BSCBO- 201 B.Sc. II YEAR Taxonomy of Angiosperm And Biodiversity DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY BSCBO-201 BSCBO-201 TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Phone No. 05946-261122, 261123 Toll free No. 18001804025 Fax No. 05946-264232, E. mail [email protected] htpp://uou.ac.in UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 1 TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY BSCBO-201 Expert Committee Prof. J. C. Ghildiyal Prof. G.S. Rajwar Retired Principal Principal Government PG College Government PG College Karnprayag Augustmuni Prof. Lalit Tewari Dr. Hemant Kandpal Department of Botany School of Health Science DSB Campus, Uttarakhand Open University Kumaun University, Nainital Haldwani Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Board of Studies Late Prof. S. C. Tewari Prof. Uma Palni Department of Botany Department of Botany HNB Garhwal University, Retired, DSB Campus, Srinagar Kumoun University, Nainital Dr. R.S. Rawal Dr. H.C. Joshi Scientist, GB Pant National Institute of Department of Environmental Science Himalayan Environment & Sustainable School of Sciences Development, Almora Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Programme Coordinator Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 2 TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY BSCBO-201 Unit Written By: Unit No. 1. Dr. Lalit Tewari 1, 2, 3 & 4 Professor Department of Botany DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital 2. Dr. Shalini Rawat 5, 6, 7 & 8 Assistant Professor Department of Botany, Government Post Graduate College, New Tehri 3. Dr. Shreekar Pant 9, 10, 11 & 12 Senior Assistant Professor Centre for Biodiversity Studies, BGSB University, Rajouri, Jammu & Kashmir Course Editor Prof. G.S. Rajwar Principal Government Degree College Narendra Nagar, Tehri Title : Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biodiversity ISBN No. : 978-93-90845-30-9 Copyright : Uttarakhand Open University Edition : 2021 Published By: Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani, Nainital-263139 UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 3 TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY BSCBO-201 CONTENTS BLOCK-1ANGIOSPERMS: GENERAL CONSIDERATION PAGE NO. Unit-1- Historical background and Evolution of classification of Angiosperms 6-37 Unit-2- Basic principles, Plant nomenclature and ICBN 38-59 Unit-3- Tools and techniques in collection and Preservation of specimens 60-77 Unit-4- Botanical Gardens and Herbaria 78-105 BLOCK-2 FAMILIES PAGE NO. Unit-5- Ranunculaceae, Caryophyllaceae and Rutaceae 107-129 Unit-6- Rosaceae, Fabaceae and Asclepiadaceae 130-157 Unit-7- Solanaceae, Acanthaceae and Lamiaceae 158-180 Unit-8- Orchidaceae, Liliaceae and Poaceae 181-202 BLOCK-3 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION PAGE NO. Unit-9- Biodiversity- Basic concepts 204-227 Unit-10-Biodiversity Conservation - In situ and Ex situ, Gene bank, NBPGR 228-246 Unit-11-Biodiversity –Hotspots and Megabiodiversity countries 247-259 Unit-12- Floristic diversity of India and Endemism 260-275 UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 4 TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY BSCBO-201 BLOCK-1 ANGIOSPERMS: GENERAL CONSIDERATION UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 5 TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY BSCBO-201 UNIT-1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND EVOLUTION OF CLASSIFICATION OF ANGIOSPERMS 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Introduction 1.3 History 1.4 Fundamental components of Taxonomy 1.5 Aims of Taxonomy 1.6 Bentham and Hooker‘s System 1.7 Engler and Prantl System 1.8 Hutchinson‘s Classification 1.9 Summary 1.10 Glossary 1.11 Self Assessment Questions 1.12 References 1.13 Suggested Readings 1.14 Terminal Questions UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 6 TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY BSCBO-201 1.1 OBJECTIVES The main goal of this chapter is to broaden your understanding about the following issues:- Definition of classification History of classification Aims of Taxonomy Bentham and Hooker‘s system Hutchinson‘s system of classification 1.2 INTRODUCTION Plant taxonomy is one of the earliest disciplines of Botany. It was started as ―Folk Taxonomy‖ in early 15th century but it has grown and gone very long way in the last 500 years. The concept and scope of Taxonomy has changed a lot. Though the flora of the earth was invented in the last three centuries yet the modern taxonomists are facing challenges. The tropical countries with rich flora are under threat. So far 4,000,000 plant species are identified of which 2, 86,000 are of angiosperms. Among the identified plants about seventy percent belong to tropical regions. In the modern times people are running for the applied sciences as cytology, genetics, experimental biology, ecology, molecular biology etc. but a few people are thinking of the basic or fundamental branches of botany like Taxonomy and Morphology. It has become an old fashion. No applied branch can be approached without the proper identification of the plant material on which he/she is working and for this taxonomists are very much needed. With the increased need for conservation of biological resources, the need for biodiversity assessment during the last few years has increased. The trend has, however, reversed and taxonomic studies are being encouraged throughout the world. Simpson (1961) suggested that systematics included identification, taxonomy, classification and nomenclature and used as the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organism and of any and all relationship between them. de Candolle (1813) first coined the term taxonomy. Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or group of plants in distinct category following a system of nomenclature and in accordance with a particular and well established plan. The basic unit of classification is species which are grouped into genus and further grouped into family suborder, order, subclass, classes and divisions. The beginning of the classification of organism took place at remote times by the non civilized people for their usage and in their own language, with the development of language the distinction between carnivores, herbivores, poisonous plants, edible plants etc. became clear. They feel the necessity of different plants and animals for their use. They selected certain plants and animals for festivals. In this way, the classification in crude sense got the foothold in the UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 7 TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY BSCBO-201 society. Folk systematics is gaining popularity among the pre civilized men. They recognized groups of plants on the basis of gross morphology. This is the beginning of the artificial system of classification. Their ways of classification are rooted in their practical considerations. The history of classification starts from the time of the earliest Indian Philosophers like Charak, Sushruta, early Greek philosophers like Aristotle, Plato, Pliny and others also tried to classify plants from their own viewpoint which invariably were more philosophical in nature than scientific. The various classifications of plants proposed so far, belong to either of the three categories: (a) Artificial: System classifies plants with the help of one or few characters, primarily with a intention of easy identification of the organism e.g. Banhin, Tournefort, John Ray, Carl Linnaeus. (b) Natural: System is mainly based on from relationship realizing all informations available at that time. e.g., de Candolle, Robert Brown, de Lamarck, Bentham and Hooker‘s classification. (c) Phylogenetic: System tries to classify plants based on their genetic relationships and according to their evolutionary sequences. e.g., Eichler, Hutchinsm, Bessey. C. Jeffrey (1982) presented that the system of classification can be divided into four main types: (a) Artificial: Habit based classification made upto 1830. (b) Pre evolutionary Natural Systems: Overall similarly between plants were much more natural e.g., Bentham & Hooker, A. P. de Candolle, de Jussieu. (c) Phylogenetic Systems: Natural grouping as a result of decent or common character are related to each other through a common ancestry, e.g., Eichler, Engler. (d) Phenetic System: Maximal generalizations of the totality of the features of all phenotypes e.g. Hutchinson. 1.3 HISTORY History of taxonomy begins with the categorization of useful plants of folk taxonomy. People differentiated them as economic plants. This paved the way for herbal taxonomy. The history can be studied in different phases as follows: I. Initial Stage . Theophrastus (370-285 BC) a Greek Naturalist also known as Father of Botany published ―Enquiry into Plants‖. He proposed Crataegus, Daucus (daukan), Asparagus (aspargos) and Narcissus etc. in his work. He classified plants on habit base as herbs, undershrubs, shrubs, trees. He gives the name and description to 500 plants in Historia Plantarum oldest botanical work in existence. He pointed out the differences between dicots and monocots. Pliny (23-29) AD wrote multivoluminous Natural History of which 37 volumes are present. UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 8 TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY BSCBO-201 . Pedanion Dioscorides (62 - 128 AD), a physician of Asia minor described 600 medicinal plants. His book was named Materia Medica in Greek. Andrea Caesalpino (1519 - 1603 AD) a Italian physician wrote De Plantis (1583), 1500 plants were described,