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The People's Liberation Army's 37 Academic Institutions the People's The People’s Liberation Army’s 37 Academic Institutions Kenneth Allen • Mingzhi Chen Printed in the United States of America by the China Aerospace Studies Institute ISBN: 9798635621417 To request additional copies, please direct inquiries to Director, China Aerospace Studies Institute, Air University, 55 Lemay Plaza, Montgomery, AL 36112 Design by Heisey-Grove Design All photos licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license, or under the Fair Use Doctrine under Section 107 of the Copyright Act for nonprofit educational and noncommercial use. All other graphics created by or for China Aerospace Studies Institute E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/CASI Twitter: https://twitter.com/CASI_Research | @CASI_Research Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CASI.Research.Org LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/11049011 Disclaimer The views expressed in this academic research paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Government or the Department of Defense. In accordance with Air Force Instruction 51-303, Intellectual Property, Patents, Patent Related Matters, Trademarks and Copyrights; this work is the property of the U.S. Government. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights Reproduction and printing is subject to the Copyright Act of 1976 and applicable treaties of the United States. This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This publication is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal, academic, or governmental use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete however, it is requested that reproductions credit the author and China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI). Permission is required from the China Aerospace Studies Institute to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please contact the China Aerospace Studies Institute. China Aerospace Studies Institute CASI's mission is to advance understanding of the capabilities, development, operating concepts, strategy, doctrine, personnel, organization, and limitations of China's aerospace forces, which include: the PLA Air Force (PLAAF); PLA Naval Aviation (PLAN Aviation); PLA Rocket Force (PLARF); PLA Army (PLAA) Aviation; the PLA Strategic Support Force (PLASSF), primarily space and cyber; and the civilian and commercial infrastructure that supports the above. CASI supports the Secretary, Chief of Staff of the Air Force, the Chief of Space operations, and other senior Air and Space leaders. CASI provides expert research and analysis supporting decision and policy makers in the Department of Defense and across the U.S. government. CASI can support the full range of units and organizations across the USAF, USSF, and the DoD. CASI accomplishes its mission through conducting the following activities: • CASI primarily conducts open-source native-language research supporting its five main topic areas. • CASI conducts conferences, workshops, roundtables, subject matter expert panels, and senior leader discussions to further its mission. CASI personnel attend such events, government, academic, and public, in support of its research and outreach efforts. • CASI publishes research findings and papers, journal articles, monographs, and edited volumes for both public and government-only distribution as appropriate. • CASI establishes and maintains institutional relationships with organizations and institutions in the PLA, the PRC writ large, and with partners and allies involved in the region. • CASI maintains the ability to support senior leaders and policy decision makers across the full spectrum of topics and projects at all levels, related to Chinese aerospace. CASI supports the U.S. Defense Department and the China research community writ large by providing high quality, unclassified research on Chinese aerospace developments in the context of U.S. strategic imperatives in the Asia-Pacific region. Primarily focused on China’s Military Air, Space, and Missile Forces, CASI capitalizes on publicly available native language resources to gain insights as to how the Chinese speak to and among one another on these topics. The People’s Liberation Army’s 37 Academic Institutions 1 Preface The basis for any military is education and training. Without this foundation, we would just be armed groups of men, marauding our local areas. Education and training allow tactics, techniques, and procedures to be transmitted as lessons learned from one generation to the next. These eventually form the basis for the doctrine and strategy that guides modern militaries. To this end, CASI was tasked with investigating the academic system of the Chinese Communist Party’s People’s Liberation Army. The PLA’s academic system has undergone a number of transformations through its history, not least of which occurred as a result of the 2015/16 PLA reforms. Each reform reveals how the PLA and the Communist Party view the world at the time, and where they need to place emphasis on educating their armed wing. This round of reforms is no different. To that end, CASI has thoroughly investigated the current structure of the PLA’s academic system and complied this ‘encyclopedia’ of sorts as a response to the task, and to assist others in parsing out what each part of the system does and how it fits in to the whole. Of note, we did not look into the ‘counterpart’ to education, that is to say the training system. This, as in the United States military, varies greatly based on service, job, and at times location, and deserves a study in its own right. For this volume, we focused just on the academic portion of the PLA. One of the most significant findings is that, despite the massive reorganization with an emphasis on what we in the West would call ‘joint warfighting’, the only place within the PLA academic system that officers receive any ‘joint’ training is still at their National Defense University. While this may change, and based on a number of recent PLA exchange visits to the U.S is likely under consideration as we write this, to this day NDU maintains the keys to joint education, which means that one must first be promoted to a high enough military grade in order to receive this training. From an American point of view, that poses severe limitations on the ability to ‘grow and nurture’ joint leaders and commanders. While not intended to be read cover to cover, we hope this study serves as the definitive reference for anyone interested in how the PLA educates its members. Brendan S. Mulvaney Director, China Aerospace Studies Institute 2 China Aerospace Studies Institute Abstract In June 2017, China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA) conducted a massive reorganization of its officer and noncommissioned officer (NCO) academic institution structure. It reduced the number of officer academic institutions from 63 down to 34 and NCO institutions from four to three. Several of the officer institutions also have subordinate NCO schools. It did this by downgrading, resubordinating, merging, reorganizing, and/ or abolishing existing institutions and creating new ones. For example, the National Defense University was downgraded and the Navy’s Marine Corps College and Air Force’s Airborne Force College were abolished. It also began abolishing the National Defense Student Program that was created in 1999 in 118 civilian science, technology, and engineering universities. That program, which is not discussed in the report, will cease to exist when the last class of students graduate in summer 2020. It is still not clear what program will replace it. This report provides relevant background material on the overall PLA academic institution program and provides profiles of the current 37 academic institutions. Given the overall history of the academic institutions, more major changes can be expected to occur over the next decade. The People’s Liberation Army’s 37 Academic Institutions 3 Introduction The purpose of this report is to provide profiles and an overall analysis for the People’s Liberation Army’s (PLA) 34 officer (cadre) and three noncommissioned officer (NCO) academic institutions院校 ( ) that the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) Central Military Commission (CMC) identified in June 2017 when it reduced the number from 63 officer and four NCO institutions. The academic institution reforms are part of the PLA’s 11th force adjustment that began in 2016 and included a downsizing of the PLA from 2.3 million to 2.0 million of which one-half (150,000) were officer and civilian cadre billets and one-half were enlisted force billets. Shortly after the reorganization of the academic institutions, the PLA published detailed information about 26 of the 37 institutions based on visits to each organization in 2017 and 2018, which have been incorporated into the profiles. The report provides a list of the previous 67 academic institutions, but it does not provide any further information about them. Although the People’s Armed Police (PAP), which is part of China’s Armed Forces but not part of the PLA, has five officer and one NCO academic institutions, they are not included in the report. In order to understand what is going on today, however, it is important to know how the PLA got to this point.1 As such, the current reduction is just one more step in the PLA’s process of downsizing its force since the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was established in 1949. Given the history of numerous organizational structure changes over the past 70 years, more major changes can be expected over the next decade. The PLA has had 16 Conferences of PLA Military Educational Institutions (全军院校会议) from 1950 to 20112 (See Appendix G) and 11 force adjustments (编制体制调整) from 1949 to 20163 (See Appendix F), which are clearly linked. Of note, although the reduction is linked to the 11th force adjustment, the PLA has not had a Conference of PLA Military Educational Institutions since Xi Jinping took office as the head of the Party, government, and military in 2012.
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