination Informe Técnico no. 324. 33 p. Broadcast sowing in beds, 15-20 g/m2. Press the Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y En- seeds gently into the substrate or cover with moss or a señanza: Proyecto Cultivo de Arboles de uso Múltiple. thin layer of soil and sand (1:1) and water twice daily. 1991. Plagas y enfermedades forestales en América Cen- After 13 days the first leaves will appear and the sec- tral: guía de campo. Turrialba, (C.R.). Serie Técnica. ondary roots begin to develop nodules. Manual Técnico no. 4. 260p. After germination it is important to remove the seedlings gradually away from the sun so that the shoots can lignify and the roots develop. Cuttings can be made from seedlings that are 3-5 cm tall and have 4-6 leaves. The cuttings should be watered and kept in the shade the first 2 weeks. If done correctly, up to 90% of the cuttings survive. Outplanting can normally take place 4-6 weeks later when the plants are 30-40 cm. Stages in the germination of Alnus acuminata. From: Phytosanitary problems CATIE. During storage, the seeds can be infected with Fu- sarium and be damaged by species within the genus THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY CENTRO Trichoderma. In the nursery and plantations, fungi AGRONÓMICO TROPICAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y like Rosellinia bunodes, Colletotrichum and ENSEÑANZA AND TRANSLATED BY DFSC Phomopsis damage roots and shoots. Phomopsis can furthermore cause lesions in the foliage of older trees. Authors: Rodolfo Salazar, CATIE The insects Hypselonotus atratus (Fam. Coreidae) Dorthe Jøker, DFSC and Nodonota irazuensis (Chrysomelidae) can cause defoliation in the nursery.

Phone: 251-116172000 ext. 2491 Email:[email protected]

Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 12 September 2000 Re-issue 2018

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Uses Synonyms: Antelaea azadirachta (L.) Adelb., Fodder, oil, soap, shade, soil conservation, ornamen- Azedarach fraxinifolia Moench, Melia azadirachta tal, insecticide. L., M. fraxinifolia Adelb., M. indica (A. Juss.) Brandis, M. pinnata Stokes Botanical description Vernacular/common names: neem, neem-tree, In- Medium sized tree, up to 15 m tall, rarely 25 m, with dian lilac, white cedar (Eng.); margosa tree (Port.); short, straight bole and long spreading branches, nim (Urdu); indischer zedrac (Ger.); azad-darakht-i- forming a dense, large, oval or rounded crown. Ever- hindi (Persian); tamaka, bowtamaka, tama, (Bur- green or, under extreme heat and drought, deciduous. mese); sadao india, sadao thai (Thai). Old bark turning dark grey, thick and furrowed. Leaves imparipinately compound with 7-17 pairs of Distribution and habitat leaflets, which are ovate or lanceolate, falcate with Natural distribution is obscured by cultivation and uneven base and dentate margins, 6-8 cm long, 1-3 naturalisation but it is believed to be native to Burma cm wide. Inflorescence a 10-30 cm long panicle with and NE India. Cultivated and spread into most semi- many, small white to cream coloured flowers. arid areas of India and Burma. Its status in Cambodia, Neem is sometimes confused with the chinaberry, Laos and Iran is not clear. Introduced into cultivation Melia azedarach L., but they are easily distinguished in many semi-arid and sub-humid areas of Asia and by the leaves. Azadirachta spp. have simple pinnate Africa, plus more recently into Australia, Latin leaves, while those of Melia spp. are 2-to 3-pinnate. America and southern United States. Wide tempera- ture and rainfall regime. Most competitive in sea- Fruit and seed description sonal climate with long dry season and annual rain- Fruit: ellipsoid drupe, 1.2-2 cm long, green/yellow fall of 450-1150 mm. Most common at 0-700 m when ripe, with a thin hard cuticle and juicy fruit pulp. altitude but can grow up to 1500 m provided the tem- Seed: the pyrene contains one, rarely two, seeds. perature remains moderate. It does not tolerate cold Seed weight varies with location and seed source. or frost. Can grow on a wide range of soil types, but Available information indicates from 1700 seeds per not tolerant to saline, waterlogged or cracking clay kg in the Sahel to 3500-9000 seeds per kg in India. soils. Flowering and fruiting habit Flowers hermaphroditic or male. Pollination by in- sects. The tree starts flowering and fruiting at about 5 years of age. Flowering generally occurs in the dry season and fruit ripening during the early part of the rainy season. Season and duration of reproductive phenoperiods vary according to location and climate. In bi-modal climates there are sometimes two flower- ing and fruiting seasons. In India flowering occurs 2-5 weeks earlier in the southern than in the northern part of the country, with an approx. delay of reproductive season of 4.5 days for each 1° increase in latitude between 20° and 30° N. Duration of period from flowering to mature seeds is 10-12 weeks. Individual fruits have a development and ripening period of 1-2 months.

1, Fruiting branch; 2, section through flower; 3, part of inflorescence. From: Plant Resources of South-East Asia No.5:2.

Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) Harvest

seeds germinate, one of the seedlings is transplanted. tion is to spread a tarpaulin under the trees and collect

Selected readings F/FRED, 1993. Genetic improvement of Neem: Strategies for the future. Proc. Int. Cons. on Neem Impr. Processing and handling

Chaisurisri, K. et al. 1986. Storage of Azadirachta indica seeds. Ezumah, B.S., 1986. Germination and storage of neem seed. Mishra, D.K., 1995. Neem seed physiology

Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I., Wong, W.C., eds., 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 5 (2). Timber Storage and viability trees: minor commercial timbers

Maydell, H. J. von, 1986. Trees and shrubs of the Sahel.

National Academy of Science, 1992. Neem: A Tree for Solving Global Research Problems

Tewari, D.N., 1992. Monograph of Neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss). mended. In this case the fruits are depulped, main-

Dormancy and pretreatment

Sowing and germination

Phone: 251-116172000 ext. 2491 sandmixed soil. The seedlings are transplanted into a Email:[email protected] cm tall. Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia 6(('/($)/(7 No. 21 September1R6HSWHPEHU 2000 Re-issue 2018 %DODQLWHVDHJ\SWLDFD / 'HO

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Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) Harves,QPRVWRIWKH6DKHOLDQUHJLRQWKHPDLQIORZHULQJt Phytosanitary'RUPDQF\DQGSUHWUHDWPHQW problems Full-sizedVHDVRQLVEHWZHHQ2FWREHUDQG0DUFKWKHPDLQ pods are harvested from the tree before Over6HHGVWKDWKDYHSDVVHGWKHGLJHVWLYHWUDFWRIUXPLQDQWV 40 species of insects are reported associated theyIUXLWLQJVHDVRQEHWZHHQ'HFHPEHUDQG$SULO,Q open. withDUHVDLGWRJHUPLQDWHZHOOZLWKRXWSUHWUHDWPHQW)UHVKA. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid VRXWKHUQ$IULFD =DPELD=LPEDEZH IORZHULQJLVLQ beetles,VHHGVQHHGQRSUHWUHDWPHQWEXWVHHGVWKDWKDYHEHHQ which may damage large proportions of P6HSWHPEHU'HFHPEHUIUXLWLQJLVEHWZHHQ$SULODQGrocessing and handling storedVWRUHGZLOOQRUPDOO\QHHGPDQXDOVFDULILFDWLRQ6RDN seeds. The$XJXVW)ORZHULQJLQ1LJHULDYDULHVEHWZHHQ pods are dried in the sun until they open and the LQJLQKRWZDWHUIRUKRXUVVRDNLQJLQZDWHUIRU seeds1RYHPEHUDQG$SULOZLWKULSHIUXLWVEHFRPLQJ are released. SelectedKRXUVDWURRPWHPSHUDWXUHRUERLOLQJIRUPLQ readings DYDLODEOHLQ'HFHPEHUDQG-DQXDU\DQGRFFDVLRQDOO\ Bekele-XWHVDQGOHIWWRFRROLQWKHZDWHUDUHPHWKRGVWKDWKDYHTesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for StorageODWHUIURP0DUFKWR-XO\ and viability (OVHZKHUHIUXLWLQJDQG EthiopiaEHHQUHSRUWHGWRLPSURYHJHUPLQDWLRQ. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. SeedsIROLDJHSURGXFWLRQRFFXUDWWKHKHLJKWRIWKHGU\ are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber yearsVHDVRQ if they are well dried and kept cool and free of uses6RZLQJDQGJHUPLQDWLRQ of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects.6HHGVDUHGLVSHUVHGE\LQJHVWLRQE\ELUGV HJ Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation7KHVHHGVKRXOGEHVRZQYHUWLFDOO\ZLWKWKHVWDONHQG Guide, 19: 8-12. 9%KRUQELOOV DQGODU. JHUDQLPDOV EDERRQVUXPLQDQWV  Hall,GRZQ*HUPLQDWLRQRFFXUVLQZHHNVDQGWKHVHHG J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- 7KHWUHHEHJLQVWRIORZHUDQGIUXLWDW\HDUVRIDJH haraOLQJVDUHNHSWLQWKHQXUVHU\IRUDERXWZHHNV desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. DormancyDQGPD[LPXPVHHGSURGXFWLRQLVZKHQWKHWUHHVDUH and pretreatment Hall, J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- There\HDUVROG are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph.3K\WRVDQLWDU\SUREOHPV School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possibly due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versity$PDMRUSUREOHPGXULQJVWRUDJHLVVXVFHSWLELOLW\WR of Wales, Bangor. ho+DUYHVWwever, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell,LQVHFWDWWDFN VHHGERUHUV 6KRUWERLOLQJ ZKLFKPD\ H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate.)UXLWVDUHKDUYHVWHGZKHQWKH\WXUQ\HOORZDQGWKH The most common method is scarification. EschbornDOVRVHUYHDVDSUHWUHDWPHQWEHIRUHVWRUDJH LQVHFWL 1986.

IOHVKEHFRPHVVRIWDQGVZHHW,QDUHDVZLWKDEXQGDQW RFLGHVRUVWRUDJHLQ&2oss, J.H. 1977. A ConspectusPD\NLOOSUHVHQWLQVHFWVDQG of the African Acacia Species. SowingKRUQELOOVIUXLWVZLOOQRWSHUVLVWORQJRQWKHWUHH'LV and germination MIXUWKHUDWWDFNLVSUHYHQWHGE\VWRUDJHLQDLUWLJKWFRQemoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. GerminationFKDUJHGVWRQHVFDQEHFROOHFWHGXQGHUWKHWUHHVEXW is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 WDLQHUV days.WKH\DUHRIWHQSURQHWRLQVHFW VHHGERUHU DWWDFN The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter paper&RQVHTXHQWO\XVXDOO\RQO\DIUDFWLRQRIWKHIUXLWVFDQ to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- 6HOHFWHGUHDGLQJV mantEHFROOHFWHG'XHWRWKHSURORQJHGIUXLWLQJVHDVRQ seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to %RRWK)(DQG:LFNHQV*(1RQWLPEHUXVHVRI containersVHYHUDOFROOHFWLRQVPD\EHQHFHVVDU\ filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings VHOHFWHGDULG]RQHWUHHVDQGVKUXEVLQ$IULFD)$2&RQVHU require7KHIUXLWVDUHFROOHFWHGE\VSUHDGLQJDWDUSDXOLQXQGHU shade until the second leaf expands and wa- YDWLRQ*XLGHQR)$25RPH teringWKHWUHHDQGVKDNLQJWKHEUDQFKHVXQWLOWKHIUXLWVDUH at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the )$27UDGLWLRQDOIRRGSODQWV)$2)RRGDQG1XWUL mediumUHOHDVHG&OLPELQJLVLQFRQYHQLHQWEHFDXVHRIWKHORQJ moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in WLRQDO3DSHU)$25RPH preparedEUDQFKWKRUQV$PDWXUHWUHHPD\\LHOGXSWR planting spots is practised with success in +DOO-%DQG:DONHU+'%DODQLWHVDHJ\SWLDFD Sudan;IUXLWVSHU\HDUZKLFKHTXDOVDERXWNJRU at early stages of development A. seyal was DPRQRJUDSK6FKRRORI$JULFXOWXUHDQG)RUHVW6FLHQFHV capableNJRIVHHG8VXDOO\DVPDOOHUDPRXQWLVKDUYHVWDEOH of competing with weeds. 3XEOLFDWLRQ1XPEHU8QLYHUVLW\RI:DOHV%DQJRU GXHWRWKHSURORQJHGIUXLWLQJVHDVRQDQGSUHGDWLRQNodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial ,%3*5,.(:)RUDJHDQG%URZVH3ODQWVIRU$ULG regeneration6HHGVPD\DOVREHREWDLQHGIURPIUXLWVWKDWDUHEHLQJ it has been achieved by pelleting seed with DQG6HPL$ULG$IULFD,%3*55RPH cultureSURFHVVHGIRURWKHUSXUSRVHV of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected YRQ0D\GHOO+- 7UHHVDQG6KU XEVRIWKH6DKHO medium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected (VFKERUQ seedlings3URFHVVLQJDQGKDQGOLQJ have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatment7KHRXWHUIUXLWSXOSPXVWEHUHPRYHGDVVRRQDVSRV with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC strainsVLEOHWRDYRLGIHUPHQWDWLRQ,IH[WUDFWLRQLVQRWSRVVL from A. mellifera and A. senegal and BradyEOHLQWKHILHOGWKHIUXLWVVKRXOGEHNHSWGU\DQGrhizobium from the latter have proved to be eVSUHDGLQDWKLQOD\HUGXULQJWHPSRUDU\ILHOGVWRUDJHffective symbionts. 7KHIUXLWSXOSFDQEHUHPRYHGDIWHUVRDNLQJWKHIUXLWV THIS7+,6127(:$635(3$5('%< NOTE WAS PREPARED BY LQZDWHU$OWHUQDWLYHO\WKHIUXLWVPD\EHIHGWROLYH DANIDA'$1,'$)25(676(('&(175( FOREST SEED CENTRE VWRFN FDWWOH DQGWKHVWRQHVSLFNHGIURPWKHGURS SLQJV7KHODWWHUPHWKRGZLOONLOOSRVVLEOHLQVHFWVLQ Author:$XWKRUV/DUV6FKPLGWDQG'RUWKH-¡NHU Dorthe Jøker WKHVHHGV$IWHUH[WUDFWLRQWKHVWRQHVDUHGULHGLQWKH VXQEHIRUHVWRUDJH

6WRUDJHDQGYLDELOLW\ 6HHGVWRUDJHEHKDYLRXULVRUWKRGR[DQGPRLVWXUH FRQWHQWIRUVWRUDJHVKRXOGEH&OHDQHGGULHG DQGIUHHRILQVHFWVWKHVHHGVZLOOUHPDLQYLDEOHIRU Phone: 251-116172000 DERXW\HDUDWDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUH\HDUVDWFRRO ext. 2491 WHPSHUDWXUHVDQGVHYHUDO\HDUVLQKHUPHWLFVWRUDJHDW 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH3KRQH Email:[email protected] ƒ& FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUGH[W 6KROD32%R[(PDLO.+DGJX#FJLDURUJ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia$GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD:HEVLWHZZZ[[[[[[ SEED LEAFLET No. 120No. September 120 September 2007 Re-issue2007 2018 %RUDVVXVDHWKLRSXPMart.

Taxonomy and nomenclature as being used for a mouthwash. The leaves are said Family: Arecaceae to be an aphrodisiac and the sap is reported to have Synonyms: %RUDVVXV ÀDEHOOLIHU L. var. DHWKLRSXP many uses. The seedlings are used in cooking. The (Mart.) Warburg. fruits are eaten as a food supplement; both the fruit Vernacular/common names: African fan palm, ron pulp and seeds are edible. The fruit is made into soft palm, elephant palm. Local names: mtappa, mchapa drinks, while the sap is fermented into palm wine (Swahili), sebe (Bambara), koanga (Mooré), murifate used e.g. during traditional ceremonies. However, (Ilwana), mugumo (Duruma), mardafa (Somali), de- excessive tapping kills the plant. lieb (Arabic). Related species of interest: %RUDVVXV DNHDVVLL sp. nov., whose petioles are green and less spiny, and whose fruits are greenish when ripe.

Distribution and habitat %RUDVVXVDHWKLRSXP is indigenous to tropical Africa; being found in semi-arid and sub-humid zones from Senegal to eastern and southern parts of the continent. It is cultivated in India, Southeast Asia, Malaysia and also in Hawaii and Florida. It grows in great abun- dance on riverine À ats and coastal plains, and also occurs in open secondary forest, dense forest borders and in savannah in drier areas where it is restricted %RUDVVXVDHWKLRSXP crown with hanging mature orange to grassland with high ground water table, or along fruits. Photo: M Sacande. water courses (annual rainfall of 500-1000 mm). It thrives in temporary À ooded areas, often forming Botanical description dense stands. It is irregular, but widely distributed, %RUDVVXVDHWKLRSXP is a solitary, pleonanthic (does typically found at altitudes of up to 400 m, but up to not die after À owering) palm. The tallest of the Afri- 1200 m in East Africa. %DHWKLRSXP is common in can palms, it can reach 30 m in height, but is typically populated areas where it is used as a multipurpose 7-20 m. The straight trunk is dark grey, 40-50 cm in agroforestry tree. It is preserved for its traditional and diameter; with a bulge up to 80 cm across above the economic values. The species is able to extract nu- middle (this bulge usually develops after ca. 25 years trients and thus grow on very nutrient-poor patches. growth). The leaf bases leave a scar on the surface This palm is slow growing and very long lived, to of the trunk. The leaves are dark bluish-green, pal- over 100 years old. mate, markedly petiolate, and arranged in dense termi- It is a fully protected species in Burkina Faso, nal tufts. Mature trees have between 10 and 40 living where people are allowed to use only leaves and by- leaves, arranged in three spiral rows. The many-folded products like the sap, but not to cut down the plants. It leaf blades are typically 1.5 to 3.6 m long. The petioles is rare in Kenya, due to over-tapping for its sap. are up to 3 m long, 15 cm wide at the base and nar- rowing to 7.5 cm towards the top. The petioles are Uses concave above and convex below, edged with curved Almost all parts of %DHWKLRSXP are used, producing teeth. food, oils, timber, dyes, ¿ bre, wine, and raw materi- Flowers are unisexual. The male inÀ orescence is 0.8 als (leaves) for mats and baskets. The dark brown, to 1.8 m long, with 3-6 partial inÀ orescences that are coarsely ¿ brous wood is a highly prized timber. The ca. 50 cm long. The female inÀ orescence is usually wood is very resistant to termites and fungi, and is unbranched, and 1.3 to 2.6 m long, with larger À owers used in carpentry, construction and also for household of 2 x 3 mm. The À owers are tightly set in the axil of a articles. The roots serve for the treatment of stomach bract. Flowers comprise 3 free external tepals and 3 parasites, bronchitis, sore throats and asthma, as well internal tepals attached at the base.

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 HarvesFruit andt seed description PhytosanitarySowing and germination problems Full-sizedFruit: The podsfruits areare 8-18harvested by 6-16 from cm, theand treeeach beforeweigh OverSeeds 40do speciesnot require of insectspretreatment. are reported They willassociated germi- they1-1.5 open. kg. They are smooth, and have persistent outer withnate afterA. seyal about. These4 weeks. include The seedlings 10 species produce of bruchid a very petals surrounding the base. They are often ovoid to beetles,long taproot, which which may can damage be 1 m deep,large whileproportions the leaf of is Pslightlyrocessing triangular; and handlinghowever, the shape depends on the storedonly 1 seeds.cm high, therefore if possible they should be Thenumber pods of are seeds dried developed. in the sun Auntil persistent, they open protective and the sown directly at the location where they will grow. If seedscalyx coversare released. approximately a quarter of the fruit. The Selectedraised in nurseries readings they must be planted in very deep fruits turn a dull orange-brown colour when ripe. The Bekele-sowingT bedsesemma, (> 1m) A., to1993. allow Us efunrestrictedul Trees and root Shrubs devel- for Storage¿ brous fruit and pulp viability is yellow to white and slightly oily. Ethiopiaopment.. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. SeedsEach fruit are containsorthodox up and to 3 canovoid be compressed stored for pyrenes.several Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber yearsSeed: ifThe they seed are handling well dried unit and is keptthe pyrene,cool and which free ofis usesSelected of selected readings arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects.hard coated Moisture and about content 10 cm for in storage diameter. should Each bepyrene 4,5- ConservationArbonnier, M. Guide, 2004. Trees,19: 8-12. shrubs and lianas of West African 9%weighs. about 100 g. The morphological seeds are Hall,dry zones. J.B., CIRAD,1994. Acacia Montpellier; seyal - multipurposeMuseum national tree ofd’ histoirethe Sa- bilobed, pointed and basally attached, with an apical haranaturelle, deser Paris.t. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. Dormancyembryo, and and a homogeneous, pretreatment centrally hollow en- Hall,Barot, J.B. S. &and Gignoux, McAllan, J. A.1999 1993. Population. Acacia seyal: Structure a mono- and Theredosperm. are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph.Life Cycle School of %RUDVVXVDHWKLRSXP of Agricultural and Mart. Forest Evidence Sciences of, EarlyUni- possibly due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versitySenescence of W inales, a Palm Bango Tree.r. Biotropica, 31 (3), pp. 439-448. hoFloweringwever, that and pretreatment fruiting accelerate habit s the germination Maydell,Seed Information H.-J. von, Database 1986. Tr ees(SID). and 2006 Shrubs. http://www.rb- of the Sahel. rate.Reproduction The most iscommon highly delayedmethod iands scarification the reproductive. Eschborngkew.org.uk/data/sid 1986. (release 7.0, October 2006). period of the plant, before death, is short, about 20 RMorton,oss, J.H. J.F. 197 19887. A .Conspectus Notes on Distribution, of the African Propagation, Acacia Specie ands. Sowingyears. Flowering and germination usually occurs in the second part of MProductsemoirs of Borassusthe Botanical Palms Survey (Arecaceae). of South Economic Africa No. B 44otany,. Germinationthe rainy season. is rather %RUDVVXVDHWKLRSXP slow, normally about is dioecious; 30% in 7 42: 420-441. days.Females The typically seeds can bear be 50-100pregerminated fruits in ona fruiting moist filter sea- Uhl, N.W. & Drans¿ eld, J. 1987. *HQHUD 3DOPDUXP paperson. The to allow seeds rapid are naturally identification dispersed of viable, by mammals, non-dor- The L.H. Bailey Hortorium; The International Palm So- mantsuch asseed. chimpanzees. The germinated seeds are transferred to ciety, Kansas. containers filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings requireProcessing shade and until handling the second leaf expands and wa- teringIn West at Africa,intervals fruits of 1-3 are days usually as necessary harvested to from keep No- the THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED IN COLLABORA- mediumvember tillmoist May. but The not waterlogged.pericarp is removed Direct seeding by hand- in TION WITH CENTRE NATIONAL DE SEMENCES preparedslashing toplanting release spotsthe pyrenes. is practised with success in FORESTIÈRES BURKINA FASO Sudan; at early stages of development A. seyal was capableStorage of and competing viability with weeds. Authors: Mathurin Sanon and Moctar Sacande SeedsNodu havelation a o shortccurs viabilityin natural andpopu shouldlations. be In sownartificia asl regenerationsoon as they itare has removed been achieved from theby pelletingfruit pulp. seed with culture of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected medium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected seedlings have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and Bradyrhizobium from the latter have proved to be effective symbionts. THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE

Author: Dorthe Jøker

A fresh %DHWKLRSXP fruit transversally cut-open displaying two normal seeds and an undeveloped seed. Photo: M. Sanon, Burkina Faso.

Phone: 251-116172000 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH  Phone:ext. 2491 FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUG H[W Email:[email protected] 6KROD32%R[ Email: .+DGJX#FJLDURUJ $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD Website: www.[[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 85 October1R2FWREHU 2003 Re-issue 2018 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Botanical description Family: Rhamnaceae Evergreen shrub or tree up to 15 m tall and up to 40 Synonyms: Rhamnus jujuba L., Ziziphus jujuba Lam. cm in diameter. The leaves are alternate and elliptic, Vernacular/common names: ber, Chinese date, desert 2.5-3.2 cm long and with three distinct veins. In the apple, Indian cherry, Indian jujube, Indian plum, ju- leaf-corners are two spines, one long and straight jube (English); kurkura (Amharic); sidr (Arabic); ber, the other small and curved. Although most trees bear ber boroi, boroi, kool (Bengali); eng-si, zee-pen (Bur- spines, spineless individuals are not uncommon. Flow- mese); manzanita (Filipino); jujubier, liane croc-chien ers are small and bisexual, yellow or greenish, borne )UHQFK  ,QGLVFKHU -XMXEHQVWUDXFK *HUPDQ  EDHU on short stalks, 2-3 together in the leaf-corners. ber (Hindi); bidara, dara, widara (Indonesian); putrea (Khmer); than (Lao); bidara, epal siam, jujub (Malay); Fruit and seed description toboro, tomboron moussana, tomborongo (Mandinka); 7KHIUXLWLVDGUXSHZLWKDÀHVK\SXOSDQGDVLQJOH bayer (Nepali); ajapriya, badara, kar-kandhu, kuvala, hard stone. It is very variable in shape and size but madhuraphala (Sanskrit); geb, gub (Somali); perita hai- most are round to oval. Fruits from wild trees can be tiana, Ponseré, yuyuba (Spanish); mkunazi (Swahili); as small as 1.8-2.5 cm while improved cultivars bear elandai, yellande (Tamil); ma tan, ma thong, phutsan fruits as large as 5 cm in diameter. Both texture and (Thai); geva (Tigrigna); c[aa]y t[as]o ta, tao, tao nhuc taste of the pulp is similar to apples. The stone has (Vietnamese); jujube (trade name). irregular furrows and it normally contains two brown seeds with a papery seedcoat. Seed weight varies and Distribution and habitat there can be from 500 up to 3300 stones per kg. Native to South and Central Asia and China and natu- ralised in a large number of tropical and subtropical countries. It is a very hardy species that withstands sa- linity and drought as well as waterlogging. It is found growing up to 1500 m altitude but commercial cultiva- tion usually only extends up to 1000 m altitude. It can survive temperatures as high as 50ºC and down to 7ºC but does not tolerate frost.

Uses A multipurpose tree that provides both fruit, fodder and fuel. The fruits are usually eaten fresh, they have a high content of vitamin C and are very nutritious. They can also be dried, candied, pickled or used to Mature fruits of Ziziphus mauritiana. From: Morton (1987) make juice or ber butter. In Indonesia the young leaves are cooked as a vegetable. In parts of India Flowering and fruiting habit and North Africa the leaves are used as fodder for The trees can be evergreen or deciduous but except in sheep and goats. The timber is hard with a density of GU\DUHDVWKH\UHPDLQOHDÀHVVIRURQO\DVKRUWSHULRG 535-1080 kg/m3 and is used for a number of purposes ,Q,QGLDWKHWUHHVÀRZHULQ-XO\WR2FWREHUDQGIUXLWV where a durable, close-grained wood is needed. It are formed soon after. In February-March the fruits are makes good charcoal with a heat content of almost mature and in some places a second crop is produced NFDONJDQGLVDOVRXVHGDV¿UHZRRGLQPDQ\ in the fall. In the wild, fruiting normally begins when areas. The thorny tree makes excellent fencing that the trees are 3-4 years old and usually a good crop is deters livestock as well as wild animals such as ba- SURGXFHGHYHU\\HDU7KHÀRZHUVDUHSROOLQDWHGE\DQWV boons. In India and Pakistan it is an important agro- and other insects, and in the wild state the trees do not forestry and silvipasture species in arid and semi-arid set fruits by self-pollination. Most cultivars, however, areas. It is also planted for erosion control, soil and can produce fruits without cross-pollination. The seeds river-bank stabilisation and land reclamation. are dispersed by birds and animals.

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 Harvest Sowing and germination HarvesThe immaturet fruit is green in color, but as it ripens PhytosanitaryThe seeds need lightproblems to germinate and it is not rec- Full-sizedit goes through pods a areyellow-green harvested stagefrom withthe treemahogany- before Overommended 40 species to shade of theinsects seedbeds. are reported They can associated be sown theycolored open. spots appearing on the skin as the fruit ripens withdirectlyA. seyalinto .containers These include or in 10germination species of traysbruchid or further. The fully mature fruit is entirely red and the beetles,seedbeds which and transplanted may damage into lacontainersrge proportions when they of Ppulprocessing becomes and soft handlingand wrinkled. The fruits are picked storedKDYH GHYHORSHG seeds. WKH ¿UVW SDLU RI SHUPDQHQW OHDYHV Thedirectly pods from are the dried tree in and the only sun fully until mature they open fruits and should the The seedlings may need as long as 15 months in the seedsbe collected. are released. They should be transported in open bags SelectedQXUVHU\EHIRUHSODQWLQJLQWKH¿HOG*UHDWFDUHPXVW readings to avoid fermentation. Bekele-be takenTesemma, when transplanting A., 1993. Usef unurseryl Trees and stock Shrubs to thefor Storage and viability Ethiopia¿HOGEHFDXVHRIWKHORQJWDSURRW,QJHQHUDOVWXPS. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. SeedsProcessing are orthodox and handling and can be stored for several Booth,planting F .E.M.is more and successful Wickens, thanG.E., using 1988 .bare-rootedNon-timber yearsAfter ifcollection they are thewell fruits dried are and macerated kept cool inand water free ofto usesstock. of selectedThe stumps arid zoneshould trees consist and sh rofubs approximately in Africa. FAO insects.remove Moisturethe pulp andcontent the forstones storage are rinsedshould in be clean 4,5- Conservation25 cm of root Guide, and 5-7.519: 8-12. cm shoot. Alternatively the 9%ZDWHU(PSW\VWRQHVFDQHDVLO\EHVHSDUDWHGE\ÀRWD. - Hall,VHHGVFDQEHVRZQGLUHFWO\LQWKH¿HOG+RUWLFXOWXUDO J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- tion in a 18% solution of ordinary cooking salt. Then haracultivars deser aret. NF normallyTA 94-07. grafted FACT N ontoet, W wildinrock type International seedling. Dormancythe stones are and spread pret outreatment on a sheet and dried in the Hall,URRWVWRFNVHLWKHULQWKHQXUVHU\RULQWKH¿HOG6SDF J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono-- Theresun for are one variou week.s reports on the need for pretreatment, graph.ing should School be of3x3 Agricultural m for fodder and production Forest Sciences and wind, Uni-- possibly due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versitybreaks. of For Wales, orchard Bango establishmentr. the recommended hoStoragewever, thatand pretreatment viability accelerates the germination Maydell,spacing is H.-J. 7x7 von,or 8x8 1986 m.. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate.The seedsThe mo arest commonorthodox methodand should is scarification be stored .at low Eschborn 1986. moisture content (7-10%) in air-tight containers. At RSelectedoss, J.H. 197readings7. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. Sowingroom temperature and germination the seed can be expected to store MKaaria,emoirs S.of the1998 Botanical. Ziziphus Survey mauritiana of South – A africa valuable No. 44 .tree Germinationfor at least one is year.rather In slo coldw, normallystore at 5ºC about the 30%seed willin 7 for arid and semi-arid lands. FACT Sheet, FACT 98-03. days.retain Thehigh seeds viability can forbe pregerminatedseveral years. on moist filter Winrock International. paper to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- Morton, J. 1987. Indian Jujube. p. 272–275. In: Fruits of mant seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. containers filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings Tweddle, J.C., Turner, R.M. and Dickie, J.B. 2003. require shade until the second leaf expands and wa- Seed Information Database (release 5.0, July 2003) http: tering at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the //www.rbgkew.org.uk/data/sid medium moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in Verheij, E. W. M. and Coronel, R. E. 1991. Plant Re- prepared planting spots is practised with success in sources of Southeast Asia. No 2. Edible Fruits and Nuts. Sudan; at early stages of development A. seyal was Wageningen: Pudoc. capable of competing with weeds. Nodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial regeneration it has been achieved by pelleting seed with culture of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected Author: Dorthe Jøker, DFSC medium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected seedlings have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and Bradyrhizobium from the latter have proved to be eFloweringffective andsym fruitingbionts branch.. Copyright: PROSEA Foundation THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE Dormancy and pretreatment Germination often improves after the seed has been Author: Dorthe Jøker stored for some months. The hard stone restricts ger- mination and cracking the shell or extraction of seeds fastens germination.This can be done using a vice but the seed inside is fragile and apart from being very time-consuming, removal of the shell can damage the seed. Without pretreatment the seeds normally germi- nate within six weeks whereas extracted seeds only need one week to germinate. Germination percentage PATSPO/ICRAF Office Phone:Phone: 251-116172000251-116172000 is high both for treated and untreated seeds. Before c/o ILRI Campus, Gurd ext.ext. 2491 sowing, the seeds are soaked in water for two days. Shola, P.O. Box 5689, Email:Email:[email protected] [email protected] Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Website: www.[[[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 167No. May 167 2018 May Re-issue2018 2018 . Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr.

Taxonomy and Nomenclature Species Name: Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. Synonym: Boswellia glabra Roxb. Boswellia balsamifera Spreng Family: Burseraceae Two varieties: Serrata with serrate and pubescent leaves, and var. glabra with entire, glabrous leaves Vernacular (Common name): Salai (Hindi), Indian frankincense tree, Indian olibanum tree (English), gu- gulu (Tamil), kuurdur (Arabic)

Distribution and habitat Boswellia serrata is distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent (with the exception of Bengal, Western Ghat and north-east India), primarily in Central India between 16q to 31q N latitude and 73q to 86q E longi- tude. e climate is with hot summer and mild winter with maximum shade temperature from 40q-48qC, and minimum 0q-10qC. e normal rainfall ranges from 500-2000 mm. e habitat is tropical dry deciduous for- est. e tree grows gregariously in areas with the rainfall is persistent, pubescent outside, 5-7 toothed; petals are of 1500-1800 mm, but quick drainage is more signi- 5-7 in number, ovate, free. cant than higher rainfall. erefore, it grows well in hill slopes, ridges of hills, where it may occur at the elevation Use up to about 1150 m.a.s.l. e species is a strong light e timber is moderately strong, but soft and non-du- demander. It can grow on a wide variety of geological for- rable when fresh; the seasoned timber is fairly durable. mation and soils, such as gneiss, mica-schist, limestone, It is used in furniture, water pipes, matches, boat masts, shales and quartzite’s of dry ridges and stony hills, and on plywood and veneers. It is used as raw material in paper at terrain. It thrives both in fertile and shallow and poor pulp and newsprint. Charcoal made from it is used in soil. e species can withstand the adverse eect of forest iron smelting. e bark of the tree exudes a fragrant re and drought. transparent yellowish-green oleo-gum-resin known as ‘salai guggal’ or Indian olibanum. A mature tree may Botanical description yield about 2-2.5 kg of oleo-gum-resin a year. A volatile Boswellia serrata is a deciduous tree with a light, spread- oil, resin and gum are produced from this exudation. ing crown and somewhat drooping branches attaining e volatile oil is used as substitute for turpentine and generally a height of 9-15 m with a short bole of 3.0 to used for paint, varnishes, soaps and perfumery indus- 4.5m and a diameter of up to 70 cm. e bark is dark- try. Gum is an excellent adhesive used in incense sticks, greenish grey, thick, smooth, exfoliating in thin papery distempers, calico-printing, and in textile industry. e akes, resinous inside. Leaves are exstipulate, alternate, resin is a good substitute for Canada balsam in colour 30-45 cm long, crowded at the end of branches; im- and consistency. It is used for manufacturing soaps, paripinnate with 17-31 leaets. Leaets are opposite to paints, varnishes and printing inks. e salai guggal sub-opposite, variable in shape and size, 2.5-6.3 cm long gum has antipyretic, diaphoretic and astringent prop- and 1.2-3.0 cm wide, sessile, ovate or ovate-lanceolate erties and used by local people for diarrhea, piles, ulcers, with dented margins and pubescent surface (var ser- arthritis, skin and gastric problems. e owers and rata) or with entire, glabrous leaves (var. glabra). Flow- seeds are edible. e species is suitable for reclamation ers are bisexual, small in short racemes, cream-colored, of shallow ferruginous soil or dry sandstone hills with a crowded at the end of branches, but not terminal. Calyx mean annual rainfall of 500-1250mm.

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 Harvest Phytosanitaryerate desiccation to p 3-6%roblems moisture content. Under ambi- Full-sized pods are harvested from the tree before Overent conditions 40 species (room of temperatureinsects are 15-37°C) reported the associated seeds can they open. withbe storedA. seyal for up. Theseto two includeyears, if stored10 species at 3-6% of moisturebruchid beetles,content. Viabilitywhich may can bedamage extended la rforge moreproportions than three of Processing and handling storedyears, if seeds. stored at low temperature (-20°C to 15°C). The pods are dried in the sun until they open and the seeds are released. SelectedSowing and readings germination Bekele-GerminationTesemma, is hypogeal. A., 1993. Germination Useful Tree spercentage and Shrubs may for Fruit and seed description Storage and viability Ethiopiavary from. RSCU, 20-90% SIDA. dependent Nairobi, on Kenya. the number of lled Fruit: Seeds Fruitsare orthodox are simple, and dry, can dehiscent be stored trigonous, for several 12-22 Booth,seeds in F a.E.M. seedlot. and Seedlings Wickens, can G.E., be raised 1988 .inN polytheneon-timber yearsmm long if they capsules; are well eshy, dried light and green kept before cool maturation,and free of usesbags oflled selected with arida mixture zone tofrees loamy and shsoilrubs and in decomposed Africa. FAO insects.but turn Moisture dry and browncontent after for storagematuration, should with be three4,5- Conservationfarm yard manure. Guide, Two19: 8-12. to three seeds are sown in each 9%locules. containing three seeds. Hall,polythene J.B., 199tube4. (15Acacia cm seyal x 10 -cm) multipurpose in the month tree of of the July- Sa- Seed: Seeds are solitary in each locule, compressed, haraAugust. deser Germinationt. NFTA 94-07. takes FACT place Net, Wwithininrock Internationaltwo weeks.. Dormancyhard, and winged and along pret rtheeatment margins. 13-25 seeds weigh Hall,e species J.B. and is rarelyMcAllan, raised A. in1993 seedbeds. Acacia as seyal: the root a mono- sys- Thereone gram.1000 are variou pures report seeds onweight the need is 40-77g. for pretreatment, graph.tem is Schooldelicate of and Agricultural sensitive andto mechanical Forest Sciences handling., Uni- possibly due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versitySeedlings of Wofales, 10-12 Bango weeksr. old (15-20 cm) are planted in Phenology, flowering and fruiting habit however, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell,the elds H.-J.with von,a spacing 1986 .ofTr 5mees andx 5m. Sh reubs ofseedling the Sahel are. rate.e white The mo owersst common appear methodin stout iracemess scarification at the ends. of Eschbornprone to die-o1986. during prolonged drought in the sum- branches from the end of January to April. e leaves Rmeross, months. J.H. 197 7While. A Conspectus some seedlings of the African die out Acacia completely, Species. Sowingturn yellowish and germinationto light brown before they fall in De- Mmostemoir ofs themof the re-sproutBotanical Sinurvey the rainyof South season. Africa No. 44. Germinationcember; the new is rather leaves slo appearw, normally in May-June. about 30% e intree 7 Hence, irrigation at 15 days intervals during dry season days.remains The lea ess seeds duringcan be thepregerminated entire period on of moist owering filter (November to June) and mechanical weeding in the paperand fruiting. to allow e rapid drupes identification ripen in ofMay-June. viable, non-dor- Flowers early years of formation of plantation are therefore nec- mantare self-incompatible. seed. The germinated It is an obligateseeds are out-crossing transferred spe to- essary. Seedlings may grow to 2.75m in 3 years. 8-10 containerscies and the filled number with of a lled, silt-rich viable medium. seeds depends Seedlings on years are generally required to extract gum. requirethe pollinators shade untiland density the second of the leaf population. expands e and giant wa- teringAsian honeybeeat intervals (Apis of 1-3 dorsata days) andas necessary Indian honeybee to keep the(A. Phytosanitary problems mediumcerana var. moist indica but) are not eective waterlogged. pollinators. Direct seeding in e tree is attacked by fungi and insects. e important prepared planting spots is practised with success in fungi are Ceratostomella spp. and Graphium spp causing Seed collection Sudan; at early stages of development A. seyal was blue stain or sap-stain in the logs and planks when fresh- Fresh fruits are collected from the trees. Seeds should ly cut. Some of the borer and beetle attacking logs are: capable of competing with weeds. st beNodu collectedlation 2 omonthsccurs in after natur anthesisal popu latiin 1ons. week In a ofrti fMay,icial Atractocerus reversus, Carphoborus boswelliae, Coptops ae- regenerationwhen the fruits it has turn been light achieved brown. by e pelleting collection seed meth with- di cator, Megachile disjuncta, Platypus solidus, Plocaeder- cultureod is to spreadof bacterial a tarpaulin isolates, under sowing the tree into and an collect infected the us ferrugineus, Sinoxylon anale and Xeleborus similis. e mefruitsdiu bym oloppingr germi ntheati ngbranches in uns teorrili pluckingsed soil. beforeUninf ectetheird deterioration can be lessened by cutting the logs into seedlingssplitting. have been inoculated successfully by Acaciaplanks. seyalRhesala with imparata green bark.is a defoliator Ethiopia. of Photo:the species. Henrik treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC Processing and handling strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and Selected readings BradyFruits splitrhizobiu open,m when from dried the latterunder haveshade. proved Seeds are to exbe- Sunnichan et al. (2005). Bot J Linn Soc. 147: 73-82. etractedffecti vfrome sy themb dryion tripes. fruits manually and wings are re- Troup R. S. 1921. e silviculture of Indian trees. Gov- moved by rubbing between hands and then cleaning can THISernment NOTE of India. WAS PRE PARED BY be done either by winnowing or by a seed blower. Seeds DANIDALuna, R.K. FOR 1996.EST Plantation SEED CEN trees.TRE International Book should be immersed in water before they are sown to Distributors. Dehra Dun, India. separate out the empty seeds, which oat on the surface. Author:www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/ Dorthe Jøker Boswellia_serrata.PDF Dormancy and pretreatment Seeds have no dormancy and do not need pre-treat- Author: Maitreyee Kundu, Editor: Lars Schmidt ment. E-mail: [email protected] For further information: Director, Tropical Forest Research Insti- Storage and viability tute, P.O. R.F.R.C., Mandla Road, Jabalpur 482021, India. Seeds of Boswellia serrata are of orthodox type and can tol- Phone: 251-116172000 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH Phone:ext. 2491  FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUG H[WEmail:[email protected] 6KROD32%R[ Email: .+DGJX#FJLDURUJ $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD [[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopiaWebsite: www. 6(('/($)/(7 No. 1461R2FWREHU October 2010 Re-issue 2018

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6HHGOHDÀHWVDUHDVHULHVRIVSHFLHVZLVHH[WHQVLRQOHDÀHWVIRUWURSLFDOIRUHVWVSHFLHVZLWKVSHFLDOHPSKDVLVRQVHHG WHFKQRORJ\/HDÀHWVDUHFRPSLOHGIURPH[LVWLQJOLWHUDWXUHDQGUHVHDUFKDYDLODEOHDWWKHWLPHRIZULWLQJ,QRUGHUWR FXUUHQWO\LPSURYHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV)/'HQFRXUDJHIHHGEDFNIURPXVHUVDQGUHVHDUFKHUVZKRKDYHH[SHULHQFHZLWK WKHVSHFLHV&RPPHQWVFRUUHFWLRQVLPSURYHPHQWVDQGDPHQGPHQWVZLOOEHLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWRIXWXUHHGLWHGOHDÀHWV 3OHDVHZULWH\RXUFRPPHQWVWR6/BLQWHUQDWLRQDO#OLIHNXGN Harves)ORZHULQJDQGIUXLWLQJKDELWt Phytosanitary6RZWKHVHHGVLQDPL[WXUHRIULYHUVDQGDQGFRPSRVW problems Full-sized0DOHDQGIHPDOHÀRZHUVDUHVHSDUDWHEXWRQVDPH pods are harvested from the tree before Over  DQGNHHSLWPRLVW6HHGOLQJVDQG\RXQJSODQWV 40 species of insects are reported associated theyWUHH PRQRHFLRXV ,QVRXWKHUQ$IULFDÀRZHULQJRF open.  withWUDQVSODQWHDVLO\WKH\FDQEHWUDQVSODQWHGLQWRQXUVA. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid FXUVIURP6HSWHPEHUWR'HFHPEHUDQGIUXLWLQJIURP beetles,HU\EDJVZKHQWKH\UHDFKWKHOHDIVWDJH7KHVHHG which may damage large proportions of P-DQXDU\WR$SULO)UXLWDQGVHHGSURGXFWLRQLVXVXDOO\rocessing and handling storedJHUPLQDWHVUHDGLO\DIWHUWKHSXOSGHFRPSRVHV*HU seeds.  TheYHU\KLJK7KHVHHGVDUHVSUHDGE\ELUGVZKLFKIHHG pods are dried in the sun until they open and the PLQDWLRQLVJRRGDQGXQLIRUPXSWRDIWHU seedsRQWKHPDQGGLVWULEXWHWKHPLQWKHLUIDHFHV are released. SelectedGD\V readings Bekele-Tesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for Storage+DUYHVW and viability Ethiopia. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. Seeds6HHGVDUHKDUYHVWHGIURPWKHWUHHVE\VKDNLQJRUFXW are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber yearsWLQJRIIVHHGEHDULQJEUDQFKHVDQGFROOHFWLQJRQDWDU if they are well dried and kept cool and free of uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects.SDXOLQXQGHUWKHWUHH Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation Guide, 19: 8-12. 9%. Hall, J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- 3URFHVVLQJDQGKDQGOLQJ hara desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. Dormancy)UXLWVVKRXOGEHSURFHVVHGDVVRRQDVSRVVLEOHDIWHU and pretreatment Hall,%ULGHOLDPLFUDQWKD J.B. and McAllan, +RFKVW %DLOORQ A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- ThereFROOHFWLRQEHFDXVHVHHGVKDYHVKRUWYLDELOLW\7KH are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possiblyIUXLWSXOSFRQWDLQVDJURZWKLQKLELWRUWKDWPXVWEH due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versity9HJHWDWLYHSURSDJDWLRQ of Wales, Bangor. hoUHPRYHGHJE\UXEELQJRQDZLUHPHVKXQGHUUXQwever, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell,7KHUHLVQRWPXFKH[SHULHQFHZLWKYHJHWDWLYHSURSD H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate.QLQJZDWHU The most common method is scarification. EschbornJDWLRQEXWWKHWUHHVSURGXFHURRWVXFNHUVDQGFRSSLFH 1986.  RZHOODIWHULQMXU\ZKLFKLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHUHPD\EHDoss, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. Sowing6WRUDJHDQGYLDELOLW\ and germination MSRWHQWLDOIRUYHJHWDWLYHSURSDJDWLRQemoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. Germination7KHVHHGKDVVKRUWYLDELOLW\ RLO\VHHG GRQRWVWRUH is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 days.WKHVHHGVDWDOO The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter 6HOHFWHGUHDGLQJV paper to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- %HHQWMH +-   .HQ\D 7UHHV 6KUXEV DQG /LDQDV mant'RUPDQF\DQGSUHWUHDWPHQW seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to 1DWLRQDO0XVHXPVRI.HQ\D1DLUREL.HQ\DS containers3XOSZLWKJHUPLQDWLRQLQKLELWRULVUHPRYHGLQFRQ filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings 'DOH ,5 DQG *UHHQZD\ 3-  .HQ\D WUHHV DQG requireQHFWLRQZLWKVHHGSURFHVVLQJ*HUPLQDWLRQFDQEHDF shade until the second leaf expands and wa- VKUXEV%XFKDQDQ¶V.HQ\D(VWDWHV/WG teringFHOHUDWHGE\VRDNLQJWKHVHHGVLQFROGZDWHUIRU at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the )$2&RUSRUDWHGRFXPHQW,QGLJHQRXV0XOWLSXUSRVHWUHHV mediumKRXUVDIWHUUHPRYLQJWKHIUXLWSXOS moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in RI7DQ]DQLDXVHVDQGHFRQRPLFEHQH¿WVIRUSHRSOH prepared planting spots is practised with success in :RUOG$JURIRUHVWU\&HQWUH6SHFLHVGDWDEDVH Sudan;6RZLQJDQGJHUPLQDWLRQ at early stages of development A. seyal was capable6HHGVDUHVRZQGLUHFWO\LQSRO\WKHQHWXEHVRULQVHHG of competing with weeds. EHGVIRUODWHUWUDQVSODQWLQJ*HUPLQDWLRQLVHSLJHDONodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial $XWKRUV/DUV6FKPLGWDQG/XF\0ZDXUD regeneration it has been achieved by pelleting seed with culture of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected medium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected seedlings have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and Bradyrhizobium from the latter have proved to be effective symbionts. THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE

Author: Dorthe Jøker

Phone: 251-116172000 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH Phone:ext. 2491  FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUG H[WEmail:[email protected] 6KROD32%R[ Email: .+DGJX#FJLDURUJ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia$GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD Website: www.[[[[[[ SEED LEAFLET No. 76 No.May 76 2003 May Re-issue2003 2018 Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner

Taxonomy and nomenclature Botanical description Family: Fabaceae (Mimosoidae) Small tree or shrub with either one or more stems, Synonyms: Anneslia acapulcensis Britton & Rose, A. up to 12 m tall and 20 cm in diameter. The leaves are calothyrsus (Meisn.) Donn.-Sm., A. confusa (Sprague compound, up to 20 cm long and divided into many & Riley) Britton & Rose, A. similis (Sprague & L. Ri- VPDOO OHDÀHWV $W QLJKW WKH OHDYHV IROG DJDLQVW WKH ley) Britton & Rose, Calliandra acapulcensis (Britton VWHP)ORZHUVLQXSWRFPORQJXSULJKWLQÀRUHV- & Rose) Standl., C. confusa Sprague & L. Riley, C. FHQFHVWKDWDUHSODFHGMXVWXQGHUWKHHQGRIEUDQFKHV similis Spraue & Riley, Feuillea calothyrsa Kuntze. 7KHÀRZHUVKDYHVPDOOJUHHQSHWDOVDQGVHSDOVDQG Vernacular/common names: cabello de ángel, pelo 5.5-6.5 cm long anthers that are white at the base and de ángel (Sp.); calliandra, red calliandra (Eng.); kalli- bright red at the ends. DQGUDPHUDK ,QGRQHVLD 

Distribution and habitat 1DWLYHWR&HQWUDO$PHULFDIURPWKHZHVWHUQ3DFL¿F FRDVWRI0H[LFRWRFHQWUDO3DQDPD,WRFFXUVLQERWK SULPDU\DQGGLVWXUEHGIRUHVWDWDOWLWXGHVEHWZHHQ PLQDUHDVZLWKPPUDLQ\HDU,WFDQ JURZRQDUDQJHRIVRLOVEXWLVHVSHFLDOO\WROHUDQWWR DFLGLFVRLOV,WLVQRWWROHUDQWWRIURVWDQGUHTXLUHVD PHDQDQQXDOWHPSHUDWXUHRIƒ&

Uses 7KHIDVWJURZWKDQGWROHUDQFHWRDFLGLFVRLOVZKHUH RWKHUWUHHVSHFLHVSHUIRUPSRRUO\KDVPDGHLWDSRSX- ODU VSHFLHV LQ VPDOOVFDOH DJURIRUHVWU\ WKURXJKRXW WKHKXPLGWURSLFV,WLVQLWURJHQ¿[LQJDQGLPSURYHV VRLOVWUXFWXUHDQGIHUWLOLW\,WLVXVHGDVDQXQGHUVWRUH\ component on coconut plantations, a shade tree in  )ORZHULQJ EUDQFK  SHGXQFOH ZLWK SRGV &RS\ULJKW FRIIHHDQGWHDSODQWDWLRQVDQGDQXUVHWUHHLQWLPEHU 3526($)RXQGDWLRQ plantations. 7KHDELOLW\WRUHVSURXWDIWHUUHSHDWHGFXWWLQJPDNHV Fruit and seed description LW YDOXHG IRU IRGGHU SURGXFWLRQ HVSHFLDOO\ LQ DUHDV FruitWKHIUXLWLVDSRGXSWRFPORQJSDOHWR ZKHUH WKH XVH RI RWKHU PXOWLSXUSRVH WUHHV LV OLPLWHG GDUNEURZQDQGQRUPDOO\ZLWKRXWKDLUV7KHUHDUH E\HQYLURQPHQWDODQGGLVHDVHFRQWUDLQWV)RUH[DPSOH 12 seeds per pod. it can replace Leucaena leucocephala in areas where SeedVHHGVDUHÀDWRYDOXSWRPPLQGLDPHWHU growing Leucaena is prevented by psyllids. The DQGZLWKLUUHJXODUGDUNVSRWVRQWKHVXUIDFH7KHUHDUH OHDYHVÀRZHUVDQGWZLJVDUHHGLEOHDQGFRQWDLQ 14.000-20.000 seeds per kg. 25% crude protein and although the nutritive value is OHVVWKDWHJWKDWRILeucaena it is a good supplement Flowering and fruiting habit WRWKHGLHWRIPRVWDQLPDOV 7KH ÀRZHULQJ VHDVRQ YDULHV WKURXJKRXW WKH QDWXUDO ,WLVDOVRZLGHO\XVHGDVIXHOZRRGE\VPDOOVFDOH UDQJH DQG ZKHUH WKHUH LV VXI¿FLHQW PRLVWXUH DYDLO- IDUPHUV DV ZHOO DV JURZQ LQ ODUJH SODQWDWLRQV ,Q DEOHÀRZHULQJFDQH[WHQGWKURXJKRXWWKHZKROH\HDU ,QGRQHVLDLWKDVEHHQVXFFHVVIXOO\XVHGWRUHKDELOLWDWH +RZHYHUDSHULRGRISHDNÀRZHULQJQRUPDOO\RFFXUV Imperata JUDVVODQGV ,W LV DQ LPSRUWDQW VRXUFH RI DIWHUWKHPDLQZHWVHDVRQEXWEHIRUHWKHRQVHWRIWKH IRUDJHIRUKRQH\EHHVDQGWKHWUHHVDUHDVXLWDEOHKRVW dry season. This is observed both within and outside IRUWKHLQVHFWVWKDWVHFUHWHVKHOODFDFRPSRXQGXVHG RILWVQDWXUDOUDQJHLQGLFDWLQJWKDWLWLVPDLQO\UDLQIDOO IRUODFTXHUVDQGG\HV WKDWLQLWLDWHVÀRZHUSURGXFWLRQ,Q&HQWUDO$PHULFD SHDNÀRZHULQJRFFXUVEHWZHHQ2FWREHUDQG-DQXDU\

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 7KHÀRZHUVPDWXUHRYHUVHYHUDOPRQWKVEHJLQQLQJ Dormancy and pretreatment ZLWKWKHÀRZHUVDWWKHEDVHRIWKHLQÀRUHVFHQFH7KH\ Fresh seeds can germinate without any pretreatment. HarvesRSHQIRURQHQLJKWRQO\E\WKHQH[WGD\WKHDQWKHUVt PhytosanitaryDry seeds, e.g. seeds problems that have been stored, have a Full-sized pods are harvested from the tree before Over 40 species of insects are reported associated ZLOW DQG XQIHUWLOL]HG ÀRZHUV GURS 1HFWDUIHHGLQJ KDUGVHHGFRDWDQGVFDUL¿FDWLRQLPSURYHVJHUPLQDWLRQ they open. with A. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid DQGWRDOHVVHUH[WHQWIUXLWHDWLQJEDWVDUHWKHPDLQ VLJQL¿FDQWO\6XEPHUJLQJWKHVHHGVLQƒ&ZDWHU SROOLQDWRUV0DQ\LQVHFWVDOVRIHHGRQWKHQHFWDUEXW beetles,DQGWKHQOHDYLQJWKHVHHGVWRFRROLQWKHZDWHULVWKH which may damage large proportions of stored seeds. PZLWKRXWSROOLQDWLQJWKHÀRZHUV7KHVSHFLHVLVSUHrocessing and handling  PRVWFRPPRQPHWKRGDQGZLOOQRUPDOO\JLYHWKHEHVW The pods are dried in the sun until they open and the GRPLQDQWHO\RXWFURVVLQJEXWWKHGHJUHHRIWROHUDQFH germination. However, in some instances hot water seedsWRVHO¿QJYDULHVEHWZHHQSURYHQDQFHV are released. SelectedFDQNLOOWKHVHHGVDQGLWLVUHFRPPHQGHGWRWHVWWKH readings Bekele-Tesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for C. calothyrsus ÀRZHUV DEXQGDQWO\ EXW UHODWLYHO\ WHFKQLTXHEHIRUHXVLQJLWRQWKHHQWLUHVHHGORW,IIRUD Ethiopia StorageIHZ VHHGV and DUH viability SURGXFHG DQG HVSHFLDOO\ RXWVLGH WKH JLYHQVHHGORWKRWZDWHUWXUQVRXWWREHGDPDJLQJVRDN. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya.  Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988 Non-timber SeedsDUHDRIQDWXUDOGLVWULEXWLRQSRRUVHHGSURGXFWLRQLVD are orthodox and can be stored for several LQJLQFROGZDWHUIRUKRXUVLVUHFRPPHQGHG. uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa yearsPDMRUOLPLWDWLRQWRLWVXVH,UULJDWLRQDQGIHUWLOLVDWLRQ if they are well dried and kept cool and free of For containerised stock, two seeds are sown. FatA Oa insects. Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation Guide, 19: 8-12. KDYHEHHQUHSRUWHGWRLPSURYHVHHGSURGXFWLRQ:KHQ GHSWKHTXDOWRWKHLUOHQJWKLQD[FPFRQWDLQHU Hall, J.B., 1994 Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- 9%WKHSRGVVSOLWRSHQWKHVHHGVDUHIRUFHIXOO\HMHFWHG. 6XUSOXV VHHGOLQJV. DUH UHPRYHG ZKHQ WKH ¿UVW DGXOW hara desert DQGGLVSHUVHGXSWRPIURPWKHPRWKHUWUHH OHDYHV KDYH. NFT GHYHORSHGA 94-07. FACT *HUPLQDWLRQ Net, Winrock LV International IDVW LW LV. Hall, J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993 Acacia seyal: a mono- Dormancy and pretreatment QRUPDOO\ FRPSOHWHG LQ  GD\V$IWHU.  ZHHNV ThereHarvest are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph.ZKHQWKHVHHGOLQJVDUHFPWDOOWKH\DUHUHDG\ School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possibly:KHQWKHSRGVEHFRPHGDUNEURZQWKHVHHGVLQVLGH due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versityIRUSODQWLQJLQWKH¿HOG)RUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIEDUH of Wales, Bangor. Maydell, H.-J. von, 1986 Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel hoDUHw PDWXUHever, that 2QO\ pretreatment ULSH SRGV accelerate DQG WKHLUs the PDWXUH germinatio VHHGVn URRWVHHGOLQJVWKHSODQWVQHHGDWOHDVWPRQWKVLQ. . rate.VKRXOGEHFROOHFWHG7KHSRGVDUHSLFNHGIURPWKHWUHH The most common method is scarification. EschbornWKH QXUVHU\7KH 1986. VHHGV FDQ DOVR EH VRZQ GLUHFWO\ LQ Ross, J.H. 1977 A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species MXVWEHIRUHWKH\RSHQDQGWKHVHHGVDUHGLVSHUVHG$O WKH¿HOGLQWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHZHWVHDVRQ/RZFRVW. . SowingWHUQDWLYHO\KHVVLDQEDJVRUQHWVFDQEHSODFHGRQWKH and germination MYHJHWDWLYHSURSDJDWLRQXVLQJOHDI\VWHPFXWWLQJVKDVemoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. GerminationJURXQGXQGHUWKHWUHHV:KHQWKHSRGVDUHULSHWKH\ is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 been described by Dick et al.   days.RSHQDQGWKHVHHGVZLOOGURSRQWRWKHJURXQGZKHUH The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter paperWKH\DUHVZHSWXSDWGDLO\LQWHUYDOV7KLVPHWKRGLV to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- mantPDLQO\XVHGLQVHHGSURGXFWLRQDUHDVZKHUHWKHUHDUH seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to containersQR RWKHU VSHFLHV filled with SUHVHQW a silt-rich ,W LV OHVV medium. WLPHFRQVXPLQJ Seedlings requireDQG LW HQVXUHVshade until WKDW the RQO\ second PDWXUH leaf VHHGV expands DUH FROOHFWHGand wa- teringEXWPD\EHGLI¿FXOWWRXVHLIWKHWUHHVDUHJURZQLQ at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the mediumIDUPODQGRULQGHQVHYHJHWDWLRQ$WWKHWLPHRIFRO moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in preparedOHFWLRQWKHPDWXUHVHHGVKDYHDPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWRI planting spots is practised with success in Sudan; at early stages of development A. seyal was capable of competing with weeds. ProcessingNodulation andoccurs handling in natural populations. In artificial regeneration it has been achieved by pelleting seed with ,ISRGVDUHFROOHFWHGWKH\DUHOHIWLQWKHVXQWRGU\ 6KDGHWUHHVWHDSODQWDWLRQVLQ6UL/DQND&RS\ULJKW$ODQ culture of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected XQWLOWKH\RSHQ,WLVEHVWWROHDYHWKHSRGVWRRSHQ Pottinger meVORZO\diumDQG or g QRWermi XVHnating IRUFH in uns WRte RSHQrilised WKHP soil. Un ,QVLGHinfecte WKHd seedlingsSRGVWKHVHHGVGU\DWDVORZUDWHDQGWRRUDSLGGU\LQJ have been inoculated successfully by AcaciaSelected seyal readings with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC FDQNLOOWKHVHHGV2QFHWKHSRGVDUHRSHQWKHVHHGV Chamberlain, J.R. 2000. Improving Seed Production in strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and DUHFOHDQHGPDQXDOO\RULQDVHHGFOHDQHU Calliandra calothyrsus. A Field Manual for Researchers Bradyrhizobium $IWHU H[WUDFWLRQWKH from VHHGVthe latter DUH GULHGhave proved LQ WKH VXQ to b WRe and Extension Workers2[IRUG)RUHVWU\,QVWLWXWH effectiv PRLVWXUHe symbion FRQWHQWts. ,Q YHU\ KRW FOLPDWHV WKH Chamberlain, J.R. (ed.) 2000. Calliandra calothyrsus THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY VHHGV VKRXOG QRW EH H[SRVHG WR GLUHFW VXQOLJKW IRU – An agroforestry tree for the humid tropics.7URSLFDO)RU DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE ORQJSHULRGVRIWLPH,QZHWFRQGLWLRQVWKHVHHGVFDQ HVWU\3DSHUVQR2[IRUG)RUHVWU\,QVWLWXWH EHSODFHGLQQHWEDJVDQGGULHGLQWKHKRWVWUHDPVRI FACT Net 1999. Calliandra calothyrsus – an Indonesian Author: Dorthe Jøker air over a stove. The bags must be at a safe distance discovery for humid tropical regions)$&76KHHW from the heat source. 7+,6127(:$60$'(,1&2//$%25$7,21:,7+ Storage and viability 7+(,1'21(6,$)25(676(('352-(&7 7KHVHHGVDUHRUWKRGR[DQGVKRXOGEHVWRUHGDWPRLV WXUH FRQWHQW EHORZ  LQ DLUWLJKW FRQWDLQHUV $W $XWKRU'RUWKH-¡NHU')6& URRPWHPSHUDWXUH ƒ& WKHVHHGVZLOOUHWDLQKLJK YLDELOLW\IRUDERXWPRQWKV,IWKHVHHGQHHGVWREH 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH3KRQHPhone: 251-116172000  VWRUHGIRUORQJHUWLPHFROGVWRUHLVQHFHVVDU\$Wƒ& FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUGH[Wext. 2491 WKHVHHGFDQEHH[SHFWHGWRUHWDLQYLDELOLW\ 6KROD32%R[(PDLO.+DGJX#FJLDURUJEmail:[email protected] IRUXSWR¿YH\HDUV $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD:HEVLWHZZZ[[[[[[

Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 14 September1R6HSWHPEHU 2000 Re-issue 2018

Casuarina equisetifolia L.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Uses Family: &DVXDULQDFHDH $WUXHPXOWLSXUSRVHVSHFLHVSURYLGLQJDUDQJHRI Synonyms: Casuarina littoralis6DOLVE C. litorea SURGXFWVDQGVHUYLFHVIRULQGXVWULDODQGORFDOXVHUV / C. littorea2NHQ C. muricata5R[E C. suma- +DVEHHQFDOOHG³WKHEHVWILUHZRRGLQWKHZRUOG´DQG trana-XQJK DOVRSURGXFHVKLJKTXDOLW\FKDUFRDO7KHZRRGLVYHU\ Vernacular/common names: EHHIZRRGFRDVWVKH GLIILFXOWWRZRUNDQGFDQQRWEHXVHGDVVDZQWLPEHU RDNKRUVHWDLOFDVXDULQDLURQZRRG (QJ SLQ %HFDXVHRILWVWROHUDQFHWRVDOWLWLVXVHGIRUHURVLRQ G¶$XVWUDOLH )U SLQRDXVWUDOLDQR 6S 7ZRVXEVSH FRQWUROLQFRDVWDODUHDV2WKHUXVHVDQGVHUYLFHVDUH FLHVDUHUHFRJQLVHG equisetifoliaDQGincana SDSHUSXOSWLPEHUVKDGHRUVKHOWHURUQDPHQWDOODQG UHFODPDWLRQDQGVRLOLPSURYHPHQW:LWKWKHDELOLW\WR Distribution and habitat IL[QLWURJHQLWKDVSRWHQWLDOXVHLQDJURIRUHVWU\ 2FFXUVQDWXUDOO\RQVXEWURSLFDODQGWURSLFDOFRDVW OLQHVIURPQRUWKHUQ$XVWUDOLDWKURXJKRXW0DOD\VLD Botanical description VRXWKHUQ0\DQPDU WKH.UD,VWKPXVRI7KDLODQG $QHYHUJUHHQWUHHPWDOOVXEVSincanaW\SLFDOO\ 0HODQHVLDDQG3RO\QHVLD,QWURGXFHGZRUOGZLGHLQ VPDOOHU&URZQLVILQHO\EUDQFKHG%DUNOLJKWJUH\ WKHWURSLFDODQGVXEWURSLFDO]RQH EURZQURXJKDQGIXUURZHGRQROGHUWUHHV(QFLUFOLQJ $OWLWXGHUDQJHPDVOPHDQDQQXDOUDLQIDOO EDQGVRIOHQWLFHOVDUHSURPLQHQWRQWKH\RXQJEDUN PPGU\VHDVRQGXUDWLRQPRQWKVPHDQ %UDQFKOHWVDUHGURRSLQJDQGQHHGOHOLNH7KHWLQ\UH DQQXDOWHPSHUDWXUHƒ&PHDQPD[LPXP GXFHGOHDYHVDUHDUUDQJHGWRJHWKHULQZKRUOV WHPSHUDWXUHRIKRWWHVWPRQWKVƒ&DQGRIFROGHVW )ORZHUVXQLVH[XDOPDOHDQGIHPDOHIORZHUVFDQEH ƒ& RQVDPHRURQGLIIHUHQWWUHHV0DOHIORZHUVLQVLPSOH 3UHIHUVOLJKWVDQG\VRLOVUHODWLYHO\IDVWJURZLQJRQ WHUPLQDOHORQJDWHGVSLNHVIHPDOHIORZHUVERUQHRQ SRRUVRLOVDQGWROHUDWHVVRPHVDOLQLW\DQGVDOWODGHQ ODWHUDOZRRG\EUDQFKHV7KHIHPDOHFRQHOLNH ZLQGV*URZVZHOOLQVRLOVZLWKS+'RHVQRW LQIUXWHVFHQFHLVURXQGPPORQJPPLQ WROHUDWHZDWHUORJJLQJLVVKDGHLQWROHUDQWDQGVHQVLWLYH GLDPHWHU WRILUH1LWURJHQIL[LQJ FrankiaV\PELRVLV 7KHOLIH VSDQLV\HDUV Fruit and seed description )UXLWDJUH\RU\HOORZEURZQZLQJHGQXW VDPDUD  PPORQJZLWKDVLQJOHVHHG2QHNJRIJUHHQFRQHV  \LHOGVJRIVHHG7KHUHDUHVHHGV SHUNJ

Flowering and fruiting habit :LQGSROOLQDWHG:KHUHWKHUHLVDGLVWLQFWZHWRUGU\ VHDVRQIORZHULQJDQGIUXLWLQJDUHUHJXODU RFFXUULQJ RQFHRUWZLFHSHU\HDU,QDUHDVZLWKQRGLVWLQFWGU\RU ZHWVHDVRQIORZHULQJDQGIUXLWLQJWHQGVWREHLUUHJX ODUDQGPD\RFFXUWKURXJKRXWWKH\HDU )HPDOHFRQHVPDWXUHZHHNVDIWHUDQWKHVLVDQG RSHQVKRUWO\DIWHUWKLVUHOHDVLQJWKHVPDOOIUXLWV7KH IUXLWVRQRQHWUHHGRQRWDOOPDWXUHDWWKHVDPHWLPH SUHVHQWLQJDSUREOHPIRUVHHGFROOHFWLRQ

+DELWRI\RXQJWUHHIORZHULQJWZLJSDUWRI Harvest EUDQFKOHWPDOHDQGIHPDOHLQIORUHVFHQFHLQIUXFWHVFHQFH 7KHVHHGVDUHPDWXUHZKHQWKHFRQHVWXUQ\HOORZDQG IUXLW)URP3ODQW5HVRXUFHVRI6RXWK(DVW$VLD EHJLQWRRSHQ7KHVHHGFRDWVKRXOGEHSDUWO\EURZQ DQGWKHHQGRVSHUPILUP

Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) HarvesProcessingt and handling PhytosanitaryCATIE, 1991Casuarina problems equisetifolia, multiple use tree in 7KHIUXLWVDUHGULHGLQWKHVXQEHIRUHWKHVHHGLVH[ 5HS1R7 HFK6HULHV7 XUULDOED Full-sized pods are harvested from the tree before OverCentral 40 America species of insects are reported associated WUDFWHG &RVWD5LFD&$7,( they open. with A. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid  beetles,Ha Chu Chu,which Le mayDinh damageKha, 1996 larPlantingge proportions and uses ofof ,Q3LQ\RSXVDUHUN. PStoragerocessing and and viability handling storedCasuarina seeds. equisetifolia in Vietnam 6WRUDJHEHKDYLRXULVRUWKRGR[9LDELOLW\FDQEHPDLQ 7XUQEXOO-:0LGJOH\6-HGV5HFHQW&DVXDULQD5HVHDUFK The pods are dried in the sun until they open and the WDLQHGIRUVHYHUDO\HDUVLQKHUPHWLFVWRUDJHDWƒ& DQG'HYHORSPHQW3URFUG,QW&DVXDULQD: RUNVKRS seeds are released. Selected readings ZLWKPRLVWXUHFRQWHQW &DQEHUUD$XVWUDOLD&6,52)RUHVWU\DQG)RUHVW3URGXFWV Bekele-Tesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for  Storage and viability Ethiopia. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya.  SeedsDormancy are orthodox and pretreatment and can be stored for several Booth,Pinyopusarerk, F.E.M. andK., House,Wickens, A.P.N., G.E., 1993 1988Casuarina:. Non-timb Aner 6HHGVUHTXLUHQRSUHWUHDWPHQW years if they are well dried and kept cool and free of usesannotated of selected bibliography arid zone of tr eesC. andequisetifolia, shrubs in AfricaC. junghuh-. FAO 1DLUREL.HQ\D,&5$) insects. Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservationniana and C. oligodonGuide, 19: 8-12. 9%Sowing. and germination Hall,Sosef, J.B., M.S.M., 1994. Hong,Acacia L.T.,seyal -Prawirohatmodjo, multipurpose tree of S., the eds, Sa- 3URSDJDWLRQE\VHHGRUFXWWLQJV,QWKHQXUVHU\ VHHG  hara1998 deserPlantt. NFResourcesTA 94-07. of South-EastFACT Net, WAsia.inrock No International5(3). Timber. FDQEHJHUPLQDWHGLQEHGVRUWUD\VFRQWDLQLQJVDQGRU /HLGHQ1HWKHUODQGV Dormancy and pretreatment Hall,trees: J.B.lesser-known and McAllan, timbers A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- DPL[WXUHRIVDQGDQGSHDWPRVV*HUPLQDWLRQLVQRU %DFNKX\V3XEOLVKHUV There are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- PDOO\FRPSOHWHDIWHUZHHNV possibly due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versitySougoufara, of Wales, B., BangoDiem,r .H.G. and Dommergues, Y.R. , 7KHVHHGOLQJVDUHWUDQVIHUUHGWRFRQWDLQHUVZKHQ  however, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell,1989 Response H.-J. von,of field-grown 1986. Trees Casuarina and Shrubs equisetifolia of the Sahel to. WKH\DUHFPWDOODQGUHDFKSODQWDEOHVL]H  rate. The most common method is scarification. Eschborninoculation 1986. with Frankia strain ORS021001 en-trapped in FP LQPRQWKV&DUHVKRXOGEHH[HUFLVHGWRDYRLG 3ODQWDQG6RLO Ralginateoss, J.H. beads 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. H[FHVVLYHZDWHULQJDVWKLVPD\FDXVHGDPSLQJRII$  Sowing and germination MTurnbull,emoirs of J.W., the Botanical Martensz, Survey P.N., of 1983South ASeedfrica production, No. 44. VKDGHLVVXLWDEOHXQWLOVHHGOLQJVDUHUHDG\IRU ,Q0LGJOH\ Germination is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 collection and germination in Casuarinaceae RXWSODQWLQJ6HHGOLQJVFPWDOOLQJHUPLQDWLRQ 6-7XUQEXOO-:-RKQVWRQ5'HGV&DVXDULQD(FRORJ\  days. The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter EHGVFDQDOVREHWUDQVSODQWHGWRRSHQEHGVZLWK[ 0DQDJHPHQWDQG8WLOL]DWLRQ3URFVW,QW&DVXDULQD paper to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- FPVSDFLQJWRREWDLQEDUHURRWHGSODQWLQJVWRFN :RUNVKRS0HOERXUQH$XVWUDOLD&6,52 mant seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to 6RLOFRQWDLQLQJP\FRUUKL]DDQG  WKH containers filled with a silt-rich medium.Frankia Seedlings QLWURJHQIL[LQJIXQJLLQ&DVXDULQDV IURPHVWDEOLVKHG require shade until the second leaf expands and wa- VWDQGVVKRXOGEHDGGHGWRWKHSRWWLQJPHGLXP7KH tering at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the 1 IL[LQJSRWHQWLDOFDQEHJUHDWO\HQKDQFHGWKURXJK medium moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in WKHXVHRIVHOHFWHGFORQHVLQRFXODWHGZLWKHI IHFWLYH prepared planting spots is practised with success in VWUDLQV Sudan;Frankia at early stages of development A. seyal was ,Q7KDLODQGDQG,QGLDFXWWLQJVDUHPDGHIURPVPDOO capable of competing with weeds. EUDQFKOHWV PPLQGLDPHWHUDQGFPORQJ DQG Nodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial URRWLQJLVHQKDQFHGZLWKKRUPRQHV,%$RU,$$,Q regeneration it has been achieved by pelleting seed with VRXWKHUQ&KLQDFXWWLQJVDUHWDNHQIURPEUDQFKOHWV  culture of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected PPLQGLDPHWHUDQGFPORQJ DQGVRDNHGLQD medium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected VROXWLRQRI1$$EHIRUHEHLQJSODFHGLQSRO\WKHQH seedlings have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik WXEHV treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC 3ODQWDWLRQVFDQEHHVWDEOLVKHGXVLQJFRQWDLQHU strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and VHHGOLQJVEDUHURRWVHHGOLQJVRUURRWHGFXWWLQJV$ 1DWXUDOO\RFFXUULQJWUHHVDW: DK: HH%HDFK: HVW Bradyrhizobium from the latter have proved to be SODQWLQJGHQVLW\RIVWHPVKDLVFRPPRQO\XVHGEXW $UQKHLP/DQG1RUWKHUQ7 HUULWRU\$XVWUDOLD3KRWR effective symbionts. VRPHIDUPHUVSODQWXSWRVWHPVKDZKHQ 0DXULFH0FGRQDOG&6,52)RUHVWU\DQG)RUHVW3URGXFWV THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY IXHOZRRGRUVPDOOSROHVDUHWKHUHTXLUHGSURGXFWV DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE 3UXQLQJXSWRPLVQHFHVVDU\LQSODQWDWLRQV9HJHWDWLYH SURSDJDWLRQE\FXWWLQJVLVYHU\HDV\IRUWKLVVSHFLHV Author: Dorthe Jøker 7+,6127(:$635(3$5('%< Phytosanitary problems '$1,'$)25(676(('&(175( $QWVPD\SUHGDWHWKHVHHGVDQGFDUHVKRXOGEHWDNHQ WRSURWHFWWKHVHHGDIWHUVRZLQJ $XWKRU'RUWKH-¡NHU

Selected readings Dommergues, Y., 1990 Casuarina equisetifolia: An Old- timer with a New Future1)7+LJKOLJKWV Phone: 251-116172000 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH3KRQH Doran JC, Turnbull JW, 1997 Australian trees and ext. 2491 FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUGH[W shrubs: species for land rehabilitation and farm planting Email:[email protected] 6KROD32%R[(PDLO.+DGJX#FJLDURUJ in the tropics$&,$50RQRJUDSK1R $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD:HEVLWHZZZ[[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 20 1R6HSWHPEHUSeptember 2000 Re-issue 2018

Cedrela odorata L.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Uses Family:0HOLDFHDH 7KHWLPEHULVIDPRXVIRULWVXVHLQPDNLQJFLJDU Synonyms :Cedrela dugesii6:DWVRQ, C. guianensis ER[HVDQGLWLVDOVRXVHGIRUPXVLFDOLQVWUXPHQWV $-XVV, C. mexicana05RHP , C. occidentalis & OLJKWFRQVWUXFWLRQYHQHHU SO\ZRRGDR7KHLQVHFW '& C. sintenisii&'& UHSHOOHQWVPHOOPDNHVLWVXLWDEOHIRUZDUGUREHV,Q Vernacular/common names:FHGDUFHGDUZRRGFL FRFRDDQGFRI IHHSODQWDWLRQVLWLVSODQWHGIRUVKDGH JDUER[FHGDU 6SDQLVKFHGDU (QJ DFDMRXURXJH DQGDVDZLQGEUHDN )U FHGURFHGURDPDU JR &RVWD5LFD FXOFKH 0H[LFR FHGURUHDO 1LFDUDJXD FHGURFRORUDGR (O Botanical description 6DOYDGRU \RPKRP 7KDLODQG  'HFLGXRXVWUHHXSWRPWDOOVRPHWLPHVZLWKVPDOO EXWWUHVVHV

Flowering and fruiting habit 0RQRHFLRXVVSHFLHV$QQXDOIORZHULQJLVUHJXODU IURPDERXW\HDUVRIDJH)ORZHULQJQRUPDOO\RF FXUVDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHUDLQ\VHDVRQEXWWKHUHFDQ EHODUJHGLIIHUHQFHVIURPRQHUHJLRQWRDQRWKHU)UXLW PDWXUDWLRQWDNHVDERXWPRQWKV ,Q&RVWD5LFDIORZHULQJLV0DU-XQHDQGIUXLWLQJLV LQ-XO\ 5LSHVHHGLVDYDLODEOHLQ0DUFK$SULOLQ 1LFDUDJXDDQG0DUFK-XQHLQWKH3KLOLSSLQHV $UHDVZLWKELPRGDOFOLPDWHVPD\KDYHWZRIUXLWLQJ VHDVRQVLQ7DQ]DQLDIUXLWVFDQEHKDUYHVWHGLQ$SULO DQG1RYHPEHU 7KHOHDYHVDUHVKHGSULRUWRIUXLW PDWXUDWLRQ

Harvest 7KHVHHGVDUHPDWXUHZKHQWKHFDSVXOHDQGVHHGZLQJ 7UHHKDELWOHDIVHFWLRQHGIORZHUGHKLVFHGIUXLW FKDQJHFRORXUWRGDUNFRIIHHEURZQDQGWKHVHHGFRDW VHHG)URP3ODQW5HVRXUFHVRI6RXWK(DVW$VLD KDUGHQV&ROOHFWLRQFDQVWDUWZKHQWKHILUVWFDSVXOHV KDYHRSHQHG

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 Harves7KHFDSVXOHVDUHEHVWFROOHFWHGIURPWKHWUHH,It Phytosanitary pproblemsroblems Full-sizedFROOHFWLRQLVGRQHIURPWKHJURXQGRQO\WKRVHWKDW pods are harvested from the tree before Over6HHGOLQJVDUHVXVFHSWLEOHWRGDPSLQJRI 40 species of insects are reported IFDXVHGE\ associated theyKDYHIDOOHQWKHVDPHGD\VKRXOGEHFROOHFWHG open. withHJRhizoctoniaA. seyal. ThesePythium includeDQG 10Fusarium speciesVSS of bruchid beetles, which may damage large proportions of PProcessingrocessing and handling storedSelected seeds. readings The$IWHUKDUYHVWWKHIUXLWVVKRXOGEHWUDQVSRUWHGWRWKH pods are dried in the sun until they open and the CATIE, 1997 Nota Técnica sobre Manejo de Semillas seedsSURFHVVLQJXQLWZLWKRXWGHOD\ are released. SelectedForestales, r No.eadings 24&$7,(7XUULDOED&RVWD5LFD 7KHIUXLWVFDQEHSUHGULHGRQRSHQWUD\VLQZHOO Bekele-Lamb, A.F.A.,Tesemma, 1968 A.,Cedrela 1993. Us odorataeful Tr)DVWJURZLQJWLPees and Shrubs for StorageYHQWLODWHGVKDGHGDUHDVIRUDIHZGD\VDQGWKHQ and viability EthiopiaEHUVSHFLHVRIWKHORZODQGWURSLFV1R&RPPRQZHDOWK. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. SeedsWUDQVIHUUHGWRIXOOVXQOLJKWIRUGD\VRUXQWLOWKH are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth,)RUHVWU\,QVWLWXWH F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber yearsVHHGVDUHUHOHDVHG$QRWKHUSUDFWLFHLVWRH[SRVHWKH if they are well dried and kept cool and free of usesLemmens, of selected R.H.M.J., arid zone Soerianegara, trees and sh rI.ubs and in Wong, Africa . W.C.FAO insects.IUXLWVWRVXQOLJKWIRUKRXUVGDLO\IRUGD\V,WLV Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation(eds.), 1995 Guide,Plant Resources 19: 8-12. of South-East Asia1R 9%LPSRUWDQWWKDWWKHVHHGVDUHQRWGULHGWRRTXLFNO\RU. Hall,  7LPEHU7UHHV0LQRUFRPPHUFLDOWLPEHUV%DFKKX\V J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- HOVHWKH\PD\ORVHYLDELOLW\ hara3XEO/HLGHQ desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. Dormancy6HHGVDUHGHZLQJHGPHFKDQLFDOO\HJLQDFHPHQW and pretreatment Hall,Webb, J.B. D.B., and Wood, McAllan, P.J., A. Smith, 1993. AcaciaJ.P., Henman, seyal: a mono- G.S., TherePL[HUDQGWKHQFOHDQHGE\ZLQQRZLQJOLWUHVRI are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph.1984 ASchool guide ofto Agriculturalspecies selection and Foforr esttropical Sciences and, Uni-sub- possiblyIUHVKIUXLWVZHLJKDERXWNJOWRIIUXLWV\LHOG due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versitytropical of plantationsWales, Bango7r URSLFDO)RUHVWU\3DSHUV1R. hoDERXWOWRIVHHG6HHGZHLJKWPDNHVXSVRPHwever, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell,&RPPRQZHDOWK)RUHVWU\,QVWLWXWH8QLYHUVLW\RI2[IRUG H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate.RIWKHIUXLWZHLJKW The most common method is scarification. Eschborn 1986. Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. SowingStorage andand germinationviability Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. Germination6HHGVDUHRUWKRGR[9LDELOLW\LVVKRUWDWDPELHQWFRQ is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 days.GLWLRQVEXWFDQEHH[WHQGHGWRDWOHDVW\HDUVZKHQ The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter paperVWRUHGLQDLUWLJKWSODVWLFEDJVDWƒ&DQGDPRLVWXUH to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- mantFRQWHQWRI:HOOGULHGVHHGV PF VWRUHG seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to containersLQSDSHUEDJVVKRZQRGHFUHDVHLQJHUPLQDWLRQDIWHU filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings requirePRQWKVLUUHVSHFWLYHRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHGXULQJVWRU shade until the second leaf expands and wa- teringDJH)RUORQJWHUPVWRUDJHƒ&LVUHFRPPHQGHG at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the medium moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in preparedDormancy planting and pretreatmentspots is practised with success in Sudan;7KHUHLVQRGRUPDQF\EXWJHUPLQDWLRQRIGU\VWRUHG at early stages of development A. seyal was capableVHHGPD\EHIDVWHUE\VRDNLQJLQZDUPZDWHUIRU of competing with weeds. KRXUVEHIRUHVRZLQJNodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial regeneration it has been achieved by pelleting seed with cultureSowing of and bacterial germination isolates, sowing into an infected me6RZLQJLVGRQHGLUHFWO\LQFRQWDLQHUVRUEURDGFDVWLQdium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected 1DWXUDOUHJHQHUDWLRQRI C. odorataLQFRI IHHSODQWDWLRQ seedlingsVHHGEHGVDQGFRYHUHGZLWKDWKLQOD\HURIVRLO:KHUH have been inoculated successfully by Acacia&RVWD5LFD3KRWR'DYLG%RVKLHU2), seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatmentWKHUHLVDGHTXDWHPRLVWXUHVKDGHLVQRWQHFHVVDU\DQG with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC strainsLQFUHDVHVWKHULVNRIGDPSLQJRI from A. mellifera and I*HUPLQDWLRQLVA. senegal and BradyHSLJHDO2SWLPDOWHPSHUDWXUHIRUJHUPLQDWLRQLVrhizobium from the latter have proved to be 7+,6127(:$635(3$5(',1&2//$%25$7,21 eƒ&EXWVHHGVFDQJHUPLQDWHDWƒ&ffective symbionts. :,7+&(1752$*521Ï0,&27523,&$/'( &ROOHFWLRQDQGWUDQVSODQWLQJRIZLOGOLQJVLVDOVR THIS,19(67,*$&,Ï1<(16(f$1=$ NOTE WAS PREPARED BY XVHG,QWKH3KLOLSSLQHVFROOHFWHGZLOGOLQJVKDGD DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE VXUYLYDOUDWHRIDQGDIWHUVRPHPRQWKVKDGD $XWKRUV 5RGROIR6DOD]DU&$7,( VKRUWHUWDSURRWDQGPRUHODWHUDOURRWVWKDQWKH Author: Dorthe'RUWKH-¡NHU')6& Jøker RULJLQDOVHHGOLQJVJURZLQJXQGHUWKHPRWKHUWUHH /DUV6FKPLGW')6& ,Q,QGRQHVLDFPWDOOVWXPSVZLWKDGLDPHWHURI FPSODQWHGDWDGHSWKRIFPVKRZHGQHDUO\ VXUYLYDO

Phone: 251-116172000 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH3KRQHext. 2491 FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUGH[WEmail:[email protected] 6KROD32%R[(PDLO.+DGJX#FJLDURUJ $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD:HEVLWHZZZ[[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 22 September1R6HSWHPEHU 2000 Re-issue 2018

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Uses Family: %RPEDFDFHDH 7KHILEUHPDNHVDQH[FHOOHQWPDWHULDOIRUDQXPEHURI Synonyms:Bombax pentandrum/., Ceiba casearia SXUSRVHVWKHIROLDJHLVXVHGIRUIRGGHUDQGRLOLVH[ 0HGLNEriodendron anafractuosum'& WUDFWHGIURPWKHVHHGVDQGXVHGLQGXVWULDOO\7KHWUHH Vernacular/common names:NDSRNFRWWRQVLONWUHH LVDQLPSRUWDQWVRXUFHRIKRQH\DQGDOVRVXLWDEOHIRU (QJ NDSRNLHU )U NDSRNEDXP *HUP FHLEDFHLER VRLOHURVLRQFRQWURODQGZDWHUVKHGSURWHFWLRQ,Q 6S  DJURIRUHVWU\LWLVJURZQZLWKFRIIHHFDFDRDQGLQ -DYDDVVXSSRUWIRUSHSSHUWUHHV,Q,QGLDLWLVXVHG Distribution and habitat LQWDXQJ\DV\VWHPV 1DWXUDORFFXUUHQFHIURPƒ1LQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV 7KHZRRGLVYHU\OLJKWZLWKVSHFLILFJUDYLW\RI WKURXJK&HQWUDO$PHULFDWR ƒ6LQ6RXWK$PHULFD JFP:KHQGU\WKHFRORXUYDULHVEHWZHHQJUH\DQG &RPPRQRQFRDVWDOSODLQVXSWRPDOWLWXGHZLWK \HOORZZLWKZKLWHSDUWV7KHJUDLQLVLQWHUORFNHGWKH DQQXDOSUHFLSLWDWLRQRIPPDQGWHPSHUD WH[WXUHFRDUVHODFNLQJOXVWHUDQGVKDSH7KHSRURVLW\ WXUHVIURPWR ƒ&$OLJKWGHPDQGLQJSLRQHHU  LVGLIIXVHDQGWKHSRUHVODU JH,WKDVDKLJKQDWXUDO IRXQGLQPRLVWHYHUJUHHQDQGGHFLGXRXVIRUHVWVDOVR GXUDELOLW\LVHDV\WRZRUNDQGSUHVHUYH8VHGIRUER[HV LQGU\IRUHVWVDQGLQJDOOHU\IRUHVWV DQGFUDWHVSO\ZRRGDQGSXOSDQGSDSHUSURGXFWV &XOWLYDWHGZLGHO\LQWKHWURSLFVEHWZHHQƒ1DQG ƒ6&DQJURZRQDYDULHW\RIVRLOVIURPVDQGWR Botanical description FOD\VRLOVSURYLGHGWKH\DUHZHOOGUDLQHG3UHIHUV 7DOOWUHHPZLWKDGLDPHWHURIFP DOOXYLDOVRLOVVOLJKWO\DFLGLFWRQHXWUDO7 ROHUDWHV 7KHWUXQNLVF\OLQGULFDOWRVOLJKWO\FRQYH[&URZQ GURXJKWDQGIRUVKRUWHUSHULRGVWHPSHUDWXUHVEHORZ VSKHULFDOWRURXQGZLWKEULJKWJUHHQRSHQIROLDJH ]HURVHQVLWLYHWRILUH$WWKHWLPHRIIUXLWVHWWLQJ EUDQFKHVYHUWLFLOODWHDQGDEXQGDQWVORSLQJXSZDUGV WHPSHUDWXUHVEHORZƒ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

Fruit and seed description Fruit:DOHDWKHU\HOOLSVRLGSHQGXORXVFDSVXOH FPORQJFPZLGHUDUHO\GHKLVFLQJRQWKHWUHH )UXLWLQJEUDQFKDQGIORZHULQJEUDQFKOHW)URP3ODQW &DSVXOHVVSOLWRSHQLQWRYDOYHVUHYHDOLQJDPDVVRI 5HVRXUFHVRI6RXWK(DVW$VLD JUH\ZRROO\KDLUVLQZKLFKWKHVHHGVDUHHP EHGGHG

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 HarvesSeed:EODFNRUGDUNEURZQFRYHUHGZLWKZRRO2LOt PhytosanitarySelected readings problems Full-sizedFRQWHQW7KHUHDUHVHHGVNJ pods are harvested from the tree before OverChinea-Riverra, 40 species J.D. of 1990insectsCeiba are pentandrareported (L.)associated Gaertn theyGHSHQGLQJRQSURYHQDQFH open. with62,7)60 5LR3LHGUDV,QVWLWXWHRI7URSLFDO)RUHVWU\A. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid beetles,Gonzales, which A. J.C. may 1992 damageLa Ceiba: la rCeibage proportions pentandra (L.)of PFloweringrocessing andand fruitinghandling habit storedGaertn 3DPNLD%ROHWtQLQIRUPDWLYR-%// 6DOY   seeds. The7KHIORZHUVDUHSROOLQDWHGE\ELUGVEDWVDQGEHHV pods are dried in the sun until they open and the Westphal, E., Jansen, P.C.M., eds, 1989Plant Resources seeds)ORZHULQJWDNHVSODFH'HF-DQLQ+RQGXUDV1RY-DQ are released. Selectedof South-East readings Asia: a selection. :DJHQLQJHQ1HWKHUODQGV LQ(O6DOYDGRU)UXLWLQJ0DU$SULQ+RQGXUDV-DQ Bekele-Tesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for Storage$SULQ(O6DOYDGRU7KHWUHHVZLOOQRUPDOO\EHJLQWR and viability Ethiopia. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. SeedsSURGXFHIUXLWVZKHQWKH\DUH\HDUVROG are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber years if they are well dried and kept cool and free of uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects.Harvest Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation Guide, 19: 8-12. 9%:KHQWKHIUXLWVKDYHWXUQHGGDUNEURZQWKH\FDQEH. Hall, J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- FROOHFWHGIURPWKHJURXQGRUFXWIURPWKHWUHHXVLQJ hara desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. DormancyKRRNHGNQLYHVIUXLWVSHUWUHHKDVEHHQUH and pretreatment Hall, J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- ThereSRUWHG are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possibly due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versity of Wales, Bangor. hoProcessingwever, that andpretreatment handling accelerates the germination Maydell, H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate.7KHIUXLWVDUHOHIWRQVLHYHVRULQER[HVWRGU\LQWKH The most common method is scarification. Eschborn 1986. VXQKRXUVHYHU\GD\IRUGD\VXQWLOWKH\RSHQ Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. Sowing([WUDFWLRQDQGFOHDQLQJLVGRQHPDQXDOO\E\VKDNLQJ and germination Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. GerminationWKHIUXLWVLQDEDJ is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 days. The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter

Phone: 251-116172000 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH3KRQHext. 2491 FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUGH[WEmail:[email protected] 6KROD32%R[(PDLO.+DGJX#FJLDURUJ $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD:HEVLWHZZZ[[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 138 DecemberNo. 138 December 2008 Re-issue2008 2018 Commiphora africana (A. Rich.) Engel.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Botanical description Family: Burseraceae Commiphora africana is a deciduous shrub or small tree, Synonym: C. pilosa Engl.; C. calcicola Engl. Heudelotia rarely exceeding 5-10 m. It is low branching with a africana A. Rich. short trunk and rounded crown. Branches grow up- Vernacular/common names: African myrrh, poi- wards, then spreading horizontally. Branches possess son-grub commiphora (English); mbambara, mponda, ORQJVSLQHVIURPPRGLÀHGEUDQFKOHWV%DUNJUH\ mturituri, mtwitwi (Swahili); angka, gafal (Arabic); green, peeling off in papery roles or scales revealing harige kanniedood (Afrikaans); dabba’un’un, hammes- green under-bark. Leaves trifoliate with 1½-2 cm long sagara (Somali). SHWLROH/HDÁHWVFUHQDWHKDLU\XQGHUWKHPDUJLQDQG EHORZEDVHFXQHDWH7HUPLQDOOHDÁHWXSWRORQJDQG Distribution and habitat óFPZLGHWKHWZRVLGHOHDÁHWVVPDOOHU Commiphora africana has a widespread native distribu- )ORZHUVLQD[LOODU\FOXVWHUVRI,QGLYLGXDO tion throughout dry zones in Africa south of the ÁRZHUVDUHVPDOODERXWPPORQJUHGZLWKIUHH Sahara, with rainfall between 300 and 800 mm. It petals forming a corolla tube. occurs naturally in Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Mo- Fruit and Seed description zambique, Namibia, Niger, Senegal, Somalia, South Fruit: Fruit an ellipsoid drupe, reddish, 8-10 mm long, Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, 6-8 mm across, with short peduncle. The fruits split Zimbabwe open when dry and expose a hard, furrowed stone It is a typical species of the dry savannah (Acacia- HPEHGGHGLQDUHGUHVLQRXVÁHVK Commiphora bushland). It is primarily a plane and Seed: The seed handling unit is the pyrene / stone lowland species growing up to 800 masl; occasionally, with enclosed morphological seed. The stone is about however, found up to 1600 masl. Occurs in areas with PPORQJZLWKDURXJKVXUIDFH7KHUHDUHDERXW 300-800 mm mean annual rainfall. In the savannah 8000 seeds per kg. it occurs on a variety of soil types often rocky sites, lateritic crusts and sand. Although it is found on clay, it does not do well on stiff types like vertisols.

Uses An important multipurpose tree species in an other- wise poor environment. The species mostly used as a fodder species especially for camels and goats, at the end of the dry season when the tree busts into leaf before most other trees and before new grass sprouts. The species is most important for nomadic pastoral- ists in the Sahel. Wood is termite resistant and has all-round use as utility construction timber and for household implements. Fruits, bark and roots have alleged medical properties and are used in local medi- cine. Fruits are used for treatment of typhoid fever and as a remedy for stomach problems while bark powder is mixed with porridge and taken as cure for malaria. In sedentary agroforestry systems the species may be used as fodder species as well as for live fences and hedges.

Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) HarvesFloweringt and fruiting habit PhytosanitaryProcessing and handlingproblems Full-sizedFlowering occurspods areat the harvested beginning from of thethe dry tree season before OverThe stones 40 species are extracted of insects by removing are reported the exo- associated and theyXVXDOO\EHIRUHWKHOHDIÁXVK)ORZHULQJDQGIUXLWLQJ open. withmesocarp.A. seyal The. fruitThese is relativelyinclude 10 dry species and dry of extrac- bruchid are irregular and do not occur every year. Pollination beetles,tion is easiest, which e.g. may by rubbing damage seeds large between proportions rough of Pbyr ocessinginsects. The and seeds handling are dispersed by animals and storedsurfaces. seeds. Thebirds. pods are dried in the sun until they open and the seeds are released. SelectedStorage and readings viability Bekele-The seedsTesemma, are orthodox, A., 1993. can Us presumablyeful Trees and be storedShrubs forfor Storage and viability Ethiopiaseveral years. RSCU, at room SIDA. temperature. Nairobi, Kenya. Cold storage pro- Seeds are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth,longs longevity. F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber years if they are well dried and kept cool and free of uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects. Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- ConservationDormancy and Guide, pretreatment 19: 8-12. 9%. Hall,Imbibition J.B., 199 is 4restricted. Acacia seyal because - multipurpose of the hard tree endocarp. of the Sa- haraVarious deser methodst. NFTA 94-07.to accelerate FACT N imbibitionet, Winrock by International surface . Dormancy and pretreatment Hall,treatment J.B. and(e.g. McAllan,acid) may A. work 1993 but. Acacia is not seyal:reported a mono- in There are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph.literature. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possibly due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versity of Wales, Bangor. however, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell,Sowing andH.-J. germination von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate. The most common method is scarification. EschbornGermination 1986. is hypogeal. Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. Sowing and germination MPropagationemoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. Germination is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 Means of propagation: Stakes, large cuttings or seeds. days. The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter It is easy to propagate with cuttings paper to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- mant seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to Selected readings containers filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings Beentje, H.J. 1994. Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. Na- require shade until the second leaf expands and wa- tional Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya. 722p. tering at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the Dale, I.R. and P.J. Greenway. 1961. Kenya trees and medium moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in shrubs. Buchanan’s Kenya Estates Ltd. prepared6KRWVOHDYHVÁRZHUVDQGIUXLWVRI planting spots is practised Commiphora with africana success. Fram in Hines, D. A. and K. Eckman 1993. Indigenous Multi- Sudan;Dale and at Greenway early stages 1961. of development A. seyal was SXUSRVHWUHHVRI7DQ]DQLDXVHVDQGHFRQRPLFEHQHÀWVIRU capable of competing with weeds. people. FAO Corporate document. HarvestNodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial regenerationFruits must be it hasharvested been achieved from the by tree pelleting when seedthey with culturestart to splitof bacterial open. Fruit isolates, crop oftensowing sparse into andan infectedcur- Authors: Lars Schmidt and Anne Mbora (ICRAF) merentlydiu mremoved or germi byn atibirds.ng i nLong uns tehandledrilised sotoolsil. Un areinf usedecte d seedlingsto cut down have fruits beenas tree inoculated spines makes successfully climbing by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatmenthighly unpleasant. with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and Bradyrhizobium from the latter have proved to be effective symbionts. THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE

Author: Dorthe Jøker

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Author: Dorthe Jøker

Phone: 251-116172000 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH Phone:ext. 2491  FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUG H[WEmail:[email protected] 6KROD32%R[ Email: .+DGJX#FJLDURUJ $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD [[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopiaWebsite: www. SEED LEAFLET No. 25 September1R6HSWHPEHU 2000 Re-issue 2018

Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pavón) Oken.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Flowering and fruiting habit Family%RUDJLQDFHDH 7KHIORZHUVKDYHDQHFWDULIHURXVGLVNDQGDUHSROOL SynonymsCerdana alliodora5XL] 3DYCordia QDWHGE\EXWWHUIOLHVOLNHWKHRWKHUVSHFLHVLQWKLVJH alliodoraYDUboliviana&KRGDW 9LVFKHC. alliodora QXVVHOISROOLQDWLRQLVUDUH)ORZHULQJEHJLQVZKHQ YDUglabra'&C. andina&KRGDWC. cerdana 5XL] WKHWUHHLVRQO\\HDUROGDQGYLDEOHVHHGLVSURGXFHG 3DY 5RHP 6FKXOWC. gerascanthusDXFWQRQ/ IURPLWVWK\HDU$ODUJHFDQRS\WUHHFDQSURGXFHDV C. goudoti&KRGDWC. macrantha&KRGDWC. velutina PXFKDVPLOOIORZHUVDQGPLOOVHHGVLQD\HDU 0DUWLithocardium alliodorum 5XL] 3DY .XQW]H ,Q0H[LFR&HQWUDO$PHULFDDQGWKH&DULEEHDQ Varronia tuberosa6HVVH 0RF IORZHULQJJHQHUDOO\VWDUWVDERXW'HFHPEHUDQGPD\ Common names6SDQLVKHOPFRUGLD (QJ ODXUHO H[WHQGWKURXJKWR$SULOZKHUHDVDWWKHVRXWKHUQHQG 6S VDOPZRRG WUDGHQDPH RILWVUDQJHIORZHULQJVWDUWVLQ-DQXDU\,QSODFHVOLNH &RORPELDZKHUHWKHFOLPDWHLVOHVVVHDVRQDO Distribution and habitat IORZHULQJDOO\HDULVFRPPRQ :LGHO\GLVWULEXWHGLQWURSLFDO$PHULFDIURP0H[LFR WR$UJHQWLQDDQGLQWKH&DULEEHDQLVODQGV,WFDQEH IRXQGXSWRPDOWLWXGHEXWLVPRUHDEXQGDQWDW ORZHUDOWLWXGHV3UHIHUVKXPLGWURSLFDOIRUHVWVZLWK DQQXDOSUHFLSLWDWLRQRIPPRUPRUHDQGPHDQ WHPSHUDWXUHDERYH ƒ&EXWLVDOVRFRPPRQLQGU\ DUHDVZLWKOHVVWKDQPP\U %HVWJURZWKLV DFKLHYHGRQZHOOGUDLQHGVRLOV

Botanical description 'HFLGXRXVWUHHPKLJKDQGFPLQ GLDPHWHUEROHVWUDLJKW%DUNJUH\LVKPPWKLFN URXJKZLWKILVVXUHVIRUPLQJVTXDUHV/HDYHVVLPSOH DOWHUQDWH/HDIHOOLSWLFREORQJFP[FP ,QIORUHVFHQFHDWHUPLQDOSDQLFOH)ORZHUVVPDOO PPZKLWH7KHFRUROODLVSHUVLVWHQWDQGVHUYHVDV DQDJHQWRIZLQGGLVSHUVDOZKHQGU\

Uses 7KHZRRGLVYDOXDEOHXVHGIRUFDUSHQWU\ IXUQLWXUH FDELQHWVIORRULQJSDQHOOLQJDQGKDVSRWHQWLDOIRUEH )ORZHULQJEUDQFKYHUWLFDOVHFWLRQWKURXJKIORZHU LQJXVHGLQSDSHUSURGXFWLRQ IUXLW)URP3ODQW5HVRXUFHVRI6RXWK(DVW$VLD1R  $OVRXVHGLQDJURIRUHVWU\ZKHUHLWLVJURZQZLWK $X[LOLDU\SODQWV FRIIHHDQGFRFRD)ORZHUVDQGIUXLWVDUHXVHGLQ PHGLFLQHDQGWKHOHDYHVLQRLQWPHQWVDQGWRQLFV Harvest Fruit and seed description 7LPLQJWKHFROOHFWLRQLVFULWLFDOWRHQVXUHKLJKJHU Fruit:EURZQDWPDWXULW\FPORQJPPZLGH)OR PLQDWLRQLQWKLVVSHFLHV7KHIUXLWVDUHPDWXUHZKHQ UDOSDUWVSHUVLVWHQW WKH\DUHRIWKHVDPHOLJKWEURZQFRORXUDVWKHSHU Seed:ZKLWHPPORQJPPZLGH6HHGZHLJKWLV VLVWHQWFRUROOD7HVWVKDYHVKRZQWKDWZKHQWKH\WXUQ YDULDEOH,Q&RVWD5LFD VHHGVNJLV GDUNHUEURZQYLDELOLW\LVUHGXFHG7KHRSWLPDOWLPH W\SLFDOZKLOHLWLVVHHGNJLQ&RORPELD IRUKDUYHVWLVZKHQWKHIUXLWFKDQJHVFRORXUIURP\HO ORZWREURZQ$VDUXOHRIWKXPEFROOHFWLRQIURPWKH WUHHVKRXOGZDLWXQWLOWZRZHHNVDIWHUWKHODVWIORZHUV KDYHRSHQHG

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SelectedOHIWLQWKHFDO\[E\WKHHPHUJLQJDGXOWEHHWOH readings 7KHWUHHFDQEHFOLPEHGZLWKODGGHUVRUVSXUV Bekele-Tesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for Storage6PDOOEUDQFKHVZLWKPDWXUHIUXLWVDUHFXWDQGFDXJKW and viability EthiopiaSelected. RSCU,readings SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. SeedsRQDVDFNRUWDUSDXOLQEHIRUHWKH\KLWWKHJURXQG2QH are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth,Boshier, F D.H..E.M. 1992 and AW studyickens, of the G.E., reproductive 1988. N biologyon-timb eofr yearsWUHHFDQSURGXFHXSWRNJIUXLWEXWWKHQRUPDO\LHOG if they are well dried and kept cool and free of usesCordia of selectedalliodora arid 5XL] 3DYyQ 2NHQ3K'7KHVLV zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects.LVNJ Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation8QLYHUVLW\RI2[IRUG Guide, 19: 8-12. 9%. Hall,Boshier, J.B., D.H., 1994 .andAcacia Lamb, seyal A.T. - multipurpose 1997. Cordia tree alliodora: of the Sa- Processing and handling haragenetics deser andt. NF treeTA 94-07.improvement. FACT N 7URSLFDO)RUHVWU\3DSHUet, Winrock International.  Dormancy,PPHGLDWHO\DIWHUKDUYHVWWKHIUXLWVDUHWUDQVSRUWHGLQ and pretreatment Hall,1R2[IRUG)RUHVWU\,QVWLWXWH2[IRUG8. J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- ThereMXWHVDFNVWRDZHOOYHQWLODWHGVWRUHURRPZKHUHWKH\ are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph.CATIE, School 1994. ofLaurel Agricultural Cordia andalliodora Forest (Ruiz Sciences y Pavón), Uni- possiblyDUHVSUHDGRXWRQWDUSDXOLQV7KHPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWDW due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versityOken, especie of Wales, de Bango árbol rde. uso múltiple en América Cen- hoKDUYHVWYDULHVIURPWR7KHIUXLWVDUHGULHGLQwever, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell,tral6HULH7pFQLFD,QIRUPH7pFQLFRQR&$ H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel 7,(. rate.VKDGHRUDWPRVWKRXUVDGD\LQWKHVXQXQWLOWKH\ The most common method is scarification. Eschborn7XUULDOED&RVWD5LFD 1986. UHDFKDPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWRI6KDGHGU\LQJ RFaridahoss, J.H. Hanum, 1977. A ConspectusI., van der ofMaesen, the African L.J.G., Acacia eds., Specie 1997s. SowingW\SLFDOO\WDNHVIRXUWRVL[GD\V7KHIUXLWLVVHSDUDWHG and germination MPlantemoir Resourcess of the Botanical of South-East Survey of Asia. South No. Africa 11. N Auxiliaryo. 44. GerminationIURPWKHIORUDOSDUWVE\VKDNLQJDQGILQDOO\ZDVKHG is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 plants/HLGHQ1HWKHUODQGV%DFNKX\V days. The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter Greaves, A. and Carter, P.S. 1990Cordia alliodora a paperStorage to allow and rapidviability identification of viable, non-dor- promising tree for tropical agroforestry2[IRUG 58  mant7KHVHHGLVRUWKRGR[EXWLIQRWVWRUHGSURSHUO\LW seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to 2[IRUG)RUHVWU\,QVWLWXWH7URSLFDOIRUHVWU\SDSHUVQR containersORVHVYLDELOLW\IDVW,WLVHVSHFLDOO\LPSRUWDQWWRXVH filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings requireEDJVWKDWDUHFRPSOHWHO\DLUWLJKWHLWKHUKHDY\SODVWLF shade until the second leaf expands and wa- teringRUDOXPLQLXP at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the medium,Q&RVWD5LFDH[SHULHQFHLVWKDWDIWHUWZRZHHNVDW moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in preparedURRPWHPSHUDWXUHWKHJHUPLQDWLRQLVGRZQWR planting spots is practised with success in Sudan;%HVWVWRUDJHLVDWƒ&DQGPRLVWXUHFRQWHQW at early stages of development A. seyal was capable$QH[SHULPHQWIURP&RORPELDVKRZHGWKDWVHHG of competing with weeds. VWRUHGDWƒ&DQGPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWUHWDLQHGNodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial regenerationJHUPLQDWLRQDIWHUPRQWKV it has been achieved by pelleting seed with culture of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected meDormancydium or g eandrmin pretreatmentating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected seedlings3UHWUHDWPHQWLVQRWQHFHVVDU\ have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC strainsSowing from and germinationA. mellifera and A. senegal and Brady*HUPLQDWLRQEHJLQVWZRZHHNVDIWHUVRZLQJDQGLVrhizobium from the latter have proved to be eILQLVKHGDIWHUZHHNV*HUPLQDWLRQLVW\SLFDOO\ffective symbionts. 7KHVHHGVFDQEHVRZQLQEDJVRULQVDQGEHGV THIS$ZHW]RQHSRSXODWLRQLQD\HDUROGSURYHQDQFHWULDO NOTE WAS PREPARED BY DQGWUDQVSODQWHGWREDJVDIWHUJHUPLQDWLRQ DANIDA7XPDFR&RORPELD3KRWR'DYLG%RVKLHU2), FOREST SEED CENTRE ,Q&RVWD5LFDVHHGVDUHVRZQLQER[HVZLWK VWHULOLVHGVDQGDQGGD\VDIWHUJHUPLQDWLRQWKH Author:7+,6127(:$635(3$5(',1&2//$%25$7,21 Dorthe Jøker VHHGOLQJVDUHWUDQVSODQWHGWRVKDG\EHGVDW[FP :,7+&(1752$*521Ï0,&27523,&$/'( GLVWDQFH$IWHUPRQWKVWKHSODQWVDUHSODQWHGRXW ,19(67,*$&,Ï1<(16(f$1=$ 3URSDJDWLRQE\SVHXGRJUDIWLQJLVRIWHQXVHGLQ&RVWD 5LFD $XWKRUV 5RGROIR6DOD]DU&$7,( ,Q&ROXPELDVRZLQJLQDPL[WXUHRIGDUNVRLOVDQG 'RUWKH-¡NHU')6& DQGULFHKXVNVLQWKHUDWLRUHVXOWHGLQD JHUPLQDWLRQRIDIWHUGD\V6HHGVFDQEH Phone: 251-116172000 EURDGFDVWRUVRZQLQFPGHHSIXUURZV 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH3KRQHext. 2491 FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUGH[WEmail:[email protected] 6KROD32%R[(PDLO.+DGJX#FJLDURUJ $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD:HEVLWHZZZ[[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 135No. December 135 December 2007 Re-issue2007 2018

Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Botanical description Family: Leguminoseae Dalbergia melanoxylon is a small spiny decidu- Synonyms: Amerimnon melanoxylon (Guill. & Perr.) ous tree or shrub. Most individuals are 5-7 meter Kuntze, A. stocksii (Benth.) Kuntze, D. stocksii Benth. high, multi-stemmed, branched with a low, irregu- Vernacular/common names: African blackwood, larly shaped crown. Trees can occasionally grow to African ebony1 and zebrawood. Its local names: aba- 20 meters. Young branchlets whitish grey with dense nus, mpingo (Swahili), mwengo (Meru), Kissikiinde ZKLWHOHQWLFOHVROGHUEDUNSDOHJUH\EHFRPLQJ¿V- (Mooré), opok (Luhya), mugembe (Kinyamwezi), VXUHGRUÀDNHGZLWKDJHWKHVODVKLVRUDQJHSLQN7KH babanous, kelto (Arabic). 0.5-5 cm long, straight thorns are the hardened tips of short branches. The stipules are leaf-like, about 5 mm Distribution and habitat long, and fall very early. Leaves are alternate, im- The species is widespread in tropical Africa, from paripinnate, 5-20 cm long with 4-6 pairs of alternate Senegal and Cote d’Ivoire in the West, to Kenya and RUVXERSSRVLWHOHDÀHWVSOXVWKHWHUPLQDORQH/HDÀHWV Ethiopia in the East, and extending South to South variable in shape and size; they are mostly obovate, with Africa. It is found in at least 26 sub-Saharan coun- a broadly cuneate to subcordate base, and a truncate tries, and is often grown outside its native area, e.g. or emarginated apex, 1-5 by 0.7-3 cm with a 4-7 mm in India and Sri Lanka. It occurs in the Sudanian sa- long petiole. vannah on humid rocky soils near swamps or tempo- 7KHZKLWHVZHHWO\VFHQWHGDV\PPHWULFDOÀRZHUV rary rivers. It is also found in deciduous woodland, are 5 mm long, with a slightly pubescent calyx, and in coastal bushland and wooded grassland, where the usually 9 stamens. The 3-12 cm long, laxly branched VRLOVDUHVXI¿FLHQWO\PRLVW0LQLPXPDQQXDOUDLQIDOO DQG PDQ\ ÀRZHUHG SDQLFOHV DSSHDU ZLWK WKH QHZ > 400 mm. On dry sites it grows on poorly drained leaves. soils. It grows from low altitudes of up to 1400 m. Its range of distribution has been reduced due to timber exploitation. It is listed as a threatened species in e.g. Burkina Faso. Its natural regeneration is erratic, and it is slow growing.

Uses Dalbergia melanoxylon wood has characteristically thin external yellowish white sapwood and internal SXUSOH KHDUWZRRG 7KH KDUG KHDY\ ZRRG LV ¿QH grained, resistant to insect attack and is one of the most valuable timbers in Africa. The timber (mpingo) is widely used in carpentry, construction, musical in- struments, walking sticks, furniture, tool handles and art work. It is mainly the intensive exploitation of its wood, which makes it endangered in Kenya. The foli- age is used as forage and fodder for animal and pods are eaten by livestock. The species has various lo- cal medicinal uses (bark, roots and leaves) as well as many magic-religious uses.

1 Note: Ebony is a trade name of Diospyros spp. , but oc- Dalbergia melanoxylonÀRZHULQJEUDQFKOHWIUXLWLQJ casionally used for other species with dark or blackish SDQLFOHÀRZHUVWDPLQDOVKHDWKLPPDWXUHIUXLW wood. From: Kenya Trees and Shrubs, Dale and Greenway 1961.

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 HarvesFloweringt and fruiting habit Phytosanitaryvisually determine pr oblemswhether a pod is empty, but full Full-sizedFlowering occurspods are in theharvested second frompart of the the tree dry seasonbefore Overseed extraction40 species is of not insects recommended are reported because associated of the theyRUZLWKWKH¿UVWUDLQVZKHQWKHOHDYHVRSHQLQVRXWK open. - withfragilityA. seyalof the. seeds.These include 10 species of bruchid ern Africa, for example, this is in October to Decem- beetles, which may damage large proportions of Pber.rocessing Flowers areand hermaphroditic handling and pollinated by in- storedStorage seeds. and viability Thesects. pods Fruit are development dried in the fromsun until pollination they open to maturity and the Seed storage behaviour is »orthodox«. Viability can seedstakes aboutare released. 6-8 months. In southern Africa the fruits Selectedbe maintained readings for several years in hermetic storage at are mature between January and March, in Tanzania Bekele-3°C withTesemma, 9-12% moistureA., 1993. content.Useful Tr eeSeedss and stored Shrubs in for a Storagefruit are collected and viability between May and June. Ethiopiacool room. RSCU, at 4–5°C SIDA. maintained Nairobi, Kenya. viability of 84% ger- Seeds are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth,mination F.E.M. after threeand Wyears.ickens, Seeds G.E., of this1988 species. Non-ti havember yearsFruit if and they seed are well description dried and kept cool and free of usesbeen of stored selected at thearid MSB zone tsincerees and 1990 shr withubs in recent Africa X-ray. FAO insects.Fruit(OOLSWLFREORQJRULUUHJXODUO\REORQJÀDWWHQHG Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservationanalysis indicating Guide, 19:about 8-12. 90% viability. 9%indehiscent. pods, grey when mature, 3-7 by 0.8-1.4 Hall, J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- cm. Each pod usually contains one seed, but can con- haraDormancy desert. NF andTA 94-07. pretreatment FACT Net, Winrock International. Dormancytain up to 4 seeds. and p More-seededretreatment fruits are constricted Hall,Seeds J.B. exhibit and McAllan,no or only A. slight1993. Acaciaphysical seyal: dormancy. a mono- Therebetween are the variou seeds.s reports on the need for pretreatment, graph.Soaking School seeds of in Agricultural water at room and Fo temperaturerest Sciences for, Uni- 24 possiblySeed: The due seeds to di fferencesare reniform in provenance. (kidney shaped), Most agree lat-, versityh or removing of Wales, theBango coveringr. pod before sowing im- hoerallyweve compressed,r, that pretreatment smooth accelerate and 7.5-9.5s the long, germinatio 4.8-6.3n Maydell,proves their H.-J. germination. von, 1986. T rees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate.mm wideThe mo andst 0.5-0.7common mm method thick. i Thes scarification mean fresh. seed Eschborn 1986. mass varies between 0.06 and 0.17 g (TSW = 60 to RSowingoss, J.H. and 1977 .germinationA Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. SowingJ 7KHVHHGVDUHYHU\IUDJLOHZKHQGU\DQGGLI¿ and germination - MGerminationemoirs of the isBotanical epigeal. Survey Under of Soptimumouth Africa conditions No. 44. Germinationcult to separate is fromrather the slo pod.w, normally Mature seedsabout are 30% brown in 7 seeds germinate in 8-20 days. Growth is fairly slow, days./ black The and seeds can easilycan be be pregerminated selected from on the moist immature filter with the plant reaching 4 m after c. 7 years. paperwhite toones. allow The rapid seeds identification have a thin of seedviable, coat, non-dor- small manthilum seed.and veryThe shortgerminated raphe. seedsThe endosperm are transferred is non- to Selected readings containersruminate, and filled the with embryo a silt-rich is yellow. medium. Seedlings Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs and lianas of West Af- require shade until the second leaf expands and wa- rican dry zones. CIRAD, Montpellier; Museum national

OYLE tering at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the d'histoire naturelle, Paris. medium moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in Dale, I.R. and Greenway, P.J. 1961. Kenya trees and shrubs. : G. H prepared planting spots is practised with success in Buchanans Kenya Estates HOTO P Sudan; at early stages of development A. seyal was Seed Information Database (SID). 2004. http://www.rb- capable of competing with weeds. gkew.org.uk/data/sid (release 6.0, October 2004). Nodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial regeneration it has been achieved by pelleting seed with THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED IN COLLABORATION culture of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected WITH CENTRE NATIONAL SEMENCES FORESTIÈRES medium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected BURKINA FASO seedlingsD. melanoxylon have seeds. been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding,Authors: DFSC Moctar Sacandé, Helen Vautier, strainsHarvest from A. mellifera and A. senegal and Mathurin Sanon BradyThe podsrhizobiu remainm onfrom the thetrees latter for some have timeproved after to ma- be Editor: Lars Schmidt eturity;ffecti vhowever,e symbi onthets seeds. are prone to insect infesta- tion and therefore should be harvested as soon as they THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY are ripe. Pods are collected by shaking the branches DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE to detach the pods. Author: Dorthe Jøker Processing and handling Pods should be sun dried after harvest. Cut tests or X-ray can assess the degree of insect infestation. Seed extraction is very tedious; therefore, pods are typically broken and pieces containing one to several seeds are sown. This procedure implies that empty segments of pod may be obtained. However, it is not possible to Phone: 251-116172000 ext. 2491 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH Phone: Email:[email protected] FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUG H[W 6KROD32%R[ Email: .+DGJX#FJLDURUJ $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD [[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopiaWebsite: www. SEED LEAFLET No. 65 1R-DQXDU\January 2002 Re-issue 2018 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC

Taxonomy and nomenclature Uses Family)DEDFHDH 3DSLOLRQRLGHDH 6LVVRRLVRQHRIWKHPRVWXVHIXOPXOWLSXUSRVHWUHHVRI SynonymsAmerimnon sissoo 5R[EH['& .XQW]H 6RXWK$VLD Vernacular/common namesVKLVKDPVLVVRRVLVX ,WLVPDLQO\JURZQIRUWKHWLPEHUZKLFKLVDPRQJ WDKOL,QGLDQ5RVHZRRG WKHILQHVWIRUFDELQHWVIXUQLWXUHDQGYHQHHU 7KH KHDUWZRRGLVJROGHQWRGDUNEURZQZLWKGHQVLW\RI Distribution and habitat JFP  DWPF H[WUHPHO\GXUDEOHDQG 7KHDUHDRIQDWXUDOGLVWULEXWLRQLVWKHIRRWKLOOVRIWKH UHVLVWDQWWRWHUPLWHV +LPDOD\DVIURPHDVWHUQ$IJKDQLVWDQWKURXJK3DNL 7KHZRRGLVH[FHOOHQWIRUIXHOZRRGDQGFKDUFRDO VWDQDQG,QGLDWR1HSDO,WLVDSULPDU\FRORQLVHURI 7KHFDORULILFYDOXHRIWKHVDSZRRGLVDERXW QHZDOOXYLDOVRLOVDORQJULYHUEDQNVDQGIRUPVIRUHVW NFDONJKHDUWZRRGDERXWNFDONJ7KHVDSZRRG HLWKHUSXUHRUPL[HGZLWKRWKHUVSHFLHV,WRIWHQRF LVDOVRXVHGIRUSXOS FXUVLQDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKAcacia catechu NKDLUVLVVRR /HDYHV\RXQJVKRRWVDQGJUHHQSRGVDUHDQ IRUHVW  LPSRUWDQWVRXUFHRIIRGGHU7KHOHDYHVFRQWDLQXSWR ,WLVSULPDULO\IRXQGEHORZPDOWLWXGHEXW FUXGHSURWHLQ GU\ZHLJKWEDVLV DQGGU\PDWWHU UDQJHVQDWXUDOO\XSWRP,WWROHUDWHV GLJHVWLELOLW\LVDERXW7KHIRGGHUYDOXHLV WHPSHUDWXUHVIURPEHORZƒ&WRQHDUO\ƒ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sissooKDYHEHHQVHOHFWLYHO\ORJJHGIRUVHYHUDO ,WSURYLGHVVKDGHDQGVKHOWHUDQGLVXVHGDVVXFKLQ KXQGUHG\HDUVZKLFKKDVOHGWRDVHULRXVO\GHSOHWHG PDQJRWHDDQGFRI IHHSODQWDWLRQV,WVKDELWRI JHQHSRRO GHYHORSLQJURRWVXFNHUVDQGUXQQHUVPDNHVLWXVHIXO IRUHURVLRQFRQWURO $SDUWIURPWKHDERYHVLVVRRSURYLGHVRWKHUPLQRU SURGXFWV HJKRQH\ RIKLJKHFRQRPLFLPSRUWDQFH 7KHHDVHRISURSDJDWLRQE\VHOIVHHGLQJFRSSLFH URRWVXFNHUVDQGVWXPSVDQGWKHPDQ\HQYLURQPHQWDO DQGVRFLRHFRQRPLFEHQHILWVPDNHVLWRQHRIWKHPRVW YDOXHGWUHHVSHFLHVE\IDUPHUVLQWKHUHJLRQ

Botanical description 0HGLXPWRODU JHGHFLGXRXVWUHHPXFKEUDQFKHGDQG VOHQGHUQRUPDOO\ZLWKFURRNHGEROH,WFDQJURZXSWR PWDOOEXWLVXVXDOO\VPDOOHU%DUNLVSDOHJUH\IDLUO\ URXJKZLWKVKDOORZILVVXUHVDQGSHHOLQJRIIUHDGLO\ /HDYHVQRUPDOO\DERXWFPORQJDQGFRPSRXQG OHDIOHWVLQFUHDVLQJLQVL]HXSZDUGVWKHWHUPLQDO RQHXSWRFPORQJ )ROLDJHIORZHUVDQGIUXLWV&RS\ULJKW8QLWHG6WDWHV )ORZHUVELVH[XDOVPDOOSDOH\HOORZ LQFP 'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVW6HUYLFH&ROOHFWLRQ+XQW ORQJSDQLFOHVWKDWDUHFRQVSLFXRXVO\KDLU\ZKHQ ,QVWLWXWHIRU%RWDQLFDO'RFXPHQWDWLRQ&DUQHJLH0HOORQ \RXQJ)UXLWVKDQJLQJLQGHQVHFOXVWHUVDWWKHHQGVRI 8QLYHUVLW\3LWWVEXUJK3$ WKHVKRRWV

Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) HarvesFruit andt seed description PhytosanitarySowing and germination problems Full-sizedFruit: WKHIUXLWLVDOLJKWEURZQLQGHKLVFHQWSRG pods are harvested from the tree before Over7KHVHHGV SRGVHJPHQWV DUHVRZQLQ0DUFK$SULOLQ 40 species of insects are reported associated theyFPORQJPPZLGHWKLQDQGJODEURXVDQGZLWK open. withOLQHVLQUDLVHGVHHGEHGVDQGZDWHUHGWZRWLPHVHYHU\A. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid FRQVSLFXRXVYHLQV7KHUHDUHVHHGVSRG beetles,GD\*HUPLQDWLRQVWDUWVDIWHUDERXWRQHZHHNDQGLV which may damage large proportions of PSeed:rocessing NLGQH\VKDSHGPPORQJPPZLGH and handling storedFRPSOHWHGLQDERXWWKUHHZHHNV7KHJHUPLQDWLRQUDWH seeds. TheSDOHEURZQWRDOPRVWEODFNIODWDQGZLWKWKLQWHVWD pods are dried in the sun until they open and the LVW\SLFDOO\:KHQWKHVHHGOLQJVDUHDERXW seeds7KHUHDUHVHHGVSHUNJ are released. SelectedFPWDOOWKH\DUHWUDQVSODQWHGLQWRFRQWDLQHUV)RUSUR readings Bekele-GXFWLRQRIVWXPSVPRQWKVDUHUHTXLUHGLQWKHTesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for StorageFlowering and and viability fruiting habit EthiopiaQXUVHU\. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. Seeds:LWKLQWKHDUHDRIQDWXUDOGLVWULEXWLRQWKHOHDYHVDUH are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber yearsVKHGLQ1RYHPEHU'HFHPEHUDQGQHZOHDYHVDSSHDU if they are well dried and kept cool and free of usesSelected of selected readings arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects.LQ-DQXDU\)HEUXDU\7KHILUVWIORZHUVDSSHDUWRJHWKHU Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- ConservationAppanah, S., Guide, G. Allard 19: 8-12. and S.M. Amatya (eds). 2000. 9%ZLWKWKHQHZOHDYHVDQGLQ0DUFK$SULOWKHIORZHUV. Hall,Die-back J.B., of 199 Sissoo4. Acacia3URFHHGLQJVRI,QWHUQDWLRQDO6HPLQDU seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- RSHQ%\WKHHQGRI$SULO\RXQJJUHHQSRGVDSSHDU hara.DWKPDQGX1HSDO$SULO)RUHVWU\5HVHDUFK desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. DormancyDQGLQ2FWREHUZKHQWKHGU\VHDVRQVHWVLQWKHIUXLWV and pretreatment Hall,6XSSRUW3URJUDPPHIRU$VLDDQGWKH3DFLILF )526+  J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- ThereEHJLQWRULSHQ are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph.)$2%DQJNRN School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possibly7KHIORZHUVDUHSROOLQDWHGE\EHHVWKULSVDQGRWKHU due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versityBangarwa, of W ales,K.S. Bango1996. r.Sissoo Breeding. $JULFXOWXUHDQG hoLQVHFWVwever, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell,)RUHVWU\,QIRUPDWLRQ&HQWUH+LVDU,QGLD H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate.6HHGSURGXFWLRQVWDUWVZKHQWKHWUHHVDUH\HDUV The most common method is scarification. EschbornNFTA. 1992. 1986. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports vol. ROGDQGQRUPDOO\DJRRGFURSLVSURGXFHGHYHU\\HDU R10.oss,7KH1LWURJHQ)L[LQJ7UHH$VVRFLDWLRQ+DZDLL86$ J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. SowingZLWK\LHOGVRINJSHUWUHH and germination MTewari,emoirs D.N. of the 1994 BotanicalA Monograph Survey of on S outhDalbergia Africa sissoo No. 44 Roxb.  Germination$OWKRXJKUHVXOWVKDYHEHHQFRQIOLFWLQJWKHPRVW is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO%RRN'LVWULEXWRUV'HKUD'XQ,QGLD days.UHFHQWUHVXOWVSRLQWWRWKHVSHFLHVEHLQJSDUWLDOVHOILQJ The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter White, K.J. 1994Domestication and breeding programme paperDQGSDUWLDORXWFURVVLQJDW\SHRIEUHHGLQJV\VWHPRIWHQ to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- for Dalbergia sissoo81'3)$2UHJLRQDOSURMHFW5$6 mantIRXQGLQSLRQHHUVSHFLHV7KHUDWHRIRXWFURVVLQJKDV seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to (FRV\VWHPV5HVHDUFKDQG'HYHORSPHQW%XUHDX3KL containersEHHQHVWLPDWHGWRLWYDULHVEHWZHHQSRSXODWLRQV filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings OLSSLQHV requireDQGIRUWKHVLQJOHSRSXODWLRQRYHUWLPH shade until the second leaf expands and wa- tering at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the mediumHarvest moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in prepared5LSHIUXLWVFDQEHKDUYHVWHGIURP'HFHPEHUWR0DUFK planting spots is practised with success in Sudan;7KHIUXLWVVKRXOGEHFROOHFWHGIURPWKHWUHHE\FOLPE at early stages of development A. seyal was capableLQJRUE\VKDNLQJWKHIUXLWVRQWRDWDUSDXOLQRQWKH of competing with weeds. JURXQG,WLVQRWDGYLVDEOHWRFROOHFWIURPWKHJURXQGNodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial regenerationDVWKHVHHGVDUHRIWHQLQIHFWHGNJSRGVFRQWDLQ it has been achieved by pelleting seed with cultureDERXWNJVHHG of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected medium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected seedlingsProcessing have and beenhandling inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatment$IWHUFROOHFWLRQWKHSRGVDUHGULHGLQWKHVXQDQGZKHQ with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC strainsGU\EURNHQLQVHJPHQWVHDFKFRQWDLQLQJRQHVHHG7KH from A. mellifera and A. senegal and BradyVHJPHQWVDUHWKHQFOHDQHGE\ZLQQRZLQJWRUHPRYHrhizobium from the latter have proved to be eHPSW\SLHFHVRISRGVffective symbionts. THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY Storage and viability DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE 7KHVHHGVDUHRUWKRGR[DQGZKHQSURSHUO\GULHGDQG \HDUROGSODQWLQJRIDalbergia sissooLQQRUWKHUQ,QGLD VWRUHGLQDLUWLJKWFRQWDLQHUVWKH\ZLOOUHWDLQKLJKYL Author:3KRWR+.HLGLQJ')6& Dorthe Jøker DELOLW\IRUVHYHUDO\HDUVHYHQDWURRPWHPSHUDWXUH ORQJHULIVWRUHGDWƒ& 7+,6127(:$635(3$5('%< 7KHVHHGVFDQEHLQIHVWHGE\WKHSHDEHHWOHBruchus '$1,'$)25(676(('&(175( pisorum,QIHVWDWLRQLVLQLWLDWHGLQWKHILHOGEXW EUHHGLQJFDQFRQWLQXHGXULQJVWRUDJH $XWKRU'RUWKH-¡NHU

Dormancy and pretreatment Phone: 251-116172000 7KHVHHGVDUHQRWKDUGFRDWHGDQGVFDULILFDWLRQLVQRW ext. 2491 QHFHVVDU\6RDNLQJIRUKRXUVLQFROGZDWHUEH 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH3KRQH Email:[email protected] IRUHVRZLQJLPSURYHVJHUPLQDWLRQ FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUGH[W 6KROD32%R[(PDLO.+DGJX#FJLDURUJ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia$GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD:HEVLWHZZZ[[[[[[ SEED LEAFLET No. 144No. October 144 October 2009 Re-issue 2009 2018

Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich) Warb

Taxonomy and nomenclature 1IPUP
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Vernacular/Common names Mukambua, Ngambua (fruit) (Kamba), Mukambura, Ngambura (fruit), (Kikuyu), Akutho, Songola (Luo), Olmarogi, Olmorogi (Maasai).

Distribution and habitat Dovyalis abyssinica is a shrubby tree occurring natu- rally from Ethiopia, Erithrea and Somalia in the north through Kenya and Tanzania to Malawi in the south. In Kenya it is found on Mt. Kulal, Nyambene Hills, Taita Hills, the central highlands, and Loita Hills Dovyalis abyssinica OHDYHV DQG LQÀRUHVFHQFH IHPDOH highlands in Rift valley province. It is found up to ÀRZHUV  2,700 masl. It grows in upland rainforest, dry ever- green forest, on riverbanks and sometimes in more Fruit and Seed description open woodland. Sometimes it is found as a remnant Fruit: The fruit is a round globose berry, about 2 cm tree or shrub in coffee plantations. It is common on diameter with persistent calyx, green and hairy when red soils. young turning smooth and orange-yellow at maturity. Pulp edible sweet-sour. 4-5 seeds.

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The fruit is edible (eaten raw), but very acidic. It is XVHGIRUPDNLQJMDPDQGDGGHGWRSRUULGJHDVDÀD- vouring. Roots and stem are good for making soup. The roots also have medical properties with alleged effect on gonorrhoea, bilharzias, stomach-ache and fever. The leaves provide fodder for livestock, pri- marily goats and sheep. Flowers attract bees and the plant is often used as a live fence.

Botanical description Dovyalis abyssinica is a spiny evergreen shrub or tree, up to 5m height, with a rounded crown. The bark is ash grey, almost always supporting lichens. Branches armed with stout spines, up to 1½ cm long. The branchlets are covered with numerous dotted pores (lenticels). Leaves are oval to obovate, up to 5-7 cm long and 3 cm wide with a rounded tip, edges unevenly rounded. Shiny, dark green, with Dovyalis abyssinica fruits reddish stalks and veins. Flowers are unisexual, yel- low-green or greenish without petals, 5-7 mm long. Seed: /LJKW EURZQ ODWHUDOO\ ÀDW GLVFVKDSHG ÀDW )HPDOHÀRZHUVVLQJOHRULQÀRZHUHGIDVFLFOHV about 0.5 cm diameter, rough surface and soft seed 0DOHÀRZHUVLQFOXVWHUVZLWKVWDPHQV coat. There are 30,000-40,000 seeds in a kilogramme; seed weight depends on provenance and the climatic conditions during the ripening period.

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 Harvest Phytosanitarycan be stored in pairtightroblems containers (plastic or glass Full-sized pods are harvested from the tree before Overjars, or40 aluminium species of packets)insects arein areported cool dry associated place for they open. withshort A.to seyalmedium. These term include storage. 10 For species long-term of bruchid stor- beetles,age, e.g. whichconservation, may damage seeds canlarge be proportionsstored at sub- of Processing and handling stored]HURWHPSHUDWXUHIRUPDQ\\HDUVZLWKQRVLJQL¿FDQW seeds. The pods are dried in the sun until they open and the loss of viability. seeds are released. Selected readings Bekele-DormancyTesemma, and A.,pretreatment 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for Storage and viability EthiopiaFruit pulp. RSCU, presumably SIDA. Nairobi, has chemical Kenya. inhibitors and Seeds are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth,thorough F.E.M. washing and isW recommendedickens, G.E., 1988 during. N oprocess-n-timber years if they are well dried and kept cool and free of usesing inof selectedorder to arid remove zone trpossibleees and sh remnantrubs in Africa inhibitors.. FAO insects. Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- ConservationThe seed has Guide, a soft 19:seed 8-12. coat and therefore needs no 9%. Hall,pre-sowing J.B., 199 treatment.4. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- 1IPUP
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hara desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. DormancyDovyalis abyssinica and p seedretreatment Hall,Sowing J.B. andand McAllan,germination A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- There are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph.The seeds School can of beAgricultural sown in seedand Fobedsrest orSciences containers., Uni- possiblyFlowering due andto di ffruitingferences in habit provenance. Most agree, versityUnder ofoptimal Wales, conditionsBangor. they attain germination in ho7KHweve WUHHr, that LV GLRHFLRXV7KH pretreatment accelerate ÀRZHULQJs the VHDVRQ germinatio RFFXUVn Maydell,9-30 days. H.-J. A test von, with 1986 fresh. Trees seed and with Shrubs moisture of the Sahel con-. rate.during The the mo beginningst common of method the long is s carificationrainy season. be- Eschborntent of 53% 1986. showed 92% germination. tween March and April while fruits mature between Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. SowingAugust and and September. germination Pollination is by insects e.g. MSelectedemoirs of readingsthe Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. Germinationbees. Fruit development is rather slo fromw, normally pollination about to 30%maturity in 7 Beentje, H.J., 1994. Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas pg105. days.takes aboutThe seeds 4 months. can be pregerminated on moist filter National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya. 722p. paper to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- IPGRI/DFSC, 1999. The Project on handling and storage mantHarvest seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to of recalcitrant and intermediate tropical forest tree seeds. containersThe mature filled yellow-orange with a silt-rich fruits medium. are collected Seedlings by Danida Forest Seed Centre. Newsletter 5: 23-39. requirehand picking shade oruntil shaking the second branches leaf to expands release fruits.and wa- ISTA, 1993. International rules for seed testing. Seed Sci. tering at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the Technol. 21(Suppl.): 183. mediumProcessing moist and but handlingnot waterlogged. Direct seeding in Maundu, P., Ngugi, G.W. and Kabuye, C.H.S., 1999. preparedRipe fruits planting can be squeezedspots is practised by hand, withotherwise success fruits in Traditional food plants of Kenya. National Museums of Sudan;DUH UXEEHG at early JHQWO\ stages RQ of ¿QH development ZLUH PHVKVFUHHQ A. seyal WKHQwas Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: 288 p.) capablewashed ofin runningcompeting water with to weeds. remove mucilage. Seeds Sacandè, M.D. Jøker, D. and Thomsen, K.A., 2004. areNodu driedlati underon occ controlledurs in natur conditions.al populati ons. In artificial Comparative Storage Biology of Tropical Trees. Interna- regeneration it has been achieved by pelleting seed with tional Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. cultureStorage of and bacterial viability isolates, sowing into an infected meThed iseedum o exhibitr germi northodoxating in unsto intermediateterilised soil. storageUninfecte be-d This note was prepared in collaboration with the Kenya seedlingshaviour. Freshly have extractedbeen inoculated seeds often successfully have a moisture by AcaciaForest Research seyal with Institute green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatmentcontent of with up toa suspension40-50 %. Seedsof a symbiont. should be Rhizobiu dried tom Keiding, DFSC strainsmoisture from content A. of mellifer <10%. Initiala and drying A. senega under lshade and Bradyand regularlyrhizobiu turningm from to the avoid latter overheating. have proved Dry to seed be Authors: John K. Kiamba, Lars Schmidt, Anna Mbora effective symbionts. THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE

Author: Dorthe Jøker

Phone: 251-116172000 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH Phone:ext. 2491  FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUG H[WEmail:[email protected] 6KROD32%R[ Email: .+DGJX#FJLDURUJ $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD [[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopiaWebsite: www. SEED LEAFLET No. 27 September1R6HSWHPEHU 2000 Re-issue 2018

Dovyalis caffra (J.D. Hook & Harvey) Warb.

Taxonomy and nomenclature /HDYHVDUHQRUPDOO\DUUDQJHGLQFOXVWHUVRQGZDUI Family:)ODFRXUWLDFHDH EUDQFKHVFPORQJZLWKHQWLUHPDU JLQVWKDWDUH Synonyms:Aberia cafra+DUYH\ 6RQG VOLJKWO\UROOHGXQGHU)ORZHUVFUHDP\JUHHQVPDOOLQ Vernacular/common names:NHLDSSOHGLQJDDQ¶ V GHQVHFOXVWHUVVHHQPRUHDVDPDVVRIVWDPHQV ZLOGDSULFRW

Distribution and habitat 1DWLYHWRVRXWKHUQ$IULFDZKHUHLWJURZVLQRSHQ EXVKDQGZRRGHGJUDVVODQGRIWHQLQ AcaciaZRRG ODQGDQGIUHTXHQWO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWHUPLWHPRXQGV ,QWURGXFHGWRRWKHU$IULFDQFRXQWULHV$XVWUDOLD VRXWKHUQ86$0LGGOH(DVWDQGLQ(XURSHWRWKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQFRXQWULHV ,WLVIRXQGDWPDOWLWXGHEXWLQ.HQ\DLW JURZVDWPDVO7KULYHVLQGHHSZHOOGUDLQHG ORDP\RUVDQG\VRLOWRZKLFKFRPSRVWKDVEHHQ DGGHG

Uses 5LSH OHIW DQGLPPDWXUHIUXLWV3KRWR.LUVWHQ7KRPVHQ 0DLQO\JURZQIRUIHQFLQJDQGIRUWKHHGLEOHIUXLWV ')6& ZKLFKDUHULFKLQYLWDPLQ&7KH\FDQEHHDWHQIUHVK RUXVHGIRUMHOO\DQGMDP7KHIHUPHQWHGSXOSKDV Fruit and seed description KHUELFLGDOSURSHUWLHV:KHQLWLVJURZQIRUIHQFLQJ Fruit:DOPRVWURXQGIOHVK\EHUU\XSWRFPLQGLDP WKHEUDQFKHVPXVWEHLQWHUWZLQHGHDUO\DQGWULPPHG HWHURUDQJHZKHQULSH7KHUHDUHVHHGVIUXLW UHJXODUO\ Seed:VPDOOURXQGHGRUFUHVFHQWVKDSHG7KHUHDUH ±VHHGVNJ

Flowering and fruiting habit 0RQRHFLRXVVSHFLHVSROOLQDWHGE\LQVHFWV6HHGSUR GXFWLRQEHJLQVZKHQWKHWUHHLVDERXW\HDUVROG,Q VRXWKHUQ$IULFDIORZHULQJDQGIUXLWLQJRFFXU1RYHP EHU-DQXDU\,Q7DQ]DQLDIUXLWVDUHULSHLQ)HEUXDU\ 0DUFK

Harvest &ROOHFWLRQWDNHVSODFHZKHQWKHIUXLWVKDYHFKDQJHG FRORXUIURPJUHHQWR\HOORZRUDQJHDQGKDYHEHFRPH VRIW7KH\DUHFROOHFWHGIURPWKHJURXQGDIWHUVKDNLQJ WKHEUDQFKHV0RLVWXUHFRQWHQWDWWKHWLPHRIKDUYHVW LVKLJKDERXW )ROLDJH3KRWR.LUVWHQ7KRPVHQ')6& Processing and handling Botanical description $IWHUVRDNLQJWKHIUXLWVIRUGD\VWKHSXOSLVUH $VKUXERUVPDOOWUHHXVXDOO\PWDOOVRPHWLPHV PRYHGE\VTXDVKLQJDQGWKHQUXEELQJWKHIUXLWV UHDFKLQJP7KHEDUNLVJUH\DQGVPRRWKODWHUIODN WKURXJKDZLUHPHVK LQJLQWRVTXDUHVHFWLRQVEUDQFKHVDUHDUPHGZLWK VWRXWVSLQHVXSWRFPORQJ

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 Harves,WLVUHFRPPHQGHGWRXVHJORYHVDVWKHVRDNLQJt PhytosanitarySelected readings problems Full-sizedZDWHUJHWVYHU\DFLGLF7KHIUXLWVDUHGULHGLQWKH pods are harvested from the tree before OverAlbrecht, 40 speciesJ. (ed.), of1993 insectsTree Seedare reportedHandbook associated of Kenya theyVKDGHLQDSODFHZLWKJRRGYHQWLODWLRQDQGWKH open. with*7=)RUHVWU\6HHG&HQWUH0XJXJD1DLUREL.HQ\DA. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid UHPDLQLQJSXOSLVUHPRYHGE\ZLQQRZLQJ$IWHU beetles,Mbuya, L.P.which et al., may 1994 damageUseful Trees large and proportions Shrubs for Tan- of PGU\LQJWKHVHHG S\UHQH VKRXOGKDYHDPRLVWXUHrocessing and handling storedzania56&86,'$ seeds. TheFRQWHQWRI pods are dried in the sun until they open and the Omondi, W., Thomsen, K. and Diklev, S. 2000.Screen- seeds are released. Selecteding of Dovyalis readings caffra at Kenya Forestry Seed Centre Storage and viability Bekele-,3*5,')6&1HZVOHWWHUQRTesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for Storage%HFDXVHRIWKHRIWHQSRRUVWRUDELOLW\DQGKLJKPRLV and viability EthiopiaPalgrave,. RSCU, K.C SIDA.Trees ofNairobi, Southern Kenya. Africa6WUXLN3XE SeedsWXUHFRQWHQWDWKDUYHVWWKHVHHGKDVEHHQFRQVLGHUHG are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth,OLVKHUV&DSH7RZQ6RXWK$IULFD F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber yearsUHFDOFLWUDQW7KHVHHGWROHUDWHVGHVLFFDWLRQKRZHYHU if they are well dried and kept cool and free of uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects.DQGLQDWULDOLQ.HQ\DIUHVKVHHGGULHGGRZQWRDV Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation Guide, 19: 8-12. 9%ORZDVPFJHUPLQDWHGQHDUO\ 2PRQGL:. Hall, J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- .7KRPVHQ 6'LNOHY ,IWKHVHHGLVSURS hara7+,6127(:$635(3$5(',1&2//$%25$7,21 desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. DormancyHUO\GULHGDQGVWRUHGDWPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWLQ and pretreatment Hall,:,7+.(1<$)25(675<6(('&(175( J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- ThereDLUWLJKWFRQWDLQHUVDWƒ are various reports on &LWFDQUHPDLQYLDEOHIRU the need for pretreatment, graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possiblyVHYHUDO\HDUV $OEUHFKW- due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versity$XWKRU'RUWKH-¡NHU of Wales, Bangor. however, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell,&RQWULEXWRU:LOOLDP2PRQGL H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate.Dormancy The mo sandt common pretreatment method is scarification. Eschborn 1986. 7KHVHHGLVQRWGRUPDQWDQGQRSUHWUHDWPHQWLVQHFHV Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. SowingVDU\ and germination Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. Germination is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 days.Sowing The and seeds germination can be pregerminated on moist filter paper6HHGVDUHVRZQLQIODWVHHGOLQJWUD\VDQGFRYHUHG to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- mantZLWKDILQHOD\HURIVDQGDQGNHSWPRLVW*HUPLQDWLRQ seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to containersQRUPDOO\WDNHVGD\V7KHVHHGOLQJVWUDQVSODQW filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings requireZHOO9HJHWDWLYHSURSDJDWLRQIURPFXWWLQJVLVDOVR shade until the second leaf expands and wa- teringXVHGEXWFXWWLSVVKRXOGEHWUHDWHGZLWKURRWVWLPX at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the mediumODWLQJKRUPRQHVEHIRUHSODQWLQJRXW moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in prepared planting spots is practised with success in Sudan; at early stages of development A. seyal was capable of competing with weeds. Nodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial regeneration it has been achieved by pelleting seed with culture of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected medium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected seedlings have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and Bradyrhizobium from the latter have proved to be effective symbionts. THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE

Author: Dorthe Jøker

Phone: 251-116172000 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH3KRQHext. 2491 FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUGH[WEmail:[email protected] 6KROD32%R[(PDLO.+DGJX#FJLDURUJ $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD:HEVLWHZZZ[[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 28 1R6HSWHPEHUSeptember 2000 Re-issue 2018

Faidherbia albida (Del.) A. Chev.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Uses Family)DEDFHDH 0LPRVRLGHDH 7KHXQXVXDOSKHQRORJ\DQGWKHDELOLW\WRIL[QLWURJHQ Synonyms Acacia albida 'HO., Acacia albida var. PDNHV F. albidaH[FHOOHQWLQDJURIRUHVWU\V\VWHPV senegalensis %HQWK., Acacia gyrocarpa +RFKVWH[$ 7KHPXOFKFUHDWHGE\IDOOLQJOHDIOLWWHUDQGWKH 5LFK Acacia mossambicensis %ROOH Acacia FDQRS\VKDGHDWSODQWLQJWLPHIDYRUVFURSSURGXFWLRQ saccharata %HQWK., Prosopis kirkii 2OLY EHQHDWKLWVFDQRS\ Vernacular/common namesDSSOHULQJDFDFLD ,WLVDOVRRIKLJKYDOXHDVDIRGGHUWUHH/HDYHVSRGV ZLQWHUWKRUQ (QJ FDGNDG )U  DQGVHHGVFRQWDLQDQGJWRWDOSURWHLQNJ RIGU\PDWWHUDQGWRWDOSURWHLQGLJHVWLELOLW\FDQUHDFK Distribution and habitat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otanical description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

Fruit and seed description Fruit:LQGHKLVFHQWSRGEULJKWRUDQJHWRUHGGLVK EURZQVPRRWKGLVWLQFWLYHO\FRLOHGRUWZLVWHG7KH VKDSHRIWKHSRGVFDQYDU\FRQVLGHUDEO\EHWZHHQ WUHHVLQRQHSRSXODWLRQ7KHUHDUHVHHGVIUXLW Seed:PPORQJVKLQ\EURZQ7KHUHDUH VHHGVNJWKHVHHGVDUHVPDOOHULQZHVW$IULFD WKDQWKRVHIURPWKHHDVWDQGVRXWK

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3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 HarvesHarvestt PhytosanitarySelected readings problems Full-sized7KHVHHGVDUHULSHZKHQWKHSRGFKDQJHVFRORXUIURP pods are harvested from the tree before OverBebawi, 40 F.F.species and Mohamed,of insects S.M.,are reported 1985The associated pretreat- theyJUHHQWR\HOORZDQGWKH\VKRXOGEHFROOHFWHGDVVRRQ open. withment ofA. seeds seyal of. sixThese Sudanese include Acacias 10 species to improve of theirbruchid ger- DVSRVVLEOHWRDYRLGLQVHFWLQIHVWDWLRQ,IWKHSRGVDUH beetles,mination responsewhich may6HHG6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\   damage large proportions of PKDUYHVWHGZKHQJUHHQWKHVHHGFDQEHDIWHUULSHQHGrocessing and handling stored seeds. TheZLWKVXFFHVV+DUYHVWLVGRQHE\VKDNLQJWKHWUHHDQG pods are dried in the sun until they open and the CTFT. 1991Faidherbia albida (Del.) A. Chev.(QJOLVK seedsFDWFKLQJWKHSRGVLQDWDUSDXOLQ&ROOHFWLRQIURPWKH are released. SelectedWUDQVODWLRQE\3 readings -:RRG&HQWUH7 HFKQLTXH)RUHVWLHU JURXQGVKRXOGEHDYRLGHG Bekele-7URSLFDO1RJHQWVXU0DUQH)UDQFHDQG7HFKQLFDO&HQWUHTesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for Storage and viability EthiopiaIRU$JULFXOWXUHDQG5XUDO&RRSHUDWLRQ:DJHQLQJHQ. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. SeedsProcessing are orthodox and handling and can be stored for several Booth,Fagg, C.W., F.E.M. 1995 andFaidherbia Wickens, albida G.E., - inverted1988. N phenologyon-timber years$IWHUKDUYHVWWKHSRGVDUHOHIWWRGU\LQWKHVXQEHIRUH if they are well dried and kept cool and free of usessupports of selected dryzone arid agroforestry zone trees1)7+LJKOLJKWV1)7$ and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects.WKH\DUHSDFNHGLQKHVVLDQEDJV Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation:LQURFN,QWHUQDWLRQDO Guide, 19: 8-12. 9%6HHGH[WUDFWLRQLVEHVWGRQHZLWKDIODLOLQJWUHVKHUEXW. Hall,Grum, J.B., M., 199 19884. Acacia>Faidherbia seyal - multipurpose albida – a usefultree of thetree Sa in- SLVWOHDQGPRUWHUFDQDOVREHXVHG2QHNJRISRGV haraagroforestry desert. NF systems]TA 94-07.7KHVLVIURP,QVWLWXWIRU/DQGEUXJHWV FACT Net, Winrock International. Dormancy\LHOGVDERXWOWRIVHHG$IWHUH[WUDFWLRQWKHVHHGLV and pretreatment Hall,3ODQWHNXOWXU.9/1%2QO\LQ'DQLVK J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- ThereGULHGLQWKHVXQ)RUFOHDQLQJDQDLUVFUHHQFOHDQHULV are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph.Maydell, School H-J. ofvon, Agricultural 1986Trees and and Fo Shrubsrest Sciences of the ,Sahel Uni- possiblyHIIHFWLYH due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versity5RVVGRUI7=9HUODJVJHVHOOVFKDIW*HUPDQ\ of Wales, Bangor. however, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell,Ross, J.H., H.-J. 1977 von,A Conspectus 1986. Trees of and the ShAfricanrubs of Acacia the Sahel Spe-. rate.Storage The moandst commonviability method is scarification. Eschborncies0HPRLUVRIWKH%RWDQLFDO6XHYH\RI6RXWK$IULFD1R 1986. 7KHVHHGLVRUWKRGR[DQGVWRUHVZHOO,QIHVWDWLRQE\ Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. SowingLQVHFWVLVDSUREOHPEXWRQO\DPLQRURQHLIWKHVHHGV and germination Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44.

GerminationDUHSDFNHGZLWK&2 is ratherDQGVWRUHGDWORZWHPSHUDWXUHV slow, normally about 30% in 7 days. The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter paperDormancy to allow and rapid pretreatment identification of viable, non-dor- mant7KHVHHGKDVSK\VLFDOGRUPDQF\ seed. The germinated seeds 6FDULILFDWLRQE\are transferred to containersQLFNLQJRUEXUQLQJJLYHVWKHKLJKHVWJHUPLQDWLRQEXW filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings requireJRRGUHVXOWVFDQDOVREHREWDLQHGE\XVLQJDVHHGJXQ shade until the second leaf expands and wa- tering7KHPRVWFRPPRQWUHDWPHQWLVERLOLQJWKHVHHGVLQ at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the mediumZDWHUIRUPLQXWHVIROORZHGE\KRXUVVRDNLQJ moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in preparedLQFROGZDWHU+RZHYHUWKHHIIHFWRIERLOLQJZDWHULV planting spots is practised with success in Sudan;YDULDEOHDQGIRUVRPHVHHGORWVLWKDVOLWWOHHIIHFW at early stages of development A. seyal was capable of competing with weeds. SowingNodulati andon o germinationccurs in natural populations. In artificial regeneration7KHVHHGVDUHVRZQLQSRWVRULQ[FPSODVWLF it has been achieved by pelleting seed with cultureEDJVDQGZDWHUHGPRGHUDWHO\7KHURRWVPXVWQRWEH of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected meDOORZHGWRGHYHORSWRRPXFK'LUHFWVHHGLQJLVQRWdium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected seedlingsUHFRPPHQGHGEHFDXVHRIZHHGSUREOHPV have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatment$IWHUZHHNVWKHVHHGOLQJVDUHUHDG\IRU with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC strainsRXWSODQWLQJ7KLVLVGRQHHDUO\LQWKHUDLQ\VHDVRQ from A. mellifera and A. senegal and Brady6HHGIURPDEURDGUDQJHRISURYHQDQFHVLVDYDLODEOHrhizobium from the latter have proved to be eIURPPHPEHUVRIWKH$IULFDQffective symbionts. AcaciaWULDOVQHWZRUN 2),&,5$'){UHW)$2  THIS&URSVRIVZHHWSRWDWRJURZQXQGHUWKHFDQRS\RI NOTE WAS PREPARED BY F. albida DANIDADW*HOHPVRLQ(WKLRSLD3KRWR&KULV)DJJ2), FOREST SEED CENTRE Phytosanitary problems 7KHVHHGVDUHYHU\VXVFHSWLEOHWRDWWDFNE\EUXFKLG Author: Dorthe Jøker EHHWOHVEXWZLWKSURSHUVWRUDJHWKLVFDQEHOLPLWHG 7+,6127(:$635(3$5('%< '$1,'$)25(676(('&(175(

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Gardenia volkensii K. Shum ssp. spathulifolia (Stapf & Hutch.) Verdc.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Fruit and Seed description Family: Rubiaceae Fruit: The fruit is a globose indehiscent berry-cap- Synonyms: Gardenia spatulifolia Stapf & Hutch. sule, about 10 cm in diameter, warty and grey with Vernacular/local names: Gardenia (English), Mchim- 8-10 prominent longitudinal ribs. wemwe (Swahili, Digo), Mkimwemwe (Giriama), Mukumuti (Kamba), Shiuna (Luhya), Oltakurukuriet, Oltgurguriet (Maasai).

Distribution and habitat Widely distributed in east, central and southern Af- rica, from Somalia in the north to Transvaal and Na- mibia in the south. It occurs under a wide range of climates from semi-humid to semi-arid. In Kenya it is found from the coast to the Lake Victoria basin and also in northern Kenya in open woodland, often many concentrated in one area. The species has been widely planted as an ornamental park tree and garden plant throughout the tropics. It occurs on a wide variety of soils, ranging from sand to clay, as well as in rocky areas. The tree prefers well-drained soils and does not Gardenia volkensii ÀRZHU withstand waterlogging; often associated with termite mounds. Gardenia fruit and leaves Seed: The light brown, disc-shaped flat seeds Uses are about 0.5cm long and are contained within the 7KHEULJKWDQGEHDXWLIXOODUJHÀRZHUVRIGardenia fruits’ whitish-grey acidic pulp. The seeds are smooth volkensii make it a highly appreciated ornamental DQGODWHUDOO\ÀDWWHQHG7KHVHHGFRDWLVKDUG plant. The plant has various medical properties; There are 35,000-50,000 seeds in a kilogramme. infusion of the fruits and roots is used to acceler- The number of seeds per kilogramme depends on ate vomiting to remove unwanted food from the the provenance and the climatic conditions; under stomach. The wood is suitable for carving orna- suitable climatic conditions, the seed weight tends to ments. Branches of gardenia are used by pastoralists be larger than under harsh climatic conditions. to close the entrances to animal enclosures. The plant is also used for fencing cattle enclosures. The hard fruit shells (pericarp) are used as bottles by children.

Botanical description A small branchy, deciduous tree, rarely reaching more than 8 m with relatively dense crown and a short thick DQGRIWHQÀXWHGWUXQN%DUNLVSDOHJUH\VPRRWKRQ \RXQJ EUDQFKHV ,Q ROGHU SDUWV EDUN LV ÀDNLQJ LQ small, fairly thick sections, resulting in a molted ap- pearance. Leaves are glabrous, in pairs from end of 3-whorled branchlets, broadly spathulate, up to 2½-4 (-5) cm long. Flowers are large, up to 10 cm long, white and fragrant, borne singly. Corolla large, 8-9 merous, showy white, turning yellow after a few days, then brown before dropping, tube up to 10cm long or more. Gardenia volkensii fruit and leaves

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 Harvest PhytosanitaryDWXUHIRUPDQ\\HDUVZLWKQRVLJQL¿FDQWORVVRIYLDELO problems - Full-sized pods are harvested from the tree before Overity. Seeds 40 speciescan remain of insects dormant are for reported a long period. associated they open. with A. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid beetles,Seed sowing which and may germination damage large proportions of Processing and handling storedThe seed seeds. has a hard seed coat and therefore the lim- The pods are dried in the sun until they open and the iting factor in germination is mainly the seed coat's seeds are released. Selectedimpermeability readings to water. For optimum germination Bekele-the seedsTesemma, are pretreated A., 1993. by Us nippingeful Tree withs and a Shrubs nail cut- for Storage and viability Ethiopiater or a .knife. RSCU, Seeds SIDA. are Nairobi, sown Kenya.by broadcasting them Seeds are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth,thinly andF.E.M. evenly and on W aickens, seedbed G.E., containing 1988. N osand/soiln-timber years if they are well dried and kept cool and free of usesand oflight selected mulch arid spread zone troverees and the sh seedbedrubs in Africa to keep. FA Oit Gardeniainsects. Moisture volkensii seedscontent for storage should be 4,5- Conservationmoist. Watering Guide, is done19: 8-12. in the morning and evening 9%. Hall,until J.B.,they 199 germinate.4. Acacia seyalThey - multipurposegerminate within tree of the10-20 Sa- Flowering and fruit development haradays. deser Mulcht. NF isTA removed 94-07. FA immediatelyCT Net, Winrock after International germina-. ,Q.HQ\DWKHÀRZHULQJVHDVRQLVEHWZHHQ1RYHPEHUDormancy and pretreatment Hall,tion starts. J.B. and The McAllan, expected A. germination 1993. Acacia rate seyal: is 80-90%. a mono- andThere December are variou swhile report fruitss on the mature need for between pretreatment April, graph.The young School seedlings of Agricultural are pricked and Fooutrest when Sciences they, haveUni- WR-XQH,Q=LPEDEZHÀRZHULQJLVIURP$XJXVWWRpossibly due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versityOHDÀHWV7KH\FDQEHWUDQVSODQWHGZKHQWKH\DUH of Wales, Bangor. 'HFHPEHU7KHÀRZHULQJDQGIUXLWLQJVHDVRQYDUhowever, that pretreatment accelerates the germination- Maydell,30cm tall H.-J. roughly von, within 1986. T6r eesmonths and Sh afterrubs sowing. of the Sahel. iesrate. from The placemost commonto place. methodThe fruits is sremaincarification on the. tree Eschborn 1986. for a long time after maturity. RSelectedoss, J.H. 197readings7. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. Sowing and germination MBeentje,emoirs ofH.J., the Botanical 1994. Kenya Survey Trees, of South Shrubs Africa and No. Lianas 44. SeedGermination collection is rather method slow, normally about 30% in 7 pg105. National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya. 722p. Thedays. mature The seeds grey can fruits be pregerminatedare collected from on moist the crown filter IPGRI/DFSC, 1999. The Project on handling and storage of bypaper hand to allowpicking rapid or cutting identification fruit stalks. of viable, non-dor- recalcitrant and intermediate tropical forest tree seeds. mant seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to Danida Forest Seed Centre. Newsletter 5: 23-39. Processingcontainers filled and with handling a silt-rich medium. Seedlings Maundu, P. and Tengnäs, T. (Eds.), 2005. Useful trees and 7KHKDUGIUXLWVDUH¿UVWDOORZHGWRIHUPHQWLQZDWHUrequire shade until the second leaf expands and wa- Shrubs for Kenya. pg 249.Technical Handbook No.35. beforetering atcutting intervals them of in 1-3 half days to asrelease necessary the seeds. to keep Seeds the Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre-Eastern and Cen- aremedium cleaned moist by enclosingbut not waterlogged. them in a cloth Direct with seeding running in tral African Regional Programme (ICRAF-ECA). 484p. waterprepared to removeplanting the spots pulp. is practisedThey are withfurther success cleaned in Sacandè, M. D., Jøker, D. and K. A. Thomsen, 2004. Com- bySudan; hand at sorting early stagesand dried of development in the sun to A.the seyal required was parative Storage Biology of Tropical Trees. International moisturecapable of content competing (<10%). with weeds. Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. Nodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial Storageregeneration and it hasviability been achieved by pelleting seed with This note was prepared in collaboration with the Kenya Seedsculture can of bebacterial stored inisolates, airtight sowing containers into (plastic,an infected kil- Forest Research Institute nermed jars,ium andor g ealuminiumrminating i packets)n unsterili inse coold so ildry. Un placeinfecte ford 2seedlings to 5 years. have For beenstorage inoculated lasting to oversuccessfully 5 years e.g.by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik conservation,treatment with seeds a suspension can be stored of a symbiont. at sub-zero Rhizobiu temper-m Keiding,Authors: DFSCJohn K. Kiamba, Lars Schmidt strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and Bradyrhizobium from the latter have proved to be effective symbionts. THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE

Author: Dorthe Jøker

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Taxonomy and nomenclature Uses Family: )DEDFHDH 3DSLOLRQRLGHDH *OLULFLGLDLVWKHTXLQWHVVHQWLDOPXOWLSXUSRVHWUHH,WLV Synonyms: Gliricidia lambii)HUQDOG G. maculata SUREDEO\WKHPRVWFRPPRQOLYLQJIHQFHVSHFLHVLQWKH YDUmultijuga0LFKHOLLonchocarpus roseus 0LOOHU WURSLFV7KHDELOLW\WRUHVSURXWYLJRURXVO\DQGUHSHDW '&L. sepium -DFT '& Millettia luzonensis$ HGO\DIWHUFXWWLQJDOORZVDKLJKSURGXFWLRQRIDQLPDO *UD\ Robinia rosea0LOOHU  R. sepium -DFT R. IRGGHUIXHOZRRGDQGSROHV8QGHURSWLPDOFRQGLWLRQV variegata6FKOWGO WKHDQQXDOELRPDVV\LHOGPD\EHDVKLJKDVWGU\ Vernacular/common names:PRWKHURIFRFRD0H[L ZHLJKWSHUKD FDQOLODFJOLULFLGLD (QJ PDGUHGHFDFDRPDGUHDGR 7KHQLWURJHQIL[LQJSURSHUWLHVDQGOHDYHVWKDWFDQ PDGHURQHJUR 6S TXLFNVWLFN -DPDLFD  EHXVHGIRUPXOFKDQGJUHHQPDQXUHPDNHLWKLJKO\ Related species of interest: WKHJHQXVFRPSULVHVWZR VXLWDEOHLQDJURIRUHVWU\V\VWHPV7KHQDPHµPRWKHU RWKHUVSHFLHV G. maculataDQGG. brenningiiEXWRQO\ RIFRFRD¶LVGXHWRWKHVSHFLHVEHLQJXVHGDVVKDGH G. sepiumLVJURZQRXWVLGHLWVQDWLYHUDQJHLQWURSLFDO WUHHIRUFRFRDFRIIHHDQGWHD7KHWROHUDQFHWRFXWWLQJ $PHULFDG. sepiumLVGLVWLQJXLVKHGIURPWKHRWKHU DOORZVPDQLSXODWLRQRIWKHFDQRS\WRYDU\WKH WZRVSHFLHVE\KDYLQJHUHFWLQIORUHVFHQFHVSLQNIORZ LQWHQVLW\RIVKDGLQJDWGLIIHUHQWWLPHVRIWKH\HDU HUVDQGOHDIOHWVZLWKSRLQWHGWLSV 7KHZRRGLVKDUGDQGGXUDEOHZLWKDGHQVLW\RI $UWLILFLDOK\EULGVEHWZHHQG. maculataDQGG. sepium JFP,WEXUQVVORZO\ ZLWKOLWWOHVPRNHDQGQR KDYHEHHQFUHDWHGEXWLWLVXQFHUWDLQZKHWKHUK\EULGV VSDUNVDQGKDVDFDORULILFYDOXHRINFDONJ RFFXUXQGHUQDWXUDOFRQGLWLRQV7KHK\EULGVFUHDWHGLQ WKHWULDOVKRZHGOLWWOHSRWHQWLDOIRUSODQWLQJ

Distribution and habitat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mperataJUDVVODQGV DQGYDQGHU0DHVHQ ,WFDQJURZLQDZLGHUDQJHRIKDELWDWVDQGVRLOW\SHV UDQJLQJIURPSXUHVDQGWRGHHSDOOXYLDOODNHEHG Botanical description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

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 Fruit and seed description PXVWEHFDUULHGRXWEHIRUHVRZLQJDQGIROORZHGE\ FruitFPORQJSRGOLJKWWRGDUNUHGGLVKEURZQ ZHHGLQJXQWLOWKHWUHHVDUHHVWDEOLVKHG HarvesZLWKVKRUWVWDONDQGVOLJKWO\FRQVWULFWHGEHWZHHQWKHt Phytosanitary9HJHWDWLYHSURSDJDWLRQE\FXWWLQJVLVHDV\%RWKODUJH problems Full-sizedVHHGV7KHYDOYHVDUHZRRG\DWPDWXULW\DQGWKHSRGLV pods are harvested from the tree before OverDQGVPDOOFXWWLQJVFDQEHXVHGEXWLWLVLPSRUWDQWWKDWWKH 40 species of insects are reported associated theyH[SORVLYHO\GHKLVFHQW7KHUHDUHVHHGVSHUSRG open. withFXWWLQJVDUHWDNHQIURPEUDQFKHVWKDWDUHVWUDLJKWDQGA. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid SeedURXQG PPLQGLDPHWHU XQLIRUPO\ beetles,KHDOWK\DQGZLWKRXWVLGHEUDQFKHV7 which may damage large proportions UHHVWKDWDUH of PEURZQ7KHQXPEHURIVHHGVSHUNJYDULHVEHWZHHQrocessing and handling storedHVWDEOLVKHGIURPFXWWLQJVKDYHVKDOORZURRWV\VWHPVDQG seeds. TheDQGW\SLFDOO\DERXW pods are dried in the sun until they open and the VKRUWEROHDQGDUHOHVVUHVLVWDQWWRVWURQJZLQGV seeds are released. Selected readings Flowering and fruiting habit Bekele-SelectedTesemma, readings A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for Ethiopia. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. Storage7KHVSHFLHVLVVWURQJO\RXWFURVVLQJDQGDOWKRXJKPDWLQJ and viability Amara, D.S. and A.Y. Kamara. 1998.Growth and yield SeedsEHWZHHQUHODWHGLQGLYLGXDOVRFFXUVLWGRHVQRWWROHUDWHD are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth,of Gliricidia F.E.M. sepium and (Jack.)Wickens, Walp. G.E., provenances 1988. N onon -antimb acider years if they are well dried and kept cool and free of uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO KLJKOHYHORILQEUHHGLQJ6WXGLHVKDYHVKRZQWKDWWKH sandy clay loam soil in Sierra Leone,QWHUQDWLRQDO7 UHH insects. Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation Guide, 19: 8-12. SHUFHQWDJHRIRYXOHVWKDWGHYHORSLQWRVHHGVLVFRUUH &URSV-RXUQDOYRO Hall, J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- 9%ODWHGWRKRZFORVHO\UHODWHGWKHSDUHQWWUHHVDUH7KH. Hanum, I.F. and L.J.G. van der Maesen. 1997.Auxil- hara desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. FORVHUWKHSDUHQWUHODWLRQVKLSLVWKHVPDOOHULVWKH iary Plants3ODQW5HVRXUFHVRI6RXWK(DVW$VLD1R  Hall, J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- DormancyVHHGRYXOHUDWLR and pretreatment %DFNKX\V3XEOLVKHUV/HLGHQ graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- There:LWKLQWKHQDWLYHUDQJHWKHIORZHUVDUHSROOLQDWHG are various reports on the need for pretreatment, Iji, P.A., G. Tarawali and M.Baba. 1993.The influence possiblyE\QHFWDU due VHHNLQJEHHVHVSHFLDOO\WKHODU to differences in provenance. Most JHEODFN agree, versityof stage of of W developmentales, Bangor .and sowing depth on seed quality however, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell, H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. EHHXylocopa fimbriata7KHORZVHHGVHWWLQJWKDWLV and seedling emergence of Gliricidia sepium6HHG6FL Eschborn 1986. rate.VHHQLQVRPHSDUWVRXWVLGHWKHQDWLYHUDQJHPD\EH The most common method is scarification. 7HFKQRO FDXVHGE\ODFNRISROOLQDWRUV RStewart,oss, J.H. J.L., 1977 G.E.. A Conspectus Allison and of the A.J. African Simons Acacia (eds). Specie 1996.s. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. Sowing,QDUHDVZLWKSURQRXQFHGGU\VHDVRQWKHWUHHVDUH and germination Gliricidia sepium. Genetic resources for farmers.2[IRUG GerminationGHFLGXRXVVKHGGLQJWKHLUOHDYHVGXULQJWKHGU\ is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 )RUHVWU\,QVWLWXWH days.VHDVRQDQGIORZHULQJDQGIUXLWLQJZKLOHOHDIOHVV,Q The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter paper&HQWUDO$PHULFDIORZHULQJRFFXUVLQ'HFHPEHU to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- mant0DUFKLQWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHGU\VHDVRQDQGVHHGV seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to containersPDWXUHRQHRUWZRPRQWKVODWHU filled with a silt-rich medium. ,QQRQVHDVRQDO Seedlings requireKXPLGDUHDVWKHWUHHVPD\EHHYHUJUHHQDQGIORZHULQJ shade until the second leaf expands and wa- teringVSRUDGLF,QWKHVHDUHDVVHHGVHWWLQJLVRIWHQORZ at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the medium moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in preparedHarvest planting spots is practised with success in Sudan;7KHSRGVDUHQRUPDOO\KDUYHVWHGMXVWEHIRUHWKH\RSHQ at early stages of development A. seyal was capableZKHQWKH\DUHGU\EXWLWLVSRVVLEOHWRFROOHFWWKHSRGVXS of competing with weeds. WRWZRZHHNVEHIRUHRSHQLQJ7KHJUHHQSRGVPXVWWKHQNodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial regenerationEHDIWHUULSHQHGLQWKHVKDGHLQDZHOOYHQWLODWHGSODFH it has been achieved by pelleting seed with culture of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected meProcessingdium or ge andrmin atihandlingng in unsterilised soil. Uninfected seedlings7KHULSHSRGVDUHGULHGLQWKHVXQXQWLOWKH\RSHQ$V have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC WKHSRGVDOPRVWH[SORGHZKHQWKH\RSHQWKHGU\LQJ /LYHIHQFHV&RFKDEDPED%ROLYLD Gliricidia sepiumLV strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and SDWLRPXVWEHFRYHUHGZLWKQHWVRUDOWHUQDWHO\WKH RIWHQXVHGIRUOLYHIHQFHVPDQDJHGE\UHJXODUSROODUGLQJ Bradyrhizobium SRGVFDQEHGULHGLQPHVKEDJV from the latter have proved to be 3KRWR'-¡NHU')6& effective symbionts. THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY Storage and viability 7+,6127(:$635(3$5('%< DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE 7KHVHHGLVRUWKRGR[DQGDWORZPRLVWXUHFRQWHQW  '$1,'$)25(676(('&(175(  DWƒ&LWFDQEHVWRUHGIRURYHU\HDUVZLWKRXW Author: Dorthe Jøker ORVVRIYLDELOLW\ $XWKRU'RUWKH-¡NHU

Dormancy and pretreatment 7KHVHHGKDVQRGRUPDQF\DQGSUHWUHDWPHQWLVQRW QHFHVVDU\

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Taxonomy and nomenclature 7KHWZLJVDUHJODEURXVRUSXEHVFHQW)ORZHUVRI Family9HUEHQDFHDH EULJKW\HOORZFRORXUDUUDQJHGLQODUJHWHUPLQDOSDQL Synonyms1RQH FOHV IORZHUVLQHDFK /HDYHVDUHRSSRVLWH Vernacular/common namesMDWLSXWLK ,QGRQHVLD  DQGXVXDOO\PRUHRUOHVVKHDUWVKDSHGFP[ JDPDULJXPDGL ,QGLD JDPKDU %DQJODGHVK  FP7KHIORZHULVODUJHXSWRFPORQJSHUIHFW \DPDQH 0\DQPDU ZKLWHWHDN (QJ  ZLWKDQLUUHJXODUOREHGWXEXODUFRUROOD

Distribution and habitat Fruit and seed description 7KHDUHDRIQDWXUDOGLVWULEXWLRQLQFOXGHV1HSDO,QGLD FruitWKHIUXLWLVDVXFFXOHQWGUXSHPPORQJ 3DNLVWDQ%DQJODGHVK6UL/DQND0\DQPDU 7KDL ZLWKDVKLQ\ OHDWKHU\VNLQDQGDVZHHWSXOS\ ODQG/DRV&DPERGLD9LHWQDPDQG6RXWKHUQ&KLQD PHVRFDUS7KHVWRQH HQGRFDUS LVPPORQJ ,QWKHQDWXUDOIRUHVWWKHVSHFLHVLVXVXDOO\IRXQGVFDW ZLWKRQHURXQGDQGRQHSRLQWHGHQG7KHVWRQHQRU WHUHGDQGLQDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKRWKHUVSHFLHV,WLVIRXQG PDOO\FRQWDLQVIRXUVHHGFKDPEHUVLQUDUHFDVHVILYH LQHYHUJUHHQIRUHVWVLQ0\DQPDUDQG%DQJODGHVKDQG SeedRQHRUPRUHRIWKHFKDPEHUVFRQWDLQVHHGEXW LQUHODWLYHO\GU\PL[HGGHFLGXRXVIRUHVWW\SHVLQ&HQ WKHUHDUHUDUHO\PRUHWKDQWZRILOOHGVHHGVSHUIUXLW WUDO,QGLD 7KHVL]HRIWKHVHHGLQFUHDVHVZLWKVWRQHVL]HHJ ,WKDVEHHQLQWURGXFHGDVDSODQWDWLRQVSHFLHVLQ IURPWRPPLQOHQJWK PDQ\FRXQWULHVDQGODU JHSODQWDWLRQVDUHIRXQGLQ 7KHZHLJKWRIVWRQHVLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\J 6RXWK(DVW$VLD:HVW$IULFDDQG6RXWK$PHULFD Flowering and fruiting habit Uses *PHOLQDIORZHUVDQGIUXLWVHYHU\\HDU,QWKHQDWXUDO 7KHZRRGLVXVHGPDLQO\IRUOLJKWFRQVWUXFWLRQDQG GLVWULEXWLRQDUHDZLWKDVHDVRQDOFOLPDWHIORZHULQJ IRUSXOS6HYHUDOSDUWVRIWKHWUHHDUHXVHGIRUPHGL VWDUWVLQWKHGU\VHDVRQZKHQWUHHVDUHOHDIOHVV,QVHD FLQHDQGWKHOHDYHVDUHXVHGIRUFDWWOHIRGGHU VRQDOFOLPDWHVRXWVLGHWKHQDWXUDOGLVWULEXWLRQWKHUHLV QRGLVWLQFWIORZHULQJDQGIUXLWLQJSHULRGDQGIORZHUV DQGIUXLWVFDQEHVHHQPRUHRUOHVVWKURXJKRXWWKH\HDU 7KHIUXLWPDWXUHVòPRQWKDIWHUIORZHULQJ7KHVSH FLHVLVSUHGRPLQDQWHO\RXWFURVVLQJDQGWKHIORZHUVDUH SROOLQDWHGE\ODUJHEHHV

Harvest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otanical description VWDQGHFRORJLFDOFRQGLWLRQVDQGVWDQGFRQGLWLRQV $PHGLXPVL]HGWUHHXSWR  PWDOOEROHZLWK 7KHUHDUHUHSRUWVRIVHHGSURGXFWLRQIURPNJ DYHUDJHGLDPHWHUFPEXWVRPHWLPHVUHDFKLQJ FOHDQHGVWRQHVKD\HDUWRDURXQGNJKD\HDU FP7KHEDUNLVVPRRWKRUVFDO\SDOHEURZQWRJUH\

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 Processing and handling WKHVWRQHPD\EHOHIWLQWKHJURXQGRUEHSXVKHGXS 7UDQVSRUWRIIUXLWVWRWKHSURFHVVLQJVLWHVKRXOGEHLQ DQGWKHFRQGLWLRQVIRUSRVVLEOHUHPDLQLQJVHHGWRJHU Harvest Phytosanitary problems RSHQEDVNHWVRUQHWVQRWLQSODVWLFEDJV,QRUGHUWR PLQDWHPD\WKXVEHPRUHRUOHVVIDYRXUDEOH Full-sized pods are harvested from the tree before Over 40 species of insects are reported associated DYRLGIHUPHQWDWLRQIUXLWVVKRXOGEHEURXJKWWRWKH 6HHGVQRUPDOO\JHUPLQDWHTXLFNO\DQGDWKLJKOHYHOV they open. with A. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid FOHDQLQJDUHDZLWKLQKRXUV7KLVLVHVSHFLDOO\LP 2IWHQWKHJHUPLQDWLRQZLOOEHDERYHDVPRUH beetles, which may damage large proportions of SRUWDQWIRUIXOO\ULSH±LH\HOORZDQGEURZQ±IUXLWV WKDQRQHVHHGZLOOJHUPLQDWHIURPHDFKVWRQH7KH Processing and handling stored seeds. $VPXFKFDUHDVSRVVLEOHVKRXOGEHWDNHQWRDYRLG RSWLPDOWHPSHUDWXUHIRUJHUPLQDWLRQLVDERXWƒ & The pods are dried in the sun until they open and the GDPDJHWRWKHIUXLWVVLQFHIHUPHQWDWLRQLVPRUH ORZHUWHPSHUDWXUHZLOOUHGXFHJHUPLQDWLRQ7KH VHHG seeds are released. Selected readings OLNHO\WRVWDUWDPRQJGDPDJHGIUXLWV EHGVKRXOGEHH[SRVHGWRIXOOVXQOLJKWDVSDUWO\RUIXOO Bekele-Tesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for $WWKHSURFHVVLQJVLWHWKHIUXLWVVKRXOGEHVRUWHGLQWR VKDGHZLOOUHGXFHJHUPLQDWLRQ$IWHUJHUPLQDWLRQWKH Storage and viability Ethiopia. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. WKRVHWKDWDUHUHDG\IRULPPHGLDWHSURFHVVLQJ \HOORZ VHHGOLQJVFDQEHWUDQVSODQWHGWRFRQWDLQHUV Seeds are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber DQGEURZQFRORXU DQGJUHHQDQGJUHHQ\HOORZIUXLWV years if they are well dried and kept cool and free of uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO ZKLFKZLOOEHQHILWIURPDIWHUULSHQLQJ$IWHUULSHQLQJLV Selected readings insects. Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation Guide, 19: 8-12. GRQHLQWKHVKDGHE\VSUHDGLQJWKHIUXLWVLQDFP Lauridsen, E.B. 1986. Seed Leaflet No. 6. June 1986. 9%. Hall, J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- WKLFNOD\HUXQWLOWKH\KDYHWXUQHG\HOORZ7KLVPD\WDNH Gmelina arborea, Linn'DQLGD)RUHVW6HHG&HQWUH hara desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. XSWRRQHZHHN +XPOHEDHN'HQPDUN Dormancy and pretreatment Hall, J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- 'HSXOSLQJRIVPDOOTXDQWLWLHVRIIUXLWVFDQEHGRQH Soerianegara, I. and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds). 1993. There are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- PDQXDOO\E\PDVKLQJWKHIUXLWV XQWLOWKHSXOSLVORRVH Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 5(1). Timber trees: possibly due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versity of Wales, Bangor. IURPWKHVWRQHDQGULQVLQJZLWKZDWHU )RUODU JHU major commercial timbers: DJHQLQJHQ 1HWKHUODQGV however, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell, H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. TXDQWLWLHVRIIUXLWVGHSXOSLQJLVQRUPDOO\ GRQHLQD 3XGRF6FLHQWLILF3XEOLVKHUV$OVRSXEOLVKHGE\3URVHD rate. The most common method is scarification. Eschborn 1986. FRIIHHGHSXOSHU6RDNLQJWKHIUXLWVLQZDWHUIRU )RXQGDWLRQ%RJRU,QGRQHVLD Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. KRXUVEHIRUHGHSXOSLQJZLOOIDFLOLWDWHWKHSURFHVV Sowing and germination Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. $IWHUGHSXOSLQJWKHIUXLWVDUHVSUHDGRXWRQDZLUH Germination is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 PHVKWUD\DQGULQVHGZLWKZDWHUWRUHPRYHMXLFHDQG days. The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter SXOS paper to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- 1RUPDOO\WUDFHVRISXOSZLOOUHPDLQRQWKHVWRQHV mant seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to DIWHUGHSXOSLQJDQGIXUWKHUFOHDQLQJRUSROLVKLQJRI containers filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings WKHVWRQHVLVUHTXLUHG7KLVFDQEHGRQHHLWKHUPDQXDOO\ require shade until the second leaf expands and wa- E\UXEELQJWKHVWRQHVZLWKVDQGDQGZDWHURUPHFK tering at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the DQLFDOO\ DOVRZLWKVDQG LQDFRQFUHWHPL[HU medium moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in )LQDOO\WKHVWRQHVDUHZDVKHGDQGGULHGZHOOLQWKH prepared planting spots is practised with success in VXQ Sudan; at early stages of development A. seyal was capableSeed storage of competing with weeds. Nodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial )UXLWVZKLFKKDYHEHHQGULHGGRZQWRDPRLVWXUH regeneration it has been achieved by pelleting seed with FRQWHQWRIDQGNHSWEHORZWKLVPRLVWXUHFRQ culture of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected WHQWLQFROGVWRUDJH R& FDQEHVWRUHGIRUVHYHUDO medium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected \HDUVZLWKRXWUHGXFWLRQLQYLDELOLW\,WLVKRZHYHUGLI seedlings have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik ILFXOWWRVXQGU\WKHVWRQHVEHORZPRLVWXUHFRQ treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC WHQWVRDGGLWLRQDOGU\LQJLQDQRYHQ  R& PD\ strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and EHUHTXLUHGIRUORQJWHUPVWRUDJH,IVHHGVDUHVRZQ Bradyrhizobium from the latter have proved to be ZLWKLQD\HDUIURPSURFHVVLQJVXQGU\LQJDQGVWRUDJH effective symbionts. LQDLUWLJKWFRQWDLQHUVLVVXIILFLHQW \HDUROG Gmelina arboreaRIJRRGTXDOLW\ 1LPELD THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY 5RGHQWVPD\FDXVHVHYHUHORVVHVLQVWRUHGVWRQHV 1LJHULD3KRWR+HQULN.HLGLQJ')6& DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE 6WRULQJLQPHWDOFRQWDLQHUVSUHYHQWVVXFKORVVHV 7+,6127(:$6352'8&(',1&2//$%25$7,21 Author: Dorthe Jøker Dormancy and pretreatment :,7+,1'21(6,$)25(676(('352-(&7 7KHVHHGVKDYHQRGRUPDQF\DQGQRSUHWUHDWPHQWLV UHTXLUHG6RDNLQJRIWKHVHHGLQFROGZDWHUIRU $XWKRUV +HQQ\5DFKPDZDWL'MRNR,ULDQWRQRDQG KRXUVEHIRUHVRZLQJLVUHFRPPHQGHG &KULVWLDQ3+DQVHQ

Sowing and germination 7KHVHHGV VWRQHV DUHVRZQLQDVHHGEHGRIVRLORU 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH3KRQH VDQGFRYHUHGE\DWKLQOD\HURIVDQGRUVRLO7KHJHU Phone: 251-116172000 FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUGH[W PLQDWLRQRI*PHOLQDVHHGLVHSLJHRXVZLWKWKHUDGLFOH ext. 2491 6KROD32%R[(PDLO.+DGJX#FJLDURUJ HPHUJLQJILUVWDQGWKHFRW\OHGRQVVKRUWO\DIWHU 'H Email:[email protected] $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD:HEVLWHZZZ[[[[[[[ SHQGLQJRQWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHILUVWJHUPLQDWLQJVHHG Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 15 SeptemberNo. 15 September 2000 Re-issue 2000 2018

Grevillea robusta Cunn. ex R. Br.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Botanical description Family: Proteaceae Tree 20-30 m tall, 50-80 cm in diameter. Bole Vernacular/common names: Southern silky oak unbuttressed, erect, somewhat tapering. Crown py- (Australian standard trade name), silk(y) oak (Eng- ramidal, tufted with open canopy. Bark grey, fur- lish), mgrivea (Swahili), son indian (Thai) rowed, with lenticels. Leaves alternate, 10-34 x 8-12 cm, pinnately compound, fern-like, pale green above, Distribution and habitat white-hairy below. Facultatively deciduous. Flowers Native to eastern Australia. Introduced into warm, in 7-13 cm long, erect racemes, bright yellow-orange, temperate, subtropical highland regions around the 2 cm long. The style is long, recurved at first, later world and widely planted in India, Sri Lanka and straight. many countries in Africa. Within the area of natural distribution it is found in warm, humid to sub-humid Fruit and seed description zones, 100-800 m altitude, 1000-1500 mm rain/year. Fruit: boat-shaped, dehiscent, 2-seeded capsule up to Tolerates annual rainfall of 600-2700 mm and alti- 2 cm long, tipped with the long, persistent style tudes to 2500 m, but prefers altitudes below 1200 m Seed: brown, flat, ovate-oblong, about 1 x 0,5 cm and with less than 2000 mm rain/year. Average tem- with a shiny centre surrounded by light brown papery perature for coldest month not below 0°C and at no wing. There are 50-120,000 seeds per kg. time lower than -10°C. Prefers light, well-drained soils, mildly acid to neutral. Light demanding. Flowering and fruiting habit Flower and fruit setting occurs after the rainy season. Uses Pollination by birds and bats. The period from fertili- Timber, firewood, industrial, leaf mulch, fodder and sation to fruit maturity is two months. shade tree in coffee plantations. Excellent agro- Prolific seeder, often 2 kg seed/tree; heaviest crop forestry species as it interferes little with crops. Best from 20-40 year-old trees. growth is obtained when it is planted in rows or inter- mixed with crops; not suitable for monoculture. The Harvest sapwood is pale, the heart-wood yellow-brown and The fruits are collected when the colour changes from silky. green to yellow and the first hint of brown appears. The seeds do not mature at the same time, in each in- florescence there are many stages of maturity. Collection is difficult because of the short time (often only 2-3 days) between seed maturity and dispersal. The seeds must be mature when they are harvested. Collection of seeds from the ground is possible but very time consuming and it should only be done in dry weather as the wings stick to the ground if wet.

Fruit and seed processing and handling The fruits are cleaned by gentle winnowing or sieving and air-dried in trays in the sun until they open. If the capsules do not open, drying in the shade will often help. Seeds are cleaned using a screen, a laboratory 1, Habit; 2, leaf; 3, inflorescence; 4, young flower (stigma gravity table or an air separator. The wings should be retained in bud); 5, tepal with anthers attached: 6, mature removed to reduce bulkiness, reduce fungal attacks flower (extended style + stigma); 7, fruits; 8, seed. From: and facilitate sowing. After extraction the seeds are Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5:3. dried in the sun.

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 DormancyHarvest and pretreatment SelectedPhytosanitary readings problems TheFull-sized seeds have pods no are dormancy harvested but from germination the tree isbefore de- Boland,Over 40 D.J., species et al., 1984of insects. Forest aretrees reported of Australia associated. 4th ed. layedthey andopen. uneven. Soaking in cold water for 24 hours Melbourne:Thomaswith A. seyal. These Nelson include and CSIRO. 10 species xvi + 687 of pp.bruchid may improve germination. Jones,beetles, L., 1967which. Effect may of damagestorage at la variousrge proportions moisture con- of Processing and handling tentsstored and seeds. temperatures on seed germination of Silk Oak, StorageThe pods and are viabilitydried in the sun until they open and the Australian Pine and Eucalyptus spp. Research Note No. Ifseeds the seeds are released.are dried to app. 8% moisture content and SE-83.Selected U.S. For.readings Serv. Res. Note. South East Forest Experi- packed in air-tight polythene bags, they store well mentalBekele- Station;Tesemma, pp. 4.A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for evenStorage at room and temperature. viability The following results were Harwood,Ethiopia. C.E.,RSCU, 1997. SIDA.Grevillea Nairobi, robusta Kenya. A. Cunn. ex R. Br. obtainedSeeds are at theorthodox Australian and Tree can Seedbe stored Centre: for several In:Booth, Ibrahim F.E.M. FH, van and der W Maesenickens, LJG, G.E., eds. 1988 Plant. NResourceson-timber years if they are well dried and kept cool and free of ofuses South-East of selected Asia arid (PROSEA). zone trees andNo 11,shr ubsAuxiliary in Africa Plants. FAO. insects. Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- TheConservation Netherlands: Guide, Backhuys 19: 8-12. Publishers. 9%. Temperature Harwood,Hall, J.B., 199C.E.4. Acacia(ed.), seyal1992 :- multipurposeGrevillea robusta tree of the- Sain- Storage time 23°C 3-5°C -15°C agroforestryhara desert. andNFT Aforestry: 94-07. FproceedingACT Net, W ofinrock an international International. Dormancy and pretreatment workshopHall, J.B.. ICRAF. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- InitialThere (1987) are various report 77,0 %s on the 77,0 need % for pretreatment 77,0 % , Sosef,graph. M.S.M., School ofHong, Agricultural L.T. and and Prawirohatmodjo, Forest Sciences, Uni- S. 1 possiblyyear due to dif73,0ferences % in provenance. 76,7 % Most 70,3 agree % , (eds.),versity 1998 of W. Plantales, Bango Resourcesr. of South-East Asia. No 5(3). 4 hoyearswever, that pretreatment 81,3 % accelerate 75,0 %s the germinatio 70,7 % n TimberMaydell, trees: H.-J. lesser-known von, 1986 .timbersTrees and. Leiden, Shrubs Netherlands; of the Sahel. 6 rate.years The most common 58,7 % method 64,7 is s carification% 68,0. % BackhuysEschborn Publishers. 1986. 8 years 54,0 % 75,3 % 65,3 % Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. Sowing and germination Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. Germination is rathers.e.d. slo =w 3,92, normally % about 30% in 7 days. The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter Source:paper Australian to allow Treerapid Resources identification News No. of 4, viable, 1998 non-dor- mant seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to Sowingcontainers and filled germination with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings Seedsrequire can shade be sownuntil thein shadysecond seedbeds leaf expands with andsandy wa- loamtering and at sandintervals 1:1. ofThe 1-3 seedbeds days as necessaryshould be toprotected keep the frommedium heavy moist rain butwith not plastic waterlogged. sheets, notDirect watered seeding too in muchprepared and ensuredplanting goodspots drainage is practised to avoid with problemssuccess in withSudan; fungi. at earlyGermination stages of occursdevelopment after 2-4A. seyal weeks. was Whencapable the of seedlings competing are with 7 days weeds. old, they are pricked out Noduin polytubes.lation occ Theurs iseedsn natur canal popualso latibe ons.sown In directly artificial inregeneration polytubes. it has been achieved by pelleting seed with cultureShade isof required bacterial for isolates, 2-3 weeks sowing after into transplanting. an infected Regularmedium root-pruning or germinati isng recommended. in unsterilised soForil. industrialUninfected Shade trees in tea plantation, Sri Lanka Photo: Stephen plantations,seedlings havebare-rooted been stocksinoculated are oftensuccessfully preferred. by Midgley,Acacia CSIROseyal with Forestry green and bark. Forest Ethiopia. Products. Photo: Henrik Outplantingtreatment with is done a suspension 6-8 months of a symbiont.after sowing Rhizobiu whenm Keiding, DFSC plantsstrains are 20-30from cm.A. Weedingmellifera is andnecessary A. senega for thel firstand THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY 1-2Brady yearsrhizobiu after planting.m from the latter have proved to be DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE effective symbionts. Author:THIS NOTE Dorthe W JøkerAS PREPARED BY DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE

Author: Dorthe Jøker

Phone: 251-116172000 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH Phone:ext. 2491  FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUG H[WEmail:[email protected] 6KROD32%R[ Email: .+DGJX#FJLDURUJ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia$GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD Website: www.[[[[[[ SEED LEAFLET No. 83 No.August 83 August2003 Re-issue 2003 2018 Jatropha curcas L.

Taxonomy and nomenclature ble seed and in Mexico the seeds from a non-toxic va- Family(XSKRUELDFHDH riety are eaten after roasting. Being drought tolerant, Synonyms: Curcas purgans Medic. it can be used to reclaim eroded areas. Unfortunately Vernacular/common names: physic nut, purging nut it is host for the cassava virus that can be transmitted (QJOLVK  SRXUJKqUH SLJQRQ G¶,QGH )UHQFK  3XU- to the crops and it should never be used for fences JLHUQX‰%UHFKQX‰ *HUPDQ SLxRQFLOOR 0H[LFR  DURXQGFDVVDYD¿HOGV FRTXLOORWHPSDWH &RVWD5LFD WiUWDJR 3XHUWR5LFR  With the combination of oil production and erosion PXQGXELDVVX %UD]LO SLxRO 3HUX SLQyQ *XDWHPD- control and the ability to grow in marginal areas OD NDQDQDQDHUDQGDSDUYDWDUDQGD 6DQVNULW EDJEKH with poor soil and low rainfall, this species has great UHQGDMDQJOLDUDQGLVDIHGDUDQG +LQGL NDGDP 1HSDO  potential in rural development as a source of household VDEXGDP 7KDLODQG W~EDQJEiNRG WKH3KLOLSSLQHV  income and at the same time creating environmental MDUDNEXGHJ ,QGRQHVLD EDJDQL &{WHG¶,YRLUH NSRWL EHQH¿WV([DPSOHVIURP0DOLVKRZWKDWYLOODJHVWKDW 7RJR WDEDQDQL 6HQHJDO PXSXOXND $QJROD EXWXMH plant 15 km of Jatropha hedges can harvest about 12 1LJHULD PDNDHQ 7DQ]DQLD SXUJHHUERRQWMLH 6RXWK tons of seed which may generate 1800 US$ of cash $IULFD GDQGEDUUvKDEHOPHOXN $UDE \XOXW]X &KL- income when the oil is extracted and the products sold QHVH SXUJHHUQRRW 'XWFK IDJLRODG¶,QGLD ,WDOLDQ  ¿JXUHV  SXUJXHLUD 3RUWXJXHVH 

Distribution and habitat ,WLVVWLOOXQFHUWDLQZKHUHWKHFHQWUHRIRULJLQLVEXWLW LVEHOLHYHGWREH0H[LFRDQG&HQWUDO$PHULFD,WKDV been introduced to Africa and Asia and is now culti- vated world-wide. This highly drought-resistant spe- cies is adapted to arid and semi-arid conditions. The current distribution shows that introduction has been most successful in the drier regions of the tropics with DQQXDOUDLQIDOORIPP,WRFFXUVPDLQO\DW ORZHUDOWLWXGHV P LQDUHDVZLWKDYHUDJHDQ- nual temperatures well above 20°C but can grow at KLJKHUDOWLWXGHVDQGWROHUDWHVVOLJKWIURVW,WJURZV on well-drained soils with good aeration and is well adapted to marginal soils with low nutrient content.

Uses Jatropha curcas tree in village, Matabeleland Province, The species is widely grown in the tropics as living Zimbabwe. Photo: Jacob Jepsen. fences because it is easily propagated by cuttings and not browsed by cattle. The seeds contain 30-35% oil Botanical description which is used as an insecticide, for soap production Small tree or large shrub, up to 8 m tall and with diam- and numerous other purposes. The seed oil can also eter up to 20 cm. Trunk is straight, branching low above be used as a substitute for diesel oil in engines and the ground; bark is thin and yellowish. Leaves are 6 x in recent years special interest has been shown in 15 cm and lobed. Flowers small and greenish, unisexual the cultivation of physic nut in energy plantations. ZLWKPDOHDQGIHPDOHÀRZHUVDWWKHVDPHWUHH Press cake made from the plant is valuable as organic PDQXUH,WKDVDQLWURJHQFRQWHQWVLPLODUWRFKLFNHQ Fruit and seed description PDQXUH  7KHVHHGVDUHQRWHGLEOHPDLQO\ Fruit: a grey-brown capsule, up to 4 cm long; it is nor- due to a high content of toxic proteins but all parts of mally divided into 3 cells, each containing one seed. the plant are used in traditional medicine. However, Seed: seeds are black, about two cm long and one cm some provenances have been reported to produce edi- WKLFN7KHUHDUH  VHHGVSHUNJ

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 Flowering and fruiting habit Physic nut can be established from nursery seedlings, The trees are deciduous, shedding the leaves in the dry bare root or containerised, by direct sowing, trans- Harvest Phytosanitary problems VHDVRQ)ORZHULQJRFFXUVGXULQJWKHZHWVHDVRQDQG planting of wildings or planting of cuttings. The choice of Full-sized pods are harvested from the tree before Over 40 species of insects are reported associated WZRÀRZHULQJSHDNVDUHRIWHQVHHQ,QSHUPDQHQWO\KX- propagation method depends on use. Plants propagated they open. with A. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid PLGUHJLRQVÀRZHULQJRFFXUVWKURXJKRXWWKH\HDU7KH by seeds are generally preferred for the establishment beetles, which may damage large proportions of VHHGVPDWXUHDERXWWKUHHPRQWKVDIWHUÀRZHULQJ(DUO\ of long-lived plantations for oil production. Direct Processing and handling stored seeds. growth is fast and with good rainfall conditions nursery sowing should only be used in areas with high rainfall The pods are dried in the sun until they open and the SODQWVPD\EHDUIUXLWVDIWHUWKH¿UVWUDLQ\VHDVRQGLUHFW and the seeds must be sown after the beginning of the seeds are released. Selected readings VRZQSODQWVDIWHUWKHVHFRQGUDLQ\VHDVRQ7KHÀRZHUV UDLQ\ VHDVRQ ZKHQ VXI¿FLHQW UDLQIDOO LV FHUWDLQ )RU Bekele-Tesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for are pollinated by insects especially honey bees. quick establishment of hedges and plantations for Storage and viability Ethiopia. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. erosion control, directly planted cuttings are best suited. Seeds are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber Harvest Cuttings of 30 cm length have been found to have the years if they are well dried and kept cool and free of uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO When the fruits begin to open, the seeds inside are highest survival rate. Plants propagated by cuttings will insects. Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation Guide, 19: 8-12. mature. Collection is best done by picking fruits normally produce seed within one year of planting and 9%. Hall, J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- from the tree or hitting and shaking the branches till growth is rapid. hara desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. the fruits break off. Seeds collected from live fences Dormancy and pretreatment Hall, J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- FDQQRUPDOO\EHUHDFKHGE\KDQG)RUWDOOHUWUHHVLW There are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- is possible to collect the fruits in a small bag that is possibly due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versity of Wales, Bangor. attached to a stick. In Costa Rica it is estimated that a however, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell, H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. tree produces about 30 kg fruits per year or about 12 rate. The most common method is scarification. Eschborn 1986. kg seed. The yield per hectare is about 4800 kg seed. Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. Sowing and germination Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. Processing and handling Germination is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 After collection the fruits are transported in open bags days. The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter to the processing site. Here they are dried until all the paper to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- fruits have opened. It has been reported that direct sun mant seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to has a negative effect on seed viability and that seeds containers filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings should be dried in the shade. When the seeds are dry require shade until the second leaf expands and wa- they are separated from the fruits and cleaned. )UXLWVDQGVHHGRI Jatropha curcas L. Photo: Jacob Jepsen. tering at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the medium moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in Storage and viability prepared planting spots is practised with success in The seeds are orthodox and should be dried to low Selected readings Sudan; at early stages of development A. seyal was moisture content (5-7%) and stored in air-tight con- Heller, J. 1996. Physic nut. Jatropha curcas L. Promoting the capable of competing with weeds. tainers. At room temperature the seeds can retain high conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 1. Nodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial viability for at least one year. However, because of IPK, Gatersleben, Germany and IPGRI, Rome, Italy regeneration it has been achieved by pelleting seed with the high oil content the seeds cannot be expected to Henning, R.K. 1998. Use of Jatropha curcas L. (JCL): culture of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected store for as long as most orthodox species. A household perspective and its contribution to rural em- medium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected ployment creation. Pres. at the 'Regional Workshop on the seedlings have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik Dormancy and pretreatment Potential of Jatropha Curcas in Rural Development & En- treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC )UHVKO\KDUYHVWHGVHHGVVKRZGRUPDQF\DQGDIWHU vironmental Protection', Harare, Zimbabwe, May 1998. strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and ripening is necessary before the seeds can germinate. CATIE 2000. Manejo de semillas de 100 especies forestales Bradyrhizobium from the latter have proved to be Dry seed will normally germinate readily without pre- de América Latina. Vol. 1. Centro Agronómico Tropical de effective symbionts. treatment. If this is the case, it is not recommended to Investigación y Enseñanza. Costa Rica. THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY remove the seedcoat before sowing. Although it speeds DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE up germination there is a risk of getting abnormal seed- lings. 7+,6/($)/(7:$6352'8&(',1&2//$%25$- Author: Dorthe Jøker 7,21:,7+(19,5210(17$)5,&$ Sowing and germination Germination is fast, under good conditions it is com- $XWKRUV'RUWKH-¡NHU')6&DQG-DFRE-HSVHQ(QYLURQ- plete in 10 days. Germination is epigean (cotyledons ment Africa HPHUJHDERYHJURXQG 6RRQDIWHUWKH¿UVWOHDYHVKDYH formed, the cotyledons wither and fall off. In the nursery, seeds can be sown in germination beds or in containers. Although the seedlings grow very fast they 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH 3KRQHPhone: 251-116172000 should stay in the nursery for 3 months until they are FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUG  H[Wext. 2491 FPWDOO%\WKHQWKHSODQWVKDYHGHYHORSHGWKHLU 6KROD32%R[ (PDLO.+DGJX#FJLDURUJEmail:[email protected] repellant smell and will not be browsed by animals. $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD :HEVLWHZZZ[[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 66No. May 66 May2003 2003 Re-issue 2018 Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Botanical description Family: Meliaceae A deciduous tree, 15-20 m tall, reaching up to 35 m Synonyms: Swietenia senegalensis Desr. on fertile soils; diameter up to 1.5 m and with 8-16 Vernacular/common names: African mahogany, m clean bole; buttresses not prominent or absent. The dry-zone mahogany (Eng.); acajou d’Afrique, aca- bark is dark grey, the slash dark pink with red latex. jou du Senegal, caïlcedrat (Fr.); homra, murraya Leaves are compound, up to 20 cm long, with 3-7 (Arabic); zunzatin (Benin); dalehi (Cameroon); SDLUVRIXVXDOO\RSSRVLWHOHDÀHWVHDFKOHDÀHWLV ogonwo (Ghana); jalo (Gambia); kpitili (Guinea); cm long, 3-5 cm wide, underside grey. kaya (Indonesia); yala (Mali); ono (Nigeria); kail 7KH ÀRZHUV DUH VPDOO DERXW  PP ZLWK ZKLWH (Senegal); cailcedrat, African mahogany, khaya wood petals; unisexual, but with well-developed vestiges (trade names). RIWKHRSSRVLWHVH[PDNLQJLWGLI¿FXOWWRGLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQPDOHDQGIHPDOHÀRZHUV)ORZHUVDUHERUQH Distribution and habitat RQXSWRFPORQJPXFKEUDQFKHGLQÀRUHVFHQFHV The area of natural distribution is from Senegal to Su- dan and Uganda, south to the rainforest zone. It oc- Fruit and seed description curs in riverine forests and scattered in high-rainfall Fruit: the fruit is an upright, almost round, woody savannah woodland. It grows at 0-1800 m altitude in capsule, 4-10 cm long with 4 valves that open at ma- areas with 700-1750 mm rain/year and a dry season turity (a distinction from K. ivoriensis, that is closely of 4-7 months. It is one of the most drought-tolerant related, but has 5 valves). Inside the valves the seeds Khaya species but prefers moist sites and this seems are arranged in rows with 6-18 seeds per valve. to be more important for growth than nutrient avail- SeedWKHVHHGVDUHEURZQDQGÀDWWHQHGDERXW[ DELOLW\ 6DSOLQJV DUH YHU\ VHQVLWLYH WR ¿UH EXW DGXOW 2.5 cm, with winged margins. There are 2500-7000 trees are relatively resistant. Plantations have been seeds per kg. successfully established in Asia and Latin America. Conservation status: logging and local exploitation are largely uncontrolled and poorly monitored. In northern parts of the range, exploitation may be leading to genetic erosion. Natural regeneration from seed is poor but does occur from suckers. On the 2002 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species it is listed as vulnerable.

Uses The timber is rated as one of the best African mahog- any woods. It is moderately hard and of medium den- sity (0.6-0.8). The heartwood is deep red-brown with a purplish tinge and the attractive appearance makes it one of the most favoured timbers for furniture. Besides timber, the species is valued for medicinal purposes, especially the bark is used to treat a number of diseases. The leaves are used for fodder at the end of the dry season but the forage value is low. In West Africa the seed oil is used for cooking. The seeds have an oil content of 67% and are rich in oleic acid. The wood ashes are used for storing millet seed. %HFDXVHWKHZRRGLVGLI¿FXOWWRVDZRQO\VPDOOORJV Khaya senegalensis. Cultivated, at Singapore Botanical DQGEUDQFKHVDUHXVHGDV¿UHZRRG Garden. Photo: Thomas Schöpke

Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) HarvesFloweringt and fruiting habit PhytosanitaryIn areas with regular problems rainfall after planting, stump Full-sizedLeaves are pods shed arein theharvested dry season from andthe aretree directly before Overplanting 40 isspecies possible of butinsects normally are reportednot preferable. associated The theyreplaced. open. Flowering occurs shortly before or in the withspeciesA. alsoseyal propagates. These include well 10from species coppice, of bruchid shoots EHJLQQLQJRIWKHUDLQ\VHDVRQDQGWKHÀRZHUVDUHSRO- beetles,and root suckers.which may damage large proportions of POLQDWHGE\LQVHFWV,Q%XUNLQD)DVRÀRZHULQJRFFXUVrocessing and handling storedThe speciesseeds. is susceptible to attack by Hypsipyla Thefrom pods November are dried to inDecember, the sun until in Guineathey open from and No the- shoot bores and it is recommended growing it in seedsvember are to released. February, in the Sudan February to March Selectedmixed stands. readings and in Côte d’Ivoire twice a year, principally from Bekele-Tesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for StorageAugust to and December. viability EthiopiaSelected. RSCU, readings SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. SeedsThe fruitsare orthodox mature inand Burkina can be Faso stored from for February several Booth,El Amin, F .E.M.H.M. 1990and .W Treesickens, and G.E.,Shrubs 1988 of the. NSudanon-timb. Ither- yearsto May, if theyin Guinea are well from dried February and kept tocool July, and in free Côte of usesaca Press, of selected UK. arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects.d’Ivoire Moisturemostly from content January for storageto April, should with a besecond 4,5- ConservationFAO Forestry Guide, Department. 19: 8-12. 1986. Databook on endan- 9%fruiting. period July to September and in Tanzania Hall,gered J.B., tree and1994 shrub. Acacia species seyal and- multipurpose their provenances tree of the. FAO Sa- from January to March. The trees begin to produce haraForestry deser Papert. NF T77.A 94-07.Rome: F FAO.ACT Net, Winrock International. Dormancyseed when they and are pr et15-25reatment years old. In most places Hall,IUCN J.B. 2002 and. 2002 McAllan, IUCN RedA. 1993 List .ofAcacia Threatened seyal: Species. a mono- Therefruiting are is variouregulars reportand thes on fruits the needremain for on pretreatment the tree for, graph.Maydell, School H.J. 1986of Agricultural. Trees and andShrubs For ofest the Sciences Sahel,, TheirUni- possiblymost of duethe dryto di season.fferences The in provenance.seeds are dispersed Most agree by, versityCharacteristics of Wales, and Bango Useslr. . Rossdorf: TZ-Verlags-gesells- howindweve andr, thatmay pretreatment be carried away accelerate as fars asthe 100 germinatio m. n Maydell,chaft. H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate. The most common method is scarification. EschbornSosef, M.S.M., 1986. L.T. Hong, S. Prawirohatmodjo (eds). Harvest R1998oss,. J.H.Plant 197 Resources7. A Conspectus of South-East of the African Asia. No Acacia 5(3). Specie Timbers. SowingThe seeds and are germinationmature when the fruit colour changes Mtrees:emoir lesser-knowns of the Botanical timbers. Survey PROSEA. of South Bogor Africa Indonesia. No. 44. Germinationfrom grey to black.is rather Mature slow, capsulesnormally can about be 30%collected in 7 days.from Thethe treeseeds or can from be thepregerminated ground after on shaking moist filter the paperbranches to allow but it rapid is not identification advisable to of collect viable, seeds non-dor- that manthave beenseed. lying The ongerminated the ground seeds for someare transferred time. to containersAt the time filled of maturity,with a silt-rich the seeds medium. have a Seedlings very low requiremoisture shade content. until the second leaf expands and wa- tering at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the mediumProcessing moist and but handlingnot waterlogged. Direct seeding in preparedAfter collection planting the spots fruits is are practised left in the with sun success until they in Sudan;open and at release early stages the seeds. of development After extraction, A. seyal the seeds was capableare dried of in competing the sun. with weeds. Nodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial regenerationStorage and it hasviability been achieved by pelleting seed with cultureThe seeds of bacterialare orthodox isolates, and sowingshould beinto stored an infected at low memoisturedium o content.r germin atiInng a recentin unste studyrilise din so Burkinail. Uninf ecteFasod seedlingsseeds were have stored been at –18, inoculated 3-5 and 25°C.successfully The results by AcaciaSeeds of seyal Khaya with senegalensis green bark. from Ethiopia. Burkino FasoPhoto: (NB. Henrik grid treatmentshowed that with the a suspensionseeds retain of full a symbiont. viability Rhizobiuregardlessm Keiding,has 1 cm DFSCdivisions). Photo: Dorthe Jøker, DFSC strainsof storage from temperature A. mellifer fora atand least A. two senega years.l Theand Bradyseeds arerhizobiu sometimesm from heavily the latter attacked have byproved larvae to and be epackingffectiv ewith sym CObion2 cants. be necessary. THIS NOTENOTE WWASAS PREPREPAREDPARED B INY COLLABORATION Dormancy and pretreatment DANIDAWITH CENTRE FOREST SEENATIONALD CENTR E DE SEMENCES The seeds are not dormant and pretreatment is not FORESTIERES BURKINA FASO (CNSF) necessary. Author: Dorthe Jøker Authors: Dorthe Jøker, DFSC and Sylvie Gaméné, CNSF Sowing and germination Germination is epigeal; it is normally good, often close to 100%, and is completed after about two weeks. To produce container plants, seeds are sown in sandy clay substrates under shading. Nursery costs are higher than for bare-rooted stock but plants are able to tolerate up to 10 days without rain. After 6- Phone: 251-116172000 PRQWKVWKHSODQWVFDQEHSODQWHGLQWKH¿HOGEXW PATSPO/ICRAF Office 3KRQHext. 2491 longer time in the nursery is preferable. c/o ILRI Campus, Gurd H[WEmail:[email protected] Shola, P.O. Box 5689, (PDLO.+DGJX#FJLDURUJ :HEVLWHZZZ[[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia$GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD SEED LEAFLET No. 140 December1R'HFHPEHU 2008 Re-issue 2018

Markhamia lutea (Benth) K. Schum

Taxonomy and nomenclature Family: Bignoniaceae Synonym: Dolachandrone platycalix Baker, Markhamia platycalix Sprague. Vernacular/Common names: Nsambia, mgambo (Swahili).

Distribution and habitat Markhamia platycalix is native to East Africa but has been widely dispersed by cultivation. Its native range covers the wetter parts of Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Rwanda. It is a typical pioneer species of the humid forest, growing at altitudes 700- 2000 m.a.s.l., 800 – 2000 mm Flowering branch of Marchamia. www.gardentia.net annual rainfall with short dry season(s). It grows best on well drained farm soil. It can also grow on quite Fruit and Seed description heavy clay soils provided it is not water logged. It is Fruit7KHIUXLWFDQEHXSWRPHWHUZLWKPDQ\VHHGV quite light demanding. It is straw coloured or brownish at maturity. Seeds are attached in a long row to the central fruit part, and re- Uses main so for a while after the fruit valves split apart. The wood is hard, durable (moderately resistant to Seed7KHVHHGLVREORQJDERXWóFPZLGHLQFOXG- termites) and easy to work and thus much favoured by ing an almost transparent wing. handling unit is the carpenters. VHHG7KHUHDUHDERXWVHHGSHUNJ 7KHODUJHFRQVSLFXRXV\HOORZÁRZHUVPDNHWKH species a popular ornamental, and it is frequently planted as a roadside or park tree in cities and towns. $OWKRXJKQRWQLWURJHQÀ[LQJWKHVSHFLHVLV frequently used as agroforestry tree as it is fast JURZLQJZLQGUHVLVWDQWDQGSURYLGHVERWKÁRZHUV for apiculture, good quality wood and green mulch. It tolerates pruning well and can be renewed by coppicing.

Botanical description Markhamia platycalix can grow into a very large tree of !P7KHVWHPLVRIWHQFURRNHGZLWKEDVDOÁXWLQJ 2OGEDUNJUH\EURZQRUUHGGLVKÁDNLQJLQLUUHJXODU patches. Leaves opposite, compound, imparipinnate ZLWKSDLUVRI RSSRVLWHOHDÁHWVSOXVDWHUPLQDO OHDÁHW/HDÁHWVDUHRYDORYDWHFPORQJóFP ZLGHZLWKSRLQWHGWLSDQGVKRUWVWDON/DUJHÁRZHUV LQSDQLFOHV7KH\FRQVLVWRIDEHOOVKDSHGOREHGFR- rolla tube with two lips above and 3 lips below. 4 sta- mens basically united with corolla tube. Ovary consist of two carpels. /HDYHVÁRZHUVDQGIUXLWVRI Markhamia lutea)URP'DOHDQG *UHHQZD\

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 HarvesFloweringt and fruiting habit PhytosanitaryDormancy and pretreatment problems Full-sizedFlowering periodpods areis often harvested long. In from West the Kenya tree before OverSeeds 40will speciesusually germinateof insects readily are reported after sowing. associated they .DNDPHJDDUHD ÁRZHULQJRFFXUVDWWKHHQGRIWKH open. with+RZHYHUVRPHUHODWHGVSHFLHVDSSHDUWRH[KLELWPRGA. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid- rainy season in August – September. Fruit develop- beetles,erate photo-dormancy which may damageand it is recommendedlarge proportions to sow of Pmentrocessing and maturation and handling takes place during the dry season storedseeds under seeds. light. TheDQGIUXLWVDUHPDWXUHDERXWPRQWKVDIWHUÁRZHULQJ pods are dried in the sun until they open and the seeds(DVWHUQ.HQ\DÁRZHULQJSHULRGLV'HFHPEHU-DQXDU\ are released. SelectedSowing and readings germination DQGIUXLWVDUHPDWXUHIURP-XO\$XJXVW3ROOLQDWLRQLV Bekele-Best germinationTesemma, isA., achieved 1993. Us wheneful T seedsrees and are Shrubssown di- for Storageby insects ande.g. bees. viability Ethiopiarectly on. RSCU,the surface SIDA. without Nairobi, covering Kenya. them with soil. Seeds are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth,*HUPLQDWLRQLVHSLJHDO*HUPLQDWLRQLVRIWHQ  F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber yearsHarvest if they are well dried and kept cool and free of useseven of under selected optimal arid zoneconditions. trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects.Fruits must Moisture be harvested content from for storagethe tree beforeshould de-be 4,5- Conservation Guide, 19: 8-12. 9%hiscence. because the small light seeds are otherwise Hall,Vegetative J.B., 199 propagation4. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- widely dispersed by wind. Fruits are best collected haraThe treedeser coppicest. NFTA 94-07. well and FACT can N beet, Wrejuvenatedinrock International by cop-. Dormancyby climbing and and breaking pretreatment off the fruits with a sharp Hall,picing J.B. many and times. McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- Therehook. Bestare variou qualitys reportseeds sare on fromthe need fruits for with pretreatment mature , graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possiblyyellow-whitish due to colour differences and about in provenance. to open. Most agree, versitySelected of Wreadingsales, Bangor. however, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell,Beentje, H.J. H.-J. 1994. von, Kenya 1986. Trees,Trees Shrubsand Sh randubs Lianas. of the Sahel Na- . rate.Processing The mo andst common handling method is scarification. Eschborntional Museums 1986. of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya. 722p. 6HHGVPXVWEHH[WUDFWHGIURPWKHIUXLWVSRVVLEO\ZLWK RDale,oss, J.H.I.R. 197and7 .P.J.A Conspectus Greenway. of 1961 the .African Kenya Acaciatrees and Specie s. Sowinga short after-ripening and germination period to make the fruits open Mshrubs.emoir Buchanan’ss of the Botanical Kenya S Estatesurvey of Ltd. South Africa No. 44. Germinationnaturally. Once is therather fruits slo arew, normallydry, they canabout be 30%opened in 7 days.and fruit The parts seeds manually can be pregerminatedremoved. Fruit onwings moist tend filter to papergather to moisture allow rapid and fungiidentification careful drying of viable, is advisable. non-dor- Author: Lars Schmidt and Anne Mbora (ICRAF) mant seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to containersStorage and filled viability with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings require7KHVHHGH[KLELWRUWKRGR[VWRUDJHEHKDYLRXUDQGGU\ shade until the second leaf expands and wa- teringseeds canat intervals be stored of for 1-3 several days as years necessary at room to tempera- keep the mediumture. Cold moist storage but prolong not waterlogged. longevity. Direct seeding in prepared planting spots is practised with success in Sudan; at early stages of development A. seyal was capable of competing with weeds. Nodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial regeneration it has been achieved by pelleting seed with culture of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected medium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected seedlings have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and Bradyrhizobium from the latter have proved to be effective symbionts. THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE

Author: Dorthe Jøker

Phone: 251-116172000 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH Phone:ext. 2491  FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUG H[WEmail:[email protected] 6KROD32%R[ Email: .+DGJX#FJLDURUJ [[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia$GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD Website: www. SEED LEAFLET No. 117No. July 117 2007 July Re-issue2007 2018 Melia azedarach L.

Taxonomy and nomenclature apex acuminate, margin entire to variously serrate. Family: Meliaceae ,QÀRUHVHQFH LV D SDQLFOH D[LOODU\ RU LQ D[LO RI Synonym: Melia sempervirens (L.) Sw., Melia dubia rudimentary leaves on short shoots, 10-22 cm long. Cavanilles, Melia composite Willd. Flowers are purplish and fragrant, bisexual or male, Vernacular/common name: Chinaberry, Persian li- 5-merous, with tubular calyx, 6-7 mm long and 2 mm lac (Eng); Geringging, Mindi (Ind. Java); Marambung in diameter. (Ind. Sumatera); Related species of interest: The genus Melia con- tains several important multipurpose species, e.g. M. volkensii in E. Africa and M. toosendan in Indochina. M. azedarach is also closely related to Azadirachta indica (Neem - formerly called Melia azadirachta) with which it is often confused, e.g. because of re- lated names.

Distribution and habitat Natural distribution obscured by cultivation and naturalisation. The species originates from southern Asia (India-Pakistan-Iran). It has been introduced and widely cultivated in East-southern Africa, Mid- dle East, America (Bermuda, Brazil and Argentina), $XVWUDOLD6($VLD3DFL¿FLVODQGVDQGVRXWKHUQ(X- rope. In Indonesia it grows mainly in the dryer east- ern part of the country. The species is most competitive in relatively dry areas with less than 900 mm annual rainfall. It occurs from lowland up to 1000 (-1400) masl. It prefers well- 1. Tree habit; 2. Leaf; 3. Flowering branch; 4. Section drained, deep, sandy loam soil, with pH 5.5-6.5 WKURXJKÀRZHU)UXLWV)URP3526($$VLD

Uses Fruit and seed description The wood is light with density of 0.42-0.65. It can be Fruit : Fruit an ellipsoid-globose drube, 2-4 cm long, used for construction, panel, ornament, boxes, match- 1-2 cm in diameter, exocarp thin and smooth. Endo- es. It is often planted as a fuelwood species. Fruits and carp (stone) brownish yellow when ripen. leaves are toxic to humans and livestock. Plant parts Seed: Stone ellipsoid 3.5 mm long, 1.5 cm diameter, contain a number of compounds, e.g. azadirachtin with cross section often somewhat star-shaped. Brown-grey medical and insecticidal - anti-parasitic properties. with rough surface. Each stone contain 2-4 (rarely 5) The leaves are used to relieve headache, bark is used morphological seeds. There are 57.000 seeds (stones) to treat skin diseases and laxative, and the extracts of /kg. leaves and seed are used as insecticide. Flowering and fruiting Botanical description Flowering and fruiting start when trees are 5-6 year Deciduous tree up to 45 m tall, clear bole up to 20 ROG,QDVHDVRQDOFOLPDWHÀRZHULQJDQGIUXLWLQJPD\ m tall and no buttress. Young bark is grey black and occur almost continuously throughout the year. In will change to reddish brown with the increasing of VHDVRQDOFOLPDWHÀRZHULQJRFFXUVPDLQO\DWWKHEH- age, light to deep furrowed, peels off in small to larger ginning of the dry season and fruits are mature at the ÀDNHV/HDYHVFRPSRXQGELSLQQDWHDOWHUQDWHRQWKH beginning of the rainy season. Fruiting season is of- WLSRIWZLJXSWRFPORQJ/HDÀHWVRYDWHRURE- ten long even in seasonal climate. long-lanceolate, 2-7 cm long, acute to rounded base,

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 HarvesFruit Harvestingt Phytosanitaryacid (H2SO4 ). Acid pr treatmentoblems should be with high con- Full-sizedSeed collection pods canare beharvested done by from collecting the tree from before the Overcentration 40 species acid (beware of insects of safety are precautions!)reported associated for 40 theyground open. after natural fall or after shaking fruit bearing withminutes.A. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid branches. As infructescenses tend to concentrate at the beetles, which may damage large proportions of Pendrocessing of long branches,and handling these can be pruned by using storedSowing seeds. and germination. Thelong-handled pods are driedtools. in The the production sun until they of freshopen fruitsand the is Germination is epigeal. Sowing after pretreatment seeds10-15 arekg perreleased. tree. Selectedin plastic potsreadings with the mixture sand and soil (1:1). Bekele-SuitableT esemma,practice isA., by 1993. burying Usef uthel T rseedsees and into Shrubs the me- for StorageProcessing and and viability handling Ethiopiadia in horizontally,. RSCU, SIDA. ¾ Nairobi,part depth Kenya. then covered with SeedsFruits shouldare orthodox be separated and aftercan becollection stored infor fully several ma- Booth,¿QHVDQG6LQFHVWRQHVFRQWDLQPRUHWKDQRQHVHHGD F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber yearsture and if theynot fully are wellmature dried fractions; and kept the cool latter and should free beof usesgermination of selected percentage arid zone t rofees >100% and shr ubscan inbe Africa achieved.. FAO insects.after-ripened Moisture for some content days for under storage shaded should and be humid 4,5- ConservationTransplanting Guide, medium 19: 8-12. may consist of a mixture of 9%conditions. until they take mature colour. Stones from Hall,soil, sandJ.B., 199and4 .manureAcacia seyal (7:2:1) - multipurpose and added tr ee1 spoonof the Sa of- mature (soft) fruits may be extracted manually by rub- haraTSP deseror NPKt. NF TinA every94-07. F1A mCT3 Nofet, media. Winrock Transplanted International. Dormancybing with sand and and p rthenetr eatmentcleaning with running water. Hall,VHHGOLQJVDUHSODQWDEOHLQWKH¿HOGDIWHUPRQWK J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- ThereLarger are quantities various reportcan bes extractedon the need by for using pretreatment mechani-, graph.Phytosanitary School ofproblems Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possiblyFDOHTXLSPHQWGHVLJQHGIRUGHSXOSLQJÀHVK\IUXLWV due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versitySeedlings of Wales, are, Bango as mostr. other Meliaceae, prone to hoe.g.w evecoffeer, that de-pulper, pretreatment Dybvig accelerate macerators the germinatio or adaptedn Maydell,attack by H.-J. shoot von, borers, 1986. Tforrees M. and Azadarach Shrubs of the e.g. Sahel by. rate.food Theprocessors. most common After extraction method is and scarification cleaning .in wa- EschbornHypomeces 1986. squamosus and Aristobia approximator. ter, stones should be dried for some days until mois- Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. Sowingture content and is germination about 15-10% (drying may be omit- MVegetativeemoirs of the propagation Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. Germinationted or minimised is rather if seeds slo ware, normally to be sown about quickly 30% afterin 7 Propagation by stem cutting, marcotting or root suck- days.processing). The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter HUVLVSRVVLEOHEXWLVUHSRUWHGO\GLI¿FXOW paper2%6:KHQGHSXOSLQJIUXLWVDQGGLVSRVLQJZDVWHRI to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- mantfruits seed.precautions The germinated must be observed seeds are to avoidtransferred any oral to Selected readings containersintake by humansfilled with and aanimals. silt-rich Ingestionmedium. canSeedlings cause Ahmed, S. and Salma Idris 1997. Melia azedarach L. requireacute poisoning shade until and the in extremesecond leaf cases expands be fatal. and wa- In: Faridah Hanum, I. and vcan der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.): tering at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the 3ODQW5HVRXUFHVRI6RXWK(DVW$VLD1R$X[LOODU\SODQWV mediumStorage moistand viability but not .waterlogged. Direct seeding in Blackhuys Publs. Leiden, The Netherlands. Pp187-190. preparedThe seeds planting are semi spots recalcitrant. is practised They with should success be kept in Nurhasybi and Danu. 1997. Mengenal Budidaya Mindi Sudan;in high moistureat early contentstages of(10-15%). development Fresh A.stones seyal (mois- was (Melia azedarach L.). Tekno Benih 2 (1). Seed Technology capableture content of competing r 22%) are with kept weeds. in plastic and then stored Center. Bogor. inNodu a tinlati canon in occ a urscold in roomnatural with popu thelati ons.temperature In artificia ofl Pramono, A. A. and Danu. 1998. Teknik Pematahan Dor- regeneration18-20O&5+8VLQJWKLVWUHDWPHQWWKHJHU it has been achieved by pelleting seed with- mansi Benih Midi (Melia azedarach Linn.). Buletin Te- culturemination of percentage bacterial isolates, of the seeds sowing can into be anmaintained infected knologi Perbenihan 5 (3). Seed Technology Center. Bogor. meup dtoiu 20-30%m or ger miafternati 10-12ng in weeksunsterili inse storage.d soil. Uninfected Martawidjaya, A., K. Iding, Y. I. Mandang, A. P. Soe- seedlingsTo prevent have fungal been attack, inoculated seed can successfully be mixed with by Acaciawanda, seyalK. Kosasih. with green 1989. bark. Atlas Ethiopia. Kayu Indonesia Photo: JilidHenrik II. treatmentfungicide powder,with a suspension for instance of Dithane a symbiont. M-45 orRhizobiu Benlate.m Keiding,)RUHVW5HVHDUFK&HQWHU%RJRU DFSC strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and BradyDormancyrhizobiu andm pretr fromeatment the latter. have proved to be eSeedsffecti ofve M. sy mazedarachbionts. are hard and may take up to 3 7+,6127(:$6352'8&(',1&2//$%25$7,21 months to germinate without pretreatment. Pretreat- THIS:,7+,1'21(6,$)25(676(('352-(&7 NOTE WAS PREPARED BY ment should aim at breaking the physical barrier to DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE water absorption and expansion of the embryo. Pre- treatment can be done manually by cracking or cutting Author:$XWKRUV5DKD\X:XODQGLQL'37+DQG Dorthe Jøker part of the endocarp, or by treatment with sulphuric Nurin Widyani, BPPTP

Phone: 251-116172000 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH Phone:ext. 2491  FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUG H[WEmail:[email protected] 6KROD32%R[ Email: .+DGJX#FJLDURUJ $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD Website: www.[[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 71 No.May 71 2003 May Re-issue 2003 2018 Melia volkensii Guerke

Taxonomy and nomenclature Fruit and seed description Family: Meliaceae Fruit: the fruit is a 3-4 cm long, ovoid drupe, yellow Synonyms: none at maturity later turning pale grey due to the deposit Vernacular/common names: Melia, tree of knowl- of cork. Each fruit contains one seed that is enclosed edge (Eng.); mukau (Kenya); boba (Somalia). in a very hard and thick endocarp (stone). There are about 200 stones per kg. Distribution and habitat Seed: the seeds are oval, about 2 cm long and 0.5 cm The area of natural distribution is the semi-arid zone wide. At one end is an appendage called the caruncle. of Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania where it is found at altitudes between 350 and 1700 m, in areas with mean annual rainfall of 300-800 mm. Common in deciduous bushland in association with acacia-commiphora vegetation. It can grow on most soils; sandy, clay and shallow stony soils, but preferably with good drainage.

Uses The species is mainly planted for its timber which is durable and termite resistant. The timber is used for construction and furniture and is one of the principal species used to make log hives because the wood is easy to work and shape. It coppices well and is fast growing with a rotation of 10-15 years. Tree in cropland. Photo: Bernard Muok Twigs, leaves and fruits are used to make fodder for goats, cattle and sheep during the dry season and trees are commonly planted around homesteads for shade Flowering and fruiting habit DQG¿UHZRRG The tree is deciduous, shedding its leaves early in In parts of Kenya it is the most commonly planted the dry season, and new leaves emerge two to three tree on cultivated and cleared lands. The trees are weeks before the onset of the rains. On cultivated planted at 10-15 m spacing and pruned to avoid lands the leaves are normally shed later into the dry competition for light with the crops. Pruning is season. Reproductive buds develop only at the end of carried out during periods when other fodder sources branches. They are generally larger than the vegeta- are scarce. Because of its drought tolerance and high tive buds. timber value, this species has great potential for Flowering and fruiting do not follow a seasonal smallholders especially in marginal areas. pattern. It can take place two or three times per year Like neem, M. volkensii contains compounds but fruits, even on the same branch, can be at very (although not azadirachtin) that are toxic to insects different stages of maturity. Fruits normally ripen 12- and aqueous extracts of the fruits are traditionally PRQWKVDIWHUWKHWLPHRIÀRZHULQJ XVHGWRFRQWUROÀHDVDQGWLFNV 7KHWUHHVKDYHEHHQUHSRUWHGWRVWDUWÀRZHULQJDV HDUO\DV\HDUVROG,WLVXQNQRZQKRZWKHÀRZHUV Botanical description DUH SROOLQDWHG EXW EHHV YLVLW WKH ÀRZHUV LQGLFDWLQJ Deciduous tree, 6-20 m tall with diameter typically insect pollination. The seeds are dispersed by large about 25 cm. The crown is open and the bark is grey mammals that feed on the fruits. and fairly smooth. Leaves are bright green, up to 35 cm long, Harvest FRPSRXQG ZLWK  GHHSO\ OREHG OHDÀHWV WKDW DUH Mature fruits can be collected nearly all year round. GHQVHO\ KDLU\ ZKHQ \RXQJ 7KH ÀRZHUV DUH VPDOO When the seeds are mature the fruits change colour ZKLWHDQGIUDJUDQWDUUDQJHGLQORRVHLQÀRUHVFHQFHV from green to yellowish-green and the pulp becomes

Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) Harvessoft. Thet endocarp becomes very hard and brittle and PhytosanitarySowing and germination problems Full-sizedthe colour ofpods the are seedcoat harvested turns from from the light tree brown before to Over([WUDFWHGDQGVFDUL¿HGVHHGVZLOOQRUPDOO\JHUPLQDWH 40 species of insects are reported associated theyalmost open. black. withvery A.quickly. seyal . BeforeThese includesowing 10it isspecies recommended of bruchid to It can be misleading to use only fruit colour as beetles,soak the seedswhich in may water damage for 18 hours.large proportions of Pa rsignocessing of maturity. and handling During development, cork is storedOptimal seeds. temperature for germination is 25-37° Thedeposited pods areon driedthe surfacein the sun of untilthe fruit.they openThis andaffects the and studies have shown that once the seeds have seedsWKHIUXLWFRORXUDQGPDNHVLWGLI¿FXOWWRGLVWLQJXLVK are released. Selectedbeen imbibed readings they are damaged by temperatures between mature and immature fruits. Bekele-below 25°CTesemma, and aboveA., 1993. 37°C. Usef uAsl T raee results and Shrubsof this, f orit StorageCollection and is viability fairly easy, when the trees are shaken Ethiopiais strongly. RSCU, recommended SIDA. Nairobi, to shade Kenya. seedbeds and only Seedsthe mature are orthodoxfruits, and and only can those, be stored will dropfor several easily Booth,water earlyF.E.M. in andthe morningWickens, andG.E., late 1988 in .theNo eveningn-timber yearsfrom theif they tree. are A grownwell dried tree andcan producekept cool up and to 300free kgof useswhen of soil selected temperatures arid zone tarerees low. and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects.of fruits Moistureper year. At content the time for of storage harvest should the fruits be have4,5- ConservationThe seedlings Guide, are highly19: 8-12. susceptible to damping-off. 9%a high. moisture content (about 40%) and must be Hall,Vegetative J.B., 199 propagation4. Acacia seyal by - rootmultipurpose cuttings t reeis ofpossible the Sa- treated gently, protected from direct sun and brought harawhile deser theret. NF hasTA been 94-07. little FA CTsuccess Net, W usinginrock stem International cuttings. Dormancyto the processing and sitepret asr eatmentquickly as possible. Hall,DVURRWLQJLVGLI¿FXOW J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- There are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possiblyProcessing due toand dif ferenceshandling in provenance. Most agree, versity of Wales, Bangor. hoIt wis eveimportantr, that pretreatment that the fruits accelerate are processeds the germinatio quicklyn Maydell, H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate.after Thecollection most common to avoid methodfermentation. is scarification . Eschborn 1986. The stones (seed + endocarp) are extracted in Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. Sowinga depulper and or germination by using a paste and mortar. After Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. Germinationremoving the ispulp, rather the slo stonesw, normally are washed about and 30% surface in 7 days.dried. The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter paper to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- mantStorage seed. and The viability germinated seeds are transferred to containers7KHUH KDYH filled EHHQ with FRQÀLFWLQJ a silt-rich UHSRUWVmedium. RQ Seedlings VWRUDJH requiremethods. shade According until the to seconda study carriedleaf expands out at andKEFRI, wa- teringKenya, at intervalsstorage ofbehaviour 1-3 days isas necessaryorthodox toand keep if the mediumseeds are moist properly but not dried waterlogged. (10-15% moisture Direct seeding content) in preparedand stored planting in airtight spots containers is practised at 3°C with they success can rein- Sudan;tain high at viabilityearly stages for years.of development There are otherA. seyal studies was Fruit (top left); stones after depulping (top right); seeds. capablethat indicate of competing the seeds with do not weeds. tolerate drying. Photo: William Omondi, KEFRI Nodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial regenerationDormancy itand has beenpretreatment achieved by pelleting seed with Selected readings cultureOne of ofthe bacterial factors thatisolates, limits sowing the use into of thisan infected species Beentje, H. 1994. Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. Na- meis seeddium dormancy.or germinati Theng intype uns teofr ilidormancysed soil. Un is inotnfecte yetd tional Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya. seedlingscompletely have known been but itinoculated seems to besuccessfully caused by theby AcaciaKidundo, seyal M. with1997 .green Melia bark.volkensii Ethiopia. – propagating Photo: theHenrik tree treatmentextremely with hard a endocarp suspension and/or of a symbiont.the seed coat. Rhizobium Keiding,of knowledge. DFSC Special issue: improved trees for agrofor- strainsThere arefrom effective A. mellifer ways ofa pretreatmentand A. senega but theyl an ared estry. Agroforestry Today 9:2, 21-22. Bradyall veryr hizobiulabour intensive.m from theTo get latter optimal have germination proved to thebe Schmutterer, H. (ed.) 1995. The Neem Tree Azadirachta in- eVHHGVffecti PXVWve sy ¿UVWmbion EHt H[WUDFWHGs. XVLQJ D NQLIH WR UHPRYH dica A. Juss and Other Meliaceous Plants. VCH, Germany. the endocarp. After extraction the caruncle is removed THISTurnbull, NOTE J.W. WAS (ed.) PRE 1990.PARED Tropical BY Tree Seed Research. and the seedcoat is nicked or cut with a knife. Extracted DANIDAACIAR Proceedings FOREST S No.EED 28. CENTRE seeds are very susceptible to fungal infections so extraction should wait until just before sowing. Author:THIS NOTE Dorthe WAS Jøker PREPARED IN COLLABORATION The traditional method of pretreatment, using WITH KENYA FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE stones that have been eaten and excreted by animals, only improves germination slightly. Author: Dorthe Jøker, DFSC

Phone: 251-116172000 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH ext.3KRQH 2491 FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUG Email:[email protected][W 6KROD32%R[ (PDLO.+DGJX#FJLDURUJ $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD :HEVLWHZZZ[[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 63 JanuaryNo. 63 2002January Re-issue 2002 2018 Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg

Taxonomy and nomenclature Uses Family: Moraceae With wood that is equivalent in value to teak, M. Synonyms: Chlorophora excelsa (Welw.) Benth., C. excelsa is one of the most important timber trees of alba A. Chev., C. tenuifolia Engl., Maclura excelsa tropical Africa. The heartwood is durable, workable (Welw.) Bureau, Milicia africana Sim, Morus and resistant to termites and marine borers. It is also excelsa Welw. extremely resistant to preservative treatments Vernacular/common names: ioko (Hausa); iroko whereas the sapwood is permeable. The gravity is (Yoruba); mvule (Swahili); rock-elm (Eng.); iroko about 0.55 g/cm3. It is mainly used for outdoor con- (trade name). struction work, furniture, boats, cabinet-work, panel- Related species of interest: the two African Milicia ling, frames and floors. species, M. excelsa and M. regia are known together The bark, its ashes, leaves and latex are used in as iroko and logging companies do not distinguish local medicine and the trees play a major role in many between the two. M. regia has a more western distri- local cultures where they are considered sacred, or bution, occurring from Senegal to Ghana. Where the parts of the tree serve ceremonial purposes. The two species overlap, hybridisation may take place. leaves are edible and are used as mulch. It is often planted as a shade tree and along roads as an Distribution and habitat ornamental. Widespread in tropical Africa from Guinea-Bissau to Mozambique where it is found in lowland rain forests Botanical description and wetter savannah woodland areas. It can grow Deciduous tree up to 50 m tall and with a diameter up with about 700 mm rain/year provided it has access to to 10 m. The bole is straight and cylindrical, branch- a supplementary source of water and it tolerates a less up to 20 m or more. Bark is dark, fairly rough and wide range of soil types but not impeded drainage and flaking of in small scales but rarely fissured. When waterlogging. cut, the slash exudes white latex. The crown is um- The species suffers from heavy exploitation, and on brella-shaped and fairly flat at the top. Leaves simple the IUCN Red List it is considered close to qualifying and alternate, 10-20 cm long. Young leaves are vel- for ‘vulnerable’. East Africa was once a major source vety and with serrate margins while older leaves are of the timber, which was used as a teak substitute glabrous and have entire margins. until supplies became short. West Africa continues to The species is dioecious and male and female trees export large quantities. are slightly different in appearance, male trees having longer and more slender trunk and crown and forking being more common in male than in female trees. Flowers are born in single spikes; male flowers white, closely crowded in a slender, pendulous catkin up to 20 cm long; females greenish, in a shorter and wider spike that looks hairy from the projecting styles.

Fruit and seed description Fruit: the fruit is a syncarp, i.e. the entire female in- florescence forms one aggregate structure consisting of small nutlets surrounded by the fleshy perianth. The fruit is green, 5-7.5 cm long, 2.5 cm thick, wrin- kled and fleshy and resembling a fat green caterpillar. There are about 70 seeds per fruit. Seed: small and light brown, about 1.5 mm long and Leaves, tree habit, male spike, fruit and seeds. (Hines and 1.0 mm wide. It is thinner at the scar end and has a thin Eckman 1993). seed coat. There are 400,000-500,000 seeds per kg.

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 Flowering and fruiting habit can be retained for at least one year. Flowering generally takes place at the end of the dry However, storage of this species can be Harvesseason aftert the trees have shed the leaves or with the Phytosanitaryproblematic and pwhenroblems possible, the seeds should be Full-sizednew leaves. pods Male are trees harvested often set flowersfrom the before tree femalebefore Oversown within40 species one yearof insects of collection. are reported associated theyand normallyopen. male trees flower every year whereas with A. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid some female trees only flower every two years. After beetles,Dormancy which and may pretreatment damage large proportions of Ppollination,rocessing which and handlingis by wind, the fruits take 5-6 weeks storedThe seed seeds. is not dormant and pretreatment is not nec- Theto mature. pods are The dried ripe infruits the sunare disperseduntil they byopen bats, and birds the essary. seedsand squirrels are released. that readily eat the fruits. Selected readings Bekele-SowingTesemma, and germination A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for StorageHarvest and viability EthiopiaThe seeds. RSCU, are sown SIDA. in Nairobi, a seedbed Kenya. and transplanted to SeedsThe fruits are haveorthodox a short and ripening can be period stored and for once several ripe Booth,containers F.E.M. after and three W ickens,weeks. GerminationG.E., 1988. N iso nusually-timber yearsthey fall if they to the are ground well dried where and they kept begin cool andto ferment free of usesgood, of attainingselected arid about zone 30% trees after and shtworubs weeks in Africa and. F A60-O insects.immediately Moisture and timingcontent of for the storage seed collection should be is 4,5-cru- Conservation90% after four Guide, weeks. 19: 8-12. The germination percentage 9%cial.. During the flowering season it is advisable to Hall,depends J.B., largely 1994. Acacia on the seyal number - multipurpose of empty tseeds.ree of the In theSa- record the sex of the trees in the seed source in order haranursery deser thet. NF seedlingsTA 94-07. FmustACT Nbeet, grownWinrock under International shade. Dormancyto facilitate seed and collection. pretreatment Hall,cloth J.B.or screen and McAllan, to be protected A. 1993 .fromAcacia attacks seyal: bya mono- gall- ThereThe arefruits variou do nots report changes on colourthe need during for pretreatment maturation, graph.forming School psyllids. of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possiblyand a cutting due to test dif ferencesis necessary in provenance. to determine Most maturity. agree, versityAfter of about Wales, four Bango monthsr. when the seedlings are 30 hoWhenweve ther, that seeds pretreatment are mature, accelerate the fruit spulp the germinatiosoftens andn Maydell,cm tall, H.-J.they von,are 1986ready. T rforees andplanting Shrubs in of thethe Sahelfield.. rate.the endosperm The most common inside the method seed is i swhite scarification and firm.. EschbornStumps (271986. cm root length, 2 cm diameter) or Collection is best done from the tree by cutting down Rstriplingsoss, J.H. 197(2.47. Acm Conspectus tall) are ofgenerally the African transplanted Acacia Specie ins. Sowingsmall twigs and with germination fruits. If the fruits are collected from Mtheemoir fields of butthe Botanical in some Survey places of S ouththe Amostfrica Ncommono. 44. Germinationthe ground, it ismust rather be doneslow, dailynormally and onabout tarpaulins. 30% in 7 technique is to plant in plastic bags. days.As theThe fruits seeds begin can be to pregerminatedferment rapidly, on they moist will filter not It is found that constant temperature as well as papertolerate to temporaryallow rapid storage identification and must of be viable, transported non-dor- to complete darkness retard germination and if the mantthe processing seed. The sitegerminated as quickly seeds as arepossible. transferred During to germination test is carried out in a cabinet, it should containerstransport the filled fruits with should a silt-rich be kept medium. in open Seedlingsbags and be under fluctuating temperature and light regimes. requirewith only shade small until amounts the second in leafeach expands bag. The and bagswa- teringshould at be intervals protected of 1-3 from days direct as necessary sun and, to tokeep avoid the Selected readings mediumoverheating, moist must but notnot waterlogged. be stacked or Direct packed seeding tightly. in Hines, D.A. and K. Eckman. 1993. Indigenous multipurpose prepared planting spots is practised with success in trees of Tanzania: uses and economic benefits for people. Cul- Sudan;Processing at early and stageshandling of development A. seyal was tural Survival and Development Foundation of Tanzania capableAt the processing of competing site with the weeds.fruits are spread out in a Keay, R.W. 1989. Trees of Nigeria. Clarendon Press Ox- singleNodu layer,lation preferablyoccurs in n onatur aal rack popu tolati allowons. airIn acircula-rtificial ford, U.K. regenerationtion. If the seeds it has are been not achieved fully mature, by pelleting they are seed left wit inh Luemba, C. 1999. Description and collection of Milicia culturethe shade of forbacterial a few isolates,days to afterripen.sowing into Fully an infected mature excelsa in Angola. Tree Seed News, Sep. 1999. Southern meseedsdiu mshould or ge bermi extractednating in unsimmediately.terilised soil. Uninfected African Development Community. seedlingsTo remove have the pulp,been seedsinoculated are soaked successfully in water forby AcaciaMsanga, seyal H.P. with 1998. green Seed bark. Germination Ethiopia. Photo:of Indigenous Henrik treatmentabout one daywith and a suspension then macerated of a bysymbiont. hand. Empty Rhizobiu seedsm Keiding,Trees in Tanzania DFSC . Canadian Forest Service, Northern For- strainsfloat on thefrom water A. but mellifer some reporta and that A.so dosenega many lviable and estry Centre, Edmonton, Canada. Bradyseeds andrhizobiu that thism frommethod the is latter not recommendable. have proved to Pulp be Schaefer, C. and Z.V. Siva. 1990. Recommendations for eandffecti otherve sy impuritiesmbionts. are removed by skimming. the Collection, Processing and Storage of Chlorophora Depulping can also be done in a depulper, seed thresher THISexcelsa NOTE Seed. WKenyaAS PRE ForestryPARED Research BY Institute, Technical or in a cement mixer where seed and gravel are mixed DANIDANote No. 13.FOR Kenya.EST SEED CENTRE 2:1. About 40 kg fruit produces 1 kg clean seed. When the seeds are completely clean, they are dried Author: Dorthe Jøker in the shade for a few days in a well-ventilated place. THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY To absorb excess water the seeds are best dried on a DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE piece of plywood or paper. During drying, the seeds must be turned from time to time and the board or Author: Dorthe Jøker paper under the seeds changed when wet.

Storage and viability 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH Phone:Phone: 251-116172000 The seeds are tolerant to desiccation and low tem- FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUG H[Wext. 2491 peratures. If dried to 8% moisture content or less and 6KROD32%R[ Email:Email:[email protected].+DGJX#FJLDURUJ stored in airtight containers at 0-5°C, full viability $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD Website: www.[[[[[[

Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia 6(('/($)/(7 No. 1501R1RYHPEHU November 2010 Re-issue 2018

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3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 Harves)ORZHULQJDQGIUXLWLQJKDELWt Phytosanitary'RUPDQF\DQGSUHWUHDWPHQW problems Full-sized7KHSODQWVWDUWVEHDULQJSRGVDVHDUO\DV±PRQWKV pods are harvested from the tree before Over3UHVRZLQJLVQRWQHFHVVDU\ 40 species of insects are reported associated theyDIWHUSODQWLQJEXWUHJXODUEHDULQJFRPPHQFHVRQO\ open. with A. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid DIWHU WKH VHFRQG \HDU 7KH WUHH EHDUV IRU VHYHUDO beetles,6RZLQJDQGJHUPLQDWLRQ which may damage large proportions of P\HDUV)ORZHULQJDQGIUXLWLQJRIWHQPRUHRUOHVVFRQrocessing and handling  stored*HUPLQDWLRQLVHSLJHDO*HUPLQDWLRQUDWHW\SLFDOO\ seeds. TheWLQXRXVO\ZLWKVRPHSHDNVHDVRQV,Q,QGLDDQG6UL pods are dried in the sun until they open and the *HUPLQDWLRQVWDUWVLQIHZGD\VDQGDOO seeds/DQNDIUXLWLQJPD\SHDNEHWZHHQ0DUFKDQG$SULO are released. SelectedVHHGVKDYHFRPSOHWHGJHUPLQDWLRQZLWKLQPRQWKV readings DQG DJDLQ LQ 6HSWHPEHU DQG 2FWREHU ,Q ,QGRFKLQD Bekele-6HHGVFDQEHVRZQHLWKHULQFRQWDLQHUVRUGLUHFWO\DWTesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for StorageSHDNÀRZHULQJLVLQ-DQXDU\)HEUXDU\'HYHORSPHQW and viability EthiopiaWKHSODQWLQJVLWH. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. SeedsIURPÀRZHUWRJUHHQYHJHWDEOHVL]HIUXLWLVDERXW are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber yearsGD\VZLWKDGGLWLRQDOGD\VWRUHDFKPDWX if they are well dried and kept cool and free of uses9HJHWDWLYHSURSDJDWLRQ of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects.ULW\,QGLYLGXDO!\HDUROGPDWXUHWUHHVPD\SUR Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation6WHP FXWWLQJV Guide, DUH 19: XVXDOO\ 8-12. SUHIHUUHG EHFDXVH WKH\ 9%GXFHIURPIUXLWVSHU\HDURFFDVLRQDOO\XS. Hall,URRWHDVLO\,Q,QGLDWKHSODQWLVSURSDJDWHGE\SODQW J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- WRPRUHWKDQ haraLQJ±PORQJVWDNHFXWWLQJVIURP-XQHWR$XJXVW desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. Dormancy and pretreatment Hall,6KLHOGEXGGLQJLVVXFFHVVIXODQGEXGGHGWUHHVEHJLQ J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- There+DUYHVW are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph.WREHDUIUXLWLQPRQWKVDQGFRQWLQXHWRJLYHDJRRG School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possibly0DWXULW\FULWHULDDUHZKHQSRGVDUHOLJKWEURZQDQG due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versityFURSIRUPRUHWKDQ\HDUV of Wales, Bangor. hoGU\DQGVWDUWWRVSOLWRSHQ7KHPDWXUHSRGVDUHPRVWwever, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell, H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate.O\KDUYHVWHGIURPWKHWUHHVXVLQJORQJKDQGOHGWRROV The most common method is scarification. Eschborn6HOHFWHGUHDGLQJV 1986. RUSXOOLQJGRZQIUXLWEHDULQJEUDQFKHV R6LHPRQVPD-6DQG3LOXHN. HGV oss, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia9HJHWDEOHV Species. Sowing and germination M3ODQW5HVRXUFHVRI6RXWKHDVW$VLD 3526($ QRSDJHemoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. Germination3URFHVVLQJDQGKDQGOLQJ is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7  days.$IWHUGU\LQJWKHSRGVLQWKHVXQWKHGULHGSRGVDUH The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter %HHQWMH+-  .HQ\D7UHHV6KUXEVDQG/LDQDVSJ paperSXWLQDEDJDQGWKUHVKHGZLWKDVWLFN7KHVHHGVDUH to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- 1DWLRQDO0XVHXPVRI.HQ\D1DLUREL.HQ\DS mantWKHQVHSDUDWHGIURPWKHFKDIIE\KDQGRUE\ZLQQRZ seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to 'DOH,5DQG*UHHQZD\3-.HQ\DWUHHVDQGVKUXEV containersLQJ 6HHGV filled DUH GULHG with LQa silt-rich WKH VXQ medium. ZLWK JRRG Seedlings DHUDWLRQ %XFKDQDQ¶V.HQ\D(VWDWHV/WG require WKLQOD\HUVRIVHHGV IRUDSSUR[LPDWHO\GD\VWR shade until the second leaf expands and wa- )$2&RUSRUDWHGRFXPHQW,QGLJHQRXV0XOWLSXUSRVHWUHHV teringUHGXFHPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWWREHWZHHQDQG at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the RI7DQ]DQLDXVHVDQGHFRQRPLFEHQH¿WVIRUSHRSOH medium moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in $JURIRUHVWU\'DWDEDVH,&5$):RUOG$JURIRUHVWU\&HQ prepared6WRUDJHDQGYLDELOLW\ planting spots is practised with success in WUHZZZZRUOGDJURIRUHVWU\FHQWUHRUJ Sudan;6HHGVDUHRUWKRGR[GHVLFFDWLRQWROHUDQWDQGFDQEH at early stages of development A. seyal was capableVWRUHGGU\DQGFROGIRUVHYHUDO\HDUVZLWKRXWORVVRI of competing with weeds. YLDELOLW\Nodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial $XWKRUV/DUV6FKPLGWDQG/XF\0ZDXUD regeneration it has been achieved by pelleting seed with culture of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected medium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected seedlings have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and Bradyrhizobium from the latter have proved to be effective symbionts. THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE

Author: Dorthe Jøker

Phone: 251-116172000 ext. 2491 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH Phone: Email:[email protected] FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUG H[W 6KROD32%R[ Email: .+DGJX#FJLDURUJ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia$GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD Website: www.[[[[[[ SEED LEAFLET No. 75 MayNo. 752003 May Re-issue 2003 2018 Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb.

Taxonomy and nomenclature ment the species is an important provider of nesting Family: Podocarpaceae sites and food for a number of bird species. Synonyms: Afrocarpus dawei Stapf, A. falcata (Thunb.) C.N. Page, A. gracilior (Pilger) C.N. Page, Botanical description A. usambarensis (Pilger) C.N. Page, Decussocarpus A medium to large tree, up to 60 m tall but quite falcatus (Thunb.) de Laubenfels, D. gracilior (Pilger) smaller if planted. The bark is rather thin and smooth, de Laubenfels, Nageia falcata (Thunb.) Kuntze, N. JUH\RUEURZQRQROGHUEUDQFKHVÀDNLQJLQLUUHJXODU meyeriana (Endl.) Kuntze, Podocarpus elongatus pieces. Crown is dense, pyramid-shaped and sym- L Herit ex Pers., P. gracilior Pilger, P. gracillimus metrical. Leaves are 3-5 cm long, narrow and often Stapf, P. meyeriana Endl., Podocarpus usambarensis sickle-shaped, twisted at the base so that the leaves Pilger, P. usambarensis var. dawei Melville, Taxus are held upright. The plants are dioecious (female falcata Thunb. DQGPDOHÀRZHUVRQGLIIHUHQWWUHHV 0DOHFRQHVDUH Vernacular/common names: East African yellow- small, about 10 x 3 mm, positioned in leaf corners wood, outeninqua yellowwood (Eng.); zigba (Ethio- 1-3 together. In the female structure usually only one pia); mse mawe, olvirviri, owiriwiri (Tanzania); seed is produced at the end of a woody stalk. musenene, obwipe, omufu (Uganda); outeniekwa- geelhout, umsonti (Africaans); umSonti (Zulu); podo Fruit and seed description (trade name). Podocarpus belongs to the gymnosperms so no fruit layer is produced, the seeds are borne “naked” inside Distribution and habitat the cone. Each seed is almost round and up to 2 cm in Native to East and Southern Africa from Sudan in the GLDPHWHU7KHVHHGUHVHPEOHVDGUXSHZLWKDÀHVK\ north, west to Congo and south to the Cape province. about 3 mm thick outer layer and a very hard, 4-8 mm It is found in various types of vegetation, including thick inner layer. At maturity the seeds are of a deep Afromontane forest. In Afromontane forest it is fre- yellow colour. quently one of the dominant or co-dominant species (‘Podocarpus forest’ or e.g. Juniperus-Podocarpus forest). It is often seen persisting in patches of relic forest and as a single tree left in derived grassland or farmland. It grows at 1500-3000 m altitude in areas with 1200-1800 mm rain per year. It prefers a warm and humid climate, in dry areas plantations fail. Tolerates moderate frost but not drought.

Uses The attractive yellow or yellow-brown timber is SRSXODUIRUWKHPDQXIDFWXUHRI¿QHIXUQLWXUH,WLVRI KLJKTXDOLW\ZLWKYHU\¿QHJUDLQWKHGHQVLW\YDU\LQJ from 480 to 599 kg/m3 at 12-15% moisture content. The timber is also used as standard building timber, IRUÀRRULQJDQGURR¿QJDQGLWLVVXLWDEOHIRU¿UHZRRG The bark contains 3-6% tannin and is used for tanning leather, the fruit is edible and oil from the seeds is used for medicinal purposes. The large, dense crown makes it suitable for shade and windbreaks and the attractive shape has made it popular as an ornamental Natural occurrence of Podocarpus gracilior at Asella tree in cities. In some countries it is used as a Christ- (approx. 2500 m a.s.l.) Ethiopia. Photo by H. Keiding, PDVWUHHLQVWHDGRISLQHRU¿U,QWKHQDWXUDOHQYLURQ- DFSC.

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 Flowering and fruiting habit vice but it is very time-consuming. Freshly collected Harves7KHWUHHVLQVRXWKHUQ$IULFDÀRZHULQ6HSWHPEHUWRt Phytosanitaryseeds will normally problems germinate well, up to 60% in nine weeks, even with seedcoat but once the seeds Full-sized0D\DQGSHDNIUXLWLQJWDNHVSODFHIURP'HFHPEHUWR pods are harvested from the tree before Over 40 species of insects are reported associated have been dried, germination can take more than six theyMay. open. In Ethiopia fruits are ripe around March and in with A. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid 7DQ]DQLDLQ-DQXDU\WR$SULO$VWKHVHHGVWDNHDIXOO months unless the seedcoat is removed. Some reports beetles, which may damage large proportions of say that soaking in saturated salt water just before Pyearrocessing to develop, and seeds handling at some stage of development stored seeds. sowing can improve germination. Others recommend Thecan bepods found are ondried the in tree the throughout sun until they the year.open Ovariesand the that have not been pollinated still grow to full size VWUDWL¿FDWLRQEHWZHHQWZROD\HUVRIFRPSRVWIRU seeds are released. Selected readings days in order to weaken the seedcoat. and empty seeds are produced. Heavy seeding typi- Bekele-Tesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for FDOO\RFFXUVHYHU\\HDUV7KHÀRZHUVDUHPDLQO\ Storage and viability Ethiopia. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. wind-pollinated and the seeds are dispersed by birds, Sowing and germination Seeds are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber bats and wild pigs. The seeds are sown directly in nursery bags or in years if they are well dried and kept cool and free of uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO seedbeds in a mixture of compost and sand (1:1). The insects. Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation Guide, 19: 8-12. Harvest seed must be pushed into the mixture and covered 9%. Hall, J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- When the seeds have turned yellow and the skin ZLWKD¿QHOD\HURIVRLO7KHPL[WXUHPXVWQHYHUEH hara desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. begins to loosen, they are ripe. The ripe seeds are allowed to dry out. Dormancy and pretreatment Hall, J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- collected from the tree or from the ground soon after Vegetative propagation by cuttings is also possible. There are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- shedding. After lying on the ground for a short time The cuttings should be taken from end shoots (as possibly due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versity of Wales, Bangor. the fruits will turn brown. Freshly collected, ripe, opposed to cuttings from lateral branches and shoots) however, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell, H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. seeds have a moisture content around 70% (entire in order to produce plants with upright growth. rate. The most common method is scarification. Eschborn 1986. seed), the embryo itself around 20%. Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. Sowing and germination Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. GerminationProcessing andis rather handling slow, normally about 30% in 7 At harvest time the seeds can be at different stages days. The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter of maturity and it may be necessary to after-ripen the paper to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- seeds for a few days in bags that allow ventilation, mant seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to e.g. sisal or jute. Care must be taken to prevent the containers filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings VHHGVIURPGU\LQJRXWDVLWLVYHU\GLI¿FXOWWRUHPRYH require shade until the second leaf expands and wa- the skin once it has dried. tering at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the $IWHUFROOHFWLRQWKHRXWHUÀHVK\OD\HULVUHPRYHG medium moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in This is important, as it is believed the outer layer prepared planting spots is practised with success in contains a substance that inhibits germination. For bulk Sudan; at early stages of development A. seyal was quantities, the seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours capable of competing with weeds. and then pounded in a mortar. After mixing with water, Nodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial Seed of Podocarpus falcatus from Tanzania. The seed on the broken skin and pulp can be cleaned off. For small regeneration it has been achieved by pelleting seed with the left has been cut through. (NB. grid has 1 cm divisions). TXDQWLWLHVRIVHHGWKHÀHVK\OD\HUFDQEHUHPRYHGZLWK culture of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected 3KRWRE\'RUWKH-¡NHU')6& a knife. Removal of the outer layer reduces the weight medium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected to about one fourth. After cleaning the seeds are dried seedlings have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik LQWKHVKDGH$IWHUUHPRYDORIWKHÀHVK\OD\HUDQGDIWHU Selected readings treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC GU\LQJWKHUHDUHDERXWVHHGVSHUNJ Msanga, H.P. 1998. Seed Germination of Indigenous strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and Trees in Tanzania. UBC Press, Vancouver, BC. Bradyrhizobium from the latter have proved to be Palgrave, K.C. 1977. Trees of Southern Africa. Struik eStorageffective andsym bviabilityionts. The seeds tolerate desiccation down to a few % Publishers, Cape Town. THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY PRLVWXUHFRQWHQWDQGLQFROGVWRUH ƒ& WKH\ZLOO Retta, S., L. Demalash and K. Poulsen. 1997. Podocar- DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE maintain high viability for several years. At ambient pus gracilior trials in Ethiopia. The Project on Handling temperature the seeds cannot be expected to store for and Storage of Recalcitrant and Intermesiate Tropical For- Author: Dorthe Jøker more than six months. Furthermore, the seeds do not HVW7UHH6HHGV1HZVOHWWHUQR,3*5,')6& WROHUDWHVWRUDJHEHORZƒ& $XWKRU'RUWKH-¡NHU')6& Dormancy and pretreatment It seems the seed has two types of dormancy; a FKHPLFDOZKLFKLVRYHUFRPHE\UHPRYLQJWKHÀHVK\ layer and a mechanical, imposed by the hard seed- coat. The seedcoat has pores and water can enter PATSPO/ICRAF Office 3KRQHPhone: 251-116172000 H[W into the seed but the hardness restricts germination. c/o ILRI Campus, Gurd ext. 2491 Shola, P.O. Box 5689, Email: .+DGJX#FJLDURUJ To ensure a high and even germination the seedcoat Email:[email protected] Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Website: ZZZ[[[[[[ must be broken and removed. This can be done in a Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 165No. July 165 2015 July Re-issue2015 2018

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre

Taxonomy and nomenclature Species name: Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Family: Fabaceae Synonym(s): Pongamia glabra Vent., Derris indica (Lam.) Benn., Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi Vernacular/Common name: Karanj, Pongam (India), Karum tree, Indian beech (English), iuwia (Bur- mese), Paripari, Malapari (Malay), Bangkong (Java- nese), Kanji, pongam, karanga, karanj (Trade name).

Distribution and habitat e species is considered to be a native of Western Ghats of India. It is introduced into cultivation to other parts of India, China, Japan, ailand, Malaysia and some pacic islands chiey in the littoral regions of south-eastern Asia and Australia. It can grow in vast variety of ecological conditions including saline, alkaline black soil (includ- ing vertisols), waterlogged or sandy soil, lowland forests on limestone, rocky coral outcrops of the coast, man- hemi parasitic sandalwood, Santalum album. It is used grove forests along tidal streams and rivers and also in as road-side plantation and for a orestation especially in the plain lands, but better growth is seen in deep well water shed wastelands, lateritic soil, mined out areas, coal drained moist sandy loam soil. It occurs up to an eleva- mine spoils and brackish water and inundated areas. tion at 1200m. e range of temperature of its habitat is 0-50qC and rainfall is 500-2500 mm. e tree is drought Botanical description resistant, slightly frost hardy and highly tolerant of salin- Pongamia pinnata is a medium sized nearly evergreen or ity. It is shade-bearer and is considered to be a good tree briey deciduous glabrous tree with short and crooked for planting in pastures, as grass grows well in the shade. bole and spreading shady crown reaching a height of 15- However it cannot resist prolonged drought. e trees 25m. Bark is greyish green or brown, smooth or covered require a dry season of 2-6 months. with tubercles. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate with long slender leafstalk, hairless, pinkish-red when young, glossy Use dark green above and dull green with prominent veins Wood is moderately strong, tough, but needs water sea- beneath when mature. Leaets 2-4 pairs plus terminal soning for prevention of insect attack. It is used locally leaet, short-stalked, ovate elliptical or oblong, 5-25 for agricultural implements, such as ploughs, yokes etc., cm long and 2.5-15 cm wide; base abruptly acuminate, cartwheels, oil mills rafters post, cabinets, tools, etc. It is rounded to cuneate, margins entire, slightly thickened, also a good source of fuel wood. e oil produced from bright glossy above, prominent veins underneath. In- the seeds is known as pongam oil that has many industri- orescence raceme-like, axillary, 6-27 cm long, bearing al and medicinal uses. e seeds contain 27-39 percent of pairs of strongly fragrant owers. Flowers are clustered fatty oil, which is used for leather dressing, soap making, (2-4 together), short-stalked 15-18 mm long. Calyx cam- lubrication and illumination. It is also used for treatment panulate, 4-5 mm long, truncate, nely pubescent; corol- of scabies, herpes, leucoderma and other skin diseases. la white to pink, purple inside, brownish veined outside, Roots, bark, leaves and owers are used as local medi- 5- toothed, standard rounded obovate 1-2 cm long, with cines. e seed oil is also used in villages as biodiesel to basal auricles, often with green central blotch and thin run generators for electricity. e seed cake is used as ma- silky hairs on back; wings oblong, oblique, slightly adher- nure and as pesticide. e leaves are used as fodder and ent to obtuse keel. also as green manure for rice and sugarcane elds. Flow- ers are considered as good source of pollen and nectar Fruit and seed description for honeybees. e tree is a host of lac insect and for the Fruit: Pods variable in size and shape. Short-stalked, el-

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 Harvest Phytosanitary problems Full-sizedliptic to obliquely pods areoblong harvested 4.0 to 7.5 from cm longthe treeand 1.5-3.2before Over 40 species of insects are reported associated theycm broad, open. yellowish grey when ripe, attened but slightly with A. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid swollen, slightly curved, compressed with a short curved beetles, which may damage large proportions of Pbeak,rocessing brown, thick-walled,and handling leathery to sub-woody, hard, stored seeds. Theindehiscent, pods are 1-2 dried seeded. in the 460-530 sun until dry they pods open per kg. and the seeds are released. Selected readings Seeds: Seed compressed, elliptical or reniform, 1.7-3.0 Bekele-Tesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for Storagecm long andand 1.2-1.8 viability cm broad, attened, oily, wrin- Ethiopia. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. Seedskled with are reddishorthodox brown, and canbrittle, be leatherystored fortesta. several Seed Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber yearsweight if exhibits they are very well large dried variation and kept which cool may and relate free ofto uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects.individual Moisture or provenance content variation. for storage Some should data indicates be 4,5- Conservation Guide, 19: 8-12. 9%seed. weight 810-1410 seeds per kg; others have 1000 Hall,Sowing J.B., and 199 4germination. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- pure-seed-weight about 1650 -1900g, which is equiva- haraSowing deser preferablyt. NFTA 94-07. in theFACT beginning Net, Winrock of Internationalhot season.. Dormancylent to mere 530and - p600ret seedsreatment per kg. Hall,Seeds J.B.start and germination McAllan, A.after 1993 about. Acacia 10 days seyal: and a mono- com- There are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph.plete in School about ofa month. Agricultural Seedlings and Fowithrest 2 Sciencespairs of ,leaves Uni- possiblyFlowering due and to di fruitingfferences habits in provenance. Most agree, versityare pricked of W ales,out Bangoin polythener. bags in the evening and hoew evetreer ,starts that pretreatmentbearing at the accelerate age of 4-7s theyears. germinatio e own- Maydell,should be H.-J. watered von, profusely. 1986. Trees Seedlings and Shr ubsattaining of the Sahelabout. rate.ering The and mofruitingst common time varies method in idierents scarification region.. Usu- Eschborn60 cm by 1986. the beginning of the next rainy season are ally owers appear in April-July and pods ripen from Rtransplantedoss, J.H. 197 in7. Athe Conspectus eld at a ofspacing the African of 3x3 Acacia m in Specie pits ofs. SowingDecember and to June.germination e yield of seed may range from Mapproximatelyemoirs of the Botanical30x30x30 Survey cm. of South Africa No. 44. Germination9 to 90 kg tree. is rather Pods sloneedw, normallyto decompose about before 30% inthe 7 days.seeds canThe germinate.seeds can beHerbivores pregerminated do not on like moist the seeds.filter Phytosanitary problems paperIn riverside to allow and rapid coastal identification habitats, the of pods viable, are dispersednon-dor- e important pests of this species are Parnara mathias, mantby owing seed. water. The germinated seeds are transferred to Gracillaria spp, Indarbela quadrinotata, Myllocerus curvi- containers filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings cornis, and Acrocercops spp. Attacks by these insects cause requireSeed collection shade until the second leaf expands and wa- whitish streaks and the formation of galls on aected teringMature at pods intervals are collected of 1-3 days when as the necessary pods turns to keepgreenish the leaves. Aspongopus brunneus has been found to cause 20- mediumbrown and moist seeds but are not light waterlogged. brown with Direct20-25% seeding moisture in 30% damage to nursery seedlings in India. Both adults preparedcontent. Collectionplanting spots by spreading is practised is a withtarpaulin success under in as well as nymphs suck the sap from the seedlings. Sev- Sudan;the tree, at shaking early stages the tree of ordevelopment looping the A. branches seyal was or eral fungi attack the seedlings and the trees. Ganoderma capableplucking of the competing pods. Seeds with are weeds. extracted from pods by lucidum causes root rot and Fomes merilli attack the lightNodu hammeringlation occ ursor pressingin natural a popuknifelati alongons. Inthe a rsuturestificial tender shoots and leaves and cause early defoliation in regenerationto break them it hasopen. been Seeds achieved are spread by pelleting in one seed layer wit onh the seedlings and trees. Poor storage conditions implies culturecement of oor bacterial and dried isolates, in shade sowing with into proper an infected aera to a risk of fungal infection e.g. by Aspergillus spp, Penicil- meaerationdium otillr g theermi moisturenating in contentunsterili ofse dseed soil .has Un ireducednfected lium spp, Chaetomium spp and Dothiorella spp. Phylla- seedlingsto 4-6%. have been inoculated successfully by Acaciachora pongamia seyal with and green Ravenelia bark. hobsoniEthiopia. cause Photo: leaf-tar Henrik spot treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding,and rust DFSCrespectively. strainsDormancy from and A. pretreatment mellifera and A. senegal and BradySeeds haverhizobiu no dormancy,m from the so pre-sowing latter have treatment proved tois not be Selected readings erequired.ffective Howeversymbion seedsts. can be soaked in water for 24 Faridah Hanum, I and Van der Maesen, L.J.G (Editors) hrs before sowing to hasten germination. Germination THIS1997. NOTEPlant Resources WAS PRE ofP AREDSouth-East BY Asia (PROSEA ) 11, Auxiliary Plants. Backhuys Publ., Leiden, page 209-211. of fresh seeds is 75 to 80 percent. DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE Luna, R.K. (1996). Plantation trees. International Book Dis- tributors. Dehra Dun, India. Storage and viability Author:http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Ponga Dorthe Jøker - Pongamia pinnata seed are orthodox. Seed can tolerate mia_pinnata.pdf 4-5% mc and freezing temp at low mc. Seeds can main- tain high viability for about ve years at ambient tem- Author: Maitreyee Kundu, E-mail: [email protected] perature (15-35oC) and mc 4-5%. Lowering the storage Ed. Lars Schmidt temperature extends viability. Seeds can be treated with For further information: Director, Tropical Forest Research In- Bavistin 0.2% to prevent fungal attack during storage. stitute, P.O. R.F.R.C., Mandla Road, Jabalpur 482021, India.

Phone: 251-116172000 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH  Phone:ext. 2491 FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUG H[W Email:[email protected] 6KROD32%R[ Email: .+DGJX#FJLDURUJ $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD Website: www.[[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 142No. December 142 December 2008 Re-issue 2008 2018

2TQUQRKULWNKƀQTC (Sw.) DC.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Botanical description Family: Leguminosae, Mimosiodeae 3URVRSLVMXOLÁRUDis a small, usually < 12 meter decidu- Synonym: 0LPRVDMXOLÁRUDSwartz ous tree or shrub. The crown is often wide, umbrella- Vernacular/Common names: Mesquite (general for shaped and open. Branches are characteristic zig-zag S. American 3URVRSLV spp.), Velvet mesquite. formed with long thorns in pairs at each bend. The Related species of interests. 3URVRSLVencompasses WKRUQVDUHPRGLÀHGVWLSXOHV a large number of important tree species from dry Leaves pinnately compound with 10-15 pairs of zones, several of them with high salt tolerance. Main OLQHDUREORQJOHDÁHWVZLWKURXQGHGDSH[KDLU\ distribution is in America (e.g. P. alba, 3WDPDUXJR, P. and glabrous. FKLOHQVLV3SDOOLGD); in Africa occurs 3DIULFDQD and in S. 7KHÁRZHUVDUHSODFHGLQORQJF\OLQGULFDOVSLNHV Asia 3FLQHUDULD. they are regular and the corolla is pentamerous.

Distribution and habitat 3URVRSLVMXOLÁRUD is indigenous to northern South America (Columbia and Venezuela), Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, Panama) and some Carib- bean Islands (West Indies). It has been widely planted in many dry areas in the tropics, where it has often spread and become a noxious weed. 3MXOLÁRUD is a species of the very hot and dry semi- deserts, with 150-700 mm rain and temperatures approaching 50°C. It grows from sea level to 1500 masl. It has an exorbitant ability to form deep growing roots and survive extremely dry conditions. It can grow on most arid soil types including alkaline and saline types.

Uses A MPTS with many applications. The wood is hard, heavy, durable, and rot-resistant. It is easy to work and is used for most types of woodwork and carpentry articles. It doesn’t reach large dimensions, so it has Plate from book: Flora de Filipinas (1880-1883), Francisco limited use in larger constructions. It makes excellent Manuel Blanco (O.S.A.) FKDUFRDODQGÀUHZRRG Flowers produce abundant nectar and are useful for Fruit and Seed description honey production. Tannin can be extracted from the Fruit: The indehiscent pods are long, pulpy, and yel- EDUNDQGWKHVDS\LHOGVDÀQHUXEEHU3RGVDQGWRD lowish when ripe. They are 10-15 cm long, cylindrical certain degree leaves are used as fodder for livestock. and slightly constricted between the 8-15 seed. Flour made from pounded dry pods is a traditional Seed: Seeds are very hard-coated. They are oval – el- food among some American indians. liptic, 2½-7 mm long, 1½-4 mm wide, smooth, light Because of its superior drought resistance, the brown. 1000 seed weight 35-40g, equivalent to 25- species can be used for reclamation and rehabilitation 30,000 seed per kg. of degraded and saline arid land, e.g. mines and dune stabilisation. Flowering and fruiting habit Flowering may start as early as 2-3 years. Pollination by various insects including bees. 3MXOLÁRUDcan have a very high fruit production

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 Harvest PhytosanitaryDormancy and pretreatment problems Full-sized pods are harvested from the tree before OverSeeds 40exhibit species very ofstrong insects physical are reporteddormancy associated and very they open. withfew seedsA. seyal will .germinate These include without 10 pretreatment. species of bruchid High beetles,germination which percentage may damage can be achievedlarge proportions by manual of Processing and handling storedVFDULÀFDWLRQHJQLFNLQJÀOLQJRUKRWZLUHEXUQLQJ seeds. The pods are dried in the sun until they open and the Bulk treatment e.g. by pouring boiling water over the seeds are released. Selectedseeds and lettingreadings them cool and imbibe in the water Bekele-for 24 hours.Tesemma, Non-imbibed A., 1993. Usseedefu canl Tr eebes givenand Shrubs a second for Storage and viability EthiopiaWUHDWPHQW$OWHUQDWLYHO\VHHGVFDQEHVFDULÀHGLQ. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. Seeds are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth,sulphuric F.E.M. acid forand 1 hourWickens, or concentrated G.E., 1988 sulphuric. Non-timb er years if they are well dried and kept cool and free of usesacid offor selected 20 minutes. arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects. Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation Guide, 19: 8-12. 9%. Hall,Sowing J.B., and 199 4germination. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- Free standing tree. www.unesco.org/csi/ haraGermination desert. NF isT Aepigeal. 94-07. FSeedsACT Nmayet, Wbeinrock sown International in pots or . Dormancy and pretreatment Hall,seed bedsJ.B. andfor laterMcAllan, transplanting. A. 1993. GerminationAcacia seyal: isa mono-usu- ThereHarvest are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph.ally fast School with paracotyledons of Agricultural unfoldedand Forest after Sciences 4-5 days., Uni- possiblyHarvest bydue picking to differences up pods in under provenance. the trees Most or beating agree , versity:LWKHIÀFLHQWSUHWUHDWPHQWJHUPLQDWLRQFDQEHPRUH of Wales, Bangor. hoor wshakingever, that fruit pretreatment bearing branches. accelerate Harvests the germinatiotime is not n Maydell,than 95%. H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate.critical The unless mos tseeds common are strongly method attachedis scarification by bruchids. Eschborn 1986. or pods are removed by browsers. RSelectedoss, J.H. readings1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. Sowing and germination MElemoir Fadl,s M.A.of the 1997Botanical. Management Survey of of South 3URVRSLVMXOLÁRUD Africa No. for44. GerminationProcessing and is rather handling slow, normally about 30% in 7 use in agroforestrt systems in the Sudan. Tropical Forestry days.Seeds Theshould seeds be extractedcan be pregerminated from the dry onpods moist by filter Reports 16. University of Helsinki. paperEUHDNLQJWKHSRGVHJE\EHDWLQJÁDLOLQJRUWKUHVKLQJ to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- Pasiecznik, N.M., P. Felker, P.J.C Harris, L.N. Harsh, G. mantAfter disintegrationseed. The germinated of pods, seedsseeds areare extracted transferred by ato Cruz, J.C. Tewari, K. Cadoret and L.J. Maldonado containerscombination filled of sifting with anda silt-rich winnowing. medium. Seedlings 20017KH3URVRSLVMXOLÁRUD²3URVRSLVSDOOLGD&RPSOH[$ requireAlternatively shade untilpods thecan second be fed toleaf goats expands and the and seeds, wa- monograph teringmost of at whichintervals pass of undamaged, 1-3 days as necessarycan be extracted to keep the Cadoret, K., N.M. Pasiecznik and P.J.C. Harris, 2000. mediumfrom the moistdung. but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in The genus Prosopis: A reference prepared planting spots is practised with success in Sudan;Storage at and early viability stages of development A. seyal was Author: Lars Schmidt capableSeeds dried of competing to < 6-7% withcan be weeds. stored seeds can be storedNodu atlati ambienton occurs temperature in natural forpopu 20lati toons. 30 years.In arti ficial regenerationFor long term it storagehas been cooled achieved conditions by pelleting are recom- seed with culturemended. of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected medium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected seedlings have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and Bradyrhizobium from the latter have proved to be effective symbionts. THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE

Author: Dorthe Jøker

Phone: 251-116172000 ext. 2491 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH Phone: Email:[email protected] FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUG H[W 6KROD32%R[ Email: .+DGJX#FJLDURUJ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia$GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD Website: www.[[[[[[ SEED LEAFLET No. 74 1R0D\May 2003 Re-issue 2018 Prunus africana (Hook f.) Kalkman

Taxonomy and nomenclature PDQXIDFWXUH RI YDULRXV KRXVHKROG SURGXFWV DQG Family5RVDFHDH SURGXFHV KLJKTXDOLW\ ¿UHZRRG 7KH OHDYHV FDQ EH Synonyms: Pygeum africanum+RRNI XVHGIRUPXOFKDQGJUHHQPDQXUHWKHÀRZHUVPDNH Vernacular/common names UHG VWLQNZRRG ELWWHU JRRGEHHIRUDJHDQGWKHDWWUDFWLYHVKDSHPDNHVLWDQ DOPRQGLURQZRRG (QJ .DQGDVWLFN &DPHURRQ  SRSXODUJDUGHQVKDGHWUHH,QWKH$IURPRQWDQHIRUHVWV RONRLMXN PXHUL PXWLPDLOX .HQ\D  NRWR¿K\ WKHIUXLWVRIP. africanaDUHDQLPSRUWDQWIRRGVRXUFH 0DGDJDVFDU  RONRQMXNX 7DQ]DQLD  J\DED]LWR IRUDQXPEHURIUDUHELUGVDQGPDPPDOV JZDEX]LWR 8JDQGD  URRLVWLQNKRXW ELWWHUDPDQGHO XP'XPL]XOD 6RXWK$IULFD  PXFKDPEDWL PXFKDWL Botanical description =LPEDEZH PXHUL WUDGHQDPH  $PHGLXPWRODUJHWUHHPWDOODERXWPLQ GLDPHWHUDQGZLWKEODNLVKEURZQURXJKEDUN/HDYHV Related species of interest: Prunus crassifolia DUHDOWHUQDWHDQGVLPSOHFPORQJVKLQ\JUHHQ +DUP .DONPLVHQGHPLFWR.LYX =DLUH DOWKRXJK DQG ZLWK ¿QHO\ WRRWKHG PDUJLQV WKH OHDYHV KDYH D PRUHVSHFLPHQVDUHUHTXLUHGWRFRQ¿UPWKHVWDWXVRI IDLQW VPHOO RI DOPRQGV ZKHQ FUXVKHG )ORZHUV DUH WKLVVSHFLHVP. africanaDQGP. crassifoliaDUHWKHRQO\ ELVH[XDOVPDOOZKLWHDQGIUDJUDQWVROLWDU\RULQ $IULFDQVSHFLHVLQWKHJHQXVPrunus FPORQJLQÀRUHVFHQFHV

Distribution and habitat Fruit and seed description 1DWLYHWRWKHWURSLFDO$IULFDQPRXQWDLQIRUHVWVIURP Fruit WKH IUXLWV DUH URXQGHG RIWHQ ELOREHG GUXSH 1LJHULDLQWKHHDVWDFURVVWKHPDLQODQGWR.HQ\DDQG DERXWFPLQGLDPHWHU7KHÀHVK\OD\HUVXUURXQGLQJ 7DQ]DQLDDQGVRXWKIURP(WKLRSLDWR6RXWK$IULFD,W WKHVWRQHLVWKLQDQGLQWHQVHO\ELWWHU$WPDWXULW\WKH JURZVDWDOWLWXGHVEHWZHHQDQGPLQDUHDV IUXLWVDUHGDUNUHGRUUHGGLVKEURZQ7KHUHDUHRQHRU ZLWK PHDQ DQQXDO UDLQIDOO RI DERXW  PP 7KH WZRVHHGVSHUIUXLW VSHFLHVKDVDKLJKOLJKWUHTXLUHPHQWDQGJURZVEHVW SeedWKHVHHGVDUHRYDODQGGHOLFDWH7KHUHDUH LQIRUHVWJDSV,WWROHUDWHVOLJKWIURVWDQGZDWHUORJJLQJ VHHGV VWRQHV SHUNJ DQGLVOLWWOHGURXJKWUHVLVWDQW 8QVXVWDLQDEOHH[SORLWDWLRQDQGKDELWDWORVVKDYHOHG WRDGHFOLQHLQWKHVSHFLHVDQGLWLVOLVWHGDVYXOQHUDEOH RQWKH,8&15HG/LVWRI7KUHDWHQHG6SHFLHV +RZHYHUGXHWRLWVYHU\ODUJHJHRJUDSKLFDOUDQJHLW LVLQQRZD\LQGDQJHURIH[WLQFWLRQ 7KHVSHFLHVLVIDLUO\HDV\WRFXOWLYDWHEXWLWLVEHLQJ GRQHRQO\RQDUHODWLYHO\VPDOOVFDOHFRPSDUHGZLWK WKHOHYHORIGHPDQG6RIDUFXOWLYDWLRQLVUHVWULFWHGWR &DPHURRQDQG.HQ\D

Uses 7UDGLWLRQDOO\WKHVSHFLHVKDVEHHQXVHGLQORFDOPHGL- FLQHIRUDQXPEHURISXUSRVHVDQGWRGD\WKHEDUNDQG LWVH[WUDFWVDUHXVHGE\WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOSKDUPDFHX- WLFDOLQGXVWU\IRUWKHWUHDWPHQWRISURVWDWHGLVRUGHUV :LWKDQµ2YHU7KH&RXQWHU¶YDOXHHVWLPDWHGDW86   PLOO SHU \HDU WKH WUDGH LV RQ D ODUJHU VFDOH WKDQ WKDW RI DQ\ RWKHU ZLOGFROOHFWHG $IULFDQ WUHH 7KHEDUNLVKDUYHVWHGIURPZLOGSRSXODWLRQVLQWKH $IURPRQWDQHIRUHVWVRI0DGDJDVFDU&DPHURRQ.HQ\D DQG=DLUH 'HWDLOV RI IROLDJH ÀRZHUV DQG IUXLWV 'UDZLQJ IURP WKH 7KHWLPEHULVKDUGDQGGXUDEOH,WLVXVHGIRUWKH )ORUDRI7URSLFDO(DVW$IULFD

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 Flowering and fruiting habit Selected readings Harves,Q .HQ\Dt WKH WUHHV ÀRZHU EHWZHHQ 1RYHPEHU DQG PhytosanitaryCunningham, A.B. p randoblems F.T. Mbenkum. 1993. Sustain- Full-sized)HEUXDU\ DQGpods ULSH are IUXLWVharvested DUH DYDLODEOHfrom the tree PRQWKVbefore Overability 40of harvestingspecies of Prunus insects africana are reported bark in associatedCameroon theyODWHU open. ,Q 6RXWK $IULFD ÀRZHULQJ RFFXUV 2FWREHU WR with3HRSOHDQG3ODQWV:RUNLQJ3DSHU1R81(6&23DULVA. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid 0D\DQGIUXLWLQJ6HSWHPEHUWR-DQXDU\7KHÀRZHUV beetles,Hines, D.A. which and K.may Eckman. damage 1993. la rIndigenousge proportions multipur of- PDUHSROOLQDWHGE\LQVHFWVDQGIUXLWVDUHGLVSHUVHGE\rocessing and handling storedSRVH WUHHV seeds. RI 7DQ]DQLD 8VHV DQG HFRQRPLF EHQH¿WV IRU TheELUGVDQGPRQNH\VWKDWHDWWKHIUXLWV pods are dried in the sun until they open and the people.2WWDZD2QWDULR&DQDGD seeds are released. SelectedPalgrave, rK.C.eadings 1977 Trees of Southern Africa 6WUXLN Harvest Bekele-3XEOLVKHUV&DSH7RZQTesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for Storage7KHIUXLWVDUHPDWXUHZKHQWKHFRORXURIWKHVNLQKDV and viability EthiopiaSchaefer,. RSCU,C. Processing, SIDA. Nairobi, Storage Kenya. and Germination of SeedsFKDQJHGWRGHHSUHG0DWXUHIUXLWVFDQEHFROOHFWHG are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth,Prunus Fafricana.E.M. and Seeds Wickens, 7HFKQLFDO G.E., 1RWH 1988 1R. N on-ti .HQ\Dmber yearsIURPWKHWUHHRUIURPWKHIRUHVWÀRRUVRRQDIWHUVKHG if they are well dried and kept cool and free of uses)RUHVWU\6HHG&HQWUH of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects.GLQJ)UXLWVWKDWKDYHEHHQO\LQJRQWKHJURXQGIRU Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- ConservationWere, J. et al Guide,1999 Prunus19: 8-12. africana7KH3URMHFWRQ+DQ 9%PRUHWKDQDGD\VKRXOGQRWEHFROOHFWHG0DWXUHVHHGV. Hall,GOLQJDQG6WRUDJHRI5HFDOFLWUDQWDQG,QWHUPHVLDWH7URSL J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- KDYHDPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWRIDERXW haraFDO)RUHVW7UHH6HHGV1HZVOHWWHUQR,3*5,')6& desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. Dormancy and pretreatment Hall, J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- ThereProcessing are variou ands reporthandlings on the need for pretreatment, graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possibly$IWHUFROOHFWLRQWKHIUXLWVDUHGHSXOSHGZLWKRXWGHOD\ due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versity of Wales, Bangor. ho7KHIUXLWVDUHVRDNHGLQZDWHUIRUDIHZKRXUVDQGwever, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell, H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate.WKHQWKHSXOSFDQEHUHPRYHGE\UXEELQJWKHIUXLWV The most common method is scarification. Eschborn 1986. DJDLQVWDZLUHPHVKXQGHUUXQQLQJZDWHURUPL[LQJ Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. SowingWKHIUXLWVZLWKVDQGDQGWKHQUXEELQJWKHPDJDLQVWD and germination Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. GerminationZLUHPHVK is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 days.,QJHQHUDOWKHVHHGVPXVWEHKDQGOHGYHU\FDUHIXOO\DOO The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter paperWKURXJKWKHSURFHVVRIFROOHFWLRQSURFHVVLQJDQGVWRULQJ to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- mant&DUHOHVVKDQGOLQJFDQDIIHFWVHHGTXDOLW\VHULRXVO\ seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to containers filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings requireStorage shade and untilviability the second leaf expands and wa- tering7KHUHSRUWVRQVWRUDJHSK\VLRORJ\RI at intervals of 1-3 days as necessaryP. africana to keep theare mediumFRQWUDGLFWRU\WKHVHHGVKDYHEHHQWHUPHGRUWKRGR[ moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in preparedE\VRPHDQGUHFDOFLWUDQWE\RWKHUV+RZHYHUDUH planting spots is practised with success in Sudan;FHQWVWXG\KDVVKRZQ at early stages of WKDWWKHVHHGVDUHWROHUDQWWR development A. seyal was capableGHVLFFDWLRQDQGFDQEHGULHGGRZQWRPRLVWXUH of competing with weeds. FRQWHQWZLWKRXWORVVRIYLDELOLW\DQGDOVRWKDWWKH\FDQNodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial regenerationWROHUDWHVWRUDJHDWƒ& it has been achieved by pelleting seed with 7UHH OHIW LQ D IDUP DIWHU FOHDULQJ WKH EXVK 3KRWR E\ culture6HHGV of WKDW bacterial DUH IXOO\ isolates, PDWXUH sowing ZKHQ into FROOHFWHG an infected ZLOO 0XQMXJD3UXQXV1HW,&5$) meUHWDLQKLJKYLDELOLW\IRUDWOHDVWWKUHHPRQWKVHYHQDWdium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected seedlingsURRPWHPSHUDWXUH,PPDWXUHVHHGVHYHQLIWKH\KDYH have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatmentEHHQDIWHUULSHQHGORRVHYLDELOLW\IDVWHU with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding,7+,6127(:$635(3$5(',1&2//$%25$7,21 DFSC strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and :,7+.(1<$)25(675(6($5&+,167,787( BradyDormancyrhizobiu andm frompretreatment the latter have proved to be e)UHVKO\FROOHFWHGPDWXUHVHHGVQRUPDOO\JHUPLQDWHffective symbionts. $XWKRUV'RUWKH-¡NHU')6& ZHOO+RZHYHUWKHUHDUHVRPHLQGLFDWLRQV THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY WKDWWKHVHHGVQHHGDIWHUULSHQLQJ,WLVQRWQHFHVVDU\ DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE WRUHPRYHWKHSHULFDUSDVLWGRHVQRWPHFKDQLFDOO\ UHVWULFWJHUPLQDWLRQ Author: Dorthe Jøker Sowing and germination 7KHXQLWIRUVRZLQJLVWKHGHSXOSHGIUXLW WKHVWRQH  *HUPLQDWLRQQRUPDOO\WDNHVSODFHZLWKLQGD\V ,Q QDWXUH D IUXLWLQJ WUHH FDQ SURGXFH WKRXVDQGV RI VHHGOLQJV ZLOGLQJV WKDWFDQEHFROOHFWHGDQGWUDQV SODQWHG+RZHYHULWLVRIWHQVHHQWKDWWKHZLOGLQJV GRQRWWUDQVSODQWZHOO,Q&DPHURRQWKHVSHFLHVKDV 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH 3KRQHPhone: 251-116172000 EHHQ SURSDJDWHG IURP FXWWLQJV :LWKRXW WKH XVH RI FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUG H[Wext. 2491 KRUPRQHV DERXW  RI WKH VHHGOLQJV KDG URRWHG 6KROD32%R[ (PDLO.+DGJX#FJLDURUJEmail:[email protected] DIWHUWKUHHPRQWKV $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD :HEVLWHZZZ[[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 112No. April 112 2006 April Re-issue 2006 2018 Ximenia americana L.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Botanical description Family: Olacaceae X. americana is a small tree or shrub, up to 6m tall, Vernacular/common names: wild plum, blue sour with zigzag branches. The bark is black or grey-brown, plum and tallow nut (Eng.). Local names: olemo smooth when young, but becoming rough and devel- (Luo), mutoywo, mutenywa (Sebei), mtundakula RSLQJ ¿VVXUHV ZLWK DJH ,W XVXDOO\ KDV VWLII D[LOODU\ (Swahili, Giriama, Digo), mukungambura (Kikuyu), spines; however, it is often unarmed when inland and madarau, madarud (Somali), ol-amai (Maasai), Ton- towards the north of its distribution. The simple leaves ga (Bambara), leanga (Moré). are alternate or clustered on spur shoots. The seedling Related species of interest: the other species of Xi- morphology is variable and when young the leaves are menia native to Africa, X. caffra (large sour plum), is densely hairy, but they become smooth and shiny with less spiny and with larger leaves than X. americana. growth. The pale bluish-grey leaves are typically 4-7.5 7KHÀRZHUVDUHHLWKHUVROLWDU\RULQVLQJOHVWHPPHG by 2-4.5cm, and are often folded upwards along the groups whereas X. americanaKDVEUDQFKHGLQÀRUHV- midrib. The apex of the leaves is rounded and slightly censes. QRWFKHGWKHEDVHLVEURDGO\WDSHULQJRUURXQGHG:KHQ JURZLQJQHDUWKHFRDVWWKHOHDYHVDUHRIWHQÀHVK\KRZ- Distribution and habitat ever, when inland the leaves are thinner. Flowers are This species is widespread throughout the tropics: greenish-cream, scented and 5-10mm long; in small, Africa, India and South East Asia to Australia, New EUDQFKHGLQÀRUHVFHQFHV =HDODQG 3DFL¿F ,VODQGV :HVW ,QGLHV &HQWUDO DQG South America. It is mainly found in semi-arid bush- land but also in many types of dry woodland, sandy open woodland, bushland, stony slopes and riverine and coastal thickets. It is frequently found on coastal dunes, along water courses and on stony slopes. It oc- curs at altitudes up to 2000m, and where rainfall ex- ceeds 500mm per year. It grows on many soil types; however, they are often poor and dry. This species is a root hemiparasite, i.e. it is able to take water and nutrients from other plants through the roots, but does not depend on this for survival.

Uses 7KHKHDUWZRRGLV\HOORZUHGWREURZQRUDQJH¿QH textured and regular. The wood is very hard, heavy and durable, and is used for tool handles. The timber Ximenea americana. From Hines & Eckman (1993) usage is limited due to the thinness of the trunk. The wood is also used as fuel wood. The oil from the seed Fruit and seed description has multiple uses; it is traditionally used to soften Fruit: the yellow-red edible drupe is oval, approxi- leather, as well as being used as a cosmetic and skin mately 2.5cm in diameter. Each fruit contains one ointment. The edible fruit is made into a type of beer, large endospermic seed within its green pulp. and the pulp is used in preserves and to make jellies. Seed: the seeds are c. 1.5cm by 1.0cm, and have a Bark, roots and leaves are used in local medicine, to mean thousand seed weight of 600-800g; however, the treat ailments such as leprosy, fever, headaches, ul- weight varies depending on the environmental condi- cers and skin complaints. An infusion of the leaves is tions during development. The seeds are endospermic, used as an eye wash, and also for toothache and con- with a small embryo near the tip, and a thin testa. They stipation. The tree is also planted as an ornamental, as have up to 60% oil content, and the seed coat ratio (seed hedge plant and for the shade it provides. coat mass/whole seed mass) is 0.36, on average.

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 HarvesFloweringt and fruiting habit Phytosanitarydays. It is not recommended, problems however, to remove the Full-sized7KHÀRZHUVDUHXQLVH[XDODQGPDOHDQGIHPDOHÀRZ pods are harvested from the tree before- Overseed coat40 speciesbefore sowingof insects as itare may reported damage associated the seed theyers occur open. on different plants. Flowering and fruiting withand reduceA. seyal germination.. These include 10 species of bruchid YDULHVEHWZHHQORFDOLWLHVEXWÀRZHULQJW\SLFDOO\RF- beetles, which may damage large proportions of PFXUVLQWKHGU\VHDVRQ,Q.HQ\DÀRZHULQJRFFXUVrocessing and handling storedTable 1.seeds. Germination data from MSB. Thein July pods and are August, dried in while the sun fruiting until theytakes open place and from the Pretreatment and storage Temp Germination conditions ƒ& (%) seeds-DQXDU\WR$SULO,QVRXWKHUQ$IULFDÀRZHULQJRFFXUV are released. Selected6WRUDJHDWƒ& readings 26 80 in September to December, with fruiting taking place Bekele-DesiccatedTesemma, A., 1993.26 Useful Tree 80-88s and Shrubs for LQ'HFHPEHUWR)HEUXDU\,QPDQ\SODFHVLWÀRZHUV Seed coat removed 26 94 Storage and viability Ethiopia8QWUHDWHG. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi,26 Kenya.87 Seedsand fruits are throughoutorthodox and the canyear. be On stored good for sites several trees Booth,8QWUHDWHG F.E.M. and Wickens,11 G.E., 19880 . Non-timber yearsmay produce if they arefruit well after dried 3 years and keptof growth. cool and The free fruits of uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects.are dispersed Moisture by animals. content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation Guide, 19: 8-12. 9%. Hall, J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- Harvest hara desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. DormancyYellow-red, matureand p rfruitsetreatment are collected by either hand Hall, J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- Therepicking, are or variou shakings report the sbranches on the need to release for pretreatment the fruit. , graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possibly due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versity of Wales, Bangor. hoProcessingwever, that andpretreatment handling accelerates the germination Maydell, H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate.Seeds The are mo after-ripenedst common methodfor 2-3 daysis scarification after collection,. Eschborn 1986. until the fruits have reached full maturity. The fruits Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. Sowingare kept atand air germinationtemperature, high moisture levels and Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. GerminationDUHYHQWLODWHG&DUHPXVWEHWDNHQZKHQDIWHUULSHQ is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7- days.ing the The fruit, seeds since can germinationbe pregerminated of the on seeds moist can filter be paperreduced to allowif the rapidfruits identification are allowed toof viable,ferment. non-dor- There- mantfore, theseed. fruits The should germinated be processed seeds asare soon transferred as they are to Selected readings containersripe. The seeds filled are with extracted a silt-rich by rubbing medium. the Seedlings fruit on a Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E. 1988. Non-timber uses requirewire mesh shade to removeuntil the the second pulp, leafand expandsthen washing and wa- the of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. Food and teringseeds inat intervalsrunning waterof 1-3 todays remove as necessary the mucilage. to keep The the $JULFXOWXUH2UJDQL]DWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV5RPH mediumseeds can moist then butbe cleanednot waterlogged. by hand sorting, Direct seeding and dried in Hines, D.A. and Eckman, K. 1993. Indigenous multipur- preparedin either theplanting sun or spots the shade. is practised with success in SRVHWUHHVRI7DQ]DQLD8VHVDQGHFRQRPLFEHQH¿WVIRU Sudan; at early stages of development A. seyal was people&XOWXUDO6XUYLYDO&DQDGDDQG'HYHORSPHQW6HUY- capableStorage of and competing viability with weeds. LFHV)RXQGDWLRQRI7DQ]DQLD&DQDGD TheNodu seedlati ison orthodox occurs iandn nat shouldural popu be storedlations. at In low arti mois-ficial Seed Information Database (SID). 2004. http://www.rb- regenerationture content andit has as been cold achieved as possible. by pelletingIt tolerates seed drying with gkew.org.uk/data/sid (release 6.0, October 2004). cultureWRPFDQGWHPSHUDWXUHVDVORZDVƒ&)RU of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected Omondi, W., Maua, J.O. and Gachathi, F.N. 2004. Tree meshortdiu termm or storage,germinati theng seedin uns canter ilibese storedd soil. moist.Uninfecte It isd seed hand book of Kenya. 2nd Edition. KEFRI, Nairobi. seedlingsessential for have the successfulbeen inoculated moist storage successfully of orthodox by AcaciaPritchard, seyal H.W. with et greenal. 2004 bark.. Ecological Ethiopia. correlates Photo: Henrikof seed treatmentseeds that withthe seeds a suspension are ventilated of a symbiont. frequently. Rhizobiu After 17m Keiding,desiccation DFSC tolerance in tropical African dryland trees. strainsGD\VRIPRLVWVWRUDJHLQYHUPLFXOLWHDWƒ&JHUPL from A. mellifera and A. senegal and- American Journal of Botany 91: 863-870. Bradynation rwashizobiu 100%m from(initial the germination latter have before proved storage to be Wyk, B., Gericke, N. 2000. People’s plants, A Guide to Useful ewasffecti 93.4%).ve sym Seedsbion tofs. this species have been stored in Plants of Southern Africa. Briza Publications, South Africa. the MSB for nearly 20 years and X-ray analysis of the THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY seed lots gave 90-100% viability. DANIDA7+,6 127( FORE :$6ST SEE 35(3$5('D CENTRE ,1 &2//$%25$- 7,21 :,7+ &(175( 1$7,21$/ '( 6(0(1&(6 Dormancy and pretreatment Author:)25(67,Ê5(6%85.,1$)$62 Dorthe Jøker Removal of the seed coat prior to germination or sterili- sation of the seeds (e.g. by immersion in sodium hy- Authors: Moctar Sacande and Helen Vautier pochlorite for 5 minutes) can increase germination.

Sowing and germination Germination is hypogeal. Seeds readily germinate be- WZHHQDQGƒ&ZLWKWKHJHUPLQDWLRQUDWHEHLQJ IDVWHVWDWƒ&8QGHUVXFKFRQGLWLRQVWKHVHHGVJHU- Phone: 251-116172000 ext. 2491 minate c. 90% in 8-30 days, in the laboratory or sown 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH Phone:  Email:[email protected] LQVDQGLQWKHQXUVHU\:KHQWKHVHHGFRDWVDUHLQWDFW FR,/5, &DPSXV*XUG H[W the seeds germinate in about 16 days, removing the 6KROD32 %R[ Email: .+DGJX#FJLDURUJ $GGLV$EDED (WKLRSLD [[[[[[ Website:seed coat reduceshttps://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia the germination time to about 10 Website: www. SEED LEAFLET No. 57 January1R-DQXDU\ 2002 Re-issue 2018 Schinus molle L.

Taxonomy and nomenclature IHUWLOLW\7KHDELOLW\WRJURZRQVWRQ\VLWHVDQGVWHHS Family: $QDFDUGLDFHDH VORSHVPDNHVLWVXLWDEOHIRUHURVLRQFRQWURO Synonyms: Guatteria grandiflora'RQQ6PSchinus angustifolius6HVVp 0RFS. areira/S. bituminosus Botanical description /S. huigan0ROLQD S. molleYDUareira / '& S. (YHUJUHHQWUHHZLWKZHHSLQJIROLDJHPWDOORQ molleYDUargentifolius0DUFKDQGS. molleYDUhuigan JRRGVLWHVXSWRPWUXQNVKRUWZLWKGDUNEURZQ 0ROLQD 0DUFKDQGS. occidentalis6HVVp 0RF GHHSO\ILVVXUHGDQGIODNLQJEDUNH[XGLQJDVWLFN\OD Vernacular/common names:DUEROGHO3HU~DUYHLUD WH[ZKHQGDPDJHG PROOHSLPLHQWDSLUXOSLUZLW]DFWXPL 6S &DOLIRUQLD /HDYHVFRPSRXQGFPORQJZLWK SHSSHUWUHH3HUXYLDQPDVWLFSLQNSHSSHU (QJ SRLYUH OHDIOHWVOHDIOHWV\HOORZLVKJUHHQFPORQJ URVp )U 3HUXDQLVFKHU %UDVLOLDQLVFKHU SIHI IHUURVD ODQFHRODWHZLWKHQWLUHRUVHUUDWHPDUJLQV7KHOHDYHV SIHIIHU *HU  TXQGREHUEHUH $PKDULF IHOIHOND]LE KDYHDSHSSHU\VPHOOZKHQFUXVKHG $UDELF PSLOLSLOL 6ZDKLOL EHUHEHUHWVHOLP 7LJULJQD  )ORZHUVXQLVH[XDOVPDOODQGSDOH\HOORZLQ FPORQJSDQLFOHV)HPDOHDQGPDOHIORZHUVQRUPDOO\ Distribution and habitat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

Uses $OOSDUWVRIWKHWUHHKDYHDKLJKFRQWHQWRIHVVHQWLDO RLO,WKDVDORQJKLVWRU\RIPHGLFLQDOXVHVWKURXJKRXW 7UHHZLWKPDWXUHIUXLWV&RFKDEDPED%ROLYLD3KRWR 6RXWKDQG&HQWUDO$PHULFDDQGHYHQWRGD\KHUEDOLVWV 'RUWKH-¡NHU')6& XVHLWHVSHFLDOO\IRUYLUDODQGEDFWHULDOLQIHFWLRQV 7KHZRRGLVXVHGIRUILUHZRRGDQGFKDUFRDOLWLV Fruit and seed description PRGHUDWHO\KDUGDQGKHDY\ZLWKDGHQVLW\ DLUGU\ RI FruitVPDOOURXQGGUXSHVPPLQGLDPHWHU  JFPHDV\WRZRUNGXUDEOHDQGWHUPLWH EULJKWUHGZKHQPDWXUHODWHUWXUQLQJEODFN7KHSXOS UHVLVWDQWDQGWKHUHIRUHVXLWDEOHIRUSRVWV LVWKLQDQGOHDWKHU\LWKDVDVZHHWWDVWHDQGFRQWDLQV 7KHUHVLQLVXVHGDVDPDVWLFODWH[LVSURGXFHGIURP DURPDWLFRLOV7KHUHDUHRQHRUWZRVHHGVSHUIUXLW PDQ\SDUWVRIWKHWUHHMXLFHLVSURGXFHGIURPWKH SeedPPLQGLDPHWHU URXQGEURZQEODFNIXU IUXLWVDQGWKHVHHGVDUHXVHGDVDVXEVWLWXWHIRUSHSSHU URZHGZKHQGU\7KHUHDUHVHHGVSHUNJ ,WLVSODQWHGIRUVRLOFRQVHUYDWLRQVRLOLPSURYHPHQW ZLQGEUHDNVVKDGHDQGDVDQRUQDPHQWDO Flowering and fruiting habit $OWKRXJKWKHWUHHLVHYHU JUHHQDQGNHHSVDERXW :LWKLQWKHDUHDRIQDWXUDOGLVWULEXWLRQIORZHULQJRFFXUV RILWVIROLDJHDURXQGWKH\HDU WKHIDOOHQOHDYHV LQ6HSWHPEHUWR'HFHPEHUDQGIUXLWVDUHULSHLQ'HFHP EUDQFKHVDQGIUXLWVFRQWULEXWHVLJQLILFDQWO\WRVRLO EHU-DQXDU\,Q(DVW$IULFDIUXLWVDUHFROOHFWHGLQ0DUFK

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 Harves$OOIUXLWVGRQRWPDWXUHDWWKHVDPHWLPHDQGZLWKLQt Phytosanitary9HJHWDWLYHSURSDJDWLRQE\FXWWLQJVLVDOVRSRVVLEOH problems Full-sizedDFOXVWHUWKHIUXLWVZLOORIWHQEHDWGLI pods are harvested from the IHUHQWVWDJHVRI tree before Over7KHWUHHVDUHHDVLO\HVWDEOLVKHGDQGDUHIDVWJURZLQJ 40 species of insects are reported associated theyPDWXULW\ open. with$IWHURQH\HDUWKHWUHHVZLOOQRUPDOO\KDYHDWWDLQHGDA. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid beetles,KHLJKWRIPDQGWKH\UHDFKPDWXULW\LQOHVVWKDQ which may damage large proportions of PHarvestrocessing and handling stored\HDUV seeds. The7KHVHHGVDUHPDWXUHZKHQWKHIUXLWVKDYHWXUQHGUHG pods are dried in the sun until they open and the ,WKDVDORZEUDQFKLQJKDELWDQGSUXQLQJRIORZHU seeds7KHIUXLWVDUHFROOHFWHGGLUHFWO\IURPWKHWUHH are released. SelectedEUDQFKHVLVUHFRPPHQGHGZKHQWKHWUHHLV\RXQJ readings Bekele-&RSSLFLQJSROODUGLQJDQGORRSLQJDUHDOVRYLDEOHTesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for StorageProcessing and and viability handling EthiopiaPHWKRGVRIPDQDJHPHQW. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. Seeds$IWHUFROOHFWLRQWKHIUXLWVDUHGULHGLQWKHVXQ,IWKHUH are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber yearsDUHYHU\GLIIHUHQWVWDJHVRIPDWXULW\LWPD\EHQHFHV if they are well dried and kept cool and free of usesSelected of selected readings arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects.VDU\WRDIWHUULSHQWKHJUHHQXQULSHIUXLWV Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- ConservationBeentje, H.J. Guide, 1994. 19:Kenya 8-12. trees, shrubs and lianas1D 9%:KHQWKHIUXLWVDUHGU\. WKH\DUHSRXQGHGXVLQJD Hall,WLRQDO0XVHXPRI.HQ\D J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- SHVWOHDQGPRUWDUDQGWKHQZLQQRZHGWRVHSDUDWHWKH haraCruz, deser N.T.,t. M.NF TMoralesA 94-07. and FA CTE. Rojas. Net, W 2000.inrockSchinus International molle. DormancyVHHGVIURPWKHIUXLWSXOS and pretreatment Hall,)LFKDV7HFQLFDVGH(VSHFLHV)RUHVWDOHV%$6)25%ROLYLD J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- There are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph.Mbuya, School L.P., H.P.of Agricultural Msanga, C.K. and Ruffo,Forest A.Sciences Birnie, Uni-and possiblyStorage due and to viabilitydifferences in provenance. Most agree, versityB. Tengnäs. of Wales, 1994 BangoUsefulr. Trees and Shrubs for Tanzania ho7KHVHHGLVRUWKRGR[DQGZLOOUHWDLQYLDELOLW\IRUwever, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell,56&86,'$ H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate.\HDUVLIGULHGWRDPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWRIDQG The most common method is scarification. Eschborn 1986. VWRUHGLQDLUWLJKWFRQWDLQHUVDWƒ&RUEHWWHUƒ& Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. Sowing and germination Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. GerminationDormancy andis rather pretreatment slow, normally about 30% in 7 days.7KHRLOLQWKHSHULFDUSPD\LQKLELWJHUPLQDWLRQDQGLW The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter paperLVLPSRUWDQWWRZDVKWKHVHHGVWKRURXJKO\LQUXQQLQJ to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- mantZDWHUIRUKRXUVEHIRUHVRZLQJ7KLVZLOODOVRSUH seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to containersYHQWWKHVHHGIURPDWWUDFWLQJDQWVLQWKHVHHGEHGDQG filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings requireIURPIXQJDOLQIHFWLRQV shade until the second leaf expands and wa- tering at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the mediumSowing moistand germinationbut not waterlogged. Direct seeding in prepared7KHVHHGVDUHVRZQLQVHHGEHGVRUGLUHFWO\LQFRQWDLQHUV planting spots is practised with success in Sudan;ZLWKWZRVHHGVSHUFRQWDLQHU,WLVUHFRPPHQGHGWRXVHD at early stages of development A. seyal was capableOLJKWDQGSHUPHDEOHVXEVWUDWHPD\EHEHFDXVHLQKLELWRUV of competing with weeds. 'U\VHHGDQGSDQLFOHZLWKPDWXUHIUXLWV3KRWR'RUWKH-¡NHU QHHGWREHZDVKHGRXWEHIRUHWKHVHHGVFDQJHUPLQDWHNodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial ')6& regeneration*HUPLQDWLRQVWDUWVDIWHUDERXWWZRZHHNVDQGLV it has been achieved by pelleting seed with cultureQRUPDOO\WHUPLQDWHGDIWHUIRXUZHHNV*HUPLQDWLRQLV of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected meUHSRUWHGWREHEXWLQVRPHSODFHVHVSHFLDOO\dium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected 7+,6127(:$635(3$5('%< seedlingsZKHUHWKHVSHFLHVLVJURZQRXWVLGHWKHDUHDRIQDWXUDO have been inoculated successfully by Acacia'$1,'$)25(676((' seyal with green &(175($1'bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatmentGLVWULEXWLRQORZJHUPLQDWLRQLQWKHQXUVHU\LVD with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding,%$1&2'(6(0,//$6)25(67$/(6±%2/,9,$ DFSC strainsSUREOHP8QGHUQRUPDOFLUFXPVWDQFHVNJRISXUH from A. mellifera and A. senegal and BradyVHHGZLOO\LHOGVHHGOLQJV:KHQWKHVHHGOLQJVrhizobium from the latter have proved to be $XWKRUV 'RUWKH-¡NHU1HOVRQ7&UX]0DQXHO80RUDOHV eDUHFPWDOOWKH\DUHUHDG\IRUSODQWLQJLQWKHffective symbionts. DQG(GLOEHUWR5RMDV ILHOG THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE

Author: Dorthe Jøker

Phone: 251-116172000 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH3KRQHext. 2491 FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUGH[WEmail:[email protected] 6KROD32%R[(PDLO.+DGJX#FJLDURUJ $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD:HEVLWHZZZ[[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No.72 MayNo.72 2003 May Re-issue 2003 2018 Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst.

Taxonomy and nomenclature RSSRVLWHOHDÀHWVSOXVWKHWHUPLQDOOHDÀHW/HDÀHWVDUH Family: Anacardiaceae dark green above, much paler and bluish-green below. Synonyms: Commiphora subglauca Engl.; The leaves are crowded near the ends of branches. Poupartia caffra (Sond.) H. Perrier; Sclerocarya The species is principally dioecious with male and caffra Sond.; S. caffra Sond. var. dentata Engl.; IHPDOHÀRZHUVRQGLIIHUHQWWUHHVEXWRFFDVLRQDOO\D S. caffra Sond. var. oblongifoliata Engl.; S. schwein-furthi- WUHHFDQEHDUÀRZHUVRIERWKVH[HV)ORZHUVLQFP ana Schinz ORQJLQÀRUHVFHQFHVDWWKHHQGRIEUDQFKHV Vernacular/common names: marula (trade name); hameid (Arabic); gna (Chad); mu-mugga (Ghana); Fruit and seed description maroela, mufula (South Africa); umganu (Swazi- FruitDURXQGGUXSHXSWRFPLQGLDPHWHU\HOORZ land); mupfura (Zimbabwe); mng´ong´o (Swahili). at maturity. The pulp is juicy and adheres tightly to Subspecies/Varieties: Sclerocarya birrea subsp. bir- the stone. The stone is 2-3 cm long, hard, with one to rea; Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra (Sond.) Kok- four cavities, each usually containing one seed. Each waro; Sclerocarya birrea subsp. multifoliata (Engl.) cavity has an opening covered with a lid (operculum) Kokwaro WKDWUHPDLQV¿UPO\DWWDFKHGXQWLOJHUPLQDWLRQ Seed: the seeds are small and fragile, covered with a Distribution and habitat WKLQVHHGFRDWVWRQHVSHUNJKDVEHHQUHSRUWHG Native to Africa where it is widely distributed be- tween 16°N and 20°S in wooded grasslands, riverine woodlands and bushlands. It prefers well drained sandy soils and loams but is often found growing on rocky hills. Occurs at low to medium altitudes in areas with 200-1600 mm rain per year. Subsp. caffra is known to be highly salt tolerant. The species has been introduced to Israel where it was successfully established in the Negev Desert.

Uses The marula is a valued fruit tree and all parts of the fruit are edible. The juicy pulp is rich in vitamin C. It is used in jams and jellies and, on a commercial basis, to produce marula beer and liqueurs like, in South Africa, Amarula. The seeds have a high oil content (~60%), consisting mainly of unsaturated fatty acids, and are also rich in protein and minerals. They are eaten raw or cooked. The bark is widely used in the treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea due to its high antibacterial activity. Tree habit. Botswana. Photo: Roeland Kindt, University 7KHZRRGLVXVHGIRUFDUYLQJVDQGIXHO¿EUHVIURP of Gent the inner bark for making rope, fruits and leaves are a source of fodder and the tree provides shade and acts Flowering and fruiting habit as a wind break. The trees are deciduous, standing bare for several PRQWKVGXULQJWKHGU\VHDVRQ)ORZHULQJRFFXUVDW Botanical description the end of the dry season just before the leaves ap- Tree, normally about 10 m tall, on favourable sites up pear and the fruits mature at the beginning of the WRP%DUNJUH\ÀDNLQJLQSDWFKHVH[SRVLQJWKH UDLQ\VHDVRQ,QWKH6DKHOÀRZHULQJRFFXUVLQ-DQX- underlying light yellow tissue. ary-March, fruiting in March-April; in the Sudan Leaves alternate, compound, with 7-13 pairs of ÀRZHULQJLVLQ-DQXDU\$SULOIUXLWLQJLQ$SULO-XQH

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 HarvesLQVRXWKHUQ$IULFDÀRZHULQJLVLQ6HSWHPEHU1RYHPt  PhytosanitarySowing and germination problems Full-sizedEHUIUXLWLQJLQ)HEUXDU\-XQH pods are harvested from the tree before Over*HUPLQDWLRQ 40 species LV HSLJHDO of insects ,I WKHare RSHUFXODreported KDYHassociated EHHQ they7KH open. IUXLWV DEVFLVH EHIRUH WKH\ DUH PDWXUH$W WKH withUHPRYHGJHUPLQDWLRQLVIDVWDQGXQLIRUPUHDFKLQJA. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid WLPHRIIUXLWIDOOWKHIUXLWVDUHVWLOOJUHHQDQG¿UPDQG beetles,DIWHURQHZHHNDQGDIWHUWZRZHHNVIURP which may damage large proportions of P¿QDOrocessing ULSHQLQJ and WDNHV handling SODFH RQ WKH JURXQG7UHHV FDQ storedVRZLQJ:LWKRXWWUHDWPHQWJHUPLQDWLRQPD\WDNHDV seeds. TheEHJLQWRVHWVHHGDVHDUO\DVDWWKHDJHRI\HDUV pods are dried in the sun until they open and the ORQJ DV QLQH PRQWKV 9HJHWDWLYH SURSDJDWLRQ ZLWK seeds are released. SelectedFXWWLQJVKDVSURYHQVXFFHVVIXO readings Harvest Bekele-Tesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for Storage:KHQWKHIUXLWVKDYHWXUQHG\HOORZWKH\DUHPDWXUH and viability Ethiopia. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. Seeds$W WKLV are VWDJH orthodox WKH\KDYH and DOUHDG\can be stored EHHQDEVFLVHG for several VR Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens,Mature G.E., 1988fruits. ofN o6n-ti ELUUHDmber yearsIUXLWVDUHQRUPDOO\FROOHFWHGIURPWKHJURXQG if they are well dried and kept cool and free of uses of selected arid zone trees VXEVSand shrubscaffra in Africa %RWVZDQD. FAO insects.:KHQ Moisture PDWXUH content WKH VHHGV for KDYHstorage D KLJKshould PRLVWXUH be 4,5- Conservation Guide, 19: 8-12. 3KRWR)(0&RRN 9%FRQWHQWXSWRDQGWRDYRLGIHUPHQWDWLRQRIWKH. Hall, J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- SXOSWKHIUXLWVPXVWEHEURXJKWWRWKHSURFHVVLQJVLWH hara desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. DormancyDVVRRQDVSRVVLEOH and pretreatment Hall, J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- There are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possiblyFruit and due seed to di fprocessingferences in provenance. and handling Most agree, versity of Wales, Bangor. ho$IWHUFROOHFWLRQLWLVYLWDOWKDWWKHVHHGVDUHSURFHVVHGwever, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell, H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate.DQGGULHGDVVRRQDVSRVVLEOH,IWKHVHHGVDUHNHSWDW The most common method is scarification. Eschborn 1986. 6WRQHZLWKRSHUFXODUHPRYHG LQLWLDOPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWIRUMXVWDIHZGD\VWKH\ZLOO Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus ofWR the IDFLOLWDWHAfrican Acacia JHUPLQDWLRQ Species. SowingORRVHYLDELOLW\ and germination Memoirs of the Botanical Survey3KRWR of South $QGUHZ Africa No. 0F5REE 44. Germination%HIRUHGHSXOSLQJWKHIUXLWVDUHVRDNHGLQZDWHUIRU is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 FRS\ULJKW 5R\DO %RWDQLF days.KRXUV7KHÀHVK\SXOSFDQWKHQEHUHPRYHGXVLQJ The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter *DUGHQV .HZ ZLWK paperDFHPHQWPL[HU7KHIUXLWVDUHPL[HGZLWKJUDYHOLQ to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- SHUPLVVLRQ mantWKHSURSRUWLRQRINJJUDYHOWRNJIUXLWV:LWKD seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to containersODUJH DPRXQW filled RI with ZDWHU a silt-rich WKLV LV VWLUUHG medium. LQ WKHSeedlings PL[HU require:KHQWKHVWRQHVDUHFOHDQWKH\DUHVHSDUDWHGIURP shade until the second leaf expands and wa- Selected readings teringSXOSDQGJUDYHODQGZDVKHGFOHDQZLWKZDWHU$IWHU at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the Coates-Palgrave, K. 1996Trees of Southern Africa&DSH mediumH[WUDFWLRQWKHVWRQHVDUHVSUHDGRXWRQDPHVKDQG moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in 7RZQ6RXWK$IULFD&66WUXLN3XEOLVKHUV preparedGULHGLQWKHVXQIRUDWOHDVWWZRGD\V planting spots is practised with success in FAO 1995Edible Nuts1RQZRRGIRUHVWSURGXFWV1R Sudan; at early stages of development A. seyal was )$25RPH capableStorage of and competing viability with weeds. Gaméné, C.S., D. Erdey, D. Baxter, N. Motete and P. Ber- 7KHVHHGVDUHRUWKRGR[WKH\FDQZLWKVWDQGVXEVWDQNodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial jak 2002Desiccation, germination and storage of Sclero- regenerationWLDOZDWHUORVVDQGORZVWRUDJHWHPSHUDWXUHV,IGULHG it has been achieved by pelleting seed with carya birrea seeds from Burkina Faso8QGHUSUHSDUDWLRQ cultureEHORZPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWWKH\FDQUHWDLQYLDELOLW\ of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected Maydell, H.J. 1986 Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel, Their meIRUXSWR\HDUVdium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected Characteristics and Uses 5RVVGRUI7=9HUODJVJHVHOOV seedlings have been inoculated successfully by AcaciaFKDIW seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatmentDormancy with and a suspension pretreatment of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding,Msanga, DFSCH.P. 1998Seed Germination of Indigenous Trees strains7KHKDUGHQGRFDUS VWRQH IRUPVDSK\VLFDOEDUULHUWR from A. mellifera and A. senegal and in Tanzania &DQDGLDQ )RUHVW 6HUYLFH 1RWK )RUHVWU\ &HQWUH BradyVHHGJHUPLQDWLRQDQGUHPRYDORIWKHRSHUFXOD OLGV rhizobium from the latter have proved to be Watson, L. and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards) The eZLOOVLJQL¿FDQWO\LPSURYHJHUPLQDWLRQDQGWKHVHHGVffective symbionts. Families of Flowering Plants: Descriptions, Illustrations, ZLOOJHUPLQDWHIDVWHUDQGPRUHXQLIRUPO\7KLVPXVW THIS,GHQWL¿FDWLRQDQG,QIRUPDWLRQ5HWULHYDO NOTE WAS PREPARED BY 9HUVLRQWK EHGRQHPDQXDOO\ZLWKDVPDOOFKLVHODQGLVQRUPDOO\ DANIDA'HFHPEHU FORESKWWSELRGLYHUVLW\XQRHGXGHOWDT SEED CENTRE  WRRWLPHFRQVXPLQJWREHIHDVLEOH *HUPLQDWLRQKDVDOVREHHQUHSRUWHGWREHLPSURYHG Author: Dorthe Jøker LIWKHVWRQHVDUHFUDFNHGLQDYLFHEXWWKLVPXVWEH 7+,6127(:$635(3$5(',1&2//$%25$7,21 GRQHFDUHIXOO\DVWKHVHHGVDUHYHU\IUDJLOHDQGHDVLO\ :,7+7+(81,9(56,7<2)1$7$/6287+$)5,&$ GDPDJHG)XUWKHUPRUHFUDFNLQJPD\LQFUHDVHVHHG PLFURÀRUD ,W LV QRW UHFRPPHQGHG WR H[WUDFW WKH $XWKRUV'RUWKH-¡NHU')6&DQG'HRQ(UGH\8QLYHUVLW\ VHHGV7UHDWPHQWZLWKDFLGKDVVKRZQJRRGUHVXOWV RI1DWDO 7KHUH DUH VRPH LQGLFDWLRQV WKDW WKH VHHGV QHHG DIWHUULSHQLQJLQVRPHVHHGORWVLWZDVREVHUYHGWKDW JHUPLQDWLRQLPSURYHGDIWHUWKHVHHGVKDGEHHQVWRUHG Phone: 251-116172000 IRUPRQWKV+RZHYHUWKLVPD\DOVRKDYHEHHQWKH 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH ext.3KRQH 2491 UHVXOWRIORRVHQLQJWKHRSHUFXOXPRYHUWLPH FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUG Email:[email protected][W 6KROD32%R[ (PDLO.+DGJX#FJLDURUJ $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD :HEVLWHZZZ[[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 291R6HSWHPEHU September 2000 Re-issue 2018

Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin et Barneby

Taxonomy and nomenclature Uses Family)DEDFHDH &DHVDOSLQLRLGHDH 7KHZRRGLVGHQVHDQGH[FHOOHQWIRUIXHODOWKRXJKLW Synonyms Cassia siamea/DP Cassia florida SURGXFHVVRPHVPRNHZKHQEXUQLQJ7KHKHDUWZRRG 9DKO Senna sumatrana5R[E Cassia arayatensis LVGHFRUDWLYHDQGGXUDEOH7KHIROLDJHLVXVHGIRU 1DYHV JUHHQPDQXUHDQGIRGGHUIRUFDWWOHVKHHSDQGJRDWV Vernacular/common names%RPED\EODFNZRRG EXWLVWR[LFIRUSLJVDQGSRXOWU\ LURQZRRGNDVVRGWUHH6LDPHVHVHQQD7KDLODQG 7KHVSHFLHVLVDOVRXVHGIRUHURVLRQFRQWUROODQG VKRZHU\HOORZFDVVLD (QJ FDVVHGH6LDP )U  UHFODPDWLRQ LQFOXGLQJDEDQGRQHGPLQHDUHDV VKDGH VKHOWHURUQDPHQWDODQGDVKRVWIRUVDQGDOZRRG Distribution and habitat $OWKRXJKQRWDQLWURJHQIL[LQJVSHFLHVLWLVVXLWDEOHIRU 1DWLYHWR6RXWKDQG6RXWKHDVW$VLDH[DFWQDWXUDOGLV DJURIRUHVWU\DQGLVXVHGLQWDXQJ\DV\VWHPVDQGDVD WULEXWLRQREVFXUHGE\FXOWLYDWLRQ: LGHO\SODQWHG VKDGHWUHHLQWHDDQGFRIIHHSODQWDWLRQV WKURXJKRXWWKHWURSLFV ,WFDQJURZXQGHUDZLGHUDQJHRIFOLPDWLF Botanical description FRQGLWLRQVEXWSHUIRUPVSDUWLFXODUO\ZHOOLQ 0HGLXPVL]HHYHUJUHHQWUHHPWDOORFFDVLRQDOO\ ORZODQGVZLWKDPRQVRRQFOLPDWHZLWKDQQXDOUDLQIDOO UHDFKLQJP7KHEROHLVVKRUWFURZQGHQVHDQG RIPPPHDQDQQXDOWHPSHUDWXUHRI URXQGHGDWILUVWODWHUEHFRPLQJLUUHJXODUDQGVSUHDGLQJ ƒ&DQGGU\SHULRGVRIPRQWKV,WVKRXOGQRWEH \RXQJEDUNJUH\DQGVPRRWKODWHUZLWKORQJLWXGLQDOILV JURZQDWDOWLWXGHVDERYHPDQGGRHVQRWWROHUDWH VXUHV/HDYHVDOWHUQDWHFPORQJFRPSRXQGZLWK WHPSHUDWXUHVEHORZƒ& OHDIOHWVHDFKHQGLQJLQDWLQ\EULVWOH)ORZHUV 3UHIHUVPRLVWZHOOGUDLQHGIHUWLOHVRLOVZLWKS+ EULJKW\HOORZLQODUJHXSWRFPORQJXSULJKWS\UD ,WFDQJURZRQGHJUDGHGLQIHUWLOHVRLOVEXWLW PLGVKDSHGSDQLFOHV LVQRWUHFRPPHQGHGDVWKLVVSHFLHVLVQRWQLWURJHQ IL[LQJ6XVFHSWLEOHWRVWURQJZLQGVEHFDXVHRIWKH Fruit and seed description VKDOORZURRWV\VWHP FruitIODWLQGHKLVFHQWSRGFPORQJFRQVWULFWHG EHWZHHQWKHVHHGV$ERXWVHHGVSHUSRG SeedEHDQVKDSHGJUHHQLVKEURZQPPORQJ 7KHUHDUHVHHGVNJ

Flowering and fruiting habit )ORZHULQJDQGIUXLWLQJEHJLQDWWKHDJHRI\HDUV )ORZHULQJRFFXUVPDLQO\LQWKHKRWVHDVRQEXWLQPDQ\ SODFHVLWIORZHUVDEXQGDQWO\WKURXJKRXWWKH\HDU

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Storage and viability 7KHVHHGVDUHRUWKRGR[DQGFDQEHVWRUHGIRUVHYHUDO 7UHHKDELWIORZHULQJDQGIUXLWLQJEUDQFKIORZHU \HDUVLQKHUPHWLFFRQWDLQHUVDWDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUH 3RGV)URP3ODQW5HVRXUFHVRI6RXWK(DVW$VLD ZLWKPF

Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) HarvesDormancyt and pretreatment PhytosanitarySosef, M.S.M., Hong, problems L.T. and Prawirohatmodjo, S. Full-sized)UHVKVHHGUHTXLUHVQRSUHWUHDWPHQWEXWVWRUHGVHHG pods are harvested from the tree before Over(eds), 199840 species. Plant Resourcesof insects of areSouth-East reported Asia. associated No 5(3). theyQHHGVFDULILFDWLRQE\QLFNLQJRUZLWKERLOLQJZDWHU open. withTimberA. trees: seyal lesser-known. These include timbers. 10 Leiden,species Netherlands;of bruchid IROORZHGE\VRDNLQJLQFROGZDWHUIRUKRXUV beetles,Backhuys whichPublishers. may damage large proportions of Processing and handling storedTroup, seeds.R.S. 1921. The Silviculture of Indian Trees. TheSowing pods and are dried germination in the sun until they open and the Clarendon press, Oxford, U.K. vol. 11, p. 372 seeds,WLVLPSRUWDQWWKDWWKHVHHGVDUHVRZQLQIXOOVXQOLJKW are released. Selected readings DVHYHQDOLWWOHVKDGHZLOOUHGXFHJHUPLQDWLRQFRQVLG Bekele-Tesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for StorageHUDEO\7KHVHHGVFDQEHVRZQGLUHFWO\LQOLQHVRU and viability Ethiopia. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. SeedsSDWFKHVDWDGHSWKRIFPDQGWKLQQHGWRFP are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber yearsVSDFLQJDWWKHHQGRIWKHILUVWUDLQVDQGWR[P if they are well dried and kept cool and free of uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects.WKHIROORZLQJUDLQ\VHDVRQ Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation Guide, 19: 8-12. 9%,QDULGDUHDVFRQWDLQHUJURZQVWRFNLVUHFRPPHQGHG. Hall, J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- HJLQSRO\WKHQHEDJVZLWKDPL[WXUHRIIRUHVWVRLO hara desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. DormancyDQGGHFRPSRVHGOHDIOLWWHU and pretreatment 5HJXODUZDWHULQJLVLP Hall, J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- ThereSRUWDQW7KHVHHGOLQJVDUHUHDG\IRURXWSODQWLQJZKHQ are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possiblyWKH\DUHFPWDOO,WLVDOVRSRVVLEOHWRXVH due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versity of Wales, Bangor. hoVWXPSVIRUSODQWLQJ'LUHFWVHHGLQJLVRIWHQXVHGWRwever, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell, H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate.HVWDEOLVKSODQWDWLRQVRIWKLVVSHFLHV The most common method is scarification. Eschborn 1986. Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. SowingPhytosanitary and germination problems Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. Germination7KHVHHGVDUHVXVFHSWLEOHWRDWWDFNVIURPLQVHFWVVXFK is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 days.DVCaryedon The seeds lineaticollis can be pregerminatedDQGBruchidius on maculatipes. moist filter paper to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- mant seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to containersSelected readings filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings requireFaridah shade Hanum, until I. and the vansecond der Maesen,leaf expands L.J.G. and HGV  wa- tering7. atPlant intervals Resources of 1-3 daysof South-East as necessary Asia. to keepNo. the11. mediumAuxillary moistplants. but Leiden, not waterlogged. Netherlands: Backhuys.Direct seeding in preparedHassain, M.K.,planting 1999. spots Senna is siameapractised – a with widely success used leg- in Sudan;ume tree. at Fact early sheet stages 99-04. of developmentFACT Net, Winrock A. seyal Interna- was 2UQDPHQWDOWUHH3KRWR5DIDHO7&DGL] capabletional. of competing with weeds. Padma,Nodulati V. onet al.,occ 1996urs in6 ntudiesatural onpopu pre-sowinglations. In seed arti treat-ficial 7+,6127(:$635(3$5('%< regenerationments in three it species has been of Cassia achieved6HHG5HVHDUFK   by pelleting seed with '$1,'$)25(676(('&(175( culture of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected medium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected $XWKRU'RUWKH-¡NHU seedlings have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and Bradyrhizobium from the latter have proved to be effective symbionts. THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE

Author: Dorthe Jøker

Phone: 251-116172000 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH3KRQHext. 2491 FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUGH[WEmail:[email protected] 6KROD32%R[(PDLO.+DGJX#FJLDURUJ $GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD:HEVLWHZZZ[[[[[ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 134No. December 134 December 2007 2007 Re-issue 2018

Sterculia setigera Delile

Taxonomy and nomenclature The flowers are c. 12 mm in diameter, and are Family: Sterculiaceae produced on shoots from the previous year. Synonyms: Sterculia tomentosa Guill. & Perr., S. ci- nerea A. Rich. Vernacular/common names: English name: karaya gum tree; Local names: tartar, faider and telieh, posem- porgo (Mooré), kongosira (Bambara).

Distribution and habitat The species is widespread in tropical Africa and is com- mon locally. The natural distribution range stretches from Senegal to Cameroon in West Africa, eastwards to Eritrea, and southwards to Angola. It grows in Sa- vannah type vegetation on a variety of soil types, thriv- ing on poor soils as well as on hilly/stony sites. Not FODVVL¿HGRQWKH,8&15HGOLVWRIWKUHDWHQHGVSHFLHV

Uses The wood is white and very soft, which makes it unsuitable for fuel wood and charcoal. It is there- fore used for non timber forest products (NTFP). It is used for insulation and concealed items in car- pentry. The tree produces a water-soluble gum (ka- raya). This can be tapped and used in cooking as an HPXOVL¿HUVWDELOLVHUDQGYLVFRVL¿HUWKHJXPLVXVHG Sterculia setigera. From Berhaut, J. Flore Illustrée du Sénégal, medically as a laxative, diuretic and tranquilliser, Direction des Eaux et Forêts, Government du Sénégal, 1975 and technically as an adhesive and for glazing pot- tery. The bark is used for rope making and the bark Flowering and fruiting habit sap can be made into a refreshing drink. In local Dioecious. Flowering usually occurs during the sec- medicine the bark is also used to treat snake bites, ond half of the dry season, either before or in con- leprosy, syphilis, coughs, bronchitis, rickets and in- QHFWLRQZLWKOHDIÀXVKLQJ7KHWUHHÀRZHUVLQWKH6D- sanity. The seeds can be eaten and contain an edible helian region between February and April with fruit oil, while the leaves are used as fodder for cattle. maturation in December.

Botanical description Fruit and seed description A deciduous tree, growing to c.16 m, with a Fruit: Compound dry fruits composed of 3-5 sepa- spreading open crown and large twisted branches. rate boat-shaped follicles, which are arranged to form The bark is grey to purple in colour and flakes to a star shape. Each follicle is 6-10 cm long and 4-5 cm reveal a greenish-yellow smooth bark beneath. If across, with a pointed apex. They are velvety outside the bark is cut it reveals a red inside and exudes a and inside with pungent bristles along the placenta white gum and watery sap. The leaves are simple, line where the seeds attach. They have a thin wall, alternate, 6-20 cm long and 6-20 cm wide, with under 5 mm thick, and are greenish or brown when 3-5 triangular lobes. They are covered with stel- ripe. Each part of the fruit contains c. 12 seeds. late hairs on both sides, but more densely on the Seed: The deep-purple coloured ellipsoid seeds are underside. 10-14 mm in length, and have a mean thousand seed 7KHÀRZHUVDUHXQLVH[XDODSHWDORXVSHGLFHOODWH weight of 350 g. Each seed has a small yellow-brown with 5-lobed conical calyx. They are green or aril at the base where it attaches to the fruit. The seed yellowish in colour, and striped or tinged red inside. contains c. 26% oil.

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 Harvest PhytosanitarySowing and germination problems Full-sized pods are harvested from the tree before OverSeeds 40germinate species 95%of insects when theare coveringreported structureassociated is ACANDÉ they open. withremovedA. seyal and the. These seed coatinclude then 10 chipped, species and of incubat-bruchid

: M. S beetles,ed at 25ºC, which 8/16 mayh photoperiod. damage la Therge seedsproportions germinate of storedoptimally seeds. at temperatures between 20-30ºC. Germi- PrHOTO ocessing and handling TheP pods are dried in the sun until they open and the nation is epigeal, and under optimal conditions takes seeds are released. Selectedc. 2 weeks r toeadings complete.

Bekele-Tesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and ShrubsP for HOTO Storage and viability Ethiopia . RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. Seeds are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non: M. S -timber uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO years if they are well dried and kept cool and free of ACANDÉ insects. Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation Guide, 19: 8-12. 9%. Hall, J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- hara desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. DormancyCleaned arilated and seeds pr etofr S.eatment setigera Hall, J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- There are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possiblyHarvest due and to processingdifferences in provenance. Most agree, versity of Wales, Bangor. hoThew evepodsr, thatare harvestedpretreatment from accelerate the treess whenthe germinatio they haven Maydell, H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate.started The opening most common but seeds method are still is sattachedcarification to the. rim Eschborn 1986. of the fruit. Sun drying and mild mechanical impact Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. Sowingwill detach and the germination seeds. The aril may be removed dur- MGerminatingemoirs of the S. Botanical setigera S urveyseeds of on South agar Africa No. 44. Germinationing seed processing is rather or slo in wconnection, normally withabout sowing. 30% in 7 days. The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter Selected readings paperStorage to allow and rapidviability identification of viable, non-dor- Seed Information Database (SID). 2004. http://www. mantThe seeds seed. of The this germinated species show seeds ‘orthodox’ are transferred seed stor- to rbgkew.org.uk/data/sid (release 6.0, October 2004). containersage behaviour, filled and with are a under silt-rich long-term medium. storage Seedlings con- requireditions atshade RBG, until Kew the (i.e. second -18oC leaf in air-tight expands containers and wa- teringat a seed at intervals MC of of5± 1-31%) days since as 1991.necessary X-ray to keepanalysis the THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED IN COLLABORA- mediumindicated moist viability but notof 90-100%. waterlogged. Direct seeding in TION WITH CENTRE NATIONAL SEMENCES prepared planting spots is practised with success in )25(67,Ê5(6%85.,1$)$62 Sudan;Dormancy at early and stages pretreatment of development A. seyal was capablePhysical of dormancy competing caused with weeds.by hard seed coat is over- Authors: Moctar Sacandé, Mathurin Sanon FRPHE\VFDUL¿FDWLRQHJXVLQJDVFDOSHONQLIH¿OHNodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial Editor: Lars Schmidt regenerationor hot wire. Theit has aril been ostensibly achieved imposes by pelleting both seed physical with culturerestriction of bacterialto water isolates,absorption sowing and chemicalinto an infected inhibi- metors.di uRemovalm or ger miofn theating aril in is uns easiestterilis ewhend soil .softened Uninfecte af-d seedlingster soaking have in water. been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatment with a suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC strains from A. mellifera and A. senegal and Bradyrhizobium from the latter have proved to be effective symbionts. THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED BY DANIDA FOREST SEED CENTRE

Author: Dorthe Jøker

Phone: 251-116172000 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH Phone:ext. 2491  FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUG H[WEmail:[email protected] 6KROD32%R[ Email: .+DGJX#FJLDURUJ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia$GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD Website: www.[[[[[[ SEED LEAFLET No. 30 1R6HSWHPEHUSeptember 2000 Re-issue 2018

Swietenia macrophylla King

Taxonomy and nomenclature Uses Family:0HOLDFHDH 0DKRJDQ\LVRQHRIWKHPRVWYDOXDEOHIXUQLWXUHWLP Synonyms: Swietenia candolei3LWWLHU  Swietenia EHUVLQWKHZRUOGGXHWRWKHGHFRUDWLYHDQGDWWUDFWLYH krukovii*OHDVRQ Swietenia belizensis/XQGHO WLPEHUZLWKJRRGWHFKQLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV,WLV Swietenia macrophylla.LQJYDU  marabaensis ZLGHO\SODQWHGLQWKHWURSLFVLQUHIRUHVWDWLRQDQGDI /HGRX[HW/REDWRSwietenia tessmanii+DUPV IRUHVWDWLRQSURJUDPPHV,QDJURIRUHVWU\V\VWHPVLWLV Vernacular/common names:+RQGXUDVPDKRJDQ\  XVHGIRUVKDGHDQGIXHOZRRG ELJEURDGODUJHOHDYHGPDKRJDQ\ (QJ FDRED 6S HFKWHVPDKDJRQL *HUP Botanical description 8VXDOO\HYHUJUHHQWUHHXSWRP%DUNJUH\DQG Related species of interest: 7KHJHQXVFRQVLVWVRI VPRRWKZKHQ\RXQJWXUQLQJGDUNEURZQULGJHGDQG WZRRWKHUVSHFLHV S. mahagony DQGS. humilis.7KH IODN\ZKHQROG/HDYHVXSWRFPORQJDOWHU WKUHHVSHFLHVDUHSRRUO\GHILQHGELRORJLFDOO\ LQSDUW QDWHJODEURXVSDULSLQQDWHSDLUVRIOHDIOHWVHDFK EHFDXVHWKH\K\EULGLVHIUHHO\ OHDIOHWFPORQJ)ORZHUVVPDOODQGZKLWHLQ ODUJHFPORQJEUDQFKLQJSDQLFOHV Distribution and habitat +XPLG]RQHVSHFLHVRIWKHQHZZRUOGZLGHO\GLVWULE Fruit and seed description XWHGQDWXUDODVZHOODVFXOWLYDWHGQDWLYHWR0H[LFR Fruit:GHKLVFHQWXVXDOO\OREHGFDSVXOHHUHFW

Flowering and fruiting habit )ORZHUVDUHXQLVH[XDODQGWKHWUHHPRQRHFLRXV7KH IORZHUVDUHSROOLQDWHGE\LQVHFWV+\EULGLVDWLRQLV IUHTXHQWHVSHFLDOO\ZLWKS. mahagoni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

Provision of adequate tree seed portfolios (PATSPO) 6RPHSKHQRORJ\GDWDDUHVXPPDULVHGKHUH RUGLUHFWO\LQFRQWDLQHUV*HUPLQDWLQJVHHGVVKRXOGEH Harvest NHSWPRLVWDQGXQGHUVKDGH6HHGVZLOOJHUPLQDWHLQPhytosanitary problems Full-sized)ORZHULQJ)UXLW pods are harvested from the LQJtree before GD\V7KHVHHGOLQJVDUHNHSWXQGHUVKDGHXQWLOOver 40 species of insects are reported associated they open. RXWSODQWLQJZKLFKFDQWDNHSODFHZKHQWKH\DUHDERXWwith A. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid &HQWUDODQGQRUWKHUQ FPWDOObeetles, which may damage large proportions of P6$PHULFDrocessing and handling$SULO-XQH -DQ0DUFK stored seeds. The6RXWKHUQ6$PHULFD6HSW2FW pods are dried in the sun until they -XO\$XJ open and the Selected readings seeds%ULWLVK9LUJLQ,VDQG are released. Alvenga,Selected S., r eadingsFlores, E.M., (1988)Morfologia y germina- 3XHUWR5LFR 0D\-XQH 6HSW2FW cionBekele- de Tlaesemma, semilla deA., caoba, 1993. SwieteniaUseful Tr eemacrophyllas and Shrubs King. for Storage&RVWD5LFD and viability0DUFK$SULO 'HF-DQ (Meliaceae)Ethiopia. RSCU,5HYLVWDGH%LRORJLD7URSLFDO$ SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. Seeds6RORPRQ,VODQGV are orthodox and can be stored-XQH6HSW for several 8QLYHUVLGDGGH&Booth, F.E.M. andRVWD5LFD Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber years3KLOLSSLQHV if they are well dried0DUFK-XQH and kept 'HF0DUFKcool and free of Cottle,uses of selectedG.W. 1959 arid Mahoganyzone trees and- a valuableshrubs in tree Africa for. farm-FAO insects. Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- ersConservation$JULFXOWXUDO-RXUQDO)LML Guide, 19: 8-12. 9%. Gullison,Hall, J.B., R.E., 1994 .Panfil,Acacia S.N.,seyal Strouse,- multipurpose J.J., Hubbell, tree of the S.P.,, Sa- Harvest 1996hara deser Ecologyt. NF TandA 94-07. management FACT N et,of mahoganyWinrock International (Swietenia. Dormancy7KHIUXLWVDUHSUHIHUDEO\FROOHFWHGIURPWKHWUHHVMXVW and pretreatment macrophyllaHall, J.B. and King) McAllan, in the A.Chimanes 1993. Acacia Forest, seyal: Beni, a Bolivia mono- ThereEHIRUHWKH\VSOLWRSHQRUIURPWKHJURXQGLPPHGLDWHO\ are various reports on the need for pretreatment, %RW-RIWKH/LQQHDQ6RFLHW\graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possiblyDIWHUVHHGIDOO6HHGSURGXFWLRQYDULHVDFFRUGLQJWR due to differences in provenance. Most agree, Lyhr,versity K. of WP.,ales, 1992 Bango Mahoganyr. – Silviculture and Use of hoVLWHDQG\HDU$FUXFLDOIDFWRUIRUVHHGSURGXFWLRQLVwever, that pretreatment accelerates the germination AmericanMaydell, H.-J.Mahogany von, 1986 (Swietenia. Trees and spp.). Sh7KH5R\DO9rubs of the Sahel HW. rate.SROOLQDWLRQHI The most ILFLHQF\ZKLFKPD\EHHUUDWLFHVSHcommon method is scarification. HULQDU\DQG$JULFXOWXUDO8QLYHUVLW\&RSHQKDJHQEschborn 1986. FLDOO\RXWVLGHWKHQDWXUDOUDQJHRIGLVWULEXWLRQ$PD Nataniela,Ross, J.H. 197 V., 7Singh,. A Conspectus K., Lal, ofS., the 1997 African Seed Acacia production Specie ofs. SowingWXUHWUHHRI andS. germination macrophyllaFDQSURGXFHXSWR SwieteniaMemoirs of macrophylla the Botanical (Large-leaved Survey of South Mahogany) Africa No. in44 .Fiji GerminationPDWXUHIUXLWVLQD\HDURUDERXWNJRIVHHGV+RZ is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 3DFLILF,VODQGV)RUHVWV 7UHHV days.HYHUXVXDOO\WKHSURGXFWLRQLVRQO\NJSHUWUHH The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter Pennington, T. D., 1981 Meliaceae, Flora Neotropica, paperIRUWUHHVZLWKIDLUO\H[SRVHGFURZQV to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- 281HZ

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Tamarindus indica L.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Uses Family:)DEDFHDH 7DPDULQGLVPDLQO\JURZQIRUWKHIUXLWVEXWLVDOVRD Synonyms: Tamarindus occidentalis*DHUWQ T. YDOXDEOHWLPEHUVSHFLHV7KHIUXLWSXOSKDVDKLJK HookT. umbrosa6DOLVE FRQWHQWRIYLWDPLQ%DQGLVHDWHQIUHVKRUPDGHLQWR Vernacular/common names:WDPDULQG,QGLDQWDPD MDPFKXWQH\MXLFHRUVZHHWV)ORZHUVOHDYHVDQG ULQG,QGLDQGDWH (QJ WDPDULQLHU )U LPOL ,QG  VHHGVDUHDOVRHGLEOHDQGXVHGLQDYDULHW\RIGLVKHV 7KHZRRGLVKDUGDQGYHU\KHDY\ZLWKSXUSOH Distribution and habitat EURZQKHDUWZRRGWKDWLVXVHGIRUIXUQLWXUH,W 7KHRULJLQRIT. indica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ƒ&EXWLVYHU\VHQVLWLYHWRIURVW VSHFLHV7KHGHQVHVKDGHPDNHVLWPRUHVXLWDEOHIRU ,WLVPDLQO\JURZQLQDUHDVZLWKPPUDLQ ILUHEUHDNVDVQRJUDVVZLOOJURZXQGHUWKHWUHHV \HDUEXWWROHUDWHVGRZQWRPPLILUULJDWHGDWWKH $OWKRXJKDOHJXPHWDPDULQGLVQRWQLWURJHQIL[LQJ WLPHRIHVWDEOLVKPHQW,QWKHZHWWURSLFVZLWKRYHU PPUDLQIORZHULQJDQGIUXLWVHWWLQJLV Botanical description VLJQLILFDQWO\UHGXFHGDQGLQ,QGLDLWLVQRWJURZQLQ (YHUJUHHQWUHHXSWRPWDOOZLWKGHQVHVSUHDGLQJ DUHDVUHFHLYLQJPRUHWKDQPPUDLQ\HDU  FURZQDQGVKRUWWUXQN7KHOHDYHVDUHXSWRFP 5HJDUGOHVVRIWRWDODQQXDOUDLQIDOOLWSURGXFHVPRUH ORQJDOWHUQDWHDQGFRPSRXQGZLWKSDLUVRIOHDI IUXLWZKHQVXEMHFWHGWRDIDLUO\ORQJGU\SHULRG OHWVHDFKFPORQJ)ORZHUVVPDOO\HOORZ VWUHDNHGZLWKSLQNWRJHWKHULQFPORQJLQ IORUHVFHQFHV

Fruit and seed description Fruit:LQGHKLVFHQWSRGEULWWOHFPORQJPRUHRU OHVVFXUYHGDQGFRQVWULFWHGEHWZHHQWKHVHHGV7KHUH DUHVHHGVSHUSRGHPEHGGHGLQWKHVWLFN\SXOS Seed:XSWRPPORQJLUUHJXODU UHGGLVKGDUN EURZQRUVKLQ\EODFNZLWKKDUGDQGVPRRWKWHVWD 7KHUHDUHVHHGVNJ

Flowering and fruiting habit $OWKRXJKHYHUJUHHQWKHWUHHPD\UHPDLQOHDIOHVVIRU VKRUWSHULRGV)ORZHULQJQRUPDOO\RFFXUVV\QFKURQRXV ZLWKQHZOHDIJURZWKZKLFKLQPRVWDUHDVKDSSHQV GXULQJVSULQJDQGVXPPHUEXWVRPHWUHHVPD\IORZHU PXFKODWHU7KHIORZHUVDUHSUREDEO\SROOLQDWHGE\ LQVHFWV7KHIUXLWVGHYHORSGXULQJWKHUDLQ\VHDVRQ DQGDUHULSHDERXWPRQWKVODWHU 7KHWUHHVEHJLQWR SURGXFHIUXLWVZKHQWKH\DUH\HDUVROGDQGPD\ )ORZHUVIROLDJHDQGIUXLW)URP3ODQW5HVRXUFHVRI6RXWK FRQWLQXHIRU\HDUV (DVW$VLD1R

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 Harvest SUXQLQJDQGVKRXOGEHWUHDWHGZLWKFDUHGXULQJ :KHQWKHSRGVEHJLQWRVKRZFUDFNVRQWKHVXUIDFH WUDQVSRUW9HJHWDWLYHSURSDJDWLRQE\EUDQFKFXWWLQJV HarvesDQGUDWWOHZKHQVKDNHQDQGWKHILUVWSRGVIDOOWRWKHt PhytosanitaryEXGGLQJDQGJUDIWLQJLVSRVVLEOH problems Full-sizedJURXQGWKHVHHGVDUHULSHDQGFROOHFWLRQFDQEHJLQ pods are harvested from the tree before Over 40 species of insects are reported associated they&ROOHFWLRQFDQEHGRQHIURPWKHWUHHRUIURPWKH open. withPhytosanitaryA. seyal. These problems include 10 species of bruchid JURXQGDIWHUVKDNLQJWKHEUDQFKHVEXWLWLVVXVSHFWHG beetles,,QVHFWDWWDFNGXULQJVWRUDJHFDQEHDPDMRUSUREOHP which may damage large proportions of PWKDWZHHYLOLQIHFWLRQLVPRUHSUHYDOHQWLQSRGVFROrocessing and handling stored seeds. TheOHFWHGIURPWKHJURXQG pods are dried in the sun until they open and the Selected readings seeds are released. SelectedDalla Rosa, readings K.R., 1993 Tamarindus indica – a widely Bekele-Tesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for Processing and handling adapted, multipurpose fruit tree$JURIRUHVWU\IRUWKH3D Storage,IWKHSRGVDUHGU\ZKHQFROOHFWHGLWLVQRWQHFHVVDU\ and viability EthiopiaFLILF7HFKQRORJLHVQR1)7$. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber SeedsWRGU\WKHPLQWKHVXQEHIRUHSURFHVVLQJ7KHSRGV are orthodox and can be stored for several von Maydell, H-J., 1986Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. yearsDUHLQGHKLVFHQWDQGPXVWEHRSHQHGPDQXDOO\7KHUH if they are well dried and kept cool and free of uses(VFKERUQ of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO Conservation Guide, 19: 8-12. insects.DUHYDULRXVPHWKRGVRIH[WUDFWLRQ2QHPHWKRGZKHUH Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Prins, H. & Maghembe, J.A., 1994. Germination studies Hall, J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- 9%WKHSRGVDUHEURNHQHJZLWKDKDPPHU. VRDNHGLQ on seed of fruit trees indigenous to Malawi)RUHVW(FRORJ\ ZDWHUIRUKRXUVDQGWKHQPDFHUDWHGE\KDQG3RGV haraDQG0DQDJHPHQW desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. Hall, J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- DormancySXOSDQGGHDGDQGHPSW\VHHGVZLOOIORDWRQWKHZDWHU and pretreatment Sankaranarayanan, R., Vijayakumar, M., Rangasamy, P., graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- ThereZKLOHIXOOVHHGVVLQN:KHQVHSDUDWHGWKHVHHGVDUH are various reports on the need for pretreatment, 1994.Cow urine for ideal seed germination in tamarind possiblyGULHGLQWKHVXQ$QRWKHUPHWKRGLVWRSRXUWKHSRGV due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versity,QGLDQ+RUWLFXOWXUH   of Wales, Bangor. Maydell, H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. hoLQWRDFHPHQWPL[HUZLWKJUDYHOLQDZHLJKWSURSRUwever, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Troup, R.S., Joshi, H.B., 1983The Silviculture of Indian Eschborn 1986. rate.WLRQRI VHHGJUDYHO WRJHWKHUZLWKDVPXFKZDWHU The most common method is scarification. Trees9RO,9/HJXPLQRVDH'HOKL,QGLD Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. DVSRVVLEOH$IWHUWKHWUHDWPHQWWKHPL[WXUHLVIORDWHG Verheij, E.W.M., Coronel, R.E., eds, 1991 Plant Re- Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. SowingDQGVHHGVWKDWVLQNDUHUHFRYHUHG and germination sources of South-East Asia. No. 2. Edible fruits and nuts. Germination5HJDUGOHVVRIH[WUDFWLRQPHWKRGWKHVHHGVDUHGULHG is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 3526($)RXQGDWLRQ:DJHQLQJHQ1HWKHUODQGV3XGRF days.LQWKHVXQEHIRUHVWRUDJH$IWHUGU\LQJWKHVHHGVFDQ The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter paperEHFOHDQHGE\ZLQQRZLQJRULQDVHHGFOHDQHUWR to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- mantUHPRYHILEUHV seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to containersNJRIIUXLWV\LHOGDERXWNJVHHG filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings require shade until the second leaf expands and wa- teringStorage at intervals and viability of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the medium7KHVHHGVDUHRUWKRGR[DQGVKRXOGEHVWRUHGDWORZ moist but not waterlogged. Direct seeding in preparedPRLVWXUHFRQWHQW,IVWRUHGDWƒ&WKHVHHGVFDQ planting spots is practised with success in Sudan;UHWDLQDKLJKYLDELOLW\IRUVHYHUDO\HDUV,QIHVWDWLRQE\ at early stages of development A. seyal was capableLQVHFWVFDQEHDSUREOHPDQGLWPD\EHQHFHVVDU\WR of competing with weeds. VWRUHWKHVHHGVZLWK&2Nodulation occurs in nat ural populations. In artificial regeneration it has been achieved by pelleting seed with cultureDormancy of bacterial and pretreatment isolates, sowing into an infected me5HSRUWVRQWKHQHFHVVLW\RISUHWUHDWPHQWDUHFRQWUDdium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected seedlingsGLFWRU\6RPHVD\WKHVHHGVKDYHQRGRUPDQF\DQG have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatmentQHHGQRSUHWUHDWPHQWRWKHUVXVHVFDULILFDWLRQDVIRU with a suspension of a symbiont. 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Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia SEED LEAFLET No. 61 1R-DQXDU\January 2002 Re-issue 2018 Tectona grandis L.f.

Taxonomy and nomenclature 7KHEDUNLVWKLFNJUH\RUOLJKWJUH\LVKEURZQ7KH Family9HUEHQDFHDH OHDYHVDUHODUJHFPORQJDQGFPZLGH Synonyms1RQH RSSRVLWHHOOLSWLFRURERYDWHWKHXQGHUVLGHJUH\DQG Vernacular/common names:MDWL ,QGRQHVLD VDJXQ GHQVHO\FRYHUHGZLWKUHGJODQGXORXVKDLUV ,QGLD O\LX 0\DQPDU PDLVDN 7KDLODQG WHDN 7KHIORZHUVDUHVPDOO PPLQGLDPHWHU ZKLWLVK (QJ WHFN )U WHFD 6S DQGELVH[XDO7KH\DSSHDULQODUJHSDQLFOHVFRQWDLQLQJ XSWRDIHZWKRXVDQGIORZHUEXGVZKLFKRSHQRQO\D Distribution and habitat IHZDWDWLPHGXULQJWKHIORZHULQJSHULRGRIZHHNV 7KHDUHDRIQDWXUDOGLVWULEXWLRQFRYHUVWKH,QGLDQVXE FRQWLQHQW0\DQPDU7KDLODQGDQGWKHZHVWHUQSDUWRI Fruit and seed description /DRV1RUWKHUQOLPLWLVODWLWXGHƒ1LQ0\DQPDUDQG FruitWKHIUXLWLVDKDUGLUUHJXODUO\URXQGHGGUXSH,W VRXWKHUQOLPLWƒ1LQ,QGLD7 HDN¶VORQJLWXGLQDOOLPLWV YDULHVLQVL]HIURPPPWKHPRVWFRPPRQVL]H DUHƒƒ(:LWKLQWKLVDUHDWKHRFFXUUHQFHLVGLV EHLQJEHWZHHQDQGPP,WVVWUXFWXUHFRQVLVWVRI FRQWLQXRXVWKHQDWXUDOWHDNIRUHVWVEHLQJVHSDUDWHGE\ DWKLQSDSHU\RXWHUOD\HU WKHSHUVLVWHQWFDO\[ DWKLFN PRXQWDLQUDQJHVSODLQVIDUPODQGDQGRWKHUW\SHVRI FRUN\PLGGOHOD\HU PHVRFDUS DQGDVWRQ\LQQHUSDUW IRUHVWV HQGRFDUS ZKLFKFRQWDLQVWKHVHHGFKDPEHUV ,Q,QGRQHVLDWHDNLVQRWDQDWLYHVSHFLHVEXWLWKDV 1XPEHURIIUXLWVSHUNJYDULHVDURXQGZLWK EHHQJURZQRQ-DYDIRUFHQWXULHV DQDYHUDJHRIDSSUR[IUXLWVNJ7KLVFRUUHVSRQGV WRDSSUR[IUXLWVSHUOLWUH SeedWKHVHHGVDUHRYDODQGDERXW[PP2QO\ UDUHO\KDYHDOOVHHGFKDPEHUVIXOO\GHYHORSHG VHHGVWKHQRUPDOQXPEHUEHLQJ8VXDOO\RQO\RQH VHHGSHUIUXLWPDQDJHVWRGHYHORSLQWRDVHHGOLQJ

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PRYHGLQDFHPHQWPL[HUVHHGWKUHVKHURUE\VTXHH] Seeds are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber LQJDQGEHDWLQJWKHVHHGLQDEDJ)LQDOO\WKHLPSXUL years if they are well dried and kept cool and free of uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO WLHVDUHUHPRYHGE\ZLQQRZLQJ insects. Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation Guide, 19: 8-12. 9%. Hall, J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- Seed storage hara desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. 7HDNVHHGVWRUHVZHOODQGPD\NHHSLWVJHUPLQDWLRQFD Dormancy and pretreatment Hall, J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- SDFLW\IRUVHYHUDO\HDUVSURYLGHGWKHVHHGKDVORZPRLV There are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- WXUHFRQWHQWEHIRUHVWRUDJHDQGLVSURWHFWHGDJDLQVWIOXF possibly due to differences in provenance. Most agree, versity of Wales, Bangor. 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Author: Dorthe Jøker

Phone: 251-116172000 ext. 2491 3$7632,&5$)2IILFH Phone: FR,/5,&DPSXV*XUG H[WEmail:[email protected] 6KROD32%R[ Email: .+DGJX#FJLDURUJ Website: https://www.worldagroforestry.org/project/provision-adequate-tree-seed-portfolio-ethiopia$GGLV$EDED(WKLRSLD Website: www.[[[[[[ SEED LEAFLET No.68 No.68May 2003 May Re-issue 2003 2018 Trichilia emetica Vahl

Taxonomy and nomenclature suitable as a fertiliser. The seeds are unfortunately Family: Meliaceae not suitable for human consumption. Bark, roots and Subspecies/varieties: there are two recognised sub- seed oil are used for medicinal purposes. species, subsp. emetica and subsp. suberosa. The trees are often planted along roads as an Synonyms: Trichilia roka (Forssk.) Chiov., T. ornamental and in cities to provide shade. Because umbrifera Swynn., T. somalensis Chiov., T. grotei of the spreading, evergreen crown it has become Harms, T. jubensis Chiov. popular for planting in car-parking areas. Vernacular/common names: um shara, um hagi, safsafa (Arabic.); Cape mahogany, Natal mahogany Botanical description (Eng.); muwamaji (Kenya); Jan saiwa (Nigeria); gor- Evergreen or semi-evergreen tree, 8-20 m tall. Subsp. mas (Somalia); mafura, mgolimazi (Tanzania); rooi- suberosa is generally a smaller tree or even a shrub. essenhout, ashapa (South Africa); musikili (Zambia); Bark dark grey to brown, corky in subsp. suberosa. mafura nut (trade name). /HDYHVFRPSRXQGZLWKWRSDLUVRIOHDÀHWVSOXVD WHUPLQDOOHDÀHW/HDÀHWVHOOLSWLFFPORQJZLWK Distribution and habitat entire margins. Flowers creamy-green, in about 5 cm The species as a whole is widespread in most of sub- long, compact heads. The sexes are separate but male Saharan Africa. Subsp. emetica is found in Eastern DQGIHPDOHÀRZHUVDUHVLPLODULQDSSHDUDQFH Africa from Sudan in the north to Botswana and Swaziland in the south. Subsp. suberosaLVFRQ¿QHG to West Africa, extending, in the eastern part of its range, into Sudan and Uganda where the two subspe- cies may hybridise. Both subspecies grow in riverine forests and on various types of woodland. Subsp. emetica is generally found in open riverine forests and open VDYDQQDK ZRRGODQGV VXEMHFW WR JUDVV ¿UHV ZKLOH subsp. suberosa prefers the more fertile soils of river EDQNV DQG VHDVRQDOO\ ÀRRGHG ULYHUEHGV ,W JURZV from sea level up to 1800 m in areas with 500-2300 mm rain per year.

Uses Trees are planted in agroforestry systems to provide VKDGHDQGWKHZRRGLVXVHGIRUWLPEHUDQG¿UHZRRG The wood works well; it is light (560-597 kg/m3), usually pinkish in colour and with little difference EHWZHHQ KHDUWZRRG DQG VDSZRRG  ,W LV YXOQHUDEOH Cluster of fruits. Photo from: van Wyk (1994). to borers but produces beautiful furniture. Also used for carvings, musical instruments, dugout canoes and Fruit and seed description other minor uses. Fruit: a woody, dehiscent capsule, rounded, 2.5-3 cm From the seed aril is made a milky suspension used in diameter; creamy, green or light brown and velvety for cooking. Seed oil (mafurra or mafurreira tallow) on the surface. The fruits are borne in dense, pendent is used for manufaturing soap and cosmetics and clusters. Each fruit has an up to 1 cm long neck con- making candles. The oil is obtained by skimming the necting it to the stalk. At maturity it splits into 2 or 3 water in which the seeds have been boiled after being valves exposing the 2-6 seeds. ground and pounded. Seed: the seeds are 15-20 mm long, shiny black and The pressed seedcake that is left after extracting almost completely covered by the bright red aril. the oil contains approximately 16% protein and is There are typically 500-1000 seeds per kg.

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Dormancy and pretreatment Hall,Latin J.B.America and)$2)RUHVWU\3DSHU)$25RPH McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- ThereProcessing are variou ands report handlings on the need for pretreatment, graph.Hines, SchoolD.A. and of K.Agricultural Eckman. 1993and .Fo Indigenousrest Sciences multipur, Uni-- possibly7KH VHHGV due DUH to di UHFDOFLWUDQWfferences in DQGprovenance. VKRXOG Most EH WUHDWHG agree, versitySRVH WUHHV of W RIales, 7DQ]DQLD8VHV Bangor. DQG HFRQRPLF EHQH¿WV IRU hoDFFRUGLQJO\wever, that GXULQJpretreatment WUDQVSRUW accelerate DQG SURFHVVLQJs the germinatio ,W LVn Maydell,people2WWDZD2QWDULR&DQDGD H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate.LPSRUWDQWWKDWWKHVHHGVDUHQRWDOORZHGWRGU\DV The most common method is scarification. EschbornMsanga, 1986.H.P. 1998. Seed Germonation of Indigenous HYHQDIHZSHUFHQWUHGXFWLRQLQPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWZLOO RTreesoss, J.H.in Tanzania 1977. A&DQDGLDQ)RUHVW6HUYLFH Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. SowingORZHUWKHYLDELOLW\'XULQJDOOVWHSVWKHIUXLWVVHHGV and germination MPalgrave,emoirs of K.C.the Botanical 1977. Trees Survey of of Southern South Africa Africa No. 44 6WUXLN. GerminationVKRXOGEHSURWHFWHGIURPGLUHFWVXQOLJKWDQGZLQG is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 3XEOLVKHUV&DSH7RZQ days.3DFNIUXLWVVHHGVLQVPDOOFRQWDLQHUVZLWKRQO\DIHZ The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter van Wyk, P. 1994. Field Guide to the Trees of the Kruger paperNJLQHDFKDQGDYRLGVWDFNLQJFRQWDLQHUVRQWRSRI to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- National Park6WUXLN3XEOLVKHUV&DSH7RZQ manteach other.seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to containers7RH[WUDFWWKHVHHGLWLVUHFRPPHQGHGWRVSUHDG filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings requireWKHULSHIUXLWVRXWRQDPHVKLQWKHVKDGHXQWLODOOWKH shade until the second leaf expands and wa- teringIUXLWVKDYHRSHQHGDQGWKHQVHSDUDWHWKHVHHGVIURP at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the mediumWKH GHEULV moist E\ but VKDNLQJ not waterlogged. +RZHYHU JUHDWDirectFDUH seeding PXVW in preparedEHWDNHQWRDYRLGGHVLFFDWLRQ$IWHUH[WUDFWLRQWKH planting spots is practised with success in Sudan;VHHGVDUHLPPHUVHGLQZDWHUDQGHPSW\VHHGVDQG at early stages of development A. seyal was capableGHEULV WKDW of competing ÀRDW RQ WKH with VXUIDFH weeds. DUH UHPRYHG 7KH ÀHVK\DULOLVWKHQUHPRYHGE\PDFHUDWLRQLQZDWHUNodulation occurs in natural populations. In artificial regenerationDQGWKHVHHGVDUHVSUHDGRXWLQWKLQOD\HUVRQDPHVK it has been achieved by pelleting seed with cultureXQWLOWKH\DUHGU\RQWKHVXUIDFHNJIUXLWVFRQWDLQ of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected meDERXWNJVHHGdium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected seedlings have been inoculated successfully by Acacia seyal with green bark. Ethiopia. Photo: Henrik treatmentStorage andwith aviability suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding, DFSC strains7KHVHHGVGRQRWWROHUDWHGU\LQJDQGVKRXOGEHVWRUHG from A. mellifera and A. senegal and BradyK\GUDWHGLHDWWKHPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWWKH\KDYHDIWHUrhizobium from the latter have proved to be eH[WUDFWLRQffective sy 5HFHQWmbionts WULDOV. 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Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn. f.

Taxonomy and nomenclature Botanical description Family:6DSRWDFHDH 7KHVL]HRIWKHPDWXUHWUHHYDULHVIURPWRP,Q Synonyms: Bassia parkii*'RQ Butyrospermum FXOWLYDWHGILHOGVWKHKHLJKWLVW\SLFDOO\P7KH paradoxum *DHUWQ +HSSHU  B. parkii *'RQ EROHLVVKRUWPVRPHWLPHVXSWRPZLWKGLDP .RWVFK\ B. niloticum.RWVFK\  Lucuma paradoxa HWHUOHVVWKDQPDQGZLWKWKLFNEDUNWKDWSURWHFWVROG *DHUWQ $'& Mimusops capitata%DNHU  M. WUHHVIURPEXVKILUHVVODVKLVUHGGLVKZLWKZKLWHOD pachyclada%DNHU WH[0RVWRIWKHOHDYHVDUHERUQHLQWHUPLQDOZKRUOV Vernacular/common names:VKHDEXWWHUWUHH WRJHWKHU7KHOHDYHVDUHVLPSOHFPORQJ (QJ NDULWp )U  7ZRVXEVSHFLHVDUHUHFRJQLVHG DQGZLWKZDY\PDUJLQV paradoxaDQGnilotica )ORZHUVKHUPDSKURGLWHLQFOXVWHUVWRJHWKHU FUHDP\HOORZLVKDQGIUDJUDQW Distribution and habitat :LGHVSUHDGLQWKHVDYDQQDKUHJLRQVDFURVV$IULFD Fruit and seed description IURP6HQHJDOWR(WKLRSLD6XEVSparadoxaRFFXUVLQ Fruit:URXQGRURYDOEHUU\FPORQJQRUPDOO\ZLWK DZLGHODWLWXGLQDOEHOWEHWZHHQƒDQGƒ1IURP RQHVHHGRFFDVLRQDOO\RU$WPDWXULW\WKHIUXLWV 6HQHJDOWRWKH&HQWUDO$IULFDQ5HSXEOLF6XEVS WXUQ\HOORZLVKJUHHQRUEURZQDQGWKHHGLEOHSXOSEH niloticaLVIRXQGLQ6XGDQ8JDQGDHDVWHUQ(WKLRSLD FRPHVVRIWDQGGHYHORSVDVZHHWRUDVWULQJHQWWDVWH DQGZHVWHUQ=DLUH7KHVSHFLHVLVUDUHO\IRXQGRXWVLGH Seed:XSWRFPORQJWHVWDLVVKLQ\GDUNRUSDOH LWVQDWXUDOGLVWULEXWLRQUDQJHEXWLWKDVEHHQLQWUR EURZQDQGZLWKDODU JHSDOHKLOXPDOPRVWFRYHULQJ GXFHGWR+RQGXUDVZKHUHLWLVNQRZQDVWDQJR RQHVLGH$WPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWWKHUHDUH 7KHWZRVXEVSHFLHVGLI IHULQDOWLWXGLQDOUDQJH VHHGVSHUNJ 6XEVSniloticaRFFXUVDWKLJKHUDOWLWXGHV  7KHVHHGLVFRPPRQO\FDOOHGDQXW VKHDQXW DQG P WKDQVXEVS paradoxaZKLFKLVPDLQO\IRXQGDW WKHHPEU\RLVFDOOHGDNHUQHO PDOWLWXGHRFFDVLRQDOO\XSWRP0HDQ DQQXDOUDLQIDOOLQWKHDUHDRIGLVWULEXWLRQLV PPDQGZLWKGU\PRQWKV OHVVWKDQPPUDLQ  6XEVSparadoxaLVJHQHUDOO\PRUHGURXJKWUHVLVWDQW WKDQ nilotica/LNHRWKHUZLGHUDQJLQJ$IULFDQWUHH VSHFLHVLWFDQJURZRQDYDULHW\RIVRLOW\SHV

Uses 7KHPDLQSURGXFWLVVKHDEXWWHU NDULWp ZKLFKLVH[ WUDFWHGIURPWKHVHHGV,WLVRQHRIWKHPRVWDIIRUGDEOH DQGZLGHO\XVHGYHJHWDEOHIDWVLQWKH6DKHODQGSOD\V DQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQWKHHFRQRP\RIWKHUHJLRQ,WLV HVSHFLDOO\LPSRUWDQWLQDUHDVZLWKOHVVWKDQPP UDLQ\HDUWKDWDUHQRWVXLWDEOHIRUJURZLQJRLOSDOPV 7KHWLPEHULVRIJRRGTXDOLW\WHUPLWHUHVLVWDQWDQG JHQHUDOO\YHU\GXUDEOHEXWLVQRUPDOO\XVHGRQO\ ZKHQWKHWUHHKDVSDVVHGWKHIUXLWEHDULQJDJH6KHD QXWFDNHLVLQFUHDVLQJO\XVHGIRUOLYHVWRFNDQGSRXOWU\ IHHGDQGOHDYHVDQG\RXQJVSURXWVVHUYHDVIRUDJH 7KHWUHHVDUHWUDGLWLRQDOO\IDYRXUHGDQGSURWHFWHG )ROLDJHIORZHUVDQGIUXLWRIVXEVSparadoxa)URP)ORUD E\IDUPHUVDQGKDVSOD\HGDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQVRLO RI7URSLFDO(DVW$IULFD DQGZDWHUFRQVHUYDWLRQLQVHPLDULG:HVW$IULFD ,QDJURIRUHVWU\V\VWHPV V. paradoxaFDQEH Flowering and fruiting habit FRPELQHGZLWKPDQ\FHUHDOFURSV 7KHIORZHUVDUHSROOLQDWHGE\EHHV,QWKH6DKHO IORZHULQJRFFXUV'HFHPEHU0DUFKZKHQWKHWUHHLV

3URYLVLRQRIDGHTXDWHWUHHVHHGSRUWIROLRV 3$7632 DOPRVWOHDIOHVVDQGWKHIUXLWVPDWXUHLQ$SULO6HS *HUPLQDWLRQRIGLUHFWVRZQVHHGVLVW\SLFDOO\RQO\ HarvesWHPEHU7KHSKHQRORJLFDOHYHQWVDUHWLPHGZLWKWKHt Phytosanitary5HJDUGOHVVRISODQWLQJPHWKRGZLGHVSDFLQJ problems Full-sizedFKDQJHVRIVHDVRQV/HDIIDOOIOXVKLQJIORZHULQJDQG pods are harvested from the tree before OverVLWHSUHSDUDWLRQDQGZHHGLQJDUHHVVHQWLDOWRHQVXUHD 40 species of insects are reported associated theyIUXLWLQJDUHQRWHGSULQFLSDOO\DVGU\VHDVRQHYHQWV open. withKLJKUDWHRIVXUYLYDOA. seyal. These include 10 species of bruchid )UXLWPDWXULW\LVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHFKDQJHIURPGU\ beetles, which may damage large proportions of PWRZHWVHDVRQDQGQRUPDOO\FRLQFLGHVZLWKWKHILUVWrocessing and handling storedPhytosanitary seeds. problems TheUDLQV pods are dried in the sun until they open and the 7KHODUYDHRI Mussidia nigrioellaDQG Ceratitis seeds)UXLWSURGXFWLRQW\SLFDOO\EHJLQVZKHQWKHWUHHVDUH are released. SelectedsilvestriiIHHGRQWKHSXOSRIPDWXUHIUXLWV readings \HDUVROGDQGPD\FRQWLQXHIRU\HDUV Bekele-Tesemma, A., 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for Storage and viability Ethiopia. RSCU, SIDA. Nairobi, Kenya. SeedsHarvest are orthodox and can be stored for several Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber years7KHIUXLWVDUHFROOHFWHGIURPWKHJURXQGEXWPXVWQRW if they are well dried and kept cool and free of uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in Africa. FAO insects.EHOHIWIRUORQJRQWKHJURXQGDVWKH\JHUPLQDWH Moisture content for storage should be 4,5- Conservation Guide, 19: 8-12. 9%TXLFNO\)UXLW\LHOGPD\YDU\WUHPHQGRXVO\IURP\HDU. Hall, J.B., 1994. Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sa- WR\HDUDQGNJIUHVKIUXLWVWUHHKDYHEHHQUH hara desert. NFTA 94-07. FACT Net, Winrock International. DormancySRUWHG and pretreatment Hall, J.B. and McAllan, A. 1993. Acacia seyal: a mono- There are various reports on the need for pretreatment, graph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Uni- possiblyProcessing due toand dif ferenceshandling in provenance. Most agree, versity of Wales, Bangor. ho$IWHUKDUYHVWWKHIUXLWVDUHVRDNHGLQZDWHUDQGWKHwever, that pretreatment accelerates the germination Maydell, H.-J. von, 1986. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel. rate.SXOSLVUHPRYHGPDQXDOO\ The most common method is scarification. Eschborn 1986. Ross, J.H. 1977. A Conspectus of the African Acacia Species. SowingStorage andand germinationviability Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 44. Germination7KHVHHGLVUHFDOFLWUDQWDQGGRHVQRWVWRUHZHOO is rather slow, normally about 30% in 7 days.2SWLPDOVWRUDJHFRQGLWLRQVDUHƒ&DWPRLVWXUH The seeds can be pregerminated on moist filter paperFRQWHQW$WWKHWLPHRIKDUYHVWWKHPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWLV to allow rapid identification of viable, non-dor- 7UHHKDELW mantDURXQGDQGJHUPLQDWLRQLV7KHUHGXFWLRQ seed. The germinated seeds are transferred to containersLQPFIURPWRUHVXOWVLQDPRGHUDWHORVVRI filled with a silt-rich medium. Seedlings Selected readings requireYLDELOLW\EXWWKHVWRUDELOLW\LVLPSURYHG$Wƒ&WKH shade until the second leaf expands and wa- Bonkongou, E.G. 1987. Monographie du karité, teringVHHGFDQEHVWRUHGIRUDWOHDVWPRQWKVZLWKRXW at intervals of 1-3 days as necessary to keep the Butyrospermum paradoxum (Gaertn f.) Hepper, espéce mediumUHGXFWLRQLQYLDELOLW\ moist but not 6HHGVVWRUHGDWƒ waterlogged. Direct seeding &VKRZHG in agroforestiere á usages multiples. ,QVWLWXWHGH5HFKHUFKHHQ preparedJHUPLQDWLRQDIWHUPRQWKV 5HVXOWVDUHIURP planting spots is practised with success in %LRORJLHHW(FRORJLH7URSLFDOH&HQWUH1DWLRQDOGHOD5H Sudan;WKH,3*5,')6&SURMHFWRQUHFDOFLWUDQWVHHG at early stages of development A. seyal was FKHUFKH6FLHQWLILTXHHW7HFKQRORJLTXH2XJDGRXJRX capable of competing with weeds. Booth, F.E.M. and Wickens, G.E., 1988. Non-timber Uses DormancyNodulation andoccurs pretreatment in natural populations. In artificial of Selected Arid Zone Trees and Shrubs in Africa.)$2&RQ regeneration7KHVHHGVKDYHQRGRUPDQF\DQGQHHGQRSUHWUHDW it has been achieved by pelleting seed with VHUYDWLRQ*XLGHQR)$25RPH culturePHQW+RZHYHUWKHSXOSVKRXOGDOZD\VEHUHPRYHG of bacterial isolates, sowing into an infected FAO, 1982Fruit-bearing Forest Trees.)$2)RUHVWU\3D meEHIRUHVRZLQJWRLPSURYHJHUPLQDWLRQdium or germinating in unsterilised soil. Uninfected SHUVQR)$25RPH seedlings have been inoculated successfully by AcaciaHall, J.B. seyal et al.,with 1996. green Vitellaria bark. Ethiopia. paradoxa. Photo:6FKRRORI$J Henrik treatmentSowing andwith germinationa suspension of a symbiont. Rhizobium Keiding,ULFXOWXUDODQG)RUHVW6FLHQFHV8QLYHUVLW\RI: DFSC DOHV%DQ strains'XHWRWKHGLIILFXOWLHVRIVWRUDJHVHHGVVKRXOGEHVRZQ from A. mellifera and A. senegal and JRU8. 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