Glossary Glossary

Albedo

A measure of an object’s reflectivity. A pure white reflecting surface has an albedo of 1.0 (100%). A pitch-black, nonreflecting surface has an albedo of 0.0. The Moon is a fairly dark object with a combined albedo of 0.07 (reflecting 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it). The albedo range of the lunar maria is between 0.05 and 0.08. The brighter highlands have an albedo range from 0.09 to 0.15.

Anorthosite

Rocks rich in the mineral feldspar, making up much of the Moon’s bright highland regions.

Aperture

The diameter of a telescope’s objective lens or primary mirror.

Apogee

The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is furthest from the Earth. At apogee, the Moon can reach a maximum distance of 406,700 km from the Earth.

Apollo

The manned lunar program of the United States. Between July 1969 and December 1972, six Apollo missions landed on the Moon, allowing a total of 12 astronauts to explore its surface.

Asteroid

A minor planet. A large solid body of rock in orbit around the Sun.

Banded crater

A crater that displays dusky linear tracts on its inner walls and/or floor.

250 Basalt

A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock, low in silicon, with a low viscosity. Basaltic material fills

many of the Moon’s major basins, especially on the near side. Glossary

Basin

A very large circular impact structure (usually comprising multiple concentric rings) that usually displays some degree of flooding with lava. The largest and most conspicuous lava- flooded basins on the Moon are found on the near side, and most are filled to their outer edges with mare basalts. The far-side basins are generally smaller and have minimal lava flooding, mainly at their centers.

Breccia

A composite rock made up of a variety of fragments formed as a result of high-energy impacts.

Caldera

A sizeable depression in the summit of a volcano caused by subsidence or explosion.

Capture hypothesis

A theory for the origin of the Moon suggesting that it originally formed as a planet in an independent orbit around the Sun but was later captured by the Earth’s gravity.

Catena (plural: Catenae)

A chain of craters.

Central peak

An elevation found at the center of an impact crater, usually formed by elastic rebound of the lunar crust after impact.

Cleft

A small rille.

251 Co-accretion hypothesis

A theory that postulates that the Moon formed from a cloud of debris in orbit around the

Glossary Earth. Also known as the “Sister Planet” theory.

Collision hypothesis

A theory of the formation of the Moon that appears to account for more idiosyncrasies of the Moon and its orbit than any other theory. It postulates that the Moon was formed from a cloud of material blasted out from the Earth after a glancing blow from a Mars-sized impactor. Popularly known as the “Big Whack” theory.

Colongitude

The selenographic longitude of the sunrise terminator. Tables of colongitude in an ephemeris are consulted in order to plan or research lunar observations.

Crater

A circular feature, often depressed beneath its surroundings, bounded by a circular (or near- circular) wall. Almost all the large craters visible on the Moon have been formed by aster- oidal impact, but a few smaller craters are endogenic, of volcanic origin.

Crescent Moon

The period between the New Moon and dichotomy when the earth-turned lunar hemi- sphere is less than half-illuminated.

Crypotomare

An ancient mare overlain and obscured by thick piles of ejecta from subsequent basin- forming impacts.

Dark halo crater (DHC)

A crater surrounded by a collar of dark material. In some cases this material is volcanic ash thrown out from a volcanic vent. Other DHCs are produced by impacts that excavate darker material from beneath the lunar surface.

Dark side

The hemisphere of the Moon not experiencing direct sunlight.

252 Dichotomy

Half-phase (first quarter or last quarter Moon). Glossary

Dome

A low, rounded elevation with shallow-angled sides. Most have been formed volcanically, but others are thought to have arisen as a result of subcrustal pressure.

Dorsum (plural: Dorsa)

Wrinkle ridge.

Earthshine

The faint, blue-tinted glow of the Moon’s unilluminated hemisphere, visible to the naked eye when the Moon is a narrow crescent. It is caused by sunlight reflected onto the Moon by the Earth.

Eclipse

A phenomenon caused when the Moon passes directly in front of the Sun and casts a shadow onto the Earth (solar eclipse) or when the Moon moves through the Earth’s shadow (lunar eclipse).

Ecliptic

The apparent path of the Sun against the celestial sphere during the year. The ecliptic is inclined by 23.5° to the celestial equator. The major planets follow paths close to the ecliptic, and the Moon’s path inclines by some 5° to it.

Ejecta

A sheet of material thrown out from the site of a meteoroidal or asteroidal impact that lands on the surrounding terrain. Large impacts produce ejecta sheets composed of melted rock and larger solid fragments, in some cases producing bright ray systems. The brightness of the ejecta blanket gradually fades over time.

Elongation

The angular distance of the Moon or a planet from the Sun, viewed from the Earth, meas- ured between 0° and 180° east or west of the Sun. For example, the first quarter Moon has an eastern elongation of 90°.

253 Endogenic

Having an internal origin. Lunar volcanoes and faults are endogenic. Glossary

Ephemeris

A table of numerical data or graphs that gives information about a celestial body in a date- ordered sequence, i.e., the rising and setting times of the Moon, the Sun’s selenographic colongitude, etc.

Evection

A regular deviation of the Moon’s orbital path around the Earth caused by the gravitation- al pull of the Sun.

Exogenic

Having an external origin. Most lunar craters are exogenic.

Far side

The hemisphere of the Moon that is constantly turned away from the Earth. The far side relates to all the features between 90° east and 90° west, but libration allows the terrestrial observer to glimpse some 59% of the Moon’s surface over time.

Fault

A crack in the lunar crust caused by tension, compression or sideways movement.

First Quarter

Half phase between New Moon and Full, occurring one-quarter through the lunation.

Fission hypothesis

An old, now abandoned theory that attempted to explain the origin of the Moon as a chunk of material spun off from a rapidly revolving Earth.

Full Moon

When the lunar disc is completely illuminated by the Sun.Viewed from above, the Sun, Earth and Moon are in line.

254 Gibbous

The phase of the Moon between dichotomy and Full. Glossary

Graben

A valley created by crustal tension and bounded by two parallel faults. Examples can be observed around the edges of several maria.

Highlands

Heavily cratered regions of the Moon of generally higher elevation than the maria. They appear significantly brighter than the maria.

Impact crater

A pit in the Moon’s crust formed by a solid projectile’s striking the Moon at high speed, causing either a mechanically excavated crater (meteoroid impacts) or a large explosive excavation (asteroid impacts).

Lacus (Latin: Lake)

A small, smooth plain.

Lava

Molten rock extruded onto the surface by a volcano.

Limb

The very edge of the Moon.

Lithosphere

The Moon’s solid crust.

Lunar

Pertaining to the Moon (from Luna, Roman goddess of the Moon).

255 Lunar eclipse

A period during which the Moon moves through the shadow of the Earth. Lunar eclipses can

Glossary be penumbral, partial or total, and happen at Full Moon when the Sun, Earth and Moon are almost exactly in line.

Lunar geology

The study of the lunar rocks and the processes that sculpted the Moon’s surface. Sometimes referred to as “selenology.”

Lunation

The period taken by the Moon to complete one cycle of phases, from New Moon to New Moon, averaging 29d 12h 44m. This is the Moon’s synodic month. Lunations are numbered in sequence from Lunation 1, which commenced on 16 January 1923. Lunation 1000 commenced on 25 October 2003.

Mare (Latin: sea. Plural: maria)

A large, dark, lunar plain. Maria fill many of the Moon’s large multiringed basins and comprise a total of 17% of the Moon’s entire surface area.

Massif

A large mountainous elevation, usually a group of mountains.

Mons (Latin: mountain. Plural: montes)

The generic term for a lunar mountain.

New Moon

The lunar phase during which all of the near side is unilluminated. Seen from above, the Moon lies directly between the Earth and Sun.

Occultation

The disappearance or reappearance of a star or planet behind the lunar limb.

Palus (Latin: marsh)

A small lunar plain.

256 Perigee

The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is closest to Earth. At perigee, the Moon can be as

close as 356,400 km from the Earth. Glossary

Promontorium (Latin: promontory)

A mountainous headland that projects into a lunar mare.

Ray

A bright feature of flat relief that radiates from many of the younger lunar impact craters. Part of the crater’s ejecta system, bright-colored ray material also churns up the lunar surface to reveal lighter-colored material beneath.

Regolith

The upper layer of the Moon’s surface, a mixture of compacted dust and rocky debris produced by eons of relentless meteoritic erosion.

Rift valley

A graben-type feature caused by crustal tension, faulting and horizontal slippage of the middle crustal block.

Rille

A narrow valley.Some rilles are linear or arcuate, caused by crustal tension or faulting. Others are sinuous, believed to have been caused by fast-moving lava flows.

Rima (Latin: fissure. Plural: rimae)

A rille.

Rupes (Latin: scarp)

A cliff produced by crustal tension, faulting and relative horizontal movement between the two crustal blocks.

Satellite

An object in orbit around a larger body. The Moon is Earth’s only natural satellite.

257 Secondary cratering

Craters produced by the impact of large pieces of solid debris thrown out by a large impact.

Glossary Secondary craters often occur in distinct chains, where piles of material have impacted simultaneously.

Seeing

A measure of the quality and steadiness of an image seen through the telescope eyepiece. Seeing is affected by atmospheric turbulence, especially by thermal effects.

Selene

Ancient Greek goddess of the Moon.

Selenology

The study of the history of the Moon’s rocks and its surface processes. From Selene, ancient Greek goddess of the Moon.

Sinus (Latin: bay)

An indentation along the edge of a mare.

Synodic month

The period taken for the Moon to complete one cycle of phases from New Moon to New Moon.

Terminator

The line separating the illuminated and unilluminated hemispheres of the Moon. From New Moon to Full, we observe the morning terminator. From Full to New Moon, we see the evening terminator. The terminator creeps across the surface at a speed of about 0.5° lunar longitude per hour.

Transient Lunar Phenomena (TLP)

Rarely observed, short-lived, anomalous-colored glows, flashes or obscurations of local surface detail, whose causes are poorly understood.Also known as lunar transient phenom- ena (LTP).

258 Vallis (Latin: Valley)

A large trenchlike depression in the lunar crust. Glossary

Volcano

An elevated feature built up over time by the eruption of molten lava and ash. Lunar vol- canoes are usually low, with shallow slopes and topped by tiny summit craters (vents). Volcanic activity on the Moon ceased more than 2 billion years ago.

Waning Moon

The period from Full Moon to New Moon, when the illumination of the Earth-turned lunar hemisphere decreases.

Wrinkle ridge

A linear or sinuous feature of low elevation traversing many of the marial plains. Some are lava flow fronts, others are features formed by compression as the mare surface contracted, while a few trace the buried outlines of features such as craters or inner basin rings. Also known as a dorsum.

Waxing Moon

The period from New Moon to Full Moon when the illumination of the Earth-turned lunar hemisphere increases.

259 260 Appendix: Resources author since 1984)that journal, hasitsown including anactive Lunar (directed by the Section Sections, Observing SPA of hasavariety The special discounts isavailable. Onlinejoining member facility andtheSPA Scheme. Book arangeof free shows at theTussaud’s Members cantake advantage of London Planetarium. Astronomy SPA The andsixNews Circulars London hostsquarterly peryear. and meetings Popular Publications include magazine, thequarterly levels. all amateur astronomers of It isaimedat theSPA intheUK. isthelargestastronomical society Founded in1953, [email protected] Email: United Kingdom. NG125DU, Nottingham, Keyworth, 36Fairway, TheSecretary, Address: http://www.popastro.comWebsite: for PopularThe Society Astronomy (SPA) Societies Appendix: Resources bevto n teto ocretrsac.The aimsALS also to educate youngsters observation andattention to current research. theMoon through isagroup dedicated to thestudy of based inthe United States, The ALS, http://otterdad.dynip.com/als Website: (ALS) LunarAmerican Society phenomena. coordinators specializing inareas such asdome research andtransient has anumber of the ALPO Lunar Section In addition, features andimages. observational members drawings isanexcellent publication that Lunar The Observer, Its newsletter, byrun Bill Dembowsky. hasanactive Lunar Topographic based intheUnited Section States, This largeassociation, http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~rhill/alpo/lunar.html ALPO Lunar website: Section Website http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/alpo Observers (ALPO) Lunar andPlanetary Association of isopen to non-professionals however, also. theRAS, Fellowship of Moon. ly magazine, Its bimonth- physics andsolar-terrestrial sciences. solar andplanetary geophysics, physics, theRAS istheUK’s leadingprofessional for body astronomy andastro- Founded in1820, W1J0BQ, London, United Kingdom. Piccadilly, Burlington House, Royal Astronomical Society, Address: http://www.ras.org.uk Website: The Royal Astronomical (RAS) Society The New Moon observations, directed by Ebdon Colin excellent anditsown featuring journal members’ TheBAA Lunar hasanactive Lunar Section Topographic Subsection edge andexpertise. knowl- A UK-based astronomical aimedat association amateurs anadvanced with level of United Kingdom. W1J0DU, London, Piccadilly, House, Burlington AstronomicalBritish The Association, TheAssistantSecretary, Address: http://www.britastro.org Website: AstronomicalBritish (BAA)The Association Astronomy and Geophysics . features occasional about informative the articles , Luna . (including lunar impacts). UAI projects include lunar topography andtransient phenomena itswebsite. version of informative avery with English theUAIBased inItaly, section, hasanactive lunar observing http://www.uai.it/sez_lun/english.htm Website: Unione Astrofili Italiani (UAI) features Moon-related andobservations. articles The ALS hasagreat quarterly journal, through age-specific projects. the brighter planets. theMoon (including special events like lunar eclipses)and often features live of webcasts information about the Moon andhowPeter to itand observe Grego’s website hasplenty of www.lunarobservers.comWebsite: Lunarobservers.com forfacilities workshops andconferences. offers and TheLPIalso publishing services resources andproducts. outreach programs, education andpublic anextensive library, animage-processing facility, data, planetary lunar and It hasextensive collections of System. theSolar evolution andformation of state, thecurrent in studies of for isafocus academicparticipation Texas, based inHouston, LPI, http://www.lpi.usra.edu/Website: InstituteLunar andPlanetary (LPI) Piergiovanni Salimbeni. interested andTLPresearch inlunar founded geology in1997by Raffaello Lena and An excellent Italian-based text) for language English lunar resource good observers (with http://glrgroup.org/ Website: Lunar ResearchGeologic Group each image. accompanied linemapsof by labelled useful the1960s, from imagesreturned theUSLunar Orbiter probes of The entire of collection http://www.lpi.usra.edu/research/lunar_orbiter/Website: theMoon LunarDigital Orbiter Photographic Atlas of taken telescopes. through largeEarth-based illuminations andlibrations, of pre-Apollo imagescovering photographic theMoon’s nearsideat avariety of A collection http://www.lpi.usra.edu/research/cla/Website: Consolidated Lunar Atlas Moon TheModern andtheLunar 100list. author of Woodforemost isacolumnist authorities on for theMoon. theworld’s one compiled of by Charles Wood, lunar science andhistory, A compendium of http://cwm.lpod.org/ Website: Chuck Wood’sMoon An active web-based community lunar. for things all discussing http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lunar-observing/ Website: Chuck Taylor’s Group Lunar on Observing Yahoo Fully searchable database. theMoon from orbit. Apollo imagesof of A superb collection http://www.lpi.usra.edu/research/apollo/Website: Apollo Image Atlas Internet Resources Sky and Telescope Selenology magazine and ,that

261 Appendix: Resources 262 Appendix: Resources itr ftelescopic lunar exploration. of A history 363pp. 2001. Willmann-Bell, By William PSheehanandThomas A Dobbins Epic Moon amateur lunar observers. theworld’s mostaccomplished lunar features by one of of avariety Superb observations of 240pp. 1991. Cambridge University Press, Hill Harold By Lunar Drawings A Portfolio of Bibliography lunar map. map)andageological aphotographic with (switchable theentire Moon including amapof Packed features, with plan or research observations. This freeware package isamust for hasacomputer thelunar who observer to andwishes http://www.astrosurf.com/avl/UK_index.htmlWebsite: Legrand Patrick Chevalley andChristian Publisher: Virtual Moon Atlas active lunar atlas. Features aninter- capabilities. A complete for Moon utility Windows agreat rangeof with http://www.nightskyobserver.comWebsite: NovaSoft Ltd Publisher: LunarPhase Pro handy tools. comprehensive suite of popular this program hasa to helpDesigned lunar planandrecord observers theMoon, http://home.bresnan.net/~h.jamieson/ Website: HJamieson Publisher: Lunar Observer’s ToolKit modeling. includes 3-Dterrain Latest version –adetailedshaded mapandanaccuratemodes vector linerendition. graphic two with magnifications, into zoomed high being An electronic Moon of mapcapable http://www.riti.com Website: RITI Publisher: Lunar Map Pro Computer Programs robotic andmanned. theNASA all lunar missions, Links of to descriptions http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo_25th.html Website: NASA Lunar Exploration accompanied by adetailedexplanation. day, Daily lunar stimulation visual andeducation from Charles Wood h –anewlunar imageeach Website: theDay Lunar Photo of tt p://www .l p o d.o rg/ ty on ty by the world’s written foremost authori- lunar cartography andnomenclature, of A history 242pp. 1999. Cambridge University Press, EwenBy AWhittaker Mapping andNaming theMoon theMoon. entertaining anduncomplicated of to aspects guide all A well-written, 240pp. 2001. Cassell, Moore Patrick By Patrick Moore on theMoon thelunar surface. gorgeous images of Contains many to landing. from take-off lunar inimages, journey assemble anarchetypal MichaelLight andphotographer drew onArtist NASA’s archives photographic original to 243pp. 1999. Jonathan Cape, byEdited MichaelLight and Andrew Chaikin Moon Full to guide theMoon andthefeaturesA well-written through visible the lunation. 229pp. 1984. Dover, Jr HCherrington By Ernest theMoonExploring Telescopes andSmall Through Binoculars missions. andLunar Clementine Prospector the Apollo, explorationsMoon of andthemodern the draws telescopic book on The traditional both observations of Moon through theeons. forces that have sculpted the Wood’s authoritative of andcleartext explains thevariety 228 pp. 2004. Sky Publishing, By Charles Wood MoonThe Modern explains how geologist thelargelunarA planetary basins were formed. 263pp. 1993. Cambridge University Press, By Paul DSpudis Multi-Ring Impact Basins of The Geology CD-ROM included. images. great Some observations and techniques. andreliableA solid on guide lunar observing 181pp. 2000. Springer, By Peter T Wlasuk theMoon Observing phases. lunar PhilipsMoon Map andaposter of Kit contains Moon thebook Observer’s Guide, 2004. Firefly (US), Philips (UK), Grego Peter By Moonwatch mapsections. illustrated with nator, thetermi- Contains acomplete theMoon based on to thedaily guide observing progress of 192pp. 2004. Firefly (US), Philips (UK), Grego Peter By Moon Observer’s Guide the subj ect.

263 Appendix: Resources Atlas of the Lunar Terminator By John E Westfall Cambridge University Press, 2000. 292 pp. A selection of amateur CCD images shows features along the terminator through the lunar month. Some of the images are over-processed and too contrasty to be of much use in seeing fine tonal detail, but it is a useful book to consult nonetheless.

Atlas of the Moon By Antonin Rükl Sky Publishing, 2004. 224 pp. A wonderfully clear, detailed atlas of the Moon in 76 sections, showing most objects visible through a 100 mm aperture.

Philip’s Moon Map Drawn by John Murray George Philip Ltd, 2004. Appendix: Resources The near side of the Moon clearly drawn and labelled and indexed with more than 500 features. Text description by Peter Grego.

Photographic Atlas of the Moon By S M Chong, Albert C H Lim and P S Ang. Cambridge University Press, 2002. 145 pp. Day-by-day photographic coverage of the whole Moon throughout the lunation.

The Hatfield Photographic Lunar Atlas By Henry Hatfield. Springer, 1998. 130 pp. A collection of close-up lunar photographs taken between 1965 and 1967, showing areas under different angles of illumination. A very useful book to consult, even though modern CCD images show far more detail.

264 About the Author

Peter Grego has been a regular watcher of the night skies since 1976. He began studying the Moon in 1982. He observes from his garden in Rednal, United Kingdom, with a variety of instruments, ranging from a 127mm Maksutov to a 300mm Newtonian, but his favorite instrument is his 200mm SCT. Grego’s pri- mary interests are observing and imaging the Moon and bright planets, but he occasionally likes to ‘go deep’ during the dark of the Moon. Grego has directed the Lunar Section of Britain’s Society for Popular Astronomy since 1984. He edits three astronomy publications – Luna the Journal of the SPA Lunar Section, the SPA News Circulars and Popular Astronomy magazine. In addition, he writes and illustrates the monthly MoonWatch column in the UK’s Astronomy Now magazine, and maintains his own website at www.luna robservers.com. Grego is the author of the books Collision: Earth! (Cassell, 1998), the Moon Observer’s Guide (Philips/Firefly, 2004) and Need to Know? Stargazing (Collins, 2005). He is a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society. About the Author

265 Index of Lunar Features

Abenezra 205 Aristillus 109, 126, 140 Birt F 178 Abenezra C 205 Aristoteles 110, 136 Birt, Rima 178 Abulfeda 205 Armstrong 132 Blanc, Mons 137 Abulfeda E 205 Arzachel 114, 201 Blancanus 205 Aestatis, Lacus 189 Arzachel A 202 Blanchinus 205 Aestuum, Sinus 149, 152, 154 Arzachel D 178 Boguslawsky 213 Agarum, Promontorium 144 Arzachel E 202 Bohnenberger 220 Agassiz, Promontorium 137 Arzachel F 202 Bohr 166 Agatharchides 174 Arzachel, Rima 202 Bohr, Vallis 166 Agricola, Montes 165 Asperitatis, Sinus 215 Bond, G 137 Agrippa 131 Atlas 147 Bond,G,Rima 137 Airy 203 Atwood 218 Bond, W 134 Albategnius 202 Australe, Mare 119, 224 Bonitatis, Lacus 144 Albategnius B 203 Autolycus 109, 126, 140 Bonpland 174 Albategnius KA 203 Autumni, Lacus 189 Boole 157 Albategnius Alpha 203 Azara, Dorsum 126 Borda 219 Aldrin 132 Azophi 205 Boscovich 128 Aliacensis 205 Boussingault 212 Almanon 205 Boussingault A 213 Al-Marrakushi 218 Baade 198 Boussingault B 213 Alpes, Montes 109, 137 Baade, Vallis 198 Boussingault C 213 Alpes, Vallis 109, 118, 137 Babbage 157 Boussingault E 213 Alpetragius 114, 201 Babbage A 157 Boussingault K 213 Alphonsus 114, 200 Baco 212 Boussingault T 213 Alphonsus Alpha 200 Baco B 212 Bouvard, Vallis 198 Alphonsus, Rimae 201 Baillaud 134 Bradley, Mons 128 Altai, Rupes 118, 207 Bailly 119, 181 Bradley, Rima 129 Ammonius 200 Bailly A 182 Brayley 166 Amoris, Sinus 144 Bailly B 182 Brenner 222 Ampère, Mons 128 Balboa 166 Brianchon 157 Amundsen 213 Balmer 218 Bucher, Dorsum 161 Anaxagoras 115, 134 Bancroft 150 Buckland, Dorsum 126 Anaximander 157 Barkla 218 Bullialdus 175 Anaximander B 157 Barnard 219 Bullialdus A 175 Anaximander D 157 Barocius 211 Burckhardt 144 ‘Ancient Newton’ 159 Barocius B 211 Bunsen 171 Anguis, Mare 144 Barocius W 211 Bürg 137 Apenninus, Montes 109, 125, 128 Barrow 134 Bürg, Rimae 137 Apianus 205 Bartels 166 Burnet, Dorsa 165 Arago 132 Beaumont 220 Burnham 204 Arago Alpha 132 Beer 150 Byrd 134 Index of Lunar Features Arago Beta 132 Behaim 218 Byrgius 191 Archerusa, Promontorium 128 Belkovich 147 Byrgius A 116, 191 Archimedes 109, 129, 140 Berosus 148 Archimedes, Montes 140–1 Bessel 126 Archytas 135 Bessel D 126 Cabeus 214 Arduino, Dorsum 166 Bianchini 161 Campanus 175 Argaeus, Mons 126 Biela 222 Capella 216 Argand, Dorsa 166 Biela C 222 Capella, Vallis 216 Argelander 203 Bilharz 218 Capuanus 180 Ariadaeus 131 Billy 187 Capuanus P 181 Ariadaeus, Rima 131 Birmingham 134 Cardanus 166 Aristarchus 115 Birt 178 Cardanus, Rima 166 Aristarchus Plateau 162 Birt A 178 Carpatus, Montes 109 Aristarchus, Rimae 166 Birt E 178 Carpenter 157

267 Casatus 185 da Vinci 145 Flamsteed P 187 Casatus C 185 Davy 174 Fontenelle 158 Cassini 109 Davy A 174 Fourier 194 Cassini A 138 Davy, Catena 174 Fracastorius 108, 220 Catharina 115, 205 Davy G 174 Fracastorius D 220 Catharina B 207 Davy Y 174 Fracastorius E 220 Catharina P 207 Dawes 126 Fracastorius H 220 Catharina S 207 de Gasparis 191 Fracastorius M 220 Cato, Dorsa 217 de Gasparis A 191 Fracastorius Y 220 Caucasus, Montes 109, 110, 127 de Gasparis, Rimae 191 Fra Mauro 174 Cauchy 145 Delambre 204 Fra Mauro E 174 Cauchy, Omega 145 de la Rue 135 Franklin 147 Cauchy, Rima 145 Delaunay 205 Fresnel, Promontorium 129 Cauchy, Rupes 145 Delisle 161 Frigoris, Mare 108 Cauchy, Tau 145 Delisle, Mons 161 Furnerius 222 Cavalerius 169 Dembowski 131 Furnerius A 216 Cavendish 191 Democritus 135 Furnerius B 222 Cavendish E 191 Demonax 213 Furnerius, Rima 222 Cayeux, Dorsum 217 Descartes 204 Censorinus 216 Descartes A 204 Censorinus C 216 Descartes E 204–5 Galilei 169 Cepheus 147 Descensus, Planitia 169 Galilei, Rima 169 Chacornac 127 Deslandres 179, 180 Galle 135 Challis 134 Deville, Promontorium 137 Galvani 171 Cichus 180 Diophantus 180 Gambart 154 Cichus B 180 Doloris Lacus 128 Gambart B 154 Clairaut 212 Doppelmayer 194 Gambart C 154 Clairaut A 212 Doppelmayer K 191 Gärtner 135 Clausius 197 Doppelmayer, Rimae 194 Gärtner, Rima 135 Clavius 114, 184 Draper 150 Gassendi 115, 192 Clavius C 184 Drebbel B 197 Gassendi A 193 Clavius D 184 Drebbel E 197 Gassendi, Rimae 193 Clavius J 184 Drygalski 185 Gast, Dorsum 126 Clavius JA 184 Gaudibert 216 Clavius N 184 Gaudii, Lacus 128 Clerke 127 Eddington 166 Gauricus 180 Cleomedes 144 Eichstadt 189 Gauss 148 Cleomedes, Rima 144 Einstein 166 Gay-Lussac 152 Cognitum, Mare 111 Einstein A 166 Gay-Lussac, Rima 152 Collins 132 Elger 181 Geber 205 Colombo 217 Encke 168 Geikie, Dorsa 217 Colombo A 217 Encke T 168 Geminius 146 Compton 148 Endymion 114, 147 Gemma Frisius 211 Concordiae, Sinus 145 Epidemiarum, Palus 175, 179, 180 Gemma Frisius A 211 Conon 129 Epigenes 134 Gemma Frisius B 211 Copernicus 114, 115 Eratosthenes 109, 150 Gemma Frisius C 211 Cordillera, Montes 189 Euclides 173 Gerard 171 Cremona 157 Euclides P 173 Gibbs 218 Crisium, Mare 108, 143 Euctemon 134 Gioja 134 Cruger 189 Eudoxus 110, 136 Gilbert 218 Curtius 213 Euler 150 Goclenius 217 Cushman, Dorsum 217 Ewing, Dorsa 187 Goclenius B 217 Index of Lunar Features Cuvier 212 Excellentiae, Lacus 197 Goclenius, Rimae 217 Cyrillus 115, 205 Goclenius U 217 Cyrillus A 207 Goddard 145 Cyrillus Alpha 207 Fabricius 222 Godin 131 Cyrillus Delta 207 Fabricius A 222 Goldschmidt 134 Cyrillus Eta 207 Faraday 210 Goodacre 211 Fauth 114 Gould 177 Fauth A 114 Grabau, Dorsum 159 Daguerre 216 Fecunditatis, Mare 108 Greaves 143 Dalton 166 Felicitatis, Lacus 128 Grimaldi 115, 187 Damoiseau 188 Fernelius 210 Grimaldi, Rimae 188 Daniell, Rimae 137 Feuilée 150 Gruemberger 213 Darney 173 Firmicus 145 Gruithuisen 161 Darwin 189 Flamsteed 187 Gruithuisen Delta, Mons 108 Darwin, Rimae 191 Flamsteed G 187 Gruithuisen Gamma, Mons 108

268 Guericke 174 Hipparchus L 204 Lambert 150 Guericke F 174 Hipparchus X 202 Lambert R 150 Gutenberg 216 Hohmann 189 Lamé 218 Gutenberg C 216 Holden 218 Lamé G 218 Gutenberg E 216 Hommel 212 Lamé P 218 Gutenberg, Rimae 216 Hommel A 212 Lamont 111, 132 Gylden 200 Hommel C 212 Langrenus 218 Hommel H 212 Langrenus Alpha 218 Horrocks 202 Langrenus Beta 218 Hadley, Mons 128 Hortensius 155 Langrenus DA 218 Hadley Delta 128 Hubble 145 Lansberg 173 Hadley, Rima 129 Huggins 183 Lansberg C 173 Haemus, Montes 128 Humboldt 219 Lansberg D 173 Hagecius 212 Humboldtianum, Mare 118 Langrenus V 218 Hagecius A 212 Humorum, Mare 108, 191 la Pérouse 218 Hainzel 181 Huygens, Mons 128 Laplace, Promontorium 160 Hainzel A 181 Hyginus 130 Lawrence 145 Hainzel C 181 Hyginus, Rima 130 Lavoisier 171 Hale 213 Lavoisier A 171 Hall 137 Lee 194 Halley 202 Ibn Rushd 207 Lee M 194 Hansteen 187 Il’in 189 le Gentil 182 Hansteen, Mons 187 Imbrium, Mare 107, 126 Lehmann 198 Hansteen, Rima 187 Inghirami 198 Lehmann E 197 Harbinger, Montes 187 Inghirami, Vallis 198 le Monnier 127 Harker, Dorsa 143 Insularum, Mare 153 Lenitatis, Lacus 128 Harpalus 157 Iridum, Sinus 108 Letronne 187 Hase 219 Isidorus 216 Letronne B 187 Hase D 219 Isidorus A 216 Letronne W 187 Hase, Rima 222 Isidorus B 216 Letronne X 187 Hausen 182 le Verrier 160 Hayn 147 Lexell 180 Hecataeus 218 Jacobi 212 Licetus 212 Hecataeus K 218 Janssen 222 Lichtenberg 171 Hedin 169 Janssen, Rimae 222 Liebig 191 Heim, Dorsum 160 Jenner 224 Liebig, Rupes 193 Heinsius 183 Julius Caesar 128 Lilius 212 Helicon 160 Jura, Montes 108 Lilius A 212 Hell 180 Lilius C 212 Helmholtz 213 Lindenau 211 Henry 191 Kaiser 210 Linné 126 Henry Frères 191 Kapteyn 218 Lister, Dorsa 126 Heraclides, Promontorium 109 Kästner 218 Littrow 127 Heraclitus 212 Kelvin, Promontorium 194 Littrow, Rimae 127 Heraclitus D 212 Kelvin, Rupes 194 Loewy 195 Hercules 114, 147 Kepler 115 Lohrmann 169 Herigonius 187 Kies 175 Lohse 218 Herigonius, Rima 187 Kies Pi 175 Longomontanus 183 Hermite 134 Kiess 218 Longomontanus Z 184 Herodotus 164 Klaproth 185 Lorentz 171 Herodotus Mons 165 Klein 203 Louville 161 Herodotus Omega 165 König 175 Lubbock 217 Index of Lunar Features Herschel 200 Kopf 189 Lubiniezky 174 Herschel, C 160 Krafft 166 Lyot 224 Herschel, J 157 Krafft, Catena 166 Hesiodus 175 Krustenstern 205 Hesiodus A 175 Kuiper 174 Maclear, Rimae 132 Hesiodus, Rima 177 Kundt 174 Macrobius 144 Hevelius 169 Kunowsky 168 Mädler 216 Hevelius, Rimae 169 Maestlin 168 Hiemalis, Lacus 128 Maestlin R 168 Higazy, Dorsa 150 la Caille 205 Maestlin, Rimae 168 Hind 204 Lade 204 Magelhaens 217 Hippalus 195 Lagrange 198 Magelhaens A 217 Hippalus, Rimae 195 Lalande 174 Maginus 184 Hipparchus 202 Lamarck 191 Main 134 Hipparchus C 204 Lamb 224 Mairan 161

269 Mairan, Rima 161 North pole 134 Ptolemaeus 114, 200 Mallet 222 Nubium, Mare 108 Ptolemaeus B 200 Manilius 130 Puiseux 194 Manzinus 212 Purbach 205 Marco Polo 130 Odii, Lacus 128 Purbach G 205 Marginis, Mare 145 Oenopides 157 Purbach H 205 Marinus C 222 Oken 224 Purbach L 205 Marius 168 Olbers A 169 Purbach M 205 Marius Hills 168 Opelt 177 Purbach W 205 Marius, Rima 169 Oppel, Dorsum 143 Putredinis, Palus 129 Marth 181 Orientale, Mare 118, 189 Pyrenaeus, Montes 216 Maskelyne A 216 Orontius 183 Pythagoras 157 Mason 137 Owen, Dorsum 126 Pytheas 150 Maunder 189 Maupertuis 161 Maupertuis, Rimae 161 Palisa 174 Rabbi Levi 211 Maurolycus 210 Palitzsch 219 Raman 165 Mawson, Dorsa 217 Palitzsch, Vallis 219 Ramsden 181 Mayer, T 152 Pallas 131 Ramsden, Rimae 181 Medii, Sinus 131 Palmieri 191 Recta, Rupes 118, 177 Mee 181 Palmieri, Rimae 191 Recti, Montes 109 Menelaus 126 Parrot 203 Regiomontanus 205 Mercator 175 Parry 174 Regiomontanus A 205 Mercator, Rupes 175 Parry, Rimae 174 Reimarus 222 Mersenius 193 Pascal 157 Reiner 169 Mersenius C 194 Peary 134 Reiner Gamma 169 Mersenius D 194 Peirce 143 Reinhold 154 Mersenius, Rimae 194 Penck, Mons 208 Repsold 171 Messala 146, 148 Perseverantiae, Lacus 145 Repsold, Rimae 171 Messier 216–17 Petavius 115, 218 Rhaeticus 131 Messier A 217 Petavius A 219 Rheita 222 Meton 134 Petavius B 216, 219 Rheita, Vallis 222 Metius 222 Petavius, Rimae 219 Riccioli 188 Metius B 222 Philolaus 157 Riccioli, Rimae 188 Milichius 155 Phocylides 198 Riccius 212 Milichius Pi 155 Piazzi 198 Riphaeus, Montes 111 Milichius, Rima 168 Picard 143 Ritter 132 Miller 183 Piccolomini 207 Ritter, Rimae 132 Mitchell 136 Pico, Mons 109 Rocca 188 Montanari 183 Pico Beta, Mons 159 Rocca A 191 Moretus 213 Pictet 183 Röntgen 171 Moro, Mons 173 Pictet E 183 Rook, Montes 189 Mortis, Lacus 134 Pitatus 175 Roris, Sinus 156 Moseley 166 Pitatus, Rimae 175 Rosenberger 212 Mösting 154 Pitiscus 212 Rosenberger D 212 Moulton 224 Pitiscus A 212 Rosse 220 Murchison 131 Piton, Mons 109, 140 Rost 181 Mutus 212 Plana 137 Rozhdestvenskiy 134 Plato 109, 115 Rubey, Dorsa 187 Playfair 205 Rümker, Mons 111 Nasireddin 183 Playfair G 205 Russell 166 Nasmyth 198 Plinius 128 Rutherford 184 Index of Lunar Features Naonubu 218 Plinius, Rimae 128 Naumann 171 Poisson 205 Nearch 212 Pomortsev 217 Sabine 132 Nearch A 213 Poncelet 158 Sacrobosco 205 Nectaris, Mare 108 Posidonius 127 Santbech 220 Neison 134 Posidonius A 127 Sasserides 183 Neper 145 Posidonius B 127 Saunder 204 Neumayer 213 Posidonius D 127 Saussure 183 Newton 214 Posidonius J 127 Scheiner 185 Newton A 214 Posidonius, Rimae 127 Schiaparelli 165 Nicol, Dorsum 126 Prinz 166 Schickard 115, 197 Nicollet 177 Prinz, Rimae 166 Schickard A 198 Nielsen 171 Procellarum, Oceanus 107–8 Schickard B 198 Niggli, Dorsum 165 Proclus 115, 143 Schickard C 198 Nonius 210 Protagoras 135 Schiller 181

270 Schiller-Zucchius impact basin Steinheil 222 ‘Valentine Dome’ 127 180 Stevinus 216 Vaporum, Mare 108, 125, 130 Schlüter 188 Stevinus A 216 Vasco da Gama 166 ‘Schneckenberg’ (‘snail mountain’) Stiborius 212 Vendelinus 218 130 Stöfler 210 Veris, Lacus 189 Schomberger 213 Stöfler F 210 Very 126 Schrödinger 224 Stöfler K 210 Vieta 194 Schrödinger, Vallis 224 Stöfler P 210 Vinogradov, Mons 150 Schröter 154 Strabo 135 Vitello 194 Schröteri, Vallis 162 Struve 166 Vitruvius, Mons 126 Scilla, Dorsum 171 Vlacq 212 Scoresby 134 Vogel 204 Scott 213 Vogel A 204 Taenarium, Promontorium 177 Secchi 145 Von Braun 171 Taruntius 145 Secchi, Montes 145 von Cotta, Dorsum 126 Taurus, Montes 111, 127 Segner 181 Voskresenskiy 166 Temporis, Lacus 146–7 Seleucus 166 Teneriffe, Montes 109 Serenitatis, Mare 108, 125–6 Tetyaev, Dorsa 143 Shaler 198 Wallace 150 Thales 115, 135 Sharp 161 Walter 209 Thebit 178 Sharp, Rima 161 Walter A 210 Thebit A 178 Sheepshanks 135 Walter E 210 Thebit L 178 Sheepshanks, Rima 135 Walter K 210 Thebit P 178 Short 214 Walter L 210 Theon Junior 204 Short A 214 Walter W 180 Theon Senior 204 Short B 214 Wargentin 198 Theophilus 115, 205 Sikorsky 224 Wargentin A 198 Theophilus B 206 Silberschlag 131 Watt 222 Theophilus Alpha 206 Simpelius 213 Webb 217 Theophilus Phi 206 Simpelius C 213 Webb C 217 Theophilus Psi 206 Simpelius D 213 Weigel 181 Timaeus 134 Sirsalis 191 Weigel B 181 Timocharis 150 Sirsalis A 191 Werner 205 Timoris, Lacus 181 Sirsalis F 191 Whiston, Dorsa 171 Tisserand 144 Sirsalis, Rima 191 Wichmann 187 Tolansky 174 Sirsalis Z 188 Wichmann R 187 Torricelli 216 Smirnov, Dorsa 111, 126 Widmanstätten 218 Torricelli R 216 Smythii, Mare 218 Wilhelm 183 Toscanelli 165 Snellius 219 Winthrop 187 Toscanelli, Rupes 165 Snellius, Vallis 219 Wolf 177 Tralles 144 Sömmering 154 Wrottesley 219 Tranquillitatis, Mare 108, 125–6 Somni, Palus 145 Wurzelbauer 180 Tranquillitatis, Statio 132 Somniorum, Lacus 114, 127, 137 Triesnecker 131 Sosigenes, Rimae 132 Triesnecker, Rimae 131 South 157 Yerkes 143 Tycho 115, 182 South pole 34, 214 Young 222 Tycho A 183 Spei, Lacus 148 Tycho X 183 Spitzbergen, Montes 109, 141 Spörer 200 Zagut 211 Spumans, Mare 217 Zeno 148 Stadius 152 Ulugh Beigh 170–1 Zupus 187 ‘Stag’s Horn Mountains’ 178 Undarum, Mare 142, 145, 218 Zupus, Rimae 187 Index of Lunar Features

271 272 Subject Index aoi lnta 61–62 Planitia, Caloris C 136 Burg, 19 17, Breccia, 226–227 moon, Blinking 233 Blind spots, 229 banded crater, Birt-type 236 –––roof prism, –––Porro 236 prism, –––image-stabilized, 235 234–236 104, Binoculars, 246–247 viewers, Binocular 7 2 8–9 theory, “Big Whack” , d e g n i r ––– 7 2 –––multiringed, , 27–28 t c a p m i ––– Basins 28–29 Basin flooding, 16 Basalt, 43 Barycenter, 64 crater, Barringer 227–230 Banded craters, 56 Baily’s Beads, B 232 Averted vision, 54 Atmospheric phenomena, 102–103 Atmospheric effects, 5 Atlantic Ocean, 66 Asteroids, 10 Asteroidal impacts, 135 Aristoteles, 26 Aristillus, banded crater,Aristarchus-type 164 Aristarchus plateau, 163 26, Aristarchus, 32 Arcuate rilles, 141 Archimedes, 43–44 Apogee, 240 Apochromatic refractors, 82 Antoniadi scale, 18 17, 9, Anorthosite, 48 month, Anomalistic 247–248 Altazimuth mounts, 201 Alphonsus, 36 features, Albedo 50 Albedo, 203 Albategnius, 131 Agrippa, 51–52 83, phaseand, Age, 86–87 Afocal photography, A Subject Index il,182 ailly, lit,68 allisto, hoai betvs 240 chromatic objectives, 227–228 at-ascnrfglsprto,5 separation, centrifugal Earth-Mars 63–64 60, 3, Earth, 40 Dust transport, –––copied, 80–81 77 Drawings, 111 30, Dorsa, 113 111, 29, Domes, 69 Dione, 92 imaging, Digital 92–93 cameras, Digital 180 Deslandres, 161 Delisle, 204 Delambre, 65–66 Deimos, of, observational drawing Darwin, 33 craters, Dark-halo D 207 206, Cyrillus, 29 Cryptomaria, 38 stresses, Crustal 101 lunar, Cross-staff, 113–115 –––impact, 18–28, –––banded, 227–230 Craters 230–231 calculating, Crater depths, 9 impact, Cosmic 103 54, lunar, Corona, 80–81 Copied drawings, 152 150, 114, 26, Copernicus, 12 Period, Copernican 85–86 Conventional photography, 228–229 banded crater, Conon-type 232 Cone cells, 249 Computerized mounts, 66–67 Comets, 102 Color perception inmoonlight, Moon’sCollision theory of 241 Collimation, Moon’s of theory Co-accretion 144 Cleomedes, 21 Clementine topographic map, 184 Clavius, 64 Chicxulub crater, 207 206, Catharina, 242 Catadioptrics, 241 reflectors, Cassegrain Moon’s of Capture theory 93–94 Camcorders, no cl,119 anjon scale, 190 8–9 formation, 5–6 formation, 6–8 formation, G 238 Focal length, 233 Floaters, Moon’s formation, Fission of theory 88–89 Film types, 81 Feature names, calculating, Feature heights, –––finding, 116–118 31–32 Faults, F 244–246 240, Eyepieces, 91 Eyepiece projection, 233 Eye checkups, 232–233 human, Eye, 91–92 Exposure times, 46 Evection, 68 Europa, 135 Eudoxus, 245 eyepieces, Erfle 12 Eratosthenian Period, –––observational 151 of, drawing 151 150, Eratosthenes, lunar observer’s, Equipment, 248–249 Equatorial mounts, 148 Endymion, 21–23 blanket, Ejecta 44 planeof, Ecliptic, –––solar, 55–56 r, a n u l ––– 54–57 Eclipses, 100 51, Earthshine, ua y,232–233 Human eye, 202 Hipparchus, crater,banded Hippalus A-type 194 Hippalus, 54 Moon, Harvest H 188 Grimaldi, 81 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), 14–15 maps, Gravity 44–45 and, tides Gravity, 32–33 Graben rilles, 165 Ghost crater, 211 Gemma Frisius, 193 192, Gassendi, 67–68 Ganymede, utpae,32 ault planes, lla eecps 239 alilean telescopes, le’ oe,66–67 alley’s Comet, 4–5 230–231 232–249 230 see Lunar eclipses Humboldt, 219 Maps of Moon (continued) Moon (continued) Huygenian eyepieces, 244–245 –––record-breaking features, 106 –––tracking, 101–102 ––– r i l l e s , 1 1 7 –––viewing with unaided eye, –––southeastern quadrant, 199–224 98–103 Iapetus, 69 area thirteen, 199–208 Moon dogs, 103 Ice, lunar, 34–35 area fourteen, 209–214 Moon illusion, 100–101 Image-stabilized binoculars, 235 area fifteen, 215–220 Moonlight, color perception in, 102 Impact, cosmic, 9 area sixteen, 221–224 Moonquakes, 12 Impact basins, 27 –––southwestern quadrant, 172–198 Moretus, 214 Impact craters, 18–28, 113–115 area nine, 172–178 Mountains of moon, 33–34 Ink stippling, 80 area ten, 179–185 –––calculating heights of, 230–231 Intensity-estimate scale, 79 area eleven, 186–195 Multiringed basins, 27–28 International Astronomical Union area twelve, 196–198 (IAU), 81 –––survey of near side, 123 Io, 68 –––wrinkle ridges and domes, 112 Neap tides, 45 ISO rating, 88–89 Mare Australe, 223 Nectarian Period, 10 Mare Crisium, 143 Neptune, satellites of, 70–71 Mare Humboldtianum, 148 Newtonian reflectors, 241–242 Jupiter, satellites of, 67–68 Mare Humorum, 192 Mare Imbrium, 139–140 Mare Imbrium, tour of, 108–111 Oberon, 70 Kellner eyepieces, 245 Mare Nubium, 175 Occultations, lunar, 57–58 Kepler, 167 Mare Orientale, 189 Opera glasses, 104 –––rays from, 163 Maria, 105–108 Optical libration, 46–50 KREEP,9–10, 11 Marius, 168 Orientale basin, 25 Mars, 64–65 Orthoscopic eyepieces, 245 –––satellites of, 65–66 Lagrangian points, 58 Mascons, 14 Lamont, 132 Megaregolith, 12, 13 Pacific Ocean, 5 Lava tubes, 31 Mercury, 7, 60–62 Parselene, 54, 103 Libration, 34, 46–50, 83 Messier pair, 39 Pencil sketches, 77–78 –––optical, 46–50 Messier-type banded crater, 229 Penumbra, 54–55 –––physical, 46, 50 Meteorites, lunar, 20 Perigee, 43–44 Libration features, 118–119 Meteoroid impacts, 37 Perturbations, secular and periodic, Lighting effects, 50–53 Meteoroids, 21 45–46 Line drawing, 78–79 Mg-suite rocks, 17 Phases, 51–52 Line of apsides, 44 Micrometeorite impact pit, 24 –––age and,83 Linné, 39 Micrometeoroids, 20 –––observability of, 52–53 Lunar data, 85 Milichius, 154 Phobos, 65–66 Lunar eclipses, 56–57 Miranda, 70 Photography –––imaging, 121 Monochromatic eyepieces, 245 –––afocal, 86–87 –––observing, 119 Mons Delisle, 161 –––conventional, 85–86 Lunar observer’s equipment, Mons Rümker, 171 –––prime focus, 90–91 232–249 Montes Alpes, 138 ––– S L R , 8 8 Lunar research, advanced, 225–231 Montes Carpatus, 152 Physical libration, 46, 50 Lunar rock, types of, 15–18 Montes Caucasus, 127 Pickering scale, 82 Lunar showcase, 104–121 Montes Jura, 160 Plato, 158 Lunations, numbering, 85 Montes Riphaeus, 173 Plinius, 128 Moon Plössl eyepieces, 245 –––blinking, 226–227 Prime focus photography, 90–91 Magnetic field, 13–14 –––crust, 12 Prism binoculars, 236 Maksutov-Cassegrain telescope –––development, 9–12 Proteus, 70–71 (MCT), 242 –––drawing, 76–81 Ptolemaeus, 200, 201 Maps of Moon –––features visible on, 98–99 –––binocular-visible features, 107 –––imaging, 85–97 –––craters and ray systems, 113 –––inside, 12–15 Rainbows, lunar, 54, 102 –––general, 105 –––mantle, 12 Ramsden eyepieces, 245 –––mountain ranges and peaks, 110 –––maps of, see Maps of Moon Ray systems, 23, 27, 115–116 –––northeastern quadrant, 125–148 –––mass,42 Reflectors, 241–242 area one, 125–132 –––mountains of, see Mountains of Refractors, 238–241 area two, 133–141 Moon Regolith, 15–16 area three, 142–145 –––observational information, Retardations, 53, 54 area four, 146–148 81–85 Retina, 232 –––northwestern quadrant, 149–171 –––observing and recording, 75–97 Rhea, 69 area five, 149–155 –––orbit of, 42–44 Rilles area six, 156–161 –––origin, 3–40 –––arcuate, 32

area seven, 162–169 –––size, 41–42 –––graben, 32–33 Subject Index area eight, 170–171 –––surface of, see Surface of moon –––sinuous, 31

273 Rima Hyginus, 130 Surface of moon (continued) Triton, 70 Rima Sirsalis area, 190 –––shaping, 18–35 Tycho, 25, 26, 27, 183 Rimae Hippalus, 194 Synodic month, 52 Ringed basins, 27 Syzygy, 45 Rupes Altai, 208 Umbra, 54–55 Rupes Recta, 32, 176, 177 Umbriel, 70 Tectonic activity, 19 Universal Time (UT), 81 Teleconverters, 89 Uranus, 9 Saturn, satellites of, 69 Telephoto lenses, 89–90 –––satellites of, 69–70 Schickard, 197 Telescope mounts, 247–249 Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope Telescopes, 236–246 (SCT), 242 Telescopic orientation, 122 Variation, 46 Schrödinger, 25 Telescopic resolution, 242–244 Venus, 62–63 Secondary craters, 23 Temperature change, 37–38 Vieta, 26 Seeing conditions, 243 Terminator, 53 Vignetting, 87 Selenographic colongitude, 84 Terminology, lunar, 124 Visibility, 243–244 Selenographic coordinates, 83–84 Terrestrial Dynamical Time (TDT), Vitamin E, 233 Shadow contact timings, 120 58 Volcanic activity, 11 Shadowplay, 53 Tethys, 69 Volcanoes, lunar, 29–30 Sinuous rilles, 31 Theophilus, 206, 207 Sinus Iridum, 160 Thermal shock, 38 SLR photography, 88 Thermoluminescence, 36 Water, 16 Soil creep, 39 Tidal cycle, 45 Webcams, 94–97 Solar eclipses, 55–56 Tidal forces, 5 Winter solstice, 52 Solar System, 60, 71 Tides, gravity and, 44–45 Wolf Creek Crater, 64 South polar region, 213 Titan, 69 Wood’s Spot, 36 Spring tides, 45 Titania, 69–70 Wrinkle ridges, 30, 31, 111 Stöffler region, 210 TLP (transient lunar phenomena), Summer solstice, 52 35–36, 225–226 Surface of moon Tonal sketches, 77–78 Xenoliths, 30 –––changes on, 35–40 Transient lunar phenomena (TLP), –––physical changes on, 38–40 35–36, 225–226 –––projection of entire, 28 Transparency, 83 Zoom eyepieces, 246 Subject Index

274