Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS PART OF VOLUME 54 Landmarks of Botanical History A Study of Certain Epochs in the Development of the Science of Botany Part I. — Prior to 1562 a.d. BY Edward Lee Greene No. 1870 CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBIJSHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1909 ADVERTISEMENT The present paper by Dr. Edward Lee Greene, Associate in Botany in the U. S. National Museum, entitled "Landmarks of Botanical History," discusses certain epochs in the develop- ment of the science of botany. The subject is viewed from a philosophical rather than an industrial standpoint, and the author gives prominence to the biography of some of the early botanists, including Theophrastus (b.c. 370-286), and Brunfelsius, Fuchsius, Tragus, and Cordus of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Doc- tor Greene has in preparation further contributions on this general subject. Charles D. Walcott, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. Washington, November, 1909. CONTEXTS PAGE Preface ......... 7 Introductory ........ 13 CHAPTER I. The Rhizotomi ....... 45 II. Theophrastus of Eresus, B.C. 370-286 (or 262) . 52 III. Greeks and Romans after Theophrastus . 143 IV. Introductory to the Sixteenth Century German Fathers ........ 165 V. Otho Brunfelsius, 1464-1 534 .... 169 VI. Leonhardus Fuchsius, 1 501-1566 . 192 VII. Hieronymus Tragus, 1498-1554 .... 220 VIII. Euricius Cordus. 1486-1535 . 263 IX. Valerius Cordus, 1515-1544 ... 270 Index . 315 — PREFACE Any discussion, or any indication even, of landmarks in the history of botany must needs be preceded by a somewhat careful enquiry into the nature and purposes of the science as such. Where- in does botany, as a science, essentially consist? With this question unanswered it were impracticable either to indicate the origin or trace the progress of it. In the most extended use of the term, all information about the plant world or any part of it is botany. According to this view, all treatises upon agriculture, horticulture, floriculture, forestry, and pharmacy, in so far as they deal with plants and their products, are botanical. What many will consider a better use of the term is more re- stricted. In this use of it there will be excluded from the category of the properly botanical whatever has no bearing on the philosophy of plant life and form. For example, that wheat, rice, and maize agree together as to that anatomical structure which is called endogenous would be a fact of purely botanical interest. Quite as clearly such would be the proposition that all three belong to the natural family of the grasses; or this, that each represents a genus; or that the roots in all these plants are fibrous, and of only annual duration. But if it be said that wheat, rice, and maize as food products are of supreme importance to mankind, the affirmation is as completely unbotanical as the several foregoing are per- fectly botanical. It is strictly an economical consideration. If such a distinction between botany and plant industry as I have sought thus to illustrate be received as legitimate, the province of botany is easily circumscribed and its scope clearly definable. In any event, for the purposes of the present work our definition of this science shall be that it occupies itself with the contemplation of plant as related to plant, and with the whole vegetable kingdom as viewed philosophically—not economically or commercially in its relation to the mineral on the one hand, and to the animal on the other. Such a distinguishing between the philosophical study of plants 7 8 PREFACE and the industrial does not dispute, but rather establishes, the ex- istence of a wide border domain between science and industrial art where botanist and industralist work side by side upon plant subjects; it may be sympathizingly and intercommunicatively, or it may be ignoring each other's presence; a domain within which nevertheless each should be in touch with the other, because each may, and ought to be helpful to the other, as supplying some data useless for his own purposes but of significance in relation to the other's aims. The recognition of this border-land domain illustrates also, if it does not again directly argue, the distinctness of the two realms of botany and plant industry. Here one may observe that the distinction itself would seem less marked if he who is to set himself to the work of an economic or industrial botanist would first of all equip himself with a knowledge of the principles, and cultivate an interest in the aims, of philosophic and scientific botany; so that the industrial botanist as author might always have two reports to make upon any piece of research, one that should be of economic interest, the other one of interest botanical. It may be that this idea will be found to presuppose the conjunction of the philosophic bent of mind with the industrial ; a combination of two qualities of mind as rare in the world as genius itself, and less desirable. In quest, therefore, of a starting point—a first landmark— in the progress of botany, in my understanding of the science, one may pass those authors by w^ho professedly treat of plants from the utilitarian point of view, whether they write of agriculture, horticulture, or of the materia medica. Passing these by, I say, though by no means as not meriting the botanist's attention; for all matters relating to the qualities of plants naturally interest him, unless he be of that school in power a century ago, but now declining in influence, according to whose teachings nothing but dry morphology was of any import. Moreover, to him who, like the farmer, the woodsman, and the primitive pharmacist, has much to do with plants industrially, philosophic ideas may occur about the vegetable kingdom as a whole or in part; and every such idea, though crude, perhaps even erroneous, is a concept essentially botanical. Quite as perfectly so is the distinguishing of different kinds of plants, and the practice of grouping like kinds together under one common (generic) name, which is not only universal, but even a necessity, with those who, like the farmer and gardener, have much to do with a considerable number of plants of different sorts. People following these occupations have actually a system- PREFACE 9 atic botany, with a nomenclature, families, genera, and species, all their own. So then if, in the search for a possibly early botanical landmark, the writers upon farming, gardening, and medicine are to be passed by without serious consideration, it is not because no traces of genuine botany occur in them; it is because we are in search of him with whom the leading idea is that of a philosophy of plant life and form. The first botanist is the first man who under- takes research upon plants as plants rather than as things useful or deleterious to man and beast; and the first landmark in the his- tory of botany is the earliest book in which plants and plant organs are discussed each in relation to others. If there is any attempt to distinguish and define plant organs, or any suggestions about the probable functions of any of them, any indications of how plants may be distinguished from minerals on the one hand, and from animals on the other, any attempts to correlate plants as like and unlike, and that upon some recognized prin- ciples—in any and all such endeavors, we recognize the acti- vities of a philosophic mind in its attempts to solve problems not economic but scientific. In the author of any such treatise upon plants, however imperfect or even crude his notions may seem to us, we have nevertheless the author to whom belongs the name of botanist, as in the vocabulary of the sciences that name ought to be defined. What is here undertaken is not a history of botany. There is no purpose of presenting in chronological succession the long line of the contributors to the upbuilding of this science, w4th an account of the best contributions each has made. That would be the work of a lifetime; indeed, of two lifetimes; for the history of no science can be made out, and presented in its perspective, but by him who first of all has mastered that science itself, in its completeness ; and the domain of botany however philosophically restricted remains vast, insomuch that one lifetime seems requisite to the mastery of it in its several departments. A second lifetime should, then, be given to him who should be required to write its history. And still the presentation of a complete and accurate history of botany would remain impossible. Important data are wanting, and hopelessly so. For one example, more than two millenniums ago a highly philosophic and very extensive treatise upon plants was indited which alone among books of its kind has survived the pass- ing of all the centuries. The author of it cites other authors on the same topic whose books, then extant, are long since lost. This writer had also in early life a very illustrious teacher who instructed lO PREFACE him orally in botany among other subjects, and who also wrote two volumes of botany both of which passed into oblivion more than two thousand years since. How much, then, of the Theophrastan botany is that author's own? What of its principles are his only as having been imparted to him by his great friend and tutor Aristotle? What passages of the work are but compiled from writ- ings of a more remote antiquity, with which Theophrastus may have been familiar, of which even the authors' names have perished ? Questions like these serve but to admonish one of this, that the earliest beginnings of the science do not admit of discovery.
Recommended publications
  • Stenospermocarpy Biological Mechanism That Produces Seedlessness in Some Fruits (Many Table Grapes, Watermelon)
    Phytohormones The growth and development of a plant are influenced by: •Gene:c factors •External environmental factors •Chemical hormones inside the plant Secondary messengers 1. Involve in the transfer informaon from sources to targets 2. Amplify the signal produced by the phytohormone Phytohormones Plant hormones are organic compounds that are effec:ve at very low concentraon (1g 20,000 tons-1) They interact with specific target :ssues to cause physiological responses •Growth •Fruit ripening Phytohormones •Hormones s:mulate or inhibit plant growth Major groups of hormones: 1. Auxins 2. Gibberellins 3. Ethylene 4. Cytokinins 5. Abscisic acid 6. Brassinostereoids 7. Salicylic acid 8. Polyaminas 9. Jasmonates 10. Systemin 11. Nitric oxide Arabidopsis thaliana Phytohormones EARLY EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTROPISM SHOWED THAT A STIMULUS (LIGHT) RELEASED CHEMICALS THAT INFLUENCED GROWTH Auxins Auxin causes several responses in plants: * Phototropism * Geotropism * Promo:on of apical dominance * Flower formaon * Fruit set and growth * Formaon of adven::ous roots * Differen:aon of vascular :ssues (de novo or repairing existent vascular :ssue) Auxins Addi:on of auxins produce parthenocarpic fruit. Stenospermocarpy Biological mechanism that produces seedlessness in some fruits (many table grapes, watermelon) diploid + tetraploid parent = triploid seeds vegetave parthenocarpy Plants that do not require pollinaon or other s:mulaon to produce parthenocarpic fruit (cucumber) Auxins Synthe:c auxins Widely used in agriculture and hor:culture • prevent leaf abscission • prevent fruit drop • promote flowering and frui:ng • control weeds Agent Orange - 1:1 rao of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T Dioxin usually contaminates 2,4,5-T, which is linked to miscarriages, birth defects, leukemia, and other types of cancer.
    [Show full text]
  • A Framework for Plant Behavior Author(S): Jonathan Silvertown and Deborah M
    A Framework for Plant Behavior Author(s): Jonathan Silvertown and Deborah M. Gordon Reviewed work(s): Source: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 20 (1989), pp. 349-366 Published by: Annual Reviews Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2097096 . Accessed: 10/02/2012 12:56 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Annual Reviews is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. http://www.jstor.org Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1989. 20:349-66 Copyright ? 1989 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved A FRAMEWORKFOR PLANT BEHAVIOR Jonathan Silvertown' and Deborah M. Gordon2 'BiologyDepartment, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UnitedKingdom 2Departmentof Zoology,University of Oxford,South Parks Rd, Oxford,OXI 3PS, UnitedKingdom INTRODUCTION The language of animalbehavior is being used increasinglyto describecertain plant activities such as foraging (28, 31, 56), mate choice (67), habitatchoice (51), and sex change (9, 10). Furthermore,analytical tools such as game theory, employed to model animal behavior, have also been applied to plants (e.g. 42, 54). There is some question whetherwords used to describe animal behavior, such as the word behavior itself, or foraging, can be properly applied to the activities of plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal for the Development of Large Scale Seed Production and Roadside Establishment Protocol for Five Native Hawaiian Groundcovers
    TERMINATION REPORT FOR (TA) DL2012-2 Proposal for the Development of Large Scale Seed Production and Roadside Establishment Protocol for Five Native Hawaiian Groundcovers. PREPARED BY Dr. Joseph DeFrank, project PI DATED: July 05, 2018 TERINATION REPORT FOR - (TA) DL 2012-2 - July 05, 2018 Page 1 Table of Contents Page Description number Executive Summary of Project Accomplishments 2-3 Establishing seed production nursery on Oahu. 4-10 Weed control research with native plants. 11-16 Seed Harvest Index for Aalii (Dodonaea viscosa) 17-19 Seed Harvest Index for Ahinahina (Achyranthes splendens) 19-23 Seed Harvest Index for Aweoweo (Chenopodium oahuense) 24-25 Seed Harvest Index for Ilima (Sida fallex) 26-27 Seed Harvest Index for Uhaloa (Waltheria indica) 28-30 Executive Summary of Project Accomplishments The Hawaii Department of Transportation has provided funding in support of the research and development project titled: “Proposal for the Development of Large Scale Seed Production and Roadside Establishment Protocol for Five Native Hawaiian Groundcovers”. The notice to proceed date was May15, 2015 with termination date of May 15, 2018. The Task Agreement (TA) for this project is DL2012-2 with Purchase Order No. 40055133. The Cooperative Agreement number is DOT-10-030. Summary of work performed during the project period Establishing seed production nurseries on Oahu. A .9 acre seed production nursery was established in the median area on the leeward side of Oahu in the Halawa interchange, see photos 1-7. All five of the project native plant species are included in this nursery. The nursery is supplied with automatic irrigation. Water conservation and clean seed collection is enhanced due to the used of durable woven black plastic ground cover used extensively throughout the planting.
    [Show full text]
  • History Department Botany
    THE HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY 1889-1989 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA SHERI L. BARTLETT I - ._-------------------- THE HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY 1889-1989 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA SHERI L. BARTLETT TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 1-11 Chapter One: 1889-1916 1-18 Chapter Two: 1917-1935 19-38 Chapter Three: 1936-1954 39-58 Chapter Four: 1955-1973 59-75 Epilogue 76-82 Appendix 83-92 Bibliography 93-94 -------------------------------------- Preface (formerly the College of Science, Literature and the Arts), the College of Agriculture, or The history that follows is the result some other area. Eventually these questions of months ofresearch into the lives and work were resolved in 1965 when the Department of the Botany Department's faculty members joined the newly established College of and administrators. The one-hundred year Biological Sciences (CBS). In 1988, The overview focuses on the Department as a Department of Botany was renamed the whole, and the decisions that Department Department of Plant Biology, and Irwin leaders made to move the field of botany at Rubenstein from the Department of Genetics the University of Minnesota forward in a and Cell Biology became Plant Biology's dynamic and purposeful manner. However, new head. The Department now has this is not an effort to prove that the administrative ties to both the College of Department's history was linear, moving Biological Sciences and the College of forward in a pre-determined, organized Agriculture. fashion at every moment. Rather I have I have tried to recognize the attempted to demonstrate the complexities of accomplishments and individuality of the the personalities and situations that shaped Botany Department's faculty while striving to the growth ofthe Department and made it the describe the Department as one entity.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproduction in Plants Which But, She Has Never Seen the Seeds We Shall Learn in This Chapter
    Reproduction in 12 Plants o produce its kind is a reproduction, new plants are obtained characteristic of all living from seeds. Torganisms. You have already learnt this in Class VI. The production of new individuals from their parents is known as reproduction. But, how do Paheli thought that new plants reproduce? There are different plants always grow from seeds. modes of reproduction in plants which But, she has never seen the seeds we shall learn in this chapter. of sugarcane, potato and rose. She wants to know how these plants 12.1 MODES OF REPRODUCTION reproduce. In Class VI you learnt about different parts of a flowering plant. Try to list the various parts of a plant and write the Asexual reproduction functions of each. Most plants have In asexual reproduction new plants are roots, stems and leaves. These are called obtained without production of seeds. the vegetative parts of a plant. After a certain period of growth, most plants Vegetative propagation bear flowers. You may have seen the It is a type of asexual reproduction in mango trees flowering in spring. It is which new plants are produced from these flowers that give rise to juicy roots, stems, leaves and buds. Since mango fruit we enjoy in summer. We eat reproduction is through the vegetative the fruits and usually discard the seeds. parts of the plant, it is known as Seeds germinate and form new plants. vegetative propagation. So, what is the function of flowers in plants? Flowers perform the function of Activity 12.1 reproduction in plants. Flowers are the Cut a branch of rose or champa with a reproductive parts.
    [Show full text]
  • Protect Oak Tree Seedlings from Browsing Using Paper Bud Caps
    Field Tip #13 May 2013 PROTECT OAK TREE SEEDLINGS FROM BROWSING USING PAPER BUD CAPS By Doug Hecker, Silviculture Program Forester - Sandstone Depredation by deer on planted and natural oak tree seedlings can be a severe problem. Repeated browsing will restrict growth dramatically, creating very deformed seedlings and saplings, repeated dieback and re-sprouting, and even mortality. After many years of effort to control browsing using balloons, tree shelters, repellants, fencing, and dry wall joint tape, a successful technique, using 4” x 4” bud cap paper, was developed to protect hardwood seedlings. Although effective 65 to 75% of the time, balloons can have negative effects on about one-third of the trees, causing dieback on the terminal bud. A lateral bud then takes over as the new terminal bud, sometimes deforming the shape of the tree. Balloons need to be applied only when conditions are Figure 1: 4 x 4 inch piece of bud cap paper dry. If they are applied after a rain or even a heavy morning due, the terminal bud can rot, and die back. Oak should be bud capped in October, after the leaves have started to senesce; at the point where the leaf starts to turn red, before dropping, or easily pulls off without damaging the leaf cuticle or stem of the tree. This period is usually during the first three weeks of October, before the leaves drop. The seedlings can be capped after leaf drop, however it is easier for crews to identify oak seedlings while the leaves are still on. Oaks tend to retain their leaves even after they change color and become dormant.
    [Show full text]
  • Image – Action – Space
    Image – Action – Space IMAGE – ACTION – SPACE SITUATING THE SCREEN IN VISUAL PRACTICE Luisa Feiersinger, Kathrin Friedrich, Moritz Queisner (Eds.) This publication was made possible by the Image Knowledge Gestaltung. An Interdisciplinary Laboratory Cluster of Excellence at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (EXC 1027/1) with financial support from the German Research Foundation as part of the Excellence Initiative. The editors like to thank Sarah Scheidmantel, Paul Schulmeister, Lisa Weber as well as Jacob Watson, Roisin Cronin and Stefan Ernsting (Translabor GbR) for their help in editing and proofreading the texts. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No-Derivatives 4.0 License. For details go to https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Copyrights for figures have been acknowledged according to best knowledge and ability. In case of legal claims please contact the editors. ISBN 978-3-11-046366-8 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-046497-9 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-046377-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018956404 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche National bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2018 Luisa Feiersinger, Kathrin Friedrich, Moritz Queisner, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com, https://www.doabooks.org and https://www.oapen.org. Cover illustration: Malte Euler Typesetting and design: Andreas Eberlein, aromaBerlin Printing and binding: Beltz Bad Langensalza GmbH, Bad Langensalza Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Inhalt 7 Editorial 115 Nina Franz and Moritz Queisner Image – Action – Space.
    [Show full text]
  • Floral Symmetry Affects Speciation Rates in Angiosperms Risa D
    Received 25 July 2003 Accepted 13 November 2003 Published online 16 February 2004 Floral symmetry affects speciation rates in angiosperms Risa D. Sargent Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada ([email protected]) Despite much recent activity in the field of pollination biology, the extent to which animal pollinators drive the formation of new angiosperm species remains unresolved. One problem has been identifying floral adaptations that promote reproductive isolation. The evolution of a bilaterally symmetrical corolla restricts the direction of approach and movement of pollinators on and between flowers. Restricting pollin- ators to approaching a flower from a single direction facilitates specific placement of pollen on the pollin- ator. When coupled with pollinator constancy, precise pollen placement can increase the probability that pollen grains reach a compatible stigma. This has the potential to generate reproductive isolation between species, because mutations that cause changes in the placement of pollen on the pollinator may decrease gene flow between incipient species. I predict that animal-pollinated lineages that possess bilaterally sym- metrical flowers should have higher speciation rates than lineages possessing radially symmetrical flowers. Using sister-group comparisons I demonstrate that bilaterally symmetric lineages tend to be more species rich than their radially symmetrical sister lineages. This study supports an important role for pollinator- mediated speciation and demonstrates that floral morphology plays a key role in angiosperm speciation. Keywords: reproductive isolation; pollination; sister group comparison; zygomorphy 1. INTRODUCTION The importance of pollinator-mediated selection in angiosperms is well supported by theory (Kiester et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary Glossary
    Glossary Glossary Albedo A measure of an object’s reflectivity. A pure white reflecting surface has an albedo of 1.0 (100%). A pitch-black, nonreflecting surface has an albedo of 0.0. The Moon is a fairly dark object with a combined albedo of 0.07 (reflecting 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it). The albedo range of the lunar maria is between 0.05 and 0.08. The brighter highlands have an albedo range from 0.09 to 0.15. Anorthosite Rocks rich in the mineral feldspar, making up much of the Moon’s bright highland regions. Aperture The diameter of a telescope’s objective lens or primary mirror. Apogee The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is furthest from the Earth. At apogee, the Moon can reach a maximum distance of 406,700 km from the Earth. Apollo The manned lunar program of the United States. Between July 1969 and December 1972, six Apollo missions landed on the Moon, allowing a total of 12 astronauts to explore its surface. Asteroid A minor planet. A large solid body of rock in orbit around the Sun. Banded crater A crater that displays dusky linear tracts on its inner walls and/or floor. 250 Basalt A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock, low in silicon, with a low viscosity. Basaltic material fills many of the Moon’s major basins, especially on the near side. Glossary Basin A very large circular impact structure (usually comprising multiple concentric rings) that usually displays some degree of flooding with lava. The largest and most conspicuous lava- flooded basins on the Moon are found on the near side, and most are filled to their outer edges with mare basalts.
    [Show full text]
  • Flowering Plant Families of Northwestern California: a Tabular Comparison
    Humboldt State University Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University Botanical Studies Open Educational Resources and Data 12-2019 Flowering Plant Families of Northwestern California: A Tabular Comparison James P. Smith Jr Humboldt State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Smith, James P. Jr, "Flowering Plant Families of Northwestern California: A Tabular Comparison" (2019). Botanical Studies. 95. https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps/95 This Flora of Northwest California-Regional is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Educational Resources and Data at Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Botanical Studies by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLOWERING PLANT FAMILIES OF NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA: A TABULAR COMPARISON James P. Smith, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Botany Department of Biological Sciences Humboldt State University December 2019 Scientific Name Habit Leaves Sexuality • Floral Formula Common Name Fruit Type • Comments Aceraceae TSV SC:O U-m [P] • K 4-5 C 4-5 A 4-10 G (2) Maple Paired samaras • leaves often palmately lobed Acoraceae H S:A U-m • P 3+3 A 6 or G (3) Sweet Flag Berry • aquatic; aromatic rhizomes Aizoaceae HS S:AO B • P [3] 5 [8] A 0-4 Gsi (2-5-4) Ice Plant Capsule (berry-like) • fleshy; stamens divided, petaloid Alismataceae
    [Show full text]
  • Fruits: Kinds and Terms
    FRUITS: KINDS AND TERMS THE IMPORTANT PART OF THE LIFE CYCLE OFTEN IGNORED Technically, fruits are the mature ovaries of plants that contain ripe seeds ready for dispersal • Of the many kinds of fruits, there are three basic categories: • Dehiscent fruits that split open to shed their seeds, • Indehiscent dry fruits that retain their seeds and are often dispersed as though they were the seed, and • Indehiscent fleshy fruits that turn color and entice animals to eat them, meanwhile allowing the undigested seeds to pass from the animal’s gut We’ll start with dehiscent fruits. The most basic kind, the follicle, contains a single chamber and opens by one lengthwise slit. The columbine seed pods, three per flower, are follicles A mature columbine follicle Milkweed seed pods are also large follicles. Here the follicle hasn’t yet opened. Here is the milkweed follicle opened The legume is a similar seed pod except it opens by two longitudinal slits, one on either side of the fruit. Here you see seeds displayed from a typical legume. Legumes are only found in the pea family Fabaceae. On this fairy duster legume, you can see the two borders that will later split open. Redbud legumes are colorful before they dry and open Lupine legumes twist as they open, projecting the seeds away from the parent The bur clover modifies its legumes by coiling them and providing them with hooked barbs, only opening later as they dry out. The rattlepods or astragaluses modify their legumes by inflating them for wind dispersal, later opening to shed their seeds.
    [Show full text]
  • Miss EA Willmott
    726 NATURE NovEMBER 10, 1934 Obituary PROF. 0. V. DARBISHIRE Bristol Naturalists' Society and in that of the South ORN at Conway in 1870, Otto Vernon Darbishire Western Naturalists' Union, of which he was the B had the advantage of a varied education, president. passing his school years in Dresden and Florence and A few years ago, Darbishire met with a serious pursuing his university studies at Bangor, Oxford cycling accident, which incapacitated him almost and Kiel. Thus he gained not only a wide outlook on completely for some considerable time. Happily his life, but became also a good linguist-an inestimable recovery, though slow, was sure, and he completely advantage for a scientific worker. After graduating regained his powers, so that he could again undertake with honours in botany at Oxford, where he studied both his teaching and his research work. He was no under Prof. Vines, he went to Kiel, and there took up doubt looking forward to the opportunity after his first the study of Algre, obtaining the Ph.D. degree. retirement, which was due next year, to devote more He then became assistant to Prof. Reinke and com­ time to the investigation of lichens, and we might menced his investigations into the structure and have expected further important contributions to development of lichens, a study which he pursued botanical science. But alas, it was not to be. Taken throughout his life. He also turned his attention to ill very suddenly, he died after an operation on the taxonomy of this group of plants, publishing an October 11 at the age of sixty-four years, leaving a important monograph of the genus Roccella in the widow and two young sons.
    [Show full text]