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OVERVIEW Public Disclosure Authorized CHONGQING Public Disclosure Authorized 2 35 Public Disclosure Authorized SPATIAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION FOR A GLOBAL CITY Public Disclosure Authorized Photo: onlyyouqj. Photo: © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, inter- pretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judg- ment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Citation Please cite the report as follows: World Bank. 2019. Chongqing 2035: Spatial and Economic Transfor- mation for a Global City. Overview. Washington, DC: World Bank. Cover photos: Background/bamboone. Inserts/onlyyouqj; honglouwawa; 4045; jimmyan. Design: Ultra Designs, Inc. Foreword While the economic Chongqing’s strategic location transformation has thus far in the southwest of inland China been enormously successful in positions it as a gateway to eliminating extreme poverty and China’s west, a key connection in boosting shared prosperity, the the Yangtze River Economic Belt. accompanying rapid urbanization As one of the largest cities in the has been extremely resource- world, and with four decades of intensive and relies heavily experience in the delivery of basic on infrastructure investment. urban services and sustainable This type of development puts and inclusive economic growth, Victoria Kwakwa tremendous strains on the Chongqing offers valuable lessons Regional Vice President environment and is unsustainable not just for other cities in China East Asia and Pacific in the long term. Recognizing but globally. World Bank Group the limitations of the current Chongqing’s development development model, the trajectory generally mirrors government has embarked on China’s own transformative China’s remarkable a new model of urbanization pathway. Over the past two that prioritizes sustainability economic success is decades, Chongqing has made and human-centered urban inextricably linked to an impressive transformation. development. Specifically, the Its gross domestic product per the country’s rapid model places emphasis on the capita has increased 16-fold, from urbanization: the better allocation of land, labor, US$544 to US$8,908, and the urbanization rate grew and capital; the goal is to address urbanization rate has doubled, the inefficient use of urban from 31 percent in 1996 from 29.5 percent to 62.6 percent. density that leads to low-density to almost 59 percent In this rapid urbanization process, sprawl, ensure equal access to Chongqing has avoided some in 2018. Abundant education and public services for major challenges faced by first- labor, inexpensive urban and rural residents, restore tier Chinese cities, such as the land, and a massive cultural assets, and preserve each scarcity of affordable housing. city’s unique identity. boost in infrastructure Chongqing’s ample public investments fueled by China’s megacities, including housing provision and land supply local governments’ Chongqing, are a critical part of have allowed the city to absorb drive for investment this new model of urban growth, more than 10 million new urban offering an opportunity to achieve dwellers while ensuring that have formed a a new typology of urbanization housing costs remain affordable. conducive environment that is driven by efficiency, Structurally, Chongqing has for such rapid growth. sustainability, and inclusiveness. successfully transitioned from its Overview CHONGQING 2035 / i Photo: onlyyouqj. Photo: heavy industrial base and is now types of industries. Chongqing’s term growth opportunities in China’s major automotive and IT strategic land reserve is also Chongqing. The pillars are (1) center, producing one-third of all depleting at a fast pace, in increasing spatial efficiency and laptops worldwide. part due to its land-intensive livability by promoting compact urbanization. Like many other and transit-oriented development; If the past 20-year period has Chinese cities, Chongqing is (2) enhancing connectivity and entailed catching up to other facing severe challenges of economic integration to become major Chinese cities, in the next an aging population, and risks one of China’s inland hubs for 15 to 20 years Chongqing has growing old before growing rich. the ASEAN (Association of the capacity and opportunity Southeast Asian Nations) region; to become a global city. While However, these challenges can (3) increasing R&D expenditure there is no one-size-fits-all model, be overcome through a long- leading cities such as London, term strategy that systematically and moving up the production New York, Paris, Tokyo, Singapore, manages risks and creates value chain; (4) allowing free and Hong Kong SAR, China, pathways toward achieving the flow of people and creating equal are characterized by common vision of becoming a global city. opportunities for all; and (5) attributes such as economic The World Bank Group is proud decoupling growth from resource competitiveness, environmental to have been a strong and long- use to promote green and low- sustainability, and a high quality term partner with the Chongqing carbon growth. of life. Moreover, the compact Municipal Government since I hope that this report will be a urban form of these cities has 1996. Our collaboration covers useful input for policy makers that provided a spatial structure a wide range of infrastructure will not only provide the basis that enhances the potential for investments, policy reforms, for a strong, sustainable, and economic agglomeration and technical assistance, and inclusive growth trajectory for the resource efficiency. analytical reports. city, but also foster the continuing To transition into a global This report, Chongqing strong partnership between the city, Chongqing will face 2035: Spatial and Economic municipal government and the significant economic, social, and Transformation for a Global World Bank Group. In this way, environmental challenges. For City, is another step in our long- lessons learned from Chongqing’s example, its current economic standing partnership. It provides unique urbanization experience success is largely driven by a framework resting on five can be shared across the East massive fixed-asset investment strategic pillars that create an Asia and Pacific region and and concentration on a few enabling environment for long- globally. ii / Spatial and Economic Transformation for a Global City Acknowledgments This report, a study of Proceed, Horacio Cristian Terraza, Planning Bureau, Chongqing the urban development Ivan Jacques, Ma Shulin, Cai Tao, Statistics Bureau, Chongqing strategy for Chongqing Li Jianbo, Xiao Dingguang, Mi Economic & Information Municipality, was Benjia, Lv Jun, Wang Bo, Zhang Commission, Chongqing Xinzhong, Jia Yongqiang, Mao Transportation & Communication prepared by a World Yi, Yu Ying, Li Bixiang, Xu Qianli, Commission, Chongqing Bank Group team led Yi Xiaoguang, Peng Yaolin, Xu Urban & Rural Construction by Xueman Wang Dongfeng, Zhu Yiwen, Zhang Bo, Commission, Chongqing Land in collaboration Huang Tao, and Xu Jin. & Housing Administration with a team from Bureau, Chongqing Environment Chongqing Productivity The report was carried out under Protection Bureau, Chongqing Development Center the guidance of Bert Hofman, Civil Affairs Bureau, Chongqing World Bank Country Director for Human Resource & Social (CPDC) led by Zhou China, Mongolia and Korea; and Linjun. Security Bureau, Chongqing Abhas Jha, Practice Manager for Health and Family Planning The lead authors of the Overview East Asia and Pacific. The team is Commission, Chongqing Public and four supporting reports are grateful for the advice provided Security Bureau, Chongqing Serge Salat, Xueman Wang, and by Mr. Ede Jorge Ijjasz-Vasquez, Science & Technology Zhou Linjun, with contributions Senior Director of the World Bank Commission, Chongqing Urban from Li Xiangbei, Zhou Tao, Wang Group’s Social, Urban, Rural and Administration Commission, Lin, Kang Yin, Wang Wei, Chen Resilience Global Practice; Mr. Wu Chongqing Liangjiang New Area Junhua, Xu Wei, and Li Wenxia. Jianong and Mrs. Tong Xiaoping, Administrative Committee, and former Vice Mayors of Chongqing Chongqing Water Group Co., Ltd. The technical report (Chongqing Municipal Government; and the 2035: Urban Growth Scenarios) Advisory Group that consists Thanks are given to the team was conducted by Calthorpe of Ma Shulin, He Zhiya, Yan at Vivid Economics, along Analytics and China Sustainable Xiaoguang, Mi Benjia,