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Evolution of the Process of Urban Spatial and Temporal Patterns and Its Influencing Factors in Northeast China

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Case Study Evolution of the Process of Urban Spatial and Temporal Patterns and its Influencing Factors in Northeast China Jiawen Xu1; Jianjun Zhao2; Hongyan Zhang3; and Xiaoyi Guo4 Abstract: The evolution of urban temporal and spatial patterns in Northeast China is complicated. In order to study the urbanization process in this area, explore the spatial and temporal laws of urban development in Northeast China, and find the main influencing fac- tors affecting urban development in Northeast China, DMSP/OLS images are used as data sources. Urban built-up areas in Northeast China from 1993 to 2013 are extracted and temporal and spatial patterns of urban development are studied. Combining the economic, population, industrial structure, ecological and other statistical data, a geographical detector is applied to study the main influencing factors of urban development in Northeast China. According to a selection of 10 typical cities, the annual urban expansion speed and the urbanization intensity index are calculated to quantitatively analyze the development of typical cities. The present study indi- cates that the urbanization process in Northeast China was slow during 1995–1996. In fact, except for Daqing, the other typical cities developed slowly before 2003. While the urbanization process accelerated after 2003, it reached to its maximum rate in 2010. Moreover, it is observed that from 1993 to 2013, centers of cities gradually moved to their regional centers. On the other hand, it is concluded that from 2004 to 2013, the regional gross domestic product (GDP), GDP of the secondary industry, gross industrial product, GDP of the tertiary industry and the total investment in fixed assets were main indicators of the urbanization that affected change in the urban built- up area in Northeast China. Among them, the regional GDP had the greatest impact on urban development. As an old industrial base in China, the secondary industry mainly drove urban development before 2010. It is concluded that urban development began to change from 2010 and the driving force for urban development gradually changed from industry to the tertiary industry. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE) UP.1943-5444.0000606. © 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers. Author keywords: Urbanization; Spatial and temporal patterns; Geographical detector; Northeast of China; DMSP/OLS. Introduction policy, the government encouraged and supported foreign capital absorption to develop an open economy. Therefore, industrial and The evolution of urban development in Northeast China is compli- economic development in coastal areas significantly increased. On cated. At the beginning of the founding of the People’sRepublic the other hand, the Northeast region gradually lost its advantage in of China, urban development of Northeast China ranked among the economic development so that urbanization in this region the top in the country. This is attributed to the good industrial gradually declined. In order to revitalize old industrial bases in base, appropriate urban construction, and abundant resources in Northeast China, the government has repeatedly issued special this region (Wang and Han 2018). Moreover, this urban develop- policies and opinions since 2003. These policies have been highly ment made important contributions to the country’seconomicde- valued by the state and attracted remarkable attention in the coun- velopment. However, with the implementation of the opening-up try (Wang 2018). The revitalization of old industrial bases in Northeast China and the implementation of China’s “One Belt, One Road” strategy are important turning points in the process 1Postgraduate Student, Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of urbanization in the Northeast China. of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal Univ., Changchun 130024, Nighttime light data is widely used to assess the impact of China. Email: [email protected] human activities on the urbanization, gross domestic product 2Associate Professor, Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and (GDP) estimation (Wu et al. 2013; Sutton et al. 2007; Marx and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School Ziegler Rogers 2017), population density (Kasimu et al. 2009; of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal Univ., Changchun 130024, Song et al. 2019), energy consumption (Chand et al. 2009; Xie China (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0336 and Weng 2016; Shietal.2016), society health (Wen et al. -5764. Email: [email protected] Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Birmingham on 07/25/20. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 3 2012), urban development and the evolution of the spatial pattern Professor, Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological ’ Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geo- (Ma et al. 2015; Fan et al. 2014; Zheng et al. 2016), and the city s graphical Sciences, Northeast Normal Univ., Changchun 130024, China. hierarchical structure and the spatial model (Wu et al. 2014). Email: [email protected] Using Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational 4Associate Professor, Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) data to study the economic devel- Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School opment level of a region, nighttime light data can be used as an in- of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal Univ., Changchun 130024, dicator of economic growth in certain conditions. Studies show that China. Email: [email protected] the nighttime light data can be an effective means of estimation for Note. This manuscript was submitted on September 18, 2019; approved social and economic indicators such as GDP (Shi et al. 2014; Letu on May 6, 2020; published online on July 22, 2020. Discussion period open until December 22, 2020; separate discussions must be submitted for indi- et al. 2015; Propastin and Kappas 2012). Moreover, it is found that vidual papers. This paper is part of the Journal of Urban Planning and there is a significant positive correlation between light intensity and Development, © ASCE, ISSN 0733-9488. regional GDP (Henderson et al. 2009; Fan et al. 2019), and © ASCE 05020017-1 J. Urban Plann. Dev. J. Urban Plann. Dev., 2020, 146(4): 05020017 nighttime illumination can be used as an explanatory indicator of Northeast China in 2004 and 2013. Fig. 1 shows that the study urbanization dynamics (Ma et al. 2012). A large number of studies area has jurisdiction over 38 prefecture-level cities, one autono- have confirmed that there is a close relationship between changes in mous prefecture and one district. nighttime light and economic activities (Bennett and Smith 2017; Northeast China has abundant natural resources and fertile land, Forbes 2013). Using a time series of nighttime light data can assess which makes it an ideal place for cultivation. Furthermore, this area determinants of urban expansion and their relative importance has remarkable underground reserves of iron ore, coal, oil and other (Zhang and Su 2016). The study found a linear relationship between minerals, which are necessary for industrial development. urban population changes and nighttime illumination (Zhang and Seto 2011; Zhou et al. 2015). Although some scholars have used nighttime light data to study Data Source factors that affect urban expansion, they have not pointed out DMSP/OLS Data whether the factors that affect urban development have changed The DMSP satellite is a dedicated military meteorological satellite over time. This study uses a geodetector model to reveal changes affiliated with the US Department of Defense. It is mainly used in in the main influencing factors that have affected urban develop- research fields, including extraction of urban spatial information, ment in Northeast China over time. urban system evolution, environmental monitoring, population es- The main objective of the present study is to explore the tem- timation, and economic development. Furthermore, the OLS sensor poral and spatial patterns of urban development in Northeast on the DMSP satellite has a strong ability to capture lights, fires, China based on long-term sequence nighttime light data, compre- and gas flares at night. Because of its reasonable temporal and spa- hensively analyze the influencing factors of the urban development tial resolution, it is considered as an effective complementary data in Northeast China, and reveal the main influencing factors that af- source for monitoring large-scale urban expansion processes. fect urban development in Northeast China. Furthermore, it in- The present study utilizes the nonradiation calibration stabilized tends to provide a theoretical basis for urbanization research in DMSP/OLS nighttime light data from 1993 to 2013. The data is ob- other regions. It is expected that the obtained results will improve tained from the National Geophysical Data Center in the United the general understanding of driving the mechanism of urban ex- States (https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/). The spatial resolution is pansion and provide a theoretical basis for the implementation of 1 km and the pixel gray value is 0 to 63. It should be indicated effective measures to promote economic growth such as urban that the larger the pixel gray value, the stronger the light brightness. system construction. It is of great significance to realize the com- prehensive revitalization of old industrial bases
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