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THE POLLINATION of CULTIVATED PLANTS a COMPENDIUM for PRACTITIONERS Volume 1

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THE POLLINATION of CULTIVATED PLANTS a COMPENDIUM for PRACTITIONERS Volume 1 THE POLLINATION OF VOLUME ONE VOLUME CULTIVATED PLANTS A COMPENDIUM FOR PRACTITIONERS POLLINATION SERVICES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE EXTENSION OF KNOWLEDGE BASE POLLINATOR SAFETY IN AGRICULTURE THE POLLINATION OF CULTIVATED PLANTS A COMPENDIUM FOR PRACTITIONERS Volume 1 Edited by David Ward Roubik Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROME 2018 The text was prepared as part of the Global Environment Fund (GEF) supported project 'Conservation and management of pollinators for sustainable agriculture, through an ecosystem approach' implemented in seven countries – Brazil, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nepal, Pakistan and South Africa. The project was coordinated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) with implementation support from the United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment). First edition: 1995 Second edition: 2018 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-130512-6 © FAO, 2018 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO's endorsement of users' views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/ contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications- [email protected]. Cover photo © D. J. Martins Back cover photos © D. W. Roubik CONTENTS Compendium contents .............................................................................................................................xii Contributors .......................................................................................................................................... xiv Preface to the second edition .................................................................................................................. xix References ............................................................................................................................................ xxi A note on references .............................................................................................................................. xxi Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ xxii Part I INTRODUCTION Chapter 1. LESSONS LEARNED OVER THE LAST 20 YEARS (David W. Roubik) .................................. 1 1.1 Sustainable pollination and pollinators ........................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Tropical and temperate zones .................................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Pollinator backup and restoration .............................................................................................. 4 1.2 The extent of progress to date ....................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 An ecological overview ........................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Major shifts in pollination landscapes ........................................................................................ 7 1.3 The pollination factor in croplands .................................................................................................. 8 1.3.1 Crop harvest constraints ........................................................................................................... 8 1.3.2 The nature of agricultural sustainability ................................................................................8 1.3.3 A taxonomic impediment for crops ............................................................................................. 9 1.3.4 Crop pollination ecology .......................................................................................................... 9 1.3.5 Prospects in pollination biology ...............................................................................................11 1.4 How to use this book ....................................................................................................................12 References ....................................................................................................................................13 Further reading ..............................................................................................................................17 Chapter 2. POLLINATION, POLLINATORS AND POLLINATION MODES: ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE .........................................................................................21 2.1 Pollination: a general overview (R.C. Sihag) ....................................................................................21 2.1.1 The flower ............................................................................................................................22 2.1.2 Pollination modes and pollinators .............................................................................................23 2.1.3 The ecological importance of pollinators and pollination modes ...................................................25 2.1.4 The economic importance of pollinators ....................................................................................26 2.1.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................29 2.2 Conserving pollinators for agriculture, forestry and nature (P.G. Kevan) ............................................29 2.2.1 Pesticides .............................................................................................................................30 2.2.2 Habitat destruction ................................................................................................................30 2.2.3 Pollinator diseases .................................................................................................................31 2.2.4 Pollinator competition ............................................................................................................32 2.2.5 Diversification of pollinators ....................................................................................................32 2.2.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................32 References ....................................................................................................................................33 THE POLLINATION OF CULTIVATED PLANTS: A COMPENDIUM FOR PRACTITIONERS - Volume 1 iii Chapter 3. SUSTAINABLE YIELDS, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH OR NEITHER? ........................................35 3.1 The potential for insect pollinators to alleviate global pollination deficits and enhance yields of fruit and seed crops (L.A. Garibaldi, S.A. Cunningham, M.A. Aizen, L. Packer and L.D. Harder) ............35 3.1.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................35 3.1.2 Pollen as a resource that limits crop yield ..................................................................................35 3.1.3 Pollinator dependence in fruit and seed crops ............................................................................36 3.1.4 Are pollination deficits common?..............................................................................................37 3.1.5 Can honey bee management alone reduce pollination deficits? .....................................................39 3.1.6 Why do wild insects contribute to crop yield? .............................................................................40 3.1.7 Sound practices that reduce pollination deficits ..........................................................................40 3.1.8 Natural history of bees and their potential for crop pollination .....................................................42 3.1.9 Bee introductions...................................................................................................................45 3.1.10 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................46
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