Pollination and Evolution of Plant and Insect Interaction JPP 2017; 6(3): 304-311 Received: 03-03-2017 Accepted: 04-04-2017 Showket a Dar, Gh
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Evolutionary Ecology of Pollination and Reproduction of Tropical Plants
TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT - Vol. V - Evolutionary Ecology af Pollination and Reproduction of Tropical Plants - M. Quesada, F. Rosas, Y. Herrerias-Diego, R. Aguliar, J.A. Lobo and G. Sanchez-Montoya EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF POLLINATION AND REPRODUCTION OF TROPICAL PLANTS M. Quesada and F. Rosas Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México. Y. Herrerias-Diego Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán, México. R. Aguilar IMBIV - UNC - CONICET, C.C. 495,(5000) Córdoba, Argentina J.A. Lobo Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica G. Sanchez-Montoya Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México. Keywords: Pollination, tropical plants, diversity, mating systems, gender, conservation. Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. The Life Cycle of Angiosperms 1.2. Overview of Angiosperm Diversity 2. Degree of specificity of pollination system 3. Diversity of pollination systems 3.1. Beetle Pollination (Cantharophily) 3.2. Lepidoptera 3.2.1. Butterfly Pollination (Psychophily) 3.2.2. Moth Pollination (Phalaenophily) 3.3. Hymenoptera 3.3.1. Bee PollinationUNESCO (Melittophily) – EOLSS 3.3.2. Wasps 3.4. Fly Pollination (Myophily and Sapromyophily) 3.5. Bird Pollination (Ornitophily) 3.6. Bat PollinationSAMPLE (Chiropterophily) CHAPTERS 3.7. Pollination by No-Flying Mammals 3.8. Wind Pollination (Anemophily) 3.9. Water Pollination (Hydrophily) 4. Reproductive systems of angiosperms 4.1. Strategies that Reduce Selfing and/or Promote Cross-Pollination. 4.2. Self Incompatibility Systems 4.2.1. Incidence of Self Incompatibility in Tropical Forest 4.3. The Evolution of Separated Sexes from Hermaphroditism 4.3.1. From Distyly to Dioecy ©Encyclopedia Of. Life Support Systems (EOLSS) TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT - Vol. -
Pterostylis Curta Blunt Greenhood
PLANT Pterostylis curta Blunt Greenhood AUS SA AMLR Endemism Life History RP, Myponga, Victor Harbor, Anstey Hill, Willunga, Ashbourne, Mount Barker and near Mount Bold - R V - Perennial Reservoir.5 Family ORCHIDACEAE Habitat Forms small to extensive colonies in fertile loams in deeply shaded gullies and along creeks in high rainfall areas.4 Occurs in sclerophyll forest, growing in slightly moist conditions.2 In the AMLR, recorded habitat includes: Cherry Gardens area, under Eucalyptus viminalis in grassy area, with Pterostylis nutans and P. pedunculata Onkaparinga River, near bottom of gorge in rocky damp places; Mount Bold (Thomas Gully) Wotton’s Scrub (Kenneth Stirling CP) (K. Brewer and J. Smith pers. comm.) Second Valley area on stream bank under heavy canopy of Pinus radiata.7 Photo: © Peter Lang Within the AMLR the preferred broad vegetation Conservation Significance groups are Grassy woodland and Riparian.5 The AMLR distribution is disjunct, isolated from other extant occurrences within SA. Within the AMLR the Within the AMLR the species’ degree of habitat species’ relative area of occupancy is classified as specialisation is classified as ‘High’.5 ‘Very Restricted’.5 Biology and Ecology Description Flowers from July to October.3,4 Terrestrial orchid; slender, glabrous, 10-20 cm high; leaves on rather long petioles in a radical rosette.4 All known pollinators of the genus Pterostylis are male Flower stem to 30 cm tall. Flower usually single, the insects of the fungus gnat and mosquito family.2 galea about 3 cm high, erect, green with pale brown Pterostylis curta will hybridise with P. pedunculata and tints.3 P. -
Toward Understanding the Ecological Impact of Transportation Corridors
United States Department of Agriculture Toward Understanding Forest Service the Ecological Impact of Pacific Northwest Research Station Transportation Corridors General Technical Report PNW-GTR-846 Victoria J. Bennett, Winston P. Smith, and July 2011 Matthew G. Betts D E E P R A U R T LT MENT OF AGRICU The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests and National Grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Authors Victoria J. -
Pollination of Cultivated Plants in the Tropics 111 Rrun.-Co Lcfcnow!Cdgmencle
ISSN 1010-1365 0 AGRICULTURAL Pollination of SERVICES cultivated plants BUL IN in the tropics 118 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO 6-lina AGRICULTUTZ4U. ionof SERNES cultivated plans in tetropics Edited by David W. Roubik Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Panama Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations F'Ø Rome, 1995 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-11 ISBN 92-5-103659-4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. FAO 1995 PlELi. uion are ted PlauAr David W. Roubilli (edita Footli-anal ISgt-iieulture Organization of the Untled Nations Contributors Marco Accorti Makhdzir Mardan Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Cascine del Ricci° Malaysian Bee Research Development Team 50125 Firenze, Italy 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Stephen L. Buchmann John K. S. Mbaya United States Department of Agriculture National Beekeeping Station Carl Hayden Bee Research Center P. -
Lecture 4: ROLE of HONEY BEES in CROSS POLLINATION - THEIR EXPLOITATION - CASE STUDIES with SELECTED CROPS
Lecture 4: ROLE OF HONEY BEES IN CROSS POLLINATION - THEIR EXPLOITATION - CASE STUDIES WITH SELECTED CROPS For SEXUAL reproduction in flowering plants transfer of anther to stigma is essential - Pollination Self pollination Transfer to sligma of same plant No external agents are involved Cross pollination Transfer pollen from one plant to stigma of another plant External agents are involved External agents involved in pollination A. Abiotic agents a. Wind (Anemophily) Wind carries pollen from one plant to another Flowers are small, inconspicuous, unattractive Pollen are dry and light in weight Stigma feathery with large surface area eg: Maize, barley, wheat, sugarcane b. Water (Hydrophily) Water carries pollen from one plant to other B. Biotic agents Bird, bat and insects are important biotic agents Among insects honey bees play major role Honey bees and flowering plants have coevolved In insect pollinated plants, flowers are large, brightly colour, distinct fragrance, presence of nectar and sticky pollen True honeybees (Apis spp.) - Most valuable pollinators of commercial crop Qualities of honeybees which make them good pollinators 1. Body covered with hairs and have structural adaptation for carrying nectar and pollen. 2. Bees - Not injurious to plants 3. Adult and larva feed on nectar and pollen - Available in plenty 4. Superior pollinators - Since store pollen and nectar for future use 5. No diapause - Need pollen throughout year 6. Body size and probascis length - Suitable for many crops 7. Pollinate wide variety of crops 8. Forage -
Name Authority, Common Name
THREATENED SPECIES LISTING STATEMENT ORCHID Midland greenhood Pterostylis commutata D. L. Jones 1994 Status Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 ……………………………….……..………..………..….….endangered Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999……………………..…...…Critically.Endangered Hans & Annie Wapstra Description plants are 12 to 22 cm tall. They have 1 to 5 erect Midland greenhood belongs to a group of orchids shiny green flowers with translucent markings on commonly known as greenhoods because the dorsal the hood. The hood apex curves down strongly and sepal and petals are united to form a predominantly terminates with an apical point 15 to 20 mm long. green, hood-like structure that dominates the The two lateral sepals are green with dark green flower. When triggered by touch, the labellum flips lines and transparent areas. They hang down and inwards towards the column, trapping any insect are joined together leaving the 25 to 30 mm long inside the flower, thereby aiding pollination as the points free and parted by 6 to 10 mm at the tips. insect struggles to escape. Greenhoods are The labellum, which also hangs down, is dark green deciduous terrestrials that have fleshy tubers, which with a turned up tip and has an irregularly wavy are replaced annually. At some stage in their life margin with short white bristles. Two longer cycle all greenhoods produce a rosette of leaves. bristles arise from near the base. In all, the flowers are 42 to 50 mm long and 6 to 8 mm wide. The rosette of the Midland greenhood encircles the base of the flower stem. The 6 to 10 rosette leaves Midland greenhood has a distinctive flower shape are elliptical to narrowly oval shaped, 18 to 32 mm and is not easily confused with other Tasmanian long and 5 to 8 mm wide. -
Diversity and Evolution of Monocots
Commelinids 4 main groups: Diversity and Evolution • Acorales - sister to all monocots • Alismatids of Monocots – inc. Aroids - jack in the pulpit • Lilioids (lilies, orchids, yams) – non-monophyletic . spiderworts, bananas, pineapples . – petaloid • Commelinids – Arecales – palms – Commelinales – spiderwort – Zingiberales –banana – Poales – pineapple – grasses & sedges Commelinids Commelinales + Zingiberales • theme: reduction of flower, loss of nectar, loss of zoophily, evolution of • 2 closely related tropical orders bracts • primarily nectar bearing but with losses • bracted inflorescences grass pickeral weed pickeral weed spiderwort heliconia nectar pollen only bracts rapatead bromeliad Commelinaceae - spiderwort Commelinaceae - spiderwort Family of small herbs with succulent stems, stems jointed; leaves sheathing. Family does not produce Inflorescence often bracted nectar, but showy flowers for insect pollen gathering. Rhoeo - Moses in a cradle Commelina erecta - Erect dayflower Tradescantia ohiensis - spiderwort Tradescantia ohiensis - spiderwort Commelinaceae - spiderwort Commelinaceae - spiderwort Flowers actinomorphic or • species rich in pantropics, CA 3 CO 3 A 6 G (3) zygomorphic especially Africa • floral diversity is enormous Commelina communis - day flower Tradescantia ohiensis - spiderwort Pontederiaceae - pickerel weed Pontederiaceae - pickerel weed Aquatic family of emergents or floaters. Pickerel weed has glossy heart-shaped leaves, Water hyacinth (Eichhornia) from superficially like Sagittaria but without net venation. -
THE PTEROSTYLIS RUFA COMPLEX - BENTHAMS MISTAKE This Is the Text of a Talk Given Bill Kosky to the Australian Native Orchid Society (Victorian Group) on 10 May 2019
THE PTEROSTYLIS RUFA COMPLEX - BENTHAMS MISTAKE This is the text of a talk given Bill Kosky to the Australian Native Orchid Society (Victorian Group) on 10 May 2019 This talk is about somewhat similar, smaller, members of the Pterostylis rufa complex, P. rufa, P. squamata, P. aciculiformis, P. ferruginea, and P. pusilla. P. praetermissa, and other similar species from north of Sydney, are not considered here. The talk also provides insight into the rich history of Australia’s plants, and botanists, found in Australia’s Herbariam collections. Roughly the distribution of P. rufa is from north of Sydney to around Nowra; P. squamata (so called) from Nowra into the eastern half of Victoria and Tasmania; P. aciculiformis in a band across the central latitudes of Victoria into NSW and SA, with a disjunct population in East Gippsland; P. ferruginea Victoria west from the Grampians into SA; and P. pusilla in a band from central Victoria west into SA, unlike the others extending part way into the dryer northern parts of Victoria and SA. Taxonomy. The hierarchy of taxonomy can be likened to Wikipedia. That is the last valid ranking of a species takes precedence over an earlier one. Any new species named requires a type specimen (or in earlier times a specimen collection) to be nominated, and that type stands as the primary reference for that species. Bracts are modified leaves. Those that grow on and more or less embrace an orchids stem are referred to as stem bracts or sterile bracts. (In the past also as scales or empty scales, and in recent times, as stem leaves). -
FOURTH UPDATE to a CHECKLIST of the LEPIDOPTERA of the BRITISH ISLES , 2013 1 David J
Ent Rec 133(1).qxp_Layout 1 13/01/2021 16:46 Page 1 Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 133 (2021) 1 FOURTH UPDATE TO A CHECKLIST OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BRITISH ISLES , 2013 1 DAvID J. L. A GASSIz , 2 S. D. B EAvAN & 1 R. J. H ECkFoRD 1 Department of Life Sciences, Division of Insects, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD 2 The Hayes, Zeal Monachorum, Devon EX17 6DF Abstract This update incorporates information published since 30 November 2019 and before 1 January 2021 into A Checklist of the Lepidoptera of the British Isles, 2013. Introduction The Checklist of the Lepidoptera of the British Isles has previously been amended (Agassiz, Beavan & Heckford 2016a, 2016b, 2019 and 2020). This update details 4 species new to the main list and 3 to Appendix A. Numerous taxonomic changes are incorporated and country distributions are updated. CENSUS The number of species now recorded from the British Isles stands at 2,558 of which 58 are thought to be extinct and in addition there are 191 adventive species. ADDITIONAL SPECIES in main list Also make appropriate changes in the index 15.0715 Phyllonorycter medicaginella (Gerasimov, 1930) E S W I C 62.0382 Acrobasis fallouella (Ragonot, 1871) E S W I C 70.1698 Eupithecia breviculata (Donzel, 1837) Rusty-shouldered Pug E S W I C 72.089 Grammodes bifasciata (Petagna, 1786) Parallel Lines E S W I C The authorship and date of publication of Grammodes bifasciata were given by Brownsell & Sale (2020) as Petagan, 1787 but corrected to Petagna, 1786 by Plant (2020). -
Dioszeghyana Schmidtii (Diószeghy 1935), and Survey Its Presence and Abundance (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; Hadeninae)
JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE, 56, 2010 (3): 120–128 How to identify larvae of the protected species: Dioszeghyana schmidtii (Diószeghy 1935), and survey its presence and abundance (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; Hadeninae) M. Turčáni1, J. Patočka1†, J. Kulfan2 1Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic 2Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia ABSTRACT: Dioszeghyana schmidtii (Diószeghy 1935), is forest species protected by European Union. Its distribution has been studied essentially by the use of light traps. However, its biology and habitat preferences are not sufficiently known and thus its habitats may be damaged by forest management. We suggest the beating method in order to collect larvae as an useful way to record and to survey D. schmidtii. Larvae of the species can be collected by beating branches of its host plants (Quercus and Acer species) in the lower canopy (below 3 m). Optimal survey time would be the sec- ond half of May and the first half of June. Differences between the larvae of D. schmidtii and 16 similar lepidopterid larvae, as well as, Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera) species living at the same time on the same trees are described and figured in a key to identification. The method described in the paper allows one to identify larvae in the field. Results are discussed. Keywords: beating method; Dioszeghyana schmidtii; Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC; larvae identification; lepidoptera The Council of the European Communities has Annex IV (animal and plant species of EU interest adopted the Directive 92/43/EEC (http://europa. in need of strict protection) of the directive. -
Recerca I Territori V12 B (002)(1).Pdf
Butterfly and moths in l’Empordà and their response to global change Recerca i territori Volume 12 NUMBER 12 / SEPTEMBER 2020 Edition Graphic design Càtedra d’Ecosistemes Litorals Mediterranis Mostra Comunicació Parc Natural del Montgrí, les Illes Medes i el Baix Ter Museu de la Mediterrània Printing Gràfiques Agustí Coordinadors of the volume Constantí Stefanescu, Tristan Lafranchis ISSN: 2013-5939 Dipòsit legal: GI 896-2020 “Recerca i Territori” Collection Coordinator Printed on recycled paper Cyclus print Xavier Quintana With the support of: Summary Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Xavier Quintana Butterflies of the Montgrí-Baix Ter region ................................................................................................................. 11 Tristan Lafranchis Moths of the Montgrí-Baix Ter region ............................................................................................................................31 Tristan Lafranchis The dispersion of Lepidoptera in the Montgrí-Baix Ter region ...........................................................51 Tristan Lafranchis Three decades of butterfly monitoring at El Cortalet ...................................................................................69 (Aiguamolls de l’Empordà Natural Park) Constantí Stefanescu Effects of abandonment and restoration in Mediterranean meadows .......................................87 -
Pollination in Brazilian Syngonanthus (Eriocaulaceae) Species: Evidence for Entomophily Instead of Anemophily
Annals of Botany 96: 387–397, 2005 doi:10.1093/aob/mci191, available online at www.aob.oupjournals.org Pollination in Brazilian Syngonanthus (Eriocaulaceae) Species: Evidence for Entomophily Instead of Anemophily CARLIANNE O. C. RAMOS*, EDUARDO L. BORBA* and LI´GIA S. FUNCH Departamento de Cieˆncias Biolo´gicas, Laborato´rio de Taxonomia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Rodovia BR 116, km 03, Feira de Santana, BA, 44031-460, Brazil Received: 17 February 2005 Returned for revision: 1 April 2005 Accepted: 7 May 2005 Published electronically: 20 June 2005 Background and Aims The reproductive biology of Syngonanthus mucugensis and S. curralensis (Eriocaulaceae) was studied in areas of ‘campo rupestre’ vegetation in the Chapada Diamantina, north-eastern Brazil. These species are herbaceous and the individuals have a grouped distribution. Their leaves are united in a rosette, and their inflorescence is monoecious, of the capitulum type. The staminate and pistillate rings mature in a centripetal manner on the capitulum. Methods A field study was conducted, including observations concerning the morphology and biology of the flowers, fruit development, insect visits and anemophily, in both S. mucugensis and S. curralensis. Experimental pollinations were also carried out to study the mating systems of S. mucugensis. Key Results Both species flower from June to August. The staminate cycle lasts approx. 7 d, and the pistillate cycle from 3 to 4 d, with no temporal overlap between them on the same capitulum. The pollen viability of S. mucugensis was 88Á6 %, and 92Á5 % for S. curralensis. The inflorescences of both species demonstrated ultraviolet absorbance, and a sweet odour was detected during both the staminate and pistillate phases.