sign in sign up
<<
Home , Anshan, Baotou, Benxi, Changchun, Changsha, Chaozhou

 Appendix 1: Rank of ’s 338 -Level

© The Author(s) 2018 149 Y. , K. Deng, State Failure and Distorted Urbanisation in Post-Mao’s China, 1993–2012, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92168-6 150 Appendix 1: Rank of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities 州 苏 Taizhou Taian Yangcheng Urumqi Huai’ ’anshan 福州 First-tier cities (4) First-tier cities-to-be (15) Xi’an Second-tier cities (30) Third-tier cities (70) Huhehot Taizhou Yanbian prefecture Yanbian Fourth-tier cities (90) Ordos Appendix 1: Rank of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities 151 ’an Wuzhong Xilingol Zhizuishan Baoshan Wuwei Ya’an Suining ’an Yichun Khotan Aqsu Hulun Buir Yulin Qiannan prefecture Qiandongnan prefecture Hinggan Alxa Xiangxi prefecture Altay Yichun Siping Chaoyang 宿州 Yulin Suzhou Xishuangbanna prefecture Honghe prefecture Guang’an Lvliang Pu’er Ngari Chuxiong prefecture ’an Shannan Linzhi Jianyuguan 州 抚 Fuzhou Fifth-tier cities (129) Fifth-tier Enshi prefecture Dali prefecture Changdu Shaotong Bayinguole prefecture 152 Appendix 1: Rank of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities https://www.cbnweek. : vide , CBN Weekly Aba prefecture Haixi prefecture Wenshan prefecture Wenshan Huangnan prefecture Dehong prefecture Ili prefecture Liangshan prefecture Linxia prefecture Guoluo prefecture Haibei prefecture prefecture prefecture Nujiang prefecture , available on 31 December, 2016 , available on 31 December, Great Khingan prefecture Ganzi prefecture Boertala prefecture Gannan prefecture Diqing prefecture Yushu prefecture Yushu Kizilsu Kirghiz prefecture Source: Anon., ‘Zhongguo Chengshi Fenji’ (Classification of Chinese Cities), Source: Anon., ‘Zhongguo Chengshi Fenji’ (Classification com/v/article2015?id=6245#  Appendix 2: The List of Candidates for Deputies to the 12th Provincial People’s Congress

Party Name Position member 1 , Qingliang Member of Standing Committee of CCP Y Guangdong Provincial Committee, Party Secretary of Guangzhou 2 , Bo Deputy Chairman and Director of the Y Legislative Committee of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province 3 Wang, Rong Member of Standing Committee of CCP Y Guangdong Provincial Committee, Party Secretary of Shenzhen 4 Wang, President of Guangdong Bureau of People’s Y Daily 5 Wang, Yunxin Director of Guangdong Aquatic Animal Y Disease Prevention and Control Centre 6 Wang, Ruli Vice President of Guangdong Research Y Institute for Urban and Rural Planning and Design 7 Wang, Keguang Vice Director of Guangdong Branch of the Y General Administration of Customs 8 Wang, Xuehua Vice Dean of School of Physical Science and Y Technology, Yat-Sen

© The Author(s) 2018 153 Y. Zheng, K. Deng, State Failure and Distorted Urbanisation in Post-Mao’s China, 1993–2012, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92168-6 154 Appendix 2: The List of Candidates for Deputies to the 12th…

Party Name Position member 9 Mao, Dean of Guangzhou College of Guangdong Y Science and Technology Vocational College 10 Hu, Chunhe Director of Guangdong Monopoly Y Administration 11 , Canxian Director of Network Security, Guangdong Y Public Security Department 12 , Jiahui Commissioner of Audit Office in Guangzhou Y 13 Rong, Tiewen Deputy Minister of CCP Guangdong Provincial Y Committee 14 Zhu, Xiaodan Deputy Secretary of CCP Guangdong Y Provincial Committee, 15 Zhu, Xiaoling Chairman of Guangdong Transportation Y Group 16 Zhu, Mingguo Deputy Secretary of CCP Guangdong Y Provincial Committee, Secretary of Guangdong Political and Judiciary Commission 17 Zhu, Suisheng Former Deputy Secretary of Guangdong Y Political and Judiciary Commission 18 Xiang, Jing Vice Director of Guangdong Institute of local Y taxation science 19 Liu, Kun Vice Governor Y 20 Liu, Chairman of Partners General Assembly of N Guangdong Junhou Law Firm 21 Liu, Zaisheng Director of Administration Bureau of East Y Sea Petroleum, CNOOC 22 Liu, Zhigeng Vice Governor Y 23 Liu, Honghui Director of Provincial Sun Yat-Sen Library Y 24 Liu, Fushou Director of Guangdong Bureau of CBRC Y 25 , Guangchao Vice Head of the Organization Department Y of CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee 26 Xu, Jiarui Vice President of Sun Yat-Sen University N 27 Xu, Ruisheng Vice Governor N 28 , Richeng Director of Guangdong Bureau for Complete Y of Machinery and Equipment 29 Sun, Jie Labour Chairman of Guangzhou Y Railway Group 30 , Jia Member of Standing Committee of CCP Y Guangdong Provincial Committee, Party Secretary of Zhuhai 31 Li, Yumei Member of Standing Committee of CCP Y Guangdong Provincial Committee, Head of Organisation Department 32 Li, Zhihong Director of Guangdong Restructuring Office Y Appendix 2: The List of Candidates for Deputies to the 12th… 155

Party Name Position member 33 Li, Zhujiang Deputy Secretary-general of the Standing Y Committee of the Guangdong Provincial People’s Congress 34 Li, Huanxin Deputy Director of the Commission of Y Legislative Affairs of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province 35 , Ying Vice Chairman of Guangdong Provincial Y Committee of Gong Party 36 Yang, Xingfen Vice Director of Guangdong CDC Y 37 Yang, Jianchu Director of Guangdong Economic and Y Information Commission 38 , Zhiheng Executive Vice Governor Y 39 , Yi Vice Chairman of Guangdong Provincial Y Committee of Zhi Gong Party 40 Qiu, Xiaosu Director of the Foreign Affairs Commission of Y the Standing Committee of Guangdong People’s Congress 41 He, Yao Director of Safety Supervision of N Resources Department of Guangdong 42 He, Guowei Director of Seed Administration Station of Y Guangdong 43 Xin, Pu Vice Director of Material Department, China N Southern Power Grid 44 Min, Assistant Judge of Guangdong Provincial Y People’s High Court 45 Wang, Yang Member of the Political Bureau of the CCP Y Central Committee, Party Secretary of Guangdong 46 , Hua Vice Chairman of Guangdong Provincial Y Committee of Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party 47 Zhang, Bei Director of Comprehensive Department of N Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-Sen University 48 Zhang, Director of Guangdong Maternal and Child Y Xiaozhuang Health Hospital 49 Zhang, Fangqiu President of Guangdong Academy of Forestry Y Science 50 Zhang, Yuhang Executive Deputy Director of Guangdong Y Administration Office of Socialist Legal System 51 , Dan Vice Chairman of Guangdong Federation of Y and Commerce 156 Appendix 2: The List of Candidates for Deputies to the 12th…

Party Name Position member 52 Chen, Gang Deputy Director of Cancer Centre of N Guangdong People’s Hospital 53 Chen, Jian Director of Guangdong Energy Conservation Y Supervision Centre 54 Chen, Hai Vice Chairman of Guangdong Committee of Y China Democratic National Construction Association 55 Chen, Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of Y Xiaochuan People’s Congress of Guangdong Province 56 Chen, Shandi Member of Standing Committee of People’s Y Congress of Guangdong Province 57 Chen, Yunxian Vice Governor Y 58 Chen, Danqing Chief Engineer of Guangdong Environmental N Monitoring Centre 59 Chen, Hongping Chairman of the Rural Agricultural Y Commission of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province 60 Chen, Weixiong Party Secretary of Department of Justice of Y Guangdong Province 61 Chen, Zongwen Executive Vice Chairman of Guangdong Y Labour Union 62 Chen, Jianbiao Deputy Chief Engineer of Guangdong Y Provincial Architectural Design Institute 63 Chen, Qincheng Executive President of Social Organization Y Association 64 Chen, Junfeng Director of Guangdong Provincial Party Y History Research Office 65 Chen, Jiaji Party Secretary of Department of Y of Guangdong 66 Chen, Jixing Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of Y People’s Congress of Guangdong Province 67 Chen, Yikui Deputy Secretary General of the Standing Y Committee of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province 68 Chen, Dexing General Manager of Guangdong Y Telecommunication Company 69 Chen, Yaoguang Director of Department of Land and Y Resources of Guangdong 70 , Yufang Vice Governor Y 71 , Xiong Member of Standing Committee of CCP Y Guangdong Provincial Committee 72 Lin, Xiang Head of the Department of Supervision of Y Guangdong Provincial Certified Public Accountants Association Appendix 2: The List of Candidates for Deputies to the 12th… 157

Party Name Position member 73 Lin, Musheng Standing Committee Member and Secretary Y General of CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee 74 Lin, Shaochun Vice Governor Y 75 Lin, Jinxiong Deputy Director of Committee on Agriculture Y and Rural Develop of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province 76 Lin, Xiuyu Deputy Director of Committee of and Y Economics of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province 77 Lin, Haokun Head of Department of Supervision of Y Guangdong Province 78 Ou, Guangyuan Chairman of the Standing Committee of Y People’s Congress of Guangdong Province 79 Ou, Zhenzhi Head of Department of Resources of Y Guangdong Province 80 Luo, Jijing Deputy Head of Organization Department of Y CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee 81 , Zhengjia Deputy Secretary General of Standing Y Committee of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province 82 Zhou, Liqiong Executive Vice Chairman of Women’s Y Federation of Guangdong Province 83 Zheng, President of Guangdong Provincial Y Procuratorate 84 Zheng, E President of Guangdong Provincial High Y Court 85 Zheng, Chiqin Principal of Guangdong Experimental High Y School 86 Zheng, Jikun Vice President of Guangdong International N Friendship Association 87 Fang, Wencui Vice Dean of the Law School of Guangdong N College of Business 88 Fang, Qingfang Director of Department of Housing and Y Urban and Rural Construction of Guangdong Province 89 Hu, Jun President of Y 90 Hu, Vice Chairman of Guangdong Committee of Y for Promoting Democracy 91 Hu, Jinmu Director of Guangdong State Tax Bureau Y 92 , Gang ICBC Guangdong Brach President Y 93 Xu, Shaohua Member of Standing Committee of CCP Y Guangdong Provincial Committee, Executive Vice Governor 158 Appendix 2: The List of Candidates for Deputies to the 12th…

Party Name Position member 94 Ling, Haichan Coach of Guangdong School Y 95 , Ping Deputy Director of Budget Commission of Y Standing Committee of Guangdong People’s Congress 96 Huang, Yao Vice Dean of Law School, Sun Yat-Sen Y University 97 Huang, Longyun Chairman of Guangdong Commission of Y CPPCC 98 Huang, Xianyao Member of Standing Committee of CCP Y Guangdong Provincial Committee, Secretary of Commission for Discipline and Inspection 99 Huang, Huahua Deputy Director of Affairs Y Committee of NPC 100 Huang, Baiqing Department of Water Resources of Y Guangdong Province 101 Huang, Member of Standing Committee of CCP Y Shanchun Guangdong Provincial Committee, Political Commissar of Guangdong Provincial Command 102 , Jian Secretary General of the Standing Committee Y of Guangdong People’s Congress 103 Tuo, Zhen Member of Standing Committee of CCP Y Guangdong Provincial Committee, Head of Department of Propaganda 104 Yan, Jingping Executive Vice Chairman of Guangdong Y Women’s Federation 105 , Secretary of CCP Committee of Guangdong Y Provincial Association for Science and Technology 106 Liang, Wanli Director of Health Committee of Guangdong Y People’s Congress 107 Liang, Shaofen Deputy Director of Committee for Internal Y and Judicial Affairs of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province 108 Jiang, Zheng Journalist of Y 109 Jiang, Bin Vice Head of Department of Propaganda, CCP Y Guangdong Provincial Committee 110 Jiang, Leyi Executive Vice Head of Department of the Y United Front Work, CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee 111 Zeng, Xiangxiao President of Guangdong Institute for Y Scientific and Technological Information 112 Zeng, Yingru Secretary of Guangdong Youth League Y Committee Appendix 2: The List of Candidates for Deputies to the 12th… 159

Party Name Position member 113 Wen, Zhenxi Director of Division of Capital and Market, Y Financial Service Office of Guangdong Province 114 Lei, Yulan Deputy Secretary of CCP Committee of Y Standing Committee of Guangdong Provincial People’s Congress 115 Zhu, Guoxiang Deputy Director of Committee for Overseas Y Chinese, Ethnic and Religious Affairs of Guangdong Provincial People’s Congress 116 , Zezhong Executive Vice President of Guangdong Y Provincial Party School 117 , Hong’en Vice President of Guangdong Christian Y Association 118 Li, Zhiming Vice Chairman of Guangdong Committee of Y Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese 119 Pan, Li Chairman of Guangdong Yuedean Group Y 120 Pan, Jiang Deputy Director of League of Voters of Y Standing Committee of Guangdong Provincial People’s Congress 121 Pan, Zichun Deputy Director of Committee of Finance and Y Economics of Guangdong Provincial People’s Congress 122 , Demin Vice Chairman of Guangdong Committee of Y Jiusan Society 123 Wang, Director Candidate of Standing Committee of Y Guangquan Zhuhai Municipal People’s Congress 124 Wang, Deputy Secretary of CCP Zhanjiang Municipal Y Zhongbing Committee, of Zhanjiang 125 Wang, Executive Deputy Director of Standing Y Yuanming Committee of Zhongshan Municipal People’s Congress 126 Wang, Dekun Executive Deputy Director of Standing Y Committee of Jieyang Municipal People’s Congress 127 Deng, Executive Deputy Director of Standing Y Guangrong Committee of Qingyuan Municipal People’s Congress 128 Deng, Haiguang Secretary of CCP Maoming Municipal Y Committee 129 , Xuefeng Deputy Secretary of CCP Shaoguan Municipal Y Committee, Mayor of Shaoguan 130 Qiu, Zhiyong Deputy Secretary of CCP Yangjiang Municipal Y Committee, Mayor of Yangjiang 160 Appendix 2: The List of Candidates for Deputies to the 12th…

Party Name Position member 131 Zhu, Zejun Secretary of CCP Meizhou Municipal Y Committee 132 Liu, Hai Secretary of CCP Jiangmen Municipal Y Committee 133 Liu, Xiaohua Secretary of CCP Zhanjiang Municipal Y Committee 134 Liu, Yuelun Deputy Secretary of CCP Foshan Municipal Y Committee, Mayor of Foshan 135 , Zeshuang Executive Deputy Director of Standing Y Committee of Yangjiang Municipal People’s Congress 136 Jiang, Ling Deputy Secretary of CCP Qingyuan Municipal Y Committee, Mayor of Qingyuan 137 Xu, Guang Secretary of CCP Chaozhou Municipal Y Committee 138 Xu, Deputy Secretary of CCP Shenzhen Municipal Y Committee, Mayor of Shenzhen 139 Sun, De Executive Deputy Director of Standing Y Committee of Zhaoqing Municipal People’s Congress 140 Li, Shibao Executive Deputy Director of Standing Y Committee of Shaoguan Municipal People’s Congress 141 Li, Qingxiong Deputy Secretary of CCP Chaozhou Municipal Y Committee, Mayor of Chaozhou 142 Li, Yiwei Secretary of CCP Foshan Municipal Y Committee 143 Yang, Qing Executive Deputy Director of Standing Y Committee of Shanwei Municipal People’s Congress 144 Yang, Jianhua Executive Deputy Director of Standing Y Committee of Foshan Municipal People’s Congress 145 Wu, Jiebin Executive Deputy Director of Standing Y Committee of Maoming Municipal People’s Congress 146 Wu, Zili Deputy Secretary of CCP Shanwei Municipal Y Committee, Mayor of Shanwei 147 He, Ningka Deputy Secretary of CCP Zhuhai Municipal Y Committee, Mayor of Zhuhai 148 He, Zhongyou Secretary of CCP Heyuan Municipal Y Committee 149 Zhang, Guifang Director of Standing Committee of Y Guangzhou Municipal People’s Congress Appendix 2: The List of Candidates for Deputies to the 12th… 161

Party Name Position member 150 Chen, Dong Deputy Secretary of CCP Jieyang Municipal Y Committee, Mayor of Jieyang 151 Chen, Shiqi Executive Deputy Director of Standing Y Committee of Huizhou Municipal People’s Congress 152 Chen, Liangxian Candidate of Deputy Secretary of CCP Y Zhongshan Municipal Committee, Mayor of Zhongshan 153 Chen, Maohui Candidate of Secretary of CCP Shantou Y Municipal Committee 154 Chen, Jianhua Deputy Secretary of CCP Guangzhou Y Municipal Committee, Mayor of Guangzhou 155 Chen, Yiwei Deputy Secretary of CCP Huizhou Municipal Y Committee, Mayor of Huizhou 156 Chen, Lvping Secretary of CCP Jieyang Municipal Y Committee 157 Lin, Bihong Executive Deputy Director of Standing Y Committee of Meizhou Municipal People’s Congress 158 Zhuo, Zhiqiang Deputy Secretary of CCP Yunfu Municipal Y Committee, Mayor of Yunfu 159 Pang, Guomei Deputy Secretary of CCP Jiangmen Municipal Y Committee, Mayor of Jiangmen 160 Zheng, Renhao Deputy Secretary of CCP Shantou Municipal Y Committee, Mayor of Shantou 161 Zheng, Riqiang Executive Deputy Director of Standing Y Committee of Zhanjiang Municipal People’s Congress 162 Zheng, Zhentao Secretary of CCP Shaoguan Municipal Y Committee 163 Zheng, Secretary of CCP Shanwei Municipal Y Yanxiong Committee 164 , Baocheng Deputy Secretary of CCP Dongguan Municipal Y Committee, Mayor of Dongguan 165 Xu, Jianhua Secretary of CCP Dongguan Municipal Y Committee 166 Xu, Pinghua Secretary of CCP Zhaoqing Municipal Y Committee 167 , Deputy Secretary of CCP Zhaoqing Municipal Y Committee, Mayor of Zhaoqing 168 Huang, Qiang Secretary of CCP Yunfu Municipal Committee Y 169 Huang, Executive Deputy Director of Standing Y Shaoliang Committee of Heyuan Municipal People’s Congress 162 Appendix 2: The List of Candidates for Deputies to the 12th…

Party Name Position member 170 Huang, Executive Deputy Director of Standing Y Shuangfu Committee of Dongguan Municipal People’s Congress 171 Huang, Yebin Secretary of CCP Huizhou Municipal Y Committee 172 Huang, Junchao Executive Deputy Director of Standing Y Committee of Shantou Municipal People’s Congress 173 Cui, Fengchi Executive Deputy Director of Standing Y Committee of Yunfu Municipal People’s Congress 174 Liang, Qingzhao Executive Deputy Director of Standing Y Committee of Jiangmen Municipal People’s Congress 175 Liang, Yimin Deputy Secretary of CCP Maoming Municipal Y Committee, Mayor of Maoming 176 , Jianwen Deputy Secretary of CCP Heyuan Municipal Y Committee, Mayor of Heyuan 177 Ge, Changwei Secretary of CCP Qingyuan Municipal Y Committee 178 Xie, Liepeng Executive Deputy Director of Standing Y Committee of Chaozhou Municipal People’s Congress 179 Tan, Juntie Deputy Secretary of CCP Meizhou Municipal Y Committee, Mayor of Meizhou 180 , Xiaofeng Secretary of CCP Zhongshan Municipal Y Committee 181 Wei, Secretary of CCP Yangjiang Municipal Y Hongguang Committee Source: http://renshi.people.com.cn/n/2012/1027/c139617-19407664.html, available on 27 October, 2012 Note: ‘Party member’ includes both CCP member and member of Democratic Parties which are under the leadership of CCP  Appendix 3: Population of China’s 31 Provinces/Independent

Population at the end of 2016(10 Increase (10 Province thousand) thousand) Guangdong 10,999 150 9946.64 99.48 8262 58 9532.42 52.42 6195.5 51.9 5590 51 7470.05 45.13 4838 42 6822 39 2398.08 38.08 3874 35 5885 33.5 Chongqing 3048.43 31.88 4770.5 28.7 4592.3 26.7 3555 25.5 7998.6 22.3 3812.62 19.75 3681.64 17.52 Tianjin 1562.12 15.17 2609.95 10.4 Inner 2520.1 9.1

© The Author(s) 2018 163 Y. Zheng, K. Deng, State Failure and Distorted Urbanisation in Post-Mao’s China, 1993–2012, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92168-6 164 Appendix 3: Population of China’s 31 Provinces/Independent…

Population at the end of 2016(10 Increase (10 Province thousand) thousand) 674.9 7.02 330.54 6.57 Hainan 917.13 6.31 593.46 5.03 Shanghai 2419.7 4.43 Beijing 2172.9 2.4 4377.8 −4.6 3799.2 −12.18 Jilin 2733.03 −20.29 Source: China Statistical Yearbook, 2016 Index1

NUMBERS AND SYMBOLS Agrarian utopia, 114 5G, 2 Agricultural recession, 115 1978 Reforms and Opening-up, 73 Agricultural sector, 20, 114, 115 1993 Tax-Sharing Reform, 74, 76 AI, 6 2008 global financial crisis, 105 Airports, 126, 128, 137 2008 global financial meltdown, 50 Alibaba, 2 All citizens, 81 Alternative source, 76 A , 57 Absolute poverty, 144 Anbang Insurance, 79 Academics, 18, 26 Annual interest, 51, 127 Accommodation, 143 Annual loss, 142 Added value, 46 Anti-corruption campaign, 71 Administration, 67, 69 Anti-migration control, 9 Administrative rank, 37 Apartment block, 5, 40, 44, 53, 97, Advanced economies, 8, 26 137 Advancement, 6 Arbitrage, 78, 125, 130, 136 Agent, 10, 20, 41, 71, 78, 125, 143 Arbitrator, 79

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

© The Author(s) 2018 165 Y. Zheng, K. Deng, State Failure and Distorted Urbanisation in Post-Mao’s China, 1993–2012, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92168-6 166 Index

Army, 68 Budget deficit, 124 Arranger, 67 Build and Transfer, 40 , 2 Building block, 16 Asset, 143, 145, 146 Building bubble, 42 Authoritarianism, 66 Building contractor, 42 Automobile, 38, 49, 59n43 Building wastes, 42 Average annual income, 45 Burden, 91, 103, 109, 137 , 17, 38, 68 , 9, 10, 17, 26, 35, 37, B 44, 57, 61, 67–73, 84, 88, 99, Backwardness, 3 125, 126 Baiyin, 37 Business, 3 Bank, 91, 92, 98, 99, 107, 126–129, dispute, 79 137, 141 loss, 58, 124n1 loan, 137, 141 Buying for letting, 104 managers, 126 Buying for living, 104 Bank-government loan alliance, 127 Bankruptcy, 98, 128 Barter , 51 C Basic infrastructure, 39 Cadre, 67–73, 80, 84, 88, 99, 125, Behavioural pattern, 8, 88 126, 129 Beijing, 3, 30, 31, 34, 37, 38, 46, , 48 50, 56, 69–71, 73–77, 98n9, Capital, 6, 9, 9n11, 70, 77–81, 83, 99, 101, 101n10, 103–105, 84 104n16, 118–120, 118n4, , 32, 33, 37n9 119n5, 119n6, 119n9, 124, formation, 137 126, 129, 131, 144 goods, 92 Beneficiary, 81 investment, 6, 14, 19, 30, 49, Big-push, 31 115, 137, 138 Big-push model, 17 investment intensifies, 19 , 37 market, 78, 80, 92 Biochemical, 38 Capital-intensive, 126 Bird cage, 84 , 80–83 Bite the bullet, 7 Capitalist boss, 73 Black hole, 42 , 40, 46, 50, 51, 98, 126, 136, Board of directors, 80 145 Bonus, 19 Causality, 54 Broadband, 2 producer, 42 Budget, 40, 75, 84, 109, 124–125 Central bank, 91, 105 Index 167

Central Committee of the , 30, 45, 46, 49–53 Communist Party of China, 80 deposit, 45 Central government, 20, 29, 37, 46, export, 52 58n42, 73–76, 80, 113, 116, mine, 30, 52 119, 124, 125, 130, 144 production, 52 Centralised political system, 70 ‘Coal-based’ national energy strategy, Centrality, 113 46 Central-local dichotomy, 74 Coalmine, 46 Central-local reciprocity, 124 Coastal China, 31, 56, 141 Centrally planned economy, 136 Coastal cities, 43 Chain reaction, 77 Coastal provinces, 56, 142 Cheap land, 72, 94 Coastal regions, 9, 30, 57, 119 Cheap worker, 72 Collaterals, 91, 108, 126 China, 2–10, 4n3, 7n5, 7n7, 7n9, Collectivisation, 137, 143 9n12 Command, 6 China Bank Regulatory Commercial land, 20 Commission, 80 Commercial use, 125, 126 China Insurance Regulatory Commodities, 46, 105, 109 Commission, 79, 79n6 Commodity production, 105 China Model, 6 Comparative advantages, 9, 9n11, China’s East Coast, 59, 60 17, 91n2 China’s National Development Bank, Compensation, 16, 124 101 Competitor, 6 China Statistical Yearbook, 101 Compliment, 32 , 2, 2n1, Conflict, 66 67 Congress, 67–69 Chinese economy, 5, 15, 77, 126, Congress of People’s Representatives, 138, 143 67 Chinese puzzle, 88 Conspiracy, 51 Chongqing, 37 Constitution, 115 Citizen, 5, 7, 10 Constraint, 124–125, 124n1 City-bound emigration, 104 Construction cost, 40, 44 City-bound immigration, 16 Construction-pulled Urban Growth, City-bound migration, 14, 15, 19 26–44 City-bound rural migration, 17 Consultancy, 7 City-building, 72, 94, 119 Consumer, 5, 6 City planning, 18 goods, 92, 99, 105, 108 , 68 goods market, 93 Classical, 6, 9n11 purchasing power, 54 168 Index

Consumption, 41, 74, 92, 101–103, Debt crisis, 4, 50, 129 105–107, 138, 141, 144 Debt-free, 128 Consumption tax, 74 Debt repayments, 50 Contemporary China, 38, 91 Debt-revenue ratio, 129 Contract, 115 Decade, 136, 137, 141, 142, 144, Conventional wisdom, 5 145 , 56n38, 57, 58 Decision-maker, 9 Corporate debts, 129 Decision-making, 16, 17 Corporation, 91 Decoration, 97 Corruption, 3, 144–145, 145n18 Defence industry, 30 Cost, 30, 39–42, 46, 52–54, 58, 59, Deficit, 16, 33, 53, 75 72, 73, 91, 94, 101–103, 119, De-leverage, 132 120, 142, 145 Demand, 49, 52, 53, 57, 59, 83, 92, Cost-free, 52 94, 99, 103–105, 119 Counter-cyclical pattern, 59 Democracy, 10, 119 Counterpart, 2, 16 Democratisation, 119 authorities, 68 Demonstration effect, 72, 84, 88 County-level governments, 107–108 , 8, 15, 73, 78, 84, Coupon, 53 108, 114, 144, 145 CPI, 88, 91, 92, 105, 139 reform, 15 Crisis, 6, 71, 73, 130, 131, 136, Department, 67, 69 144–146 De- treatment, 141 Crop value, 125, 143 Deposit, 91 , 2, 73 Depression, 5 quantitative easing, 88–93, Deprivation, 143 105 Desert region, 31, 48, 84, 88 Custom, 74 Developer, 40, 42, 51, 73, 79 control, 38 Developing countries, 16 duties, 56 Development, 4–6, 10 Development zone, 56, 57 Dictatorship, 6 D Differentiation, 16 Daily consumption, 107 Diminishing returns, 104, 114 Danger, 103, 132 Direct investment, 141 da xibei, 3 Directs and steers, 67 Deal, 39, 46, 51, 71, 78, 79, 83, Discount, 40, 56 124, 125 Discrimination, 119 Debt burden, 124 Discrimination policy, 119 Index 169

Distorted economy, 145 Egalitarian system, 71 Distortions, 5, 17–20, 88, 137–142, Elbow-out effect, 109 145 Election campaign, 67 Diversification, 49 Electronic devices, 42 Domestic consumption, 144 Employment, 143 Domestic debts, 124, 129, 130 opportunities, 16, 18, 41, 43, 72 Domestic market, 91 rate, 72 Domestic servant, 71 structure, 114–115 Dongsheng, 48 Endogenous growth model, 4 Double-edged sword, 60, 137 Energy, 78, 79 consumption, 28 price, 45, 46, 49 E Energy-dependent enterprise, 31 East , 119 Enterprise, 78, 80, 83, 129, 130, East coast, 15, 43, 129 137, 141 East , 35 Entitlement, 16, 16n3, 20 Eco-balance, 142 Entrepreneur, 56, 80 E-commerce, 2 Environmental damage, 58, 58n42 Economic decision makers, 56 Environmental degradation, 4, 10, 141 Economic development, 5, 28 Equipment maintenance, 53 Economic dualism, 17 Ethnic and religious group, 8 , 10 , 4, 9 Economic modernisation, 15 European Union, 144 Economic progress, 17 Even if we are not ready, we make it Economic Readjustment, 73 ready, 76 Economic recession, 72, 120 Exception, 96, 117 Economic recovery, 137 Excessive debts, 101 Economic reform, 8 Excessive investment, 141 Economic rent, 136 Export, 136, 138, 141, 144 Economic structure, 20, 115, 132, earnings, 91 137, 144, 145 market, 136 Economy, 2, 4–6, 9, 9n11, 9n12 surpluses, 91 Eco-system, 142 Export-orientation, 144 Education subsidies, 48 Export-oriented industrialisation, 91 Educational background, 67 Export-oriented , 141 Effectiveness, 141 External expansion, 3 Efforts, 136 External market, 137, 141 Egalitarianism, 48 Extra-budget revenues, 20 170 Index

F Fringe benefit, 96 Factor endowment, 9 Frontier region, 141 Fake democracy, 68 Full employment, 18, 81 Famers’ compensations, 39 Full government guarantee, 128 Far west region, 3 Full-time farmers, 143 Farming, 98, 105, 107, 109 colonies, 29–30 productivity, 29 G sector, 114 G7, 6 zone, 72 Gamble, 73 Feasible factor, 94 Gansu Province, 7, 9n12 fenshuizhi gaige, 74 GDP, 4, 10, 26, 27, 31, 32, 35, 39, Financial block, 38 42–46, 46n20, 51–54, 52n30, Financial burden, 101 52n32, 52n33, 57, 59–61, 66, Financial compensation, 78 70, 72, 73, 76–78, 84, 88, 93, Financial institution, 92 94, 96–98, 103, 108, 108n18, Financial leverage, 126 123, 125, 126, 129, 131, 132, Financial loss, 53 136–138, 141, 142, 144, Financial meltdown, 104 144n13, 145 Financial subsidies, 31 fetish, 26, 44 Firm, 6 ranking, 72 First-hand experience, 7 GDP-cum-promotions, 44 Fiscal arrangement, 75 General public, 66, 67, 70 Fiscal capacity, 74 Generation, 2, 8 Fiscal judiciary, 37 Geographic trap, 34 Fishery, 142 Ghost City, 32, 32n6 Fluctuation, 84 , 45, 59–60 Food bill, 57 Giffen goods, 99 Food output, 143 Global banking crisis, 50 Food shortage, 114 Global economy, 5 Foot soldier, 68 Global governance, 2 Foreign , 91 Globalisation, 2, 143 Four modernisations, 114 Global manufacturing, 6 Four-star tourist destination, 49 Global order, 2 Fragile ecology, 29 , 37 Free conversion, 91 mine, 92 Freedom, 79 Good old days, 50 Freedom to pollute, 57 Government, 6 Free-standing city, 37 bonds, 76 Index 171

borrowing, 91 Hard currencies, 136 budgetary cost, 19 Harris-Todaro model, 16–17 , 144 Harsh reality, 83 control, 78 schemes, 67 debt, 124, 125, 127–132 Heavy chemicals, 34 employee, 41, 68, 144 Heavy industrial goods, 57 fiscal capacity, 125, 132 , 9, 59 goal, 66 Heavy rental discount, 41 institutions, 66 Hebei Province, 97 joint guarantee, 128 Heihe- Divide, 27 land hoarding, 127 Hidden debt, 129 land leasing, 91, 92 Hidden , 14 revenues, 19, 27, 52, 54, 76, 78, High housing price, 103–104 99, 107 High-tech, 6 spending, 75 High-tech firm, 42 stimulus packet, 130 Historical materialism, 9 subsidies, 128 Holiday resort, 71 surcharge, 56 House building, 44 taxation, 46 Household borrower, 127 Government-run hospitals, 119 Household consumption, 108, 109 Government-run schools, 119 Household devices, 97 Grassroots community, 68 Household dispensable incomes, 105 , 73 Housing Growth, 2–6, 8–10, 136–138, 141, availability, 49 144–146 benefit, 144 data, 4 bubble, 4, 103, 104 and development plan, 39 construction, 40, 54, 94 mechanism, 14 cost, 15 model of dualism, 14 developer, 49 trajectory, 31, 55 development, 53 Guangdong, 68 exchange program, 53 , 32, 32n6 market, 49, 50, 53, 54, 93–105, 109 prices, 51, 92, 98, 101, 103–105 H recession, 103 Hainan Province, 142 rent, 104 Handlers, 67 sector, 99 Hard-budget, 84 subsidy, 48 Hard budget constraint, 124 value, 141 172 Index

How the state rules, 66 Industrial hollowing, 20 H-T Divide, 27, 31 Industrialisation, 27–28, 31, 33, 39, Hu Huanyong, 27 60, 66, 70, 73, 78, 84, 88, , 2 114–117 , 9, 16, 18, 19, 114, 117, 118 Industrial output value, 42 Human resource, 67 Industrial , 37, 38 Human rights, 3 Industrial pollution, 57, 58n42 combat and win the war Industrial relationship, 42 against nature, 29 Industrial take-off, 38 Hydraulic power station, 30 Industry-cum-water pollution, 142 Inefficiency, 83 Inefficient model, 60 I Inferior location, 43 Identity, 60 Inflation, 88, 92, 105 Ideology, 9, 29 Infrastructure, 4, 7, 38–40, 44, 48, Illegal banking, 51 56, 124, 130 Illegal organisation, 10 Initial push, 77 Illnesses, 142 , 31, 48n22, 52n31, Improvement, 10 96, 129 Incentives, 19, 37, 41, 66, 68, 76, Innovation, 73, 76 83, 104, 114, 126 Input, 66, 83 Income, 76, 77, 91, 93, 101, Institution, 66, 68, 113, 128–132 104n16, 105, 108, 129, 144, Integration, 37 145 Interest group, 136, 137 distribution, 143–145 Interior province, 31 gap, 108 Internal discussion, 68 inequality, 3 Internal selection, 68 polarisation, 4 Internet, 2 Income-debt ratio, 129 Invention, 73, 76 Incomplete citizenship, 117 Inventor, 72 Indebtedness, 109 Investment, 72, 73, 77, 78 Independent candidate, 68 alternatives, 104 Individual income, 145 rate, 4 Industrial capacity, 30 returns, 98–99, 104, 105, Industrial centre, 33–34 138–141 Industrial configuration, 31 Investment-intensive, 138 Industrial goods, 117 Investor, 49, 56, 73, 77–79, 92, 98, Industrial growth, 31, 33, 59, 143 104, 139, 141 Index 173

Irrationality, 73 leases, 19, 39, 40, 49, 54, 56, 77, Issuance, 77 126, 128 IT, 38 market, 20, 78 ownership, 137 supply, 105 J transfer, 78 Jiangsu, 142 Land-cum-debt, 127 Job, 115, 119n5, 120 Land-for-loans, 99 Job-seek, 78 Land-leasing, 39, 78 Judicator, 79 Landless farmer, 21 Land Management Law, 125 Lanzhou, 26–44, 37n8, 38n10, K 38n11, 40n12, 42n13, 42n14, Kangbashi, 48, 49 46, 49, 55–57, 66, 72 Keynesian approach, 88 Large state-owned mine, 53 Keynesianism, 2 Law and order, 71, 72 Keynesian measures, 107 Law-maker, 68, 79 Keynesian policy, 88 Leadership, 6 Key policy factor, 39 League table, 33, 52, 56, 103 Krugman, R., 10 Lease, 96, 99, 108, 125, 126, 126n5, 128, 136, 143 Lease-hold rights, 39 L Lease term, 96 Labour, 14–18, 21, 70, 73, 77, 78, Leasing fees, 19 80, 81, 83 Legitimacy, 10, 70, 83, 84, 136 employment, 52 Leninist, 2 flow, 16 Lewis, Arthur, 14, 16, 17 market, 15, 16 dualistic economic transition, 15 migration, 15 Lewis model, 14–15 quality, 16 Lewis transition, 15 shortage, 15 Liability, 99, 117, 124–125, 128, supply, 15 146 Labourers, 6 Liangjiang, 37 Land Liquidity, 104, 107, 109 arbitrage, 20, 21 Livelihood, 117 and capital, 80 Living condition, 15, 55 creation, 142 Living cost, 15 lease scheme, 39 Loan, 78, 91, 92, 99, 126, 127 174 Index

Loaned cash, 126 Magistrate, 67–69 Local authorities, 39, 44, 49, 70, 73, Majority, 137 77 Mandarins, 4 Local conditions, 123 Mandatory foreign currencies Local congress, 68 conversion, 91 Local constraint, 60 Manipulation, 66, 69 Local economic growth, 19, Manufacturing, 9, 14, 17, 26, 31, 115–116 37, 98, 105, 107, 109, 124, Local economy, 44, 51, 57 127, 130, 132, 138 Local electorates, 67 Manufacturing sector, 98, 105 Local fiscal autonomy, 21 Mao, 9, 14, 15, 16n3, 19 Local government, 4, 7, 19, 20, 27, , 29, 66, 117, 136 33, 40, 44, 48, 49, 51–55, Maoist collective ownership, 125 57, 58, 60, 70, 72, 73, Maoist economy, 114 75–77, 84, 91–94, 96, 108, Maoist rural-urban registration, 19 109, 113, 116, 124–128, Marginal product, 14, 15 136, 142, 143 Market, 2, 4, 5, 14–16, 18, 20, 21 Local government revenues, 19 activities, 78, 83, 136 Local law, 71 bird, 84 Local official, 10 demand, 27 Local resident, 68 economy, 2, 15, 66, 77–79, 83 Local resources, 73, 76 law, 61 Local tax base, 125 mechanisms, 5 Local tax revenues, 19, 126 Marshes, 142 Long term loans, 99 Marxian communism, 2 Loss-maker, 128 Marxian jargon, 80 Low-cost housing, 40 Marxism, 9, 80 Low level equilibrium trap, 14 Mass consumption, 6 Low quality land, 56 Material life, 70, 71 Low-tech, 126 Mayor, 67–69 Loyalty, 71 McKinnoncalls, Ronald I., 88 Means of production, 80 Media black-out, 70 M Medical care, 71, 103, 119, 144 M0, 91 Merchant, 51 M2, 88, 91 , 73 Machinery, 38 Microchips, 6 Macro-economic structure, 136 Military, 70 Index 175

Millennia, 2 N Mine owner, 46 Nanny state, 7 -processing, 56 Nation, 2n1, 7, 9n11, 15, 20, 20n14 Mini-, 32 National Commission for Economic Mini-Great Wall, 32 Planning, 38 Minimal standards of living, 7 National economy, 59, 137 , 9, 49, 52, 53 National Environmental Protection Mini-Parthenon, 32 Ministry, 58 Mini-Sphinx, 32 National food provision, 143 Mini-Summer , 32 Nationalisation of farmland, Minsheng Bank, 80, 80n8, 80n9 93 Minsky Moment, 132, 132n18 Nationalised land, 92 Miracle, 145 , 125, 143 Model, 2, 6 National poverty alleviation Modern economy, 16, 17, 114 programs, 53 Modern growth, 6 National subsidies, 45 Modernisation, 6, 18, 114 National treasuries, 74 Modernity, 14–16 Nation-wide resident-employment Modern state, 18 registration, 114 Momentum, 94, 109 Natural choice, 9 Monetary market, 91 Natural law, 29, 61 Money, 88n1, 91, 97, 105–108, 124, Near-free market, 80 126, 128, 128n7, 132, 139 Negative consequence, 142 Money-lenders, 50 Negative externalities, 88 Money supply, 91, 93, 105 Negative growth, 104 Monopolised land lease deals, 39 Negative impact, 57 Monopolistic, 20, 78, 125 Negative implication, 10 Monopoly, 78, 83 Negative outcome, 8 Monopsonic price, 125, 143 Neo-classical economics, 6 Monopsonistic, 20, 78 Neo-statism, 4 Monopsony, 78, 83 Nepotism, 38 Mortgages, 50, 57, 92, 97, 101, 103, Net income, 103 107, 109 New District, 32, 33, 37–44, 38n10 Motivation, 8 New Economic Policy, 2 Motor road, 30 New economy, 14, 15 Mudslide attack, 41 New Enclosure Movement, 20 Multiple identities, 79–80 New land, 142 Municipal government, 39–41 New materials, 38 176 Index

New technologies, 2, 56 P New , 103, 104 par, 91n2, 96, 97, 99, 101, Times, 45, 45n15 103–105, 104n15, 104n16, Nominal salaries, 144, 145 108, 114, 117–120, 119n5, Nominee, 68, 69 124, 126, 129, 132, 136, 137, Non-farming use, 143 139, 141, 142, 144, 145 nongken bingtuan, 29 Pareto optimum, 18 Non-material production, 105 Party, 66–77, 79, 83, 84, 114, 119, North-China , 141, 141n5, 142 124, 136, 144 Northwest, 8–10 cadre, 144 , 27, 58n42, 142n6 control, 69 Nuisance, 143 members, 10, 68 official, 136 Party-state, 5–10, 17, 66–77, 79, 83, O 84 Obligation, 18, 66, 125 Payment, 40, 42, 46, 50, 92, 99, Official, 3, 7, 7n5, 7n9, 8, 10 119n5, 127 Official statistics, 128, 145 Peasantry, 137, 143 Oil import, 46 Peer pressure, 72, 73, 84, 88 Old district, 48 Penalties, 124 One-hour economic circle, 37 Pensions, 67, 71, 144 Open labour market, 14 People, 66–69, 72, 80n9, 92, Open recruitment, 80 101–103, 119, 143 Opportunity cost, 16 People’s Liberation Army, 29 Optimism, 3 People’s representatives, 67–69 Ordinary citizens’ income, 5 Per capita income, 46, 104 Ordinary families, 101 Perfect plan, 66 Ordinary people, 66, 71 Perfect storm, 72 Ordos, 44–55, 46n16, 46n18, Permission, 78 46n19, 48n21, 48n22, 48n23, Personal achievement, 71 50n24, 50n25, 51n27, 51n28, Personnel, 67, 69 52n30, 52n33, 53n35, 53n36, Personnel performance, 67 54n37, 66, 72, 129 Pessimism, 3 Organization, 7 centre, 34 Orthodox, 80 , 38 Output, 30, 42, 46, 50, 52, 53, 59 Physical construction, 55 Over-borrow, 88 Physiocracy, 114 Overproduction, 4, 137 Planning Commission, 78 Index 177

Policy implications, 21 Private sector, 39, 78, 137 Political/ideological return, 84 Production capacity, 145 Political loyalty, 53 Production distortion, 142 Pollutant and redundant , Production function, 77 42 Productivity, 139 Pollution allowance, 59 Profit, 81, 84, 99, 126n5, 128, Pollution control, 73, 120 139n1, 143 Pollution-intensive mode of Project, 19, 20, 29–33, 37–43, 51, production, 141 56, 72, 73, 77, 78, 94, 124, Ponzi scheme, 51 126, 128 Population, 2, 8, 9, 9n12 Proletarians, 137 density, 27, 29, 43, 94 Proliferation, 48, 73 increase, 17 Promotion, 10, 71–73, 76, 99, 103, Post-Mao, 4 125 Poverty, 7, 7n5, 33, 53 Promotion-cum-merits, 27 Poverty line, 7, 7n5 Promotion mechanism, 76 Poverty-stricken, 7 Properties, 92, 93n4, 98, 99, 104, Power, 136, 145 108, 139, 141 centre, 38 Property-hoarding, 104, 105 corrupts, 71 Property market, 105, 107 Pragmatism, 83 Property rights, 115 Premodern, 14 Prosperity, 3, 96 Premodern economy, 14 Pro-urban and pro-industrial Prerequisite, 43, 78, 103 government, 60 Pressure, 92, 105 Provincial authorities, 68 , 51 Provincial economy, 33 Prime age, 43 Provincial governor, 67, 69 Principle-agent problem, 10, 71 Provincial level, 9 Principle of secrecy, 10 Pubic goods provision, 120 Priority, 30, 35, 49, 56, 114 Public building, 48 Private asset, 80 Public goods, 103, 117 Private contractor, 40 Public housing, 48, 53 Private debts, 109 Public office, 136 Private investors, 78, 79, 127 Public savings, 137 Private land ownership, 20, 137 Public works, 40 Private ownership, 81, 83 , 37 Private savings, 5, 107 Purchasing power, 108 178 Index

Q Relatively barren locations, 9 Qing, 4 Relative poverty, 144 Qing Period, 114 Relocated household, 48 Qinghai Province, 55 Relocation, 31, 33, 41 Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, 55 ding , 9, 29 Quality, 117 Renewable resource, 99 quanmin, 81 Rent-free, 41 Quantitative analysis, 10 Rent-seeking, 19, 136 Quantitative easing, 91, 107, 124, Representative, 67–69 126 Reputation, 98 Quantitative easy, 105 Resident, 26, 38, 40–43, 48, 49, 53, 56, 60, 67–69, 80, 80n8, 80n9, 93, 93n4, 101, 101n10, R 114, 119, 119n5, 126, 126n5, Radical change, 116 142 Radically developing West China, 29 Residential district, 38 Railway link, 40 Residential properties, 93 Ratchet effect, 72, 73, 84, 88 Resource, 4–7 Ratio, 88, 91, 97, 99, 101, 103, 104, allocation, 38, 77, 80, 83, 145 108, 114, 119, 129, 136, 141, allocator, 83 143 endowment, 51, 55 Rationale, 21, 66 Restriction, 58 Real estate, 39, 41, 49, 79, 96, 105, Return, 14 107, 109, 124, 130, 139, 141 Revenue, 27, 39–40, 49, 51–54, 57, Reality, 2, 7, 10 70, 74–76, 78, 84, 99–101, Real market cost, 40 105, 107, 127, 129 Recession, 51–52, 58, 96, 105, 136 Revisionist, 16 Red card, 58 Revolutionary, 7 Re-distribution, 143–145 River-side cities, 43 Reform, 18, 20, 74, 76, 78, 83, 84, Road link, 39 88, 136, 144, 145, 145n16 Rubber stamp, 68 Refugee camp, 41 Rule, 66, 70, 71, 83, 114, 124, 143, Regional authorities, 20 145 Regional fiscal autonomy, 20 Rule of law, 3 Regional growth differentials, 27 Ruling party, 4 Regional growth disparity, 28 Run-away government debts, 99 Regional growth pattern, 20 Run-away industrial pollution, 3 Regional infrastructure, 31 Rural background, 51 Relationship, 113 Rural economies, 17 Index 179

Rural emigration, 16, 143 Serve the people, 7 Rural household, 117 Shandong Province, 15 Rural hukou, 117 Shanghai, 37, 46, 60n47, 79, 79n7, Rural immigrants, 16, 19, 117n1, 99, 103, 104, 104n16, 119, 119, 143 119n6, 120 Rural immigrant-workers, 15 shangyeyong , 20 Rural market, 118 Shi Yuzhu, 80 Rural migrant workers, 143 Short cut, 15 Rural Minimum Living Standard Short run, 6, 53, 141 Security System, 7 Short-termism, 88 Rural population, 45, 48, 117 shuiwu baogan, 74 Rural residents, 60 Social group, 113 Rural-urban gap, 137 Social inequality, 117 Rural-urban income gap, 15, 144 Social justice, 15 Rural-urban integration, 18 Social welfare, 15–18, 16n3, 73, 117 Rural workforce, 15 entitlement, 16 provision, 15, 137 Socialist Transformation, 73, 78 S Society, 2, 5 Sack-in effect, 109 Socio-economic change, 5 Salary, 144 Socio-economic externalities, 18 san tong, 39 Socio-political revolution, 15 Savings rate, 4 SOE, 78, 79, 84, 139n2, 139n3 School catchment area, 136 Soft-budget, 84, 124, 124n1 Sea shore, 142 Soft-landing, 6 Secondary and tertiary sectors, 43 Soil pollution, 141 Secondary sector, 26 Solar panel, 56, 137 Secondary vested interested groups, Solidarity, 70 136 Solider-turned migrants, 30 Second World War, 5 Ping, 38, 38n10 Secretaries, 69–71 South , 119 Sectoral recessions, 5 Soviet bureaucrats, 17 Selected government officials, 69 , 14, 33 Selector, 67 Space, 34, 35, 49 Self-discipline, 124 Spendavailable fund, 88 Self-serving tendency, 19 Stability, 5 Self-sponsored immigrants, 117 Stalinist planner economy, 2 Semi-market, 77, 80–84 Stalin-Maoism, 83 Semi-urbanisation, 18, 19 Stalin-Maoist economy, 83 180 Index

Stalin’s Soviet Union, 66 Supply-led approach, 27 Standard, 70 Surface water, 33, 141, 142 Standing member, 70 Surplus, 14, 75, 81, 91, 143 State, 4, 4n3, 6–9, 113, 114, 116, Survival, 136 119, 120, 123–126, 124n1, Sustainability, 54, 84 136–146, 141n4 System, 69–71, 78, 81, 83, 114, capitalism, 81, 136 115, 117, 120, 125, 137, 142 control, 66, 78, 80, 83 failure, 6, 8, 9, 18, 66, 114, 136–145 T grid, 39 , 119 ownership, 136 Take-off, 57, 137 planning, 84 Targeted amount, 42 sector, 5 Taxation, 56, 107 State Bureau of Statistics, 26 Tax base, 125 State Council, 37, 56, 75, 76n3, 128 Taxes, 117, 143 State-cum-human biomass, 69 Tax-farming, 74 State-led, 19, 28–31, 66, 70, 123, Tax holidays, 31, 56, 96 137, 141, 146 Taxman, 125 growth, 124 Tax rebate, 56 growth model, 124, 137, 141, 146 Technological change, 15 State-owned banks, 50, 78, 91, 99, 137 Technology, 14, 15 State-owned commercial bank, 4 Telecommunication, 78 State-owned enterprise, 78 Territory, 8 State-owned land, 60 A textbook change, 114 State-owned leasable land, 99 , 39 State-owned mega-companies, 139 Tianjin, 27, 37, 43, 46, 46n20, 120, State-owned mine, 53 142 State-owned sector, 50 Tier One cities, 103, 104 State-run allocation, 38 Time , 104 State-run capitalism, 81 , 103, 104 Statistics, 7 Top-down, 70 , 30, 34, 35, 42, 59n43, 117, Total investment, 31, 48 132, 137 Touching cobbles to cross the river, 8 Subsidies, 56, 57 Tourism, 9, 31 Success, 53 Trade centre, 35, 38 Super-tanker, 6 Trade network, 29 Supply, 6, 27, 49, 53, 83, 91, 94, 96, Trade-off, 7 105, 137 Trade surpluses, 91 Index 181

Tradition, 137 Urban population, 26, 60, 93n4, Traditional economy, 14–16 103, 114 Transformable country, 2 Urban project, 94 Transition, 15 Urban sector, 19, 143 Transport, 29, 30, 38, 43, 52, 60, 78 US, 30, 77n5, 104n16 , 29, 38 USSR, 30 Trap, 14 Utilitarianism, 83 Travel allowance, 41 Troika package, 56, 57 Trotskian ‘permanent revolution,’, 2 V Turning point, 46, 59, 74, 105, 125 Value Added Tax, 57, 74 , 79 Vast majority, 68 U Veblen goods, 99 Ultrasound, 5 Vested interests, 10, 137 UN, 7, 7n5, 7n7 Village collective farmland, 78 Unclean air, 60 Village farmland, 143 Underground water, 141 Village land, 125 Unemployed workers, 57 Village products, 117 Unemployment, 16, 18, 57, 72, 132 Virtual economy, 105 benefit safety net, 58 Visible hands, 9 rate, 16 Unique autonomy, 113 Unlimited one-way migration, 103 W Upper market, 49 Wage, 14–16, 53, 58, 73, 84, 92, Urban bias, 143 105, 117, 144–145 Urban-biased GDP creation, 124 Wage bill, 144–145 Urban capital, 115 Wage-earner, 144 Urban centres, 27, 43, 55, 60 War economies, 5 Urban developer, 20 Warehousing, 38 Urban expansion, 2, 19, 48 Water-intensive farming, 9 Urban facilities and services, 117 Water link, 39 Urban/industrial settlement, 88 , 29 Urbanisation, 8–10, 16–19, 16n3, Water transport, 43 26, 39, 44, 48, 54, 55, 60, 66, , 45, 46, 48, 108, 126, 136 70, 73, 78, 84, 88, 94, 96, Welfare entitlement, 15, 16, 16n3, 103, 104, 114, 117, 119–120, 18, 19, 145 123, 144 Welfare provision, 48 Urbanisation rate, 88, 103, 104 , 38 182 Index

West, 2, 4 Y West China, 29–32, 94, 96, 123, Yangzi River, 43, 129 127, 129, 141 , 33, 36, 142 Western democracy, 67 Yuan, 31, 33, 38–46, 46n20, Western democratic societies, 124 48–54, 48n21, 51n27, Westernisation Movement, 4 52n33, 56, 67, 69n1, 70, 76, Winter for manufacturing, 26 76n3, 78, 79n7, 91, 92, 99, Win-win plan, 71 101, 104n16, 105, 126, Workforce, 78, 81, 84, 114, 120, 128–130, 129n13, 139n3, 137, 143, 144 141n5, 142, 144, 145, Workshop of the World, 98 145n16 , 88 , 35 World market, 46

Z X Zero-sum, 71 xibu da kaifa, 29 Zero-sum game, 107, 109 Xining, 55–60, 66, 72 Zhejiang, 37, 45, 128n9, 142 Xinjiang, 29 zhengzhiju changwei, 70 Xinjiang farming colonies, 30 Zhou Xiaochuan, 132 Xinqu, 32, 38n10, 38n11, 42n14 Zhoushan, 37 X-ray, 5 , 74