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Pollination of Cultivated Plants in the Tropics 111 Rrun.-Co Lcfcnow!Cdgmencle ISSN 1010-1365 0 AGRICULTURAL Pollination of SERVICES cultivated plants BUL IN in the tropics 118 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO 6-lina AGRICULTUTZ4U. ionof SERNES cultivated plans in tetropics Edited by David W. Roubik Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Panama Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations F'Ø Rome, 1995 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-11 ISBN 92-5-103659-4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. FAO 1995 PlELi. uion are ted PlauAr David W. Roubilli (edita Footli-anal ISgt-iieulture Organization of the Untled Nations Contributors Marco Accorti Makhdzir Mardan Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Cascine del Ricci° Malaysian Bee Research Development Team 50125 Firenze, Italy 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Stephen L. Buchmann John K. S. Mbaya United States Department of Agriculture National Beekeeping Station Carl Hayden Bee Research Center P. 0. Box 34188 2000 E. Allen Road Nairobi, Kenya Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA David W Roubik Art Davis Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Department of Biology Apartado 2072 University of Saskatchewan Balboa, Republic of Panamá Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N OWO, Canada or Unit 0948, APO AA 34002-0948, USA Peter G. Kevan R. C. Sihag Department of Environmental Biology Depaitment of Zoology University of Guelph CCS Hatyana Agricultural University Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada Hisar 125004, India Rainer Krell P. F. Torchio Icon Development Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory Viale Regina Marghetita 239 United States Department of Agriculture and 00198 Roma, Italy Utah State University Logan, Utah 84322-5310, USA Rod P. Macfarlane Buzzuniversal Mohd Basri Wahid 33 Woodside Common Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia Christchurch, New Zealand B. B. Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Pollination of Cultivated Plants in the Tropics 111 rrun.-co Lcfcnow!cdgmenclE General Acknowledgments For providing excellent working facilities and assistance the Ogorzaly, M. 1986. Economic botany - plants in our editor thanks the USDA-Utah State University Bee Biology world. New York: McGraw-Hill. and Systematics laboratory and its personnel, particularly P p. 30 honeybee, Apis mellifera, visiting but not Torchio, T. Griswold, Twilla Hansen, J. Vandenberg and V. pollinating a flower of red clover. Tepedino, and also the Utah State University Graphics-4 p. 31 queen Bombus pollinating the flowers T aboratory (P. Wood) and Publication Design and Production of red clover. Department. Special thanks are also given for bibliographic p. 32 histogram showing improved clover seed yield assistance by L. J. G. van der Maesen (Apicultural University with increased bumblebee colony number. Wageningen, the Netherlands), R. Villanueva (University of p. 39 Rosaceae: belly flowers and multiple fruit Cardiff, U. K.) and ME Chaichanazsuwat (ASEAN-Canada (Rubus) reprinted by permission from: Simpson, B. B., Forest Ree Seed Centre Project, Muak Lek, Saraburi, Thailand). Conner Ogorzaly, M. 1986. Economic botany - plants in our world. New York: McGraw-Hill. Figures, Tables, & Acknowledgments p. 40 Table of available bee, bird and bat pollinators on Atlantic and Indian Oceanic islands. p. 2 a hummingbird, Phaethorninae. p. 42 Table of available bee, bird and bat p. 2 a worker honeybee, Apis mellifera. adapted pollinators in tropical Pacific oceanic islands. from G. Nixon, 1955. The world of Bees. New York p. 44 passion fruit flower and fruit (Passiflora Philosophical Library, New York, illustration by edulis) reprinted by permission from: Simpson, B. B., Arthur Smith. Conner Ogorzaly, M. 1986. Economic botany- p. 3 a fly, Calliphoridae. plants in our world. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 4 a wasp, Cerceris. p. 50 tamarind fruit and flower (Tamarindos indica) p. 4 a weevil, Cucurlionidae. reprinted by permission from: Simpson, B. B., Conner p. 5 a hawkmoth, Sphingidae. Ogorzaly, M. 1986. Economic botany - plants in our p. 5 a 'flying fox', Pteropos. world. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 5 a leaf nosed bat, Phyllostomatidae. p. 51 litchi fruit (Nephelittin chinensis). reprinted p. 11 a flower, showing the reproductive suuctures. with permission from: Bailey, L. H. 1935. The p. 12 a diagram of pollination showing 'selling' and standard cyclopedia of horticulture. New York: `outcrossing' (original drawing by C. Kevan). Macmillan. p. 15 Table. Benefits of different modes of p. 51 rose apple flower (Syzygiumjambos) reprinted pollination to some plants grown in the tropics. with permission from: Bailey, L. H. 1935. 12 p. 16 cartoon portraying benefits of augmented The standard cyclopedia of horticulture. pollination by bees (original dras,v_ng .)y T S New York: Macmillan. p. 18 Animal Pollination and the Consumer. p. 52 mango hint and flower (Mangifera indica) p. 22 Rosaceae: peal' and peach flowers (Prunus reprinted by permission from: Simpson, B. B., Conner and Pyros) repiinted by permission from: Simpson, B. Ogorzaly, M. 1986. Economic botany - plants in our B., Conner Ogorzaly, M. 1986. Economic botany - world. New York: McGraw-Hill. plants in our world. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 53 sesame flower and fruit (Sesamum indicum) p. 25 guava flower (Psidium guajava) reprinted by reprinted by permission from: Simpson, B. B., Conner permission from: Simpson, B. B., Conner Ogorzaly, M. Ogorzaly, M. 1986. Economic botany - plants in our 1986. Economic botany - plants in our world. New world. New York: McGraw-Hill. York: McGraw-Hill. p. 54 pepper flower and fruit (Piper nigntm) p. 27 Papilinaceous legume (Vigna) and reprinted by permission from: Simpson, B. B., Conner caesalpiniaceaous legume (Cassia), flower and fruit Ogorzaly, M. 1986. Economic botany - plants in our reprinted by permission from: Simpson, B. B., Conner world. New York: McGraw-Hill. Ogorzaly, M. 1986. Economic botany - plants in our p. 56 coconut flower and fruit (Cocos nucifera) after world. New York: McGraw-Hill. Betimée, J. G. B. 1928. De bloemen van Cocos p. 27 mimosaceous legume flower (Mimosa) nucifera. L. Trop. Namur. 17:7-12. reprinted by permission from: Simpson, B. B., Conner p. 57 African honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata) on Pollination of Cultivated Plants in the Tropics V the inflorescence of coffee (Coja arabica). p. 76 a hedge of Nicotiana. reprinted with Photo by Sean Morris, Oxford Scientific Films, permission from: Bailey, L. H. 1935. The standard taken in Panama. cyclopedia of horticulture. New York: Macmillan. p. 59 sunflower flower head (Helianthus animas). p. 77 a roadside planted -X-11711,id; Musa, Adapted from McGregor, S. E. 1976. Cocos, and 'elephant grass' for fodder. p. 60 section of sunflower (Helianthus animas), p. 80 an example of land use for optimizing use and showing position of florets and achenes. Adapted management of -wild pollinator populations. from McGregor, 1976. p. 84 a paleotropical rural house. p. 61 oil palm tree, inflorescence, infructescence p. 92 a clearwing hawkmoth visiting a flower. and fruit (Elaeis guineensis) reprinted by permission p. 92 a female anthophorine bee, Anthophora. from: Simpson, B. B., Conner Ogorzaly, M. 1986. adapted from G. Nixon, 1955. The world of Bees. Economic botany - plants in our world. New York Philosophical Library, New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. illustration by Arthur Smith. p. 66 agave in full flower reprinted with permission p. 92 a pair of hummingbinls in the neotropics. from: Bailey, L. H. 1935. The standard cyclopedia of p. 98 Avocado (Persea). horticulture. New York: Macmillan. p. 99 requirements to improve income from p. 67 cashew flower and fruit (Anacardium apiculture through enhanced pollination. occidentale) reprinted with permission from: Bailey, L. p. 100 a anthophorine bee, Dasvoda (left) and a H. 1935. The standard cyclopedia of horticulture. megachilid bee, Megachile (right) adapted from G. New York: Macmillan. Nixon, 1955. The world of Bees. New York p. 67 biriba flower and fruit (RolUlna deliciosa) Philosophical Library, New York, illustration by reprinted with permission from: Bailey, L. H. 1935. Arthur Smith. The standard cyclopedia of horticulture. p. 101 SEM of branched body hairs of Apis New York: Macmillan. mellifera showing lodged pollen grain of Hirschfeldia - 39. p. 68 annatto flower and fruit (Bixa orelleana) incana. reprinted by permission from: Simpson, B. B., Conner p. 101 SEM of the stigma of Brassica napus. Ogorzaly, M. 1986. Economic botany- plants in our p. 101 SEM showing pollen grain gerntinating world. New York: McGraw-Hill. stigma of Brassica napus. p. 69 Cucumis (cucumber) flowers reprinted by p. 102 SEM of the stigma of'Echittm plantagineum permission from: Simpson, B. B., Conner Ogorzaly, M. still unreceptive to pollination. 1986. Economic botany - plants in our
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