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The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles The Chinese Navy Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles Saunders, EDITED BY Yung, Swaine, PhILLIP C. SAUNderS, ChrISToPher YUNG, and Yang MIChAeL Swaine, ANd ANdreW NIeN-dzU YANG CeNTer For The STUdY oF ChINeSe MilitarY AffairS INSTITUTe For NATIoNAL STrATeGIC STUdIeS NatioNAL deFeNSe UNIverSITY COVER 4 SPINE 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY COVER.indd 3 COVER 1 11/29/11 12:35 PM The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 1 11/29/11 12:37 PM 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 2 11/29/11 12:37 PM The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles Edited by Phillip C. Saunders, Christopher D. Yung, Michael Swaine, and Andrew Nien-Dzu Yang Published by National Defense University Press for the Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs Institute for National Strategic Studies Washington, D.C. 2011 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 3 11/29/11 12:37 PM Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Defense or any other agency of the Federal Government. Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited. Chapter 5 was originally published as an article of the same title in Asian Security 5, no. 2 (2009), 144–169. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Used by permission. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Chinese Navy : expanding capabilities, evolving roles / edited by Phillip C. Saunders ... [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. China. Zhongguo ren min jie fang jun. Hai jun. 2. Sea-power--China. 3. Naval art and science--China. 4. China--Military policy. I. Saunders, Phillip C. (Phillip Charles), 1966- VA633.C57 2011 359.00951--dc23 2011020795 First printing, December 2011 NDU Press publications are sold by the U.S. Government Printing Office. For or- dering information, call (202) 512-1800 or write to the: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. For the U.S. Government On- line Bookstore, go to: http://bookstore.gpo.gov For current publications of the Institute for National Strategic Studies, consult the National Defense University Web site at: http://www.ndu.edu/inss 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 4 11/29/11 12:37 PM The editors respectfully dedicate this volume to the memory of Ellis Joffe, who attended and contributed to many of the Chinese Council on Advanced Policy Studies/RAND conferences, including the one that formed the basis for this book. His many contributions as a scholar, colleague, mentor, and friend are sorely missed. 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 5 11/29/11 12:37 PM 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 6 11/29/11 12:37 PM Contents List of Illustrations ...........................................................ix Foreword .....................................................................xi Acknowledgments ..........................................................xiii Introduction .................................................................xv Christopher D. Yung and Phillip C. Saunders Chapter 1 Rising Powers and Naval Power ..............................................1 Peter M. Swartz Chapter 2 Recent Developments in Naval and Maritime Modernization in the Asia-Pacific: Implications for Regional Security .....................23 Richard A. Bitzinger Chapter 3 Beyond the Moat: The PLAN’s Evolving Interests and Potential Influence. .41 M. Taylor Fravel and Alexander Liebman Chapter 4 Toward a Maritime Security Strategy: An Analysis of Chinese Views Since the Early 1990s .......................81 Daniel M. Hartnett and Frederic Vellucci Chapter 5 The Evolution of China’s Naval Strategy and Capabilities: From “Near Coast” and “Near Seas” to “Far Seas” .........................109 Nan Li Chapter 6 PLAN Force Structure: Submarines, Ships, and Aircraft ..................141 Ronald O’Rourke vii 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 7 11/29/11 12:37 PM viii Chapter 7 Getting Rid of the Rust: Preparing Chinese Navy Leaders for High-tech War ..................................175 Susan M. Puska Chapter 8 The PLA Navy’s Antiaccess Role in a Taiwan Contingency .................191 Michael McDevitt Chapter 9 The PLA Navy as an Instrument of Statecraft ..............................215 Eric A. McVadon Chapter 10 Informatization and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy .................................................................247 Andrew S. Erickson and Michael S. Chase Conclusion .................................................................287 Phillip C. Saunders and Christopher D. Yung Index .......................................................................295 About the Contributors ............................................315 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 8 11/29/11 12:37 PM Illustrations China and Adjacent Seas ..................................................xxii 3-1. The Taiwan Dispute in Core Newspapers (Title Search) ........................................................46 3–2. Maritime Sovereignty Disputes in PLA Daily (Title Search) ........................................................46 3–3. Maritime Sovereignty Disputes in Modern Navy (Full-text Search) ...................................................47 3–4. The Spratlys Dispute in Core Newspapers (Title Search) ........................................................49 3–5. The Senkaku Dispute in Core Newspapers (Title Search) ........................................................52 3–6. Modern Navy Coverage of “Maritime Resources” (海上资源) and “Oil Reserve and China” (石油储备。中国) ......................55 3–7. People’s Daily Coverage of “Maritime Resources” (海上资源) and “Oil Reserve and China” (石油储备。中国) .....................56 3–8. Modern Navy and National Defense Coverage of “Maritime Resources” (海上资源). 56 3–9. Modern Navy Coverage of “Energy Security” (能源安全) and “Resource Security” (资源安全) (Full-text Search) .............61 3–10. National Defense Coverage of “Energy Security” (能源安全) and “Resource Security” (资源安全) (Full-text Search) .............61 3–11. People’s Daily Coverage of “Energy Security” (能源安全) and “Resource Security” (资源安全) (Full-text Search) ..............62 3–12. Modern Navy, National Defense, People’s Daily, and PLA Daily Coverage of “Sea Lanes” (海上通道) .................63 3–13. Modern Navy, National Defense, People’s Daily, and PLA Daily Coverage of “Sea Lane Security” (航线安全) ........64 ix 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 9 11/29/11 12:37 PM x 3–14. Modern Navy, National Defense, and People’s Daily Coverage of “Malacca Strait and Security” (马六甲。安全) (Full-text Search) ...................................................65 3–15. Modern Navy, PLA Daily, and People’s Daily Coverage of “Pirates” (海盗) (Full-text Search) .....................66 3–16. People’s Daily and PLA Daily Coverage of “Indian Navy” (印度海军) (Full-text Search) .....................68 3–17. Modern Navy and National Defense Coverage of “Indian Navy” (印度海军) (Full-text Search) .....................68 3–18. Modern Navy Coverage of “Andaman” (安达曼) (Full-text Search) ...................................................71 4–1. First and Second Island Chains. 88 4–2. Extent of China’s Claimed South China Sea Territory .................................................89 5–1. China’s “Near Seas” and “Far Seas” ................................117 8–1. Soviet Concept for Sea Denial and Sea Control During the Cold War .................................200 8–2. Chinese Concept for Offshore Defense: “Island Chains” ..........201 9–1. Chinese Use of Force—Examples of Gunboat Diplomacy .........222 Tables 6–1. PLA Navy Submarine Commissionings Actual (1995–2006) and Projected (2007+) .........................148 6–2. New PLA Navy Destroyer Classes. 154 6–3. New PLA Navy Frigate Classes. .157 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 10 11/29/11 12:37 PM Foreword Few issues are as important to U.S. national security analysts as China’s military modernization, a process that has benefited directly from the past two decades of dramatic economic expansion. This book addresses the Chinese navy—the People’s Liberation Army Navy, or PLAN—the service that has most dramatically benefited from increased defense funding. This collection of essays surveys and analyzes the most important as- pects of China’s naval modernization. The book’s 10 chapters represent papers delivered at a 2007 conference, but have been updated and, most importantly, framed by expertly written introductory and concluding chapters that bring the book firmly into the century’s second decade. The first substantive chapter is a superb essay by Peter Swartz, one of our most experienced and perspicacious historians of maritime strategy. Swartz sets the tone for this impressive collection by placing China’s naval modern- ization into historical context. Especially relevant is his conclusion that “a rising naval power need not mean rising chances of war,” effectively discrediting the often heard comparison between current China-U.S. naval developments and those of Germany and England in the years preceding World War I. There are no weak essays in this carefully edited volume. Particularly strong, in addition to that by Swartz, is Susan Puska’s chapter on PLAN lead- ership and personnel development—accomplishments more meaningful than the acquisition of new platforms. Her efforts are supported by the essay by Andrew Erickson and Michael Chase, who place their discussion of “informa- tization” in a common sense context of the centralization/decentralization
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