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Abstract Book Progeo 2Ed 20

Abstract Book Progeo 2Ed 20

Abstract Book BUILDING CONNECTIONS FOR GLOBAL GEOCONSERVATION

Editors: G. Lozano, J. Luengo, A. Cabrera Internationaland J. Vegas

10th International ProGEO online Symposium ABSTRACT BOOK

BUILDING CONNECTIONS FOR GLOBAL GEOCONSERVATION

Editors Gonzalo Lozano, Javier Luengo, Ana Cabrera and Juana Vegas

Instituto Geológico y Minero de España

2021

Building connections for global geoconservation. X International ProGEO Symposium Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Instituto Geológico y Minero de España 2021 Lengua/s: Inglés NIPO: 836-21-003-8 ISBN: 978-84-9138-112-9 Gratuita / Unitaria / En línea / pdf

© INSTITUTO GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO DE ESPAÑA Ríos Rosas, 23. 28003 MADRID () ISBN: 978-84-9138-112-9 10th International ProGEO Online Symposium. June, 2021. Abstracts Book. Editors: Gonzalo Lozano, Javier Luengo, Ana Cabrera and Juana Vegas Symposium Logo design: María José Torres Cover Photo: Granitic Tor. Geosite: Ortigosa del Monte’s nubbin (Segovia, Spain). Author: Gonzalo Lozano. Cover Design: Javier Luengo and Gonzalo Lozano Layout and typesetting: Ana Cabrera

10th International ProGEO Online Symposium

2021

Organizing Committee, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España:

Juana Vegas Andrés Díez-Herrero Enrique Díaz-Martínez Gonzalo Lozano Ana Cabrera Javier Luengo Luis Carcavilla Ángel Salazar Rincón

Scientific Committee:

Daniel Ballesteros Inés Galindo Silvia Menéndez Eduardo Barrón Ewa Glowniak Fernando Miranda José Brilha Marcela Gómez Manu Monge Ganuzas Margaret Brocx Maria Helena Henriques Kevin Page Viola Bruschi Asier Hilario Paulo Pereira Carles Canet Gergely Horváth Isabel Rábano Thais Canesin Tapio Kananoja Joao Rocha Tom Casadevall Jerónimo López-Martínez Ana Rodrigo Graciela Delvene Ljerka Marjanac Jonas Satkünas Lars Erikstad Álvaro Márquez Martina Stupar Esperanza Fernández Esther Martín-González Marina Vdovets

PRESENTATION

The first international meeting on geoconservation was held in The Netherlands in 1988, with the presence of seven European countries. One of the outputs of this meeting was the establishment of the European Working Group on Conservation, which evolved into ProGEO by 1993. Since then, 33 years have passed during which the discipline of Geoheritage has been consolidated worldwide, making Geoconservation a reality. The great advances achieved have materialized in specific legislation for geological heritage and geodiversity, the creation of the UNESCO Global Geoparks Program, the International Commission on Geoheritage (International Union of Geological Sciences), and the Geoheritage Experts Group of IUCN. It is within this international framework that ProGEO will this year 2021 become a worldwide scientific organization.

The Geological and Institute of Spain (IGME) has extensive experience in geoconservation, dating back to the 1970s. IGME was the organizer of the 3rd ProGEO Symposium in 1999 at Madrid, and is now once again the organizer of this 10th ProGEO Symposium, with the motto “Building Connections for Global Geoconservation”. We all would have liked to celebrate this Symposium in Segovia, as it had originally been planned for 2020, enjoying the architecture, gastronomy and night life of this beautiful city. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we had to postpone its celebration to 2021, and the global circumstances further forced a change of plans, obliging to carry out the Symposium fully virtual (online), adapting to the new reality, but also free of charge, thanks to the contributions of ProGEO and IGME.

Far from being an obstacle, this online Symposium has facilitated the participation of more than 400 attendees from 58 different countries, with the presentation of 147 abstracts that are included in this book into 7 scientific sessions dedicated to: 1) inventories and research; 2) management and conservation; 3) education and public outreach; 4) geotourism, UNESCO Global Geoparks and local development; 5) geoconservation in protected areas; 6) moveable geoheritage; and 7) geoheritage and cultural heritage.

We hope that the next ProGEO Symposium can be held with the entire scientific community in full contact, sharing experiences and knowledge of geoheritage and geoconservation on real geosites, and sharing moments together as we had always done. Opening doors to a global reality, with new countries and new colleagues, will be one of the best achievements of our international association after the Declaration of the 'Rights of the Memory of the Earth', written and approved at Digne-les-Bains (France) in 1991, 30 years ago:

Our history and the history of the Earth cannot be separated. Its origins are our origins, its history is our history, and its future will be our future.

Ana María Alonso Zarza Director Geological and Mining Institute of Spain/Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME-CSIC)

V

INDEX

PRESENTATION…………………………………………………………………….. V

INVENTORIES AND RESEARCH ………………………………………………… 1

Living of the anhydrite wheathering zone at Dingwall (SE Canada) – documentation and conservation. Adrian Jarzyna, Maciej Bąbel, Damian Ługowski & Firouz Vladi ………………………………………………………………………..…… 3

The Spanish Inventory of Sites of Geological Interest (IELIG). Ángel García-Cortés, Juana Vegas, Luis Carcavilla & Enrique Díaz- Martínez…………………………… 5

Assessment of geotouristic potential vs tourists’ preferences. Case study: Podtatrze area (southern , northern ). Anna Chrobak……………………………. 7

Geosite valorization of Ohrid-Prespa Transboundary Biosphere Reserve. Ardiana Miçi & Florina Pazari………………………………………………………………..……. 9

Applying Evenness Measures to Geodiversity and Geomorphodiversity Evaluation. Borut Stojilković ………………………………………………………………………. 11

The Geosite of Aguas Blancas (Jujuy, ). Corrado Cencetti & Felipe Rafael Rivelli….………………………………………………………………………………… 13

Methodological discussion concerning inventory and assessment of geomorphosites: An integrated approach. Daniel Souza dos Santos, Kátia Leite , José Carlos Sícoli Seoane, Vanessa Costa Mucivuna & Emmanuel Reynard…………………….. 15

The inventory of the geosites and of aspiring. Narman geopark area, Erzurum, . Direnç Azaz ………………………………………………………… 17

Inventories of geomorphological heritage: a review of the Brazilian scientific publications. Eliana Mazzucato, Vanessa da Costa Mucivuna, Denise de La Corte Bacci & Maria da Glória Motta Garcia……………………………………………..……… 19

Inventory of geosites in the Rio Grande do Norte state: first steps towards a geoheritage database for the North-East . Filipe Freire , Marília Cristina Santos Souza Dias, Ítalo Mendonça Nascimento Barbalho & Marcos Antônio Leite do Nascimento………………….………………………………………..…………………. 21

Geological Heritage of Navarra: a new proposal for an inventory of sites of geological interest and its application as an educational resource. Fran Sanz & Juana Vegas…………………………………………………………………………………… 23

National Geosites Inventory of : preliminary results from compilation and homogenization stages. Francisca Salazar D., Felipe Fuentes C. & Manuel Arenas A…. 25

Natural area “Predurale” – the object of Geoheritage of the Perm (). G. Yu. Ponomareva, D. N. Slashchev & I. S. Khopta ……………………………………… 27

Geodiversity of as a Precondition and Manifestation of its Geoheritage. Gojko R. Nikolic………………………………………………………………………... 29

Assessing landscape-scale geodiversity across . Helena Tukiainen & Jan Hjort……………………………………………………………………………………. 31

Feedback on twelve years work on the national geoheritage inventory in France: results and advances for geosite protection. Isabelle Rouget, Grégoire Egoroff & Claire de Kermadec……………………………………………………………………………...... 33

Geoheritage associated with rifting as natural analogue for geological sequestration of

CO2 in the Kivu region (Democratic Republic of Congo). Jean Nacishali Nteranya …. 35

Tectonic geoheritage as a forgotten opportunity to use it for natural hazard resilience – Lessons from the Kaikoura 2016 Earthquake, New Zealand. Károly Németh, Boxin Li, Boglárka Németh & Vlad Zakharovskyi ……………………………………………….. 37

Mapping geosites in . Ledi Moisiu, Adil Neziraj & Albert Avxhi………...... 39

Occurrence and genesis of waterfall calc tufa deposits from semi-arid Upland Deccan Traps, : proxies for paleoclimate and monsoon record. Madhuri S. Ukey & Ravindrasinh G. Pardeshi ……………………………………………………………… 41

Representative and unique geosites of the Russian . Marina S. Vdovets & Valery Ja. Vuks ……………………………………………………………………...... 43

Spit inventory of the eastern Mediterranean region and risk assessment for the vulnerable geosites in Turkey. N. Kazancı, A. Gürbüz, Y. Suludere, A. Özgüneylioğlu, N. S. Mülazımoğlu, S. Boyraz-Arslan, E. Gürbüz, F. Şaroğlu, E. Günok & TO.Yücel……..………………………………………………………………………….. 45

The puzzle: a contribution from to global geoheritage. Nair Sousa, Octávio Mateus, Anne S. Schulp, Michael J. Polcyn, António Olímpio Gonçalves and Louis L. Jacobs….……………………………………………………………………… 47

Need of inventory and preservation of the Tete Fossil : a recognition of the largest fossil forest in . Nelson Nhamutole, Marcelino Moiana, Marion Bamford, Ricardo Araújo, Juana Vegas & Enrique Díaz-Martínez……………………………..... 49

Granite of Seoraksan, Republic of – diversity and geoheritage values. Piotr Migoń, Marek Kasprzak & Kyung Sik Woo……………………………………..... 51

Putting Geoheritage on the map in Luxembourg: the ‘Mëllerdall’ (aspiring UNESCO Global Geopark) and ‘Minett’ (UNESCO Biosphere Reserve). Robert Weis & Birgit Kausch…………………………………………………………………………………... 53

Hydrogeological geosites in the Amur Region (Russia): scientific assesment and protection. Tatiana Ivanova…………………………………………………………….. 55

Registration and assessment of geosites: Results and implications of a Norwegian study. Tine Larsen Angvik, Rolv Magne Dahl & Tom Helda………………………………….. 57

Polluted karst underground of Mountainous . Valerija Butorac, Ruđer Novak & Nenad Buzjak…………………………………………………………………………… 59

Geodiversity Model of Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand. Vladyslav Zakharovskyi & Károly Németh………………………………………………………………………... 61

The HSGME () Geosites geoinformation system. Zananiri Irene, Barsaki Vasiliki & Moraiti Evgenia……………………………………………………………… 63

MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION………………………………………… 65

Assessing the geological heritage of the Mancha Húmeda Biosphere Reserve under change effects with focus on the El Taray pond (Cuenca, Spain). África de la Hera-Portillo, Leticia Baena-Ruíz, Pulido-Velázquez, Antonio Juan Collados- Lara & Juan de Dios Gómez-Gómez…………………………………………………… 67

Establishing management priorities for Geoconservation in Cajón del Maipo Geopark project, Chile. Camilo Vergara Daskam & Cristóbal Estay Daskam…………………… 69

Threatened, damaged or destroyed geoheritage – challenge and opportunity in England. Colin D. Prosser……………………………………………………………...... 71

Geodiversity index maps and watersheds as tools to select priority areas: example of the of São Paulo, Brazil. Debora Silva Queiroz & Maria da Glória Motta Garcia………………………………………………………………………………….. 73

Anthropogenic impacts affecting the conservation of the geoheritage of Barranco de los Encantados (Fuerteventura, Canary Islands). Esther Martín-González, Juana Vegas, Carmen Romero, Nieves Sánchez & Inés Galindo……………………………………… 75

Geomorphological heritage of sandstone areas in SW Poland – conservation and interpretation issues. Filip Duszyński & Piotr Migoń…………………………………… 77

The Geoconservation Trust Aotearoa. A transdiciplinary approach to science, conservation, education, tourism, and art. Ilmars Gravis, Károly Németh & Chris Twemlow………………..………………………………………………………………. 79

Positive changes on conservation of an active spring mineral deposit in Dos Aguas Geosite during the COVID´19 confinement (Taburiente Caldera , La Palma, Canary Islands). Inés Galindo, Juana Vegas, José Heriberto Lorenzo, Esther Martín-González, Nieves Sánchez & Carmen Romero………………………………… 81

Carrying capacity of Azores UNESCO Global Geopark (UGGp) geosites for touristic use: an approach. João Carlos Nunes, Rodrigo Cordeiro, Priscila Santos & Sara Medeiros………………………………………………………………………………... 83

Geoheritage and cultural value at risk in the Mata de Baixo , Alvaiázere, . João Paulo Forte. …………………………………………………………… 85

The "Save a Rock" program at COP25: citizen science to raise awareness about the impact of climate change on geoconservation. Juana Vegas, Ana Cabrera, Gonzalo Lozano, Andrés Díez-Herrero, Luis Carcavilla, Enrique Díaz-Martínez, Alicia 87 González, Javier Luengo, Angel Salazar & Ángel García-Cortés………………………

Restoration of a geological landscape in the high , Svalbard, . Lars Erikstad & Dagmar Hagen……………………………………………………………… 89

The long protection process of the Toarcian-Aalenian Gssp at the Molina-Alto Tajo Unesco Global Geopark (Guadalajara, Central Spain). Luis Carcavilla, Juan Manuel Monasterio, Antonio Goy, Soledad Ureta, Amelia Calonge García, Enrique Díaz Martínez, Lucía Enjuto, Stanley C. Finney, Ángel García-Cortés, Ismael Pardos, Isabel Rábano, Yolanda Sánchez-Moya, Carlos Serrano, Alfonso Sopeña, Juana Vegas, José Antonio Lozano & José Antonio Martínez……………………………………………… 91

Tourist caves in in terms of their conservation and management. Martina Stupar, Mina Dobravc & Ljudmila Strahovnik………………………….…….. 93

Geoheritage, land-use planning and the sad case of Donald Trump’s Scottish golf course. Murray Gray…………………………………………………………………… 95

Cultural services of geodiversity and awareness-raising on geoconservation: a perspective from the Ceará Central Domain, North-eastern Brazil. Pâmella Moura & Maria da Glória Motta Garcia………………………………………………………….. 97

Provisional indicators for abiotic nature The development of abiotic services assessment methodology in two UNESCO Global Geoparks. Sara Gentilini, Pål Thjømøe & Marco Giardino ……………………………………………..………...……….………………. 99

Monitoring challenges on coastal areas with high geoheritage in the absence of a management plan: Case study on of the Peniche Peninsula (Portugal). Thais S Canesin , Paulo Pereira , Juana Vegas & Luís Vítor Duarte …………………………… 101

Erratic boulders from : peculiarities of management and geoconservation in . Vidas Mikulėnas & Jonas Satkūnas………………………………………. 103

Considering a UNESCO management framework for the Quebrada de Humahuaca area, Jujuy Province – Northern Argentina. Walter Medina & Guillermo Aceñolaza……….. 105

Monadnocks in the local spatial planning; the case of Jerzmanowice-Przeginia municipality (Cracow Upland, Poland). Wiktor Głowacki……………………………… 107

EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH………………………………………… 109

Geodiversity perception: an overview from the Brazilian geosites Parque Geológico Varvito, Caverna do Diabo and Pico do Itapeva, São Paulo State. Andrea Duarte Cañizares, Christine Laure Marie Bourotte & Maria da Glória Motta Garcia………………………………………………………………………………….. 111

ELIGES: scientific criteria for selecting 10 areas of urban geosites for environmental awareness and geotourism in Segovia (Spain). Andrés Díez-Herrero & Juana Vegas… 113

Soil as an important feature of geoheritage. Anna Masseroli, Irene M. Bollati, Luca Trombino & Manuela Pelfini………………………………………………………… 115

A citizen science program to report fresh outcrops: a new tool to appropriate geological heritage in France. Asma Seinhausser, Grégoire Egoroff, Alicia Mansilla-Sanchez, Lydia Detienne & Isabelle Rouget………………………………………….………… 117

Outreach of reports on mountaineering activities on social networks for environmental awareness and education: the case of the Catas Altas – Morro da Água Quente Trail – Brazil. Bruno Batista de Negreiros & Rosangela Garrido Machado Botelho…………. 119

Research and outreach potential of digital products in geoconservation: examples from the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Carlos Eduardo Manjon Mazoca, Maria da Glória Motta Garcia & Renato Henriques…………………………………………………………... 121

Public Outreach for Decision Support at Mount Saint Helens National Monument, USA. Daniel Tormey………………………………………………………………………….. 123

Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University (Vila Real, North of Portugal): a Space of Public Outreach of . David Martín Freire-Lista, Javier Eduardo Becerra Becerra & Mila Simões de Abreu……………………………………………………… 125

Geointegration of webmaps and multimedia elements for the representation of databases in Geosciences: Case study of Talhados’s viewpoint, Alagoas – Brazil. Ivaneide de Oliveira Santos, Gorki Mariano & Renato Henriques……………………. 127

The Atlantic Jigsaw Puzzle in art, outcrop, and fossils. John Jackson………………… 129

International Geodiversity Day: developing a global outreach initiative. José Brilha, Murray Gray, Jack Matthews & Zbigniew Zwoliński……………………………….…. 131

Scientific Knowledge, Education and Dissemination of the Deposits in the Galician Coast (NW Spain). Manuela Costa-Casais, Andrés Domínguez-Almansa & Daniel Cajade-Pascual………………………………………………………………… 133

How to make geology more attractive for a public through online presentation? Markéta Vajskebrová, Martina Fifernová, Martin Lisec & Radek Svítil………….....………….. 135

Places for geoeducation and geocommunication in a touristic cluster and their contributions to geoconservation in the state of São Paulo, Brazil: preliminary assessment. Maxwell Luiz da Ponte & Joseli Maria Piranha………………………….. 137

‘ELIGE un LIG’. A project for promotion and conservation of geoheritage. Nuria Sacristán-Arroyo, Alberto Díez-Herrero & Sara González-Álvaro……………………. 139

Grasping the wide picture of geoheritage: an example of the glacial geodiversity of Poland. Paweł Wolniewicz…………………………………………….. 141

Seeking public engagement with Geodiversity. , J., Costa e Silva, E. & Pereira, D. I.…………………………………………………………………………… 143

SWOT analysis of geo-educational tourism in Lushan Geopark, . Shi Ying & Elena De Uña-Álvarez…………………………………………………………………. 145

Geoheritage in the : National Parks and more. Thomas Casadevall, Terri Cook, Tim Connors, David Mogk & Ester Sztein………………………………………. 147

Pleistocene erratic boulders as geotourism and educational sites: a case study from Toruń (Poland). Tomasz Karasiewicz & Agata Chróścicka……………………………. 149

Geo-Education Development in Khon Kaen Geopark, . Vimoltip Singtuen & Natcharee Vivitkul……………………………………………………………………… 151

GEOTOURISM, UG GEOPARKS AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT……………. 153

Can the rocks sing? A complete learning experience on the thematic trail “Music of Nature” in Hateg Country UNESCO Global Geopark (). Adina-Maria Popa, Dan Horațiu Popa, Alexandru Andrășanu & Simona Delia Meliță……………………. 155

Geotourism Trends in Albania at the beginning 21-st Century. Afat Serjani………….. 157

Geosites and geoeducational value of the Świślina Valley in the Holy Cross , Poland. Anna Fijałkowska-Mader, Wiesław Trela & Karolina Bieńko……. 159

Spanish UNESCO Global Geoparks: an overview of 20 years growing. Asier Hilario, Luis Carcavilla & Elena Mateo…………………………………………………………. 161

3GEO – Geoclimbing and Geotrekking in Geoparks: sustainable practices for enhancing the tourist and education experience. Irene Maria Bollati, Jasper Knight, Mohammed Alkindi, Charalampos Fassoulas, Eugenio Fazio, Ricardo Galeno Fraga de Araújo Pereira, Manuel García – Rodríguez, Gomes, Manuel Schilling,

Cristina Viani, Anna Masseroli, Giuseppe Maria Amato, Tiziana Apuani, Patricia Azevedo, Tullio Bagnati, Enrique Fernandez Escalante, Martina Forzese, Marco Giardino, Manuela Pelfini, Enrico Zanoletti & Michele Zucali……………………….. 163

Education and outreach strategies in the Aspiring UNESCO Global Geopark Oeste (Portugal). Bruno Claro Pereira, Nuno Pimentel, Miguel Reis Silva & Rute Torres….. 165

Small communities, a challenge in Hateg Country UGG strategy. How to be a pioneer. Dan Horațiu Popa, Adina-Maria Popa & Alexandru Andrășanu……………………… 167

A multidisciplinary GIS-database for a holistic local management of the Courel Mountains UNESCO Global Geopark (Spain). Daniel Ballesteros, Pablo Caldevilla, Ramón Vila, Xosé Carlos Barros, Laura Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Manuel García-Ávila, Elvira Sahuquillo, Miguel Llorente, José Bienvenido Diez, Mercedes Fuertes-Fuente,

Susana M. Timón-Sánchez, Arturo de Lombera-Hermida, Iván Álvarez, Irene Pérez- 169 Cáceres, Manuel Acebo, Pilar Orche Amaré & Martín Alemparte…………………….

Kefalonia and Ithaca aspiring Geopark. Elena Zoumpouli, Nicolina Bourli, Maria Kolendrianou, Maria Tsoni & Michael Xanthakis……………………………………… 171

A preliminary evaluation of geotourism potential at the local level: (The upper stream of Devolli River/source area, Albania). Ermiona Braholli, Dhurata Ndreko, Edlira Menkshi & Robert Damo……………………………………………………………….. 173

Lura National Park values for geotourism development. Florina Pazari & Ardiana Miçi…………………………………………………………………………………….. 175

Assessing the geosites of Chelmos – UNESCO Global Geopark. Golfinopoulos Vasilis, Eleni Koumoutsou, Zelilidis Avraam, Zouros Nickolas, Fassoulas Charalampos & Iliopoulos George…………………………………………. 177

Science and Education for Sustainable Development Networks in UGGp. Hugo Gomes, Emanuel de Castro, Emmaline Rosado González & Jeanne Sidrim…………………… 179

Promoting volcanic and mining geoheritage in the Racoş Geological Complex (Perșani Mountains, Romania). Ildikó Soós, Szabolcs Harangi, Cătălin Cantor & Károly Németh………………………………………………………………………………….. 181

Geological heritage in the Valleys of Cantabria Geopark project. Jaime Bonachea, Javier Hernández & Almudena Leal…………………………………………………… 183

Interpreting geodiversity: a Geo-trail proposal for Fernando de Noronha Geopark Project, Brazil. Jasmine Cardozo Moreira, Tatiane Ferrari do Vale, Carolina Reis, Rafael Azevedo Robles & Ricardo Araújo……………………………………………… 185

UNESCO Global Geoparks: Heritage and Geodiversity as educational engines for sustainability. Jesús Enrique Martínez Martí………………………………………….. 187

Moving towards a Geopark project in Southwest of the Salamanca Province (Castilla y León, Spain). José Luis Goy, Antonio Martínez-Graña, José-Ángel González-Delgado, Juan Carlos Gonzalo, Isabela Rufato, Daniel Barreña & Paulo Legoinha……………. 189

Costões e Lagunas Geopark Project in RJ (Brazil) and the Sustainable Development Goals: contribution to gender equality. Kátia Leite Mansur, Felipe Abrahão Monteiro, Tatiane Ferrari do Vale & Letícia Oliveira Rocha…………………………………….. 191

Condition Monitoring of geoconservation sites: Experiences from the English Riviera UNESCO Global Geopark, Devon(-ian), England. Kevin N Page……………………. 193

Participatory Planning of Geotourism Interpretation for Rural Community Development in an Aspiring Geopark, Taiwan: An Ecosystem Services Framework. Kuang-Chung Lee, Jin-Ya Jian, Ling-Chi Wang & Paulina G. Karimov……………… 195

Geotourism potential of Përmeti municipality (Albania). Merita Dollma…………….. 197

Geo-hiking in the Karawanken/Karavanke UNESCO Global Geopark: opportunities, advantages and challenges. Mojca Bedjanič, Darja Komar, Aljoša Šafran, Lenka Stermecki, Gerald Hartmann, Danijela Modrej & Milan Piko………………………… 199

North Jura Geopark - protection and promotion of the natural heritage of the Kraków- Częstochowa Upland. Monika Krzeczyńska, Marlena Świło & Paweł Woźniak……….. 201

Geosites – Geoparks in Greece: the management of Geoheritage as a tool for sustainable development and alternative tourism. Moraiti Evgenia, Barsaki Vasiliki & Zananiri Irene…………………………………………………………………………………….. 203

Landscapes and Geoheritage – examples from the aspiring Geoparque Oeste (Portugal). Nuno Pimentel, Miguel Silva & Bruno Pereira…………………………………………. 205

Estrela UNESCO Global Geopark as a Sustainable development strategy. Patrícia Azevedo, Fábio Loureiro, Emanuel de Castro & Hugo Gomes…………………………. 207

Challenges in the Development of the Appalachian Geopark – USA. Robert Clyde & Jasmine Cardozo Moreira……………………………………………………. 209

Virtual tour through Seridó Aspiring Geopark geosites’: Google StreetView© as a geotouristic and geoeducational tool. Silas Samuel dos Santos Costa, Marcos Antonio Leite do Nascimento, Matheus Lisboa Nobre da Silva, Marília Cristina Santos Souza Dias & Janaína Luciana de Medeiros………………………………………………….. 211

Proposal for Establishing the Ingermanlandia Geopark. Yu.S. Lyakhnitsky, O.V. Petrov & А.V. Brodskii…………………………………………………………………………. 213

GEOCONSERVATION IN PROTECTED AREAS………………………………. 215

Geodiversity as an integral component of a conservation project: Recovery Plan for La Chimba National Reserve (Antofagasta Region, Chile). Álvaro , Mauricio Mora-Carreño, Kevin Quinzacara, Sofía Navas & Gerson Venegas………………….. 217

Geoheritage tourism value in the Peneda-Gerês National Park (Portugal): quantitative assessment and popularisation proposals. Andreia Afonso & Paulo Pereira………….. 219

Importance of Geosite Concept in Protected areas: an example from Spil National Park, Turkey. Hülya İnaner, Ökmen Sümer & Mehmet Akbulut……………… 221

The Role of Geodiversity within the Management of Protected Landscapes: A Case Study from the UK. Jane Poole, Dr Alan Thompson, Sue Hunter & Lucy Barron…….. 223

How protected are geosites in protected areas? An analysis from the geoheritage of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Maria da Glória Garcia, Lígia Maria de Almeida Ribeiro & Karina Kawai Higa……………………………………………………………………... 225

The karst geoheritage of Tara National Park () and its potential use in geotourism. Tamás Telbisz, Jelena Ćalić, Jelena Kovačević-Majkić, Ranko Milanović, Jovana Brankov & Jasna Micić…………………………………………………………………. 227

Environmental interpretation and geoheritage in Brazilian protected areas: analysis of the Itatiaia National Park. Vanessa Costa Mucivuna, Maria da Glória Motta Garcia, Beatriz Nascimento Gomes, Emmanuel Reynard, Elisabete Hulgado Holanda & Celia Maria Cerantola de Mattos…………………………………………………………….. 229

Orígens Geopark inventory and fieldwork good-practice-protocol as tools for geoconservation. Xavier Mir Pellicer & Joan Poch……………………………………. 231

MOVEABLE GEOHERITAGE……………………………………………………… 233

Trading of fossils in Spain: current state and problems. Graciela Delvene, Silvia Menéndez & Juana Vegas……………………………………………………………… 235

The Oligocene and Miocene palaeontological collection of the Natural Sciences Museum Piatra-Neamţ, Romania – a scientific and national heritage. Ionuț Grădianu, Mihai Niculiță & Dorin-Sorin Baciu…………………………………………………… 237

The moveable geological heritage of the National University of Tucumán, Argentina. Laura Bellos, Lucia Aráoz & Guillermo Aceñolaza……………………………………. 239

GEOHERITAGE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE………………………………… 241

«Ancient Lukomorye» of the Volga and Paleogene as a system of natural objects of Geoheritage and a complex of exhibits of a geoscientific museum. A.V. Ivanov, I.A. Yashkov, I.N. Zubova & A.M. Gaevskiy………………………………….……………… 243

The volcanic region of Central (Turkey): A future geopark in Cappadocia? Ahmet Serdar Aytaç & Tuncer Demir…………………………………………………… 245

Criteria and indicators of urban geoheritage assessment for geoturistic use: the cultural value importance of geoheritage in Rome (). Alessia Pica & Maurizio Del Monte…………………………………………………………………………………… 247

Palaeolithic sites of Podillya () as complex monuments of nature and society and main aspects of their protection. Anastasiia Shevtsova……………………………. 249

Key sections of the periglacial loess-palaeosol sequences of Volhyn-Podillya (Ukraine) as geoheritage sites. Andriy Bogucki & Olena Tomeniuk………………………………. 251

Salt-related geological and cultural heritage in Romania. Antoneta Seghedi, Silviu Rădan & Mihaela Melinten……………………………………………………………... 253

Ciechocinek Spa – the Biggest Health Resort in the Polish Lowland in Terms of Geotourism. Arkadiusz Krawiec & Izabela Jamorska………………………………….. 255

Geotourism in volcanic areas, the case of Nyiragongo, DRC. Kambale Kavyavu Wisdom & Kanyere Muyayalo Divine……………………………………………………………. 257

Red Ereño geosite: Why is it red? Laura Damas Mollá, Arantza Aranburu, Juan José Villalain, Francisco García-Garmilla, Jesus Ángel Uriarte, Ane Zabaleta, Arantxa Bodego, Tomás Morales, Manu Monge- Ganuzas & Iñaki Antiguedad……….. 259

Geo-cultural aspects of the construction materials extracted within the Brno City (Czech Republic): A bridge between natural and cultural heritage. Lucie Kubalíková….……… 261

Geoheritage and Cultural Heritage The voices of Sound Resonances in Waterfalls (´Cántara da Moura´, NW Spain). Mª Celia Adrián Rodríguez, Martín López González & Elena De Uña-Álvarez……………………………………………………………….. 263

Interconnection between cultural and geological heritage at four Croatian historic mining sites. Marta Mileusnić, Ana Maričić & Michaela Hruškova Hasan…………… 265

Cultural service associated with geoheritage in Seridó Aspiring UNESCO Geopark, Northeast Brazil. Matheus Lisboa Nobre da Silva, Marcos Antonio Leite do Nascimento, Silas Samuel dos Santos Costa & Janaína Luciana de Medeiros………… 267

Geoscientific basis of Heritage Stones in Turkey. Nizamettin Kazancı, Alper Gürbüz & Aysen Özgüneylioğlu……………………………………………………………………. 269

New Potential Geoheritage Assets Surrounded with the Cultural Heritage from Dikili and Madra Mountain (Western Anatolia, Izmir Turkey). Ökmen Sümer, Mehmet Akbulut, Cüneyt Akal & Hülya İnaner…………………………………………………. 271

Valorisation of the Geological Values (Future Geosite Candidates) around the UNESCO World Heritage Asset of Hittite Capital Ḫattuša. Ökmen Sümer, Mehmet Akbulut, Nizamettin Kazancı, Mahmut Göktuğ Drahor, Meriç Aziz Berge, Atilla Ongar, Andreas Schachner, Hülya İnaner, Yaşar Suludere, Yavuz Hakyemez, Necip Sabri 273 Mülazımoğlu, Sonay Boyraz-Arslan, Hamdi Mengi & Sevim Tuzcu…………………….

Translating Geoarchaeology into Geo-educational Itineraries in the Molina and Alto Tajo UNESCO Global Geopark. Rowena Y. Banerjea, Guillermo García-Contreras Ruiz, Manolo Monasterio & Aleks Pluskowski…………………………………………. 275

Cambrian archaeocyathan in monuments of the Spanish historical cultural heritage. Silvia Menéndez, Antonio Perejón, Elena Moreno-Eiris & Marta Rodríguez- Martínez………………………………………………………………………………… 277

Drystone Walls: Interface between Geological and Cultural Heritage? Stefan Rosendahl & Marta Marçal Gonçalves…………………………………………………………...... 279

Urban Geosites in (Western Ukraine) – a review. Ulyana Bornyak, Antonina Ivanina & Halina Hotsanyuk……………………………………………………………. 281

Geological and Cultural Heritage Inventory and Other Research in -Süphan Aspiring Geopark (Bitlis, Turkey). Yahya Çiftçi & Yıldırım Gúngör…………………… 283

Assessment of cultural landscape geodiversity, a case study of Tokaj mts, Hungary. Zsuzsanna Ésik, János Szepesi, László Sütő & Tibor József Novák…………………….. 285

INVENTORIES AND RESEARCH

X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Living landscape of the anhydrite wheathering zone at Dingwall (SE Canada) – documentation and conservation Adrian Jarzyna1, Maciej Bąbel1, Damian Ługowski1 & Firouz Vladi2

1 University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, 93 Żwirki i Wigury St., PL-02-089 Warsaw, Poland, emails:[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Deutsches Gipsmuseum und Karstwanderweg e.V, 9a Düna St., D-37520 Osterode, , email: [email protected]

Keywords: anhydrite, hydration cave, gypsification, geoheritage, relief development.

Introduction

In the abandoned at Dingwall (Canada; Fig. 1A) the of the exposed gypsum-anhydrite rocks is taking place leading to creation of peculiar forms of relief, including the domal forms with inner hydration caves (known also as swelling caves, or Quellungshöhlen, in German). Except Canada they are known only from a few places on Earth – in Germany, Russia, Ukraine and USA. The quarry was already indicated as a potential geosite and geomorphosite (Jarzyna et al. 2020). In this presentation we show the results of the observation of the most spectacular and fascinating feature of that place – the rapid morphological changes taking place at the bottom of the quarry due to volume increase of the hydrated anhydrite rocks. High rate of these changes and fragile, subtle rock relief demand accurate documentation and proper conservation with usage of appropriate methods.

Hydration relief at Dingwall

The stress due to crystallization of secondary gypsum – the product of anhydrite hydration - leads to deformations of the surface layer of the rock, its detachment, uplift, and formation of the domes, tepee structures and ridges attaining over 2 m in height and up to 25 m in lateral extension. Inside them there are empty cavities, some of them large enough to be enterable by a human and representing hydration caves or rock shelters. The morphological evolution of hydration forms is rapid and can be divided into 5 stages: 1) initial stage, 2) youth stage, 3) mature stage, 4) senile stage, 5) destruction stage.

Methods

Four methods were applied to monitor the morphological changes: photodocumentation, , method of benchmarks and measurement by rangefinder. Photographs have been taken since 2003 during several visits, and in 2018 and 2019 during two biweekly expeditions. Photogrammetry was applied to create 3D and 2.5D models of selected parts of quarry as well as of individual hydration forms with inner caves. The first several benchmarks were mounted in 4 sites in 2003. Then, forty-six additional benchmarks were installed in 2018 and 2019 within 17 sites. Measurement of hydration form included such parameters like: length, width, relative height, thickness of elevated rock layer and azimuth of elongation.

Results and conclusions

Based on 16 years of observations, we have documented the evolution of several hydration forms, changing mostly from the mature to the senile stage of development. One of the largest forms evolved from the youth to senile stage (Fig. 1D, E). Both bending and breaking of rock layers was recorded (Fig. 1B, C). Benchmarks installed in 2003 showed average displacements of ca 2 cm/year. For example, the height of the so-called Maruhn Cave rose 20 cm in 10 years, but then the cave collapsed. Active process of anhydrite gypsification causes rapid changes of the relief and the formation of new hydration forms what is the unique feature of the studied site. The deformations occurring within the rock lead to a continuous displacement of the rock layer both horizontally (Fig. 1B, C) and vertically (Fig. 1D, E) over several years. Our observation indicate that it is difficult to determine where the greatest deformations will occur and to predict where the hydration caves will form.

3 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

To record properly the rapid and unexpected morphological changes it is necessary to monitor the site nearly continuously. This is additional reason to promote more actively the Dingwall geosite so that everyone can see this unusual living landscape and can contribute to monitoring and documentation of this place by making his own photos and sharing them in the Internet. Therefore, we create a website where such photos can be continuously collected and compared: hydrationcaves.com developing in English, Polish and Ukrainian. In addition, a YouTube channel called Hydration Caves and a Facebook and Instagram profile under the same name were created. Using the website geocaching.com we have created point “Dwarf holes and bubble caves’’ localized in N 46°53.565’, W 060°29.027’, which was visited already by at least 22 people in 2018-2020 years. We hope that our action showing scientific, educational, as well as aesthetic values of the Dingwall quarry will contribute to better conservation of that site in the nearest future. Fig. 1. Location (A) and morphological evolution of hydration forms from Dingwall (B-E); B, C – 12 years of development of exemplary hydration form; D, E – 15 years of development of form containing Ramesh Cave (in the photo D – Ramesh Vladi).

Acknowledgments Research sponsored by a research project within the ‘Diamond Grant’ program, grant no. 0002/DIA/2017/46

References Jarzyna A, Bąbel M, Ługowski D, Vladi F, Yatsyshyn A, Olszewska-Nejbert S, Nejbert K, Bogucki A. (2020) Unique hydration caves and recommended photogrammetric methods for their documentation. Geoheritage 12:27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-020-00425-y

4 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

The Spanish Inventory of Sites of Geological Interest (IELIG) Ángel García-Cortés1, Juana Vegas1, Luis Carcavilla1 & Enrique Díaz-Martínez1

1Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME-CSIC), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain. e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Keywords: geoconservation, geological heritage, Site of Geological Interest, inventory, Spain.

Background

The Spanish Act 42/2007 on Natural Heritage and established the national inventory of Sites of Geological Interest (IELIG, acronym of Inventario Español de Lugares de Interés Geológico). A thorough review of international experiences and of the previous national inventories was conducted by the Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME) to establish the new methodology for the IELIG, mainly following JNCC (1993), Cendrero (1996), Villalobos et al. (2004) and De Wever et al. (2006). The methodology has been tested and calibrated for more than a decade, since 2008 (García-Cortés and Carcavilla 2009; García-Cortés et al. 2019). In Spain, the environmental administration is mostly transferred to the regional governments, and several of them (, Catalonia, the Basque Country, Aragon and ) have already had their inventories of geological heritage incorporated into the IELIG, thanks to them sharing a common data model which implied just minor adjustments.

Methodology used in the Spanish inventory of IELIG

In 2014, after completion of a pilot inventory project in the geological domain of the Iberian Range, some minor modifications were introduced, allowing to establish the final version of the IELIG methodology (García-Cortés et al. 2019) which we herein summarize. This is not a mere methodological proposal, but a methodology that has already been thoroughly applied in the inventory of several Spanish geological domains and tested since 2008. The IELIG is a systematic inventory (Sharples 2002) based on classifying the geological setting to obtain the most representative sites of the Spanish geology. The twenty-two geological domains of IGME’s continuous digital geological map of Spain (GEODE) are used to classify the territory. In addition, the inventory aims to include a universal compilation covering all geological disciplines by incorporating contributions from experts in different geological disciplines, which gives the inventory its systematic character. Once the geological domain to be inventoried has been selected, the work is divided into two consecutive phases, which are summarized in Figure 1. All the information about the Sites of Geological Interest (GSI) is collected in the fieldwork of phase 2. Then, all the SGI selected in the first phase with the Delphi method are assessed, using a quantitative procedure. We must acknowledge that a quantitative system for evaluating the value of a site, its potential use and its risk of degradation, cannot give absolutely accurate and objective results. The aim of these quantitative evaluation systems is, on the one hand, to limit the degree of subjectivity in the assessment, and on the other hand, to maximise the convergence between different experts from across the country. This guarantees, or at least significantly increases, the repeatability and reproducibility of the assessment, and therefore its reliability, and gives homogeneous results across the territory where the system is applied. The Relational Database Management System used to store and manage the database is Microsoft SQL Server©. As of January 21, 2020, the database includes information on 4,112 SGI, including 1,270 local SGI that, strictly speaking, are not part of the national inventory. The database is intended to cover the entire country, and currently covers approximately 85%. IGME has created a web viewer to display the information, available at http://info.igme.es/ielig/. A simple system of indicators is currently being used to monitor the conservation status of inventoried SGI through a very useful initiative: the Save a Rock program (Vegas et al. 2018), which can be accessed from http://www.igme.es/patrimonio/ApadrinaUnaRoca.htm. This program invites individuals to freely supervise inventoried SGI. Sponsors voluntarily accept to report, at least once a year, on the conservation

5 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

status and conditions of observation of their SGI, and to alert IGME of any incidents or activities undertaken in the surroundings of the SGI that may threaten its integrity.

Figure 1. Flow diagram of the IELIG methodology, structured in two main phases: Phase 1) for the selection and identification of Sites of Geological Interest, and Phase 2) for the description, mapping and assessment of Sites of Geological Interest (in: García-Cortés et al. 2019).

References Cendrero A (1996) Propuesta sobre criterios para la clasificación y catalogación del patrimonio geológico. In: MOPTMA (ed) El Patrimonio Geológico. Bases para su valoración, protección, conservación y utilización. Serie Monografías, 29-38. Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Transportes y Medio Ambiente, Madrid. De Wever P, Le Nechet Y Cornée A (2006) Vade-mecum pour l’inventaire du patrimoine géologique national. Mém HS Soc Géol Fr 12: 1-162 García-Cortés A, Carcavilla L (2009) Documento metodológico para la elaboración del Inventario Español de Lugares de Interés Geológico (IELIG). Version 12. http://www.igme.es/patrimonio/descargas.htm García-Cortés A, Carcavilla L, Díaz-Martínez E, Vegas J (2019) Conceptual base and methodology of the Spanish inventory of sites of geological interest (IELIG). CD. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, MadridISBN 978- 84-9138-092-4 JNCC (1993) Guidelines for selection of Earth science SSSIs. Joint Committee. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/earthscienceSSSI.pdf Sharples C ed (2002) Concepts and principles of geoconservation. Tasmanian Parks & Service website. Publisher, Town http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/geoconservation.pdf Vegas J, Cabrera A, Prieto A, García-Cortés A, Díez Herrero A (2018) Apadrina una Roca. Un programa de voluntariado para la conservación del patrimonio geológico en España. Enseñanza de las Ciencias de la Tierra 23(2):122-124 Villalobos M, Braga JC, Guirado J, Pérez Muñoz AB (2004) El inventario andaluz de georrecursos culturales: criterios de valoración. De Re Metallica 3:9-21

6 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Assessment of geotouristic potential vs tourists’ preferences. Case study: Podtatrze area (southern Poland, northern Slovakia) Anna Chrobak1

1 Pedagogical University of Krakow, Institute of , Podchorążych St.2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: assessment method, geotourism, Podtatrze region, tourist preferences.

Introduction

The aim of this contribution was to assess the geotouristic potential of the area around the Tatra Mountains, including 4 ethnographic lying on the Polish-Slovak border: Podhale, Orawa, Liptów and Spisz. For this purpose, the well described in literature assessment method (Mucivuna et al. 2019) of selected geosites was used. Additionally, the preferences of tourists coming to the Podtatrze region was conducted with the help of a survey method, which was aimed at checking the attractiveness of the relief forms that can be admired in this area.

Study area

The Podtatrze region is very diverse in terms of geological structure, relief and . Geologically, it is an area that was eventually shaped during . We can distinguish here various types of rocks like sandstones shales and mudstones that make up flysch, carbonate rocks: various limestones and dolomites and igneous and metamorphic rocks like gneiss, , crystalline shales, etc. (Biely et al., 1996; Żelaźniewicz et al., 2011). The present relief of Podtatrze was influenced by many exogenous factors related to the destructive activity of water, mountain glaciers, mass movements, karst processes, and now also human activity. The orographic style of Podtatrze is characterized by the presence of parallel, elongated morphological units that refer to the course of geological structures and faults, as well as the resistance of rock layers. On this basis, the physical and geographical mesoregions were distinguished (Balon et al., 2015). The Podtatrze region is located in the catchments of the Baltic and Black . The largest draining this area are: Czarny and Biały Dunajec, Białka, Poprad, Hornad, Váh, Belá and Orava (Gorczyca et al., 2011; Kidová & Lehotský, 2012). Due to the varied geological structure and topography, the Podtatrze area is characterized by a large number of springs. A characteristic hydrological element are the springs of thermal and mineral (Małecka, 1981). Interesting sources in terms of their physical and chemical characteristics are those related to travertines (Gradziński et al., 2008) . The Orawa-Nowy Targ Basin is one of the intra-mountain basins in the Carpathians, where in the suitable conditions for the formation of and peat bogs were created (Łajczak, 2009).

Results

Inventory and assessment of geosites A total of 72 geosites have been inventoried, among which there are objects associated with various elements of the geological structure, relief forms, and hydrological elements. There are also viewpoint geosites among them. The most attractive geosites in the Podtatrze area are travertine domes and other relief forms associated with travertines, and moreover built of carbonate rocks, and viewpoints around the Tatra Mountains. The location of most of them coincides with the areas of the high geodiversity, determined using analysis of various cartographic materials. Sites with the highest values of valorisation coefficient occur in the border zones between the Kozie Grzbiety Ridge and the Hornad Basin, and between the Chocz Mountains, the Low Tatras and the Spiska Magura Range, and the Podtatrze Basin.

7 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Tourists preferences Using the surveys of 855 Polish and Slovak tourists associated in 5 social groups which are related to mountain tourism, the partial verification of the geoturistic assessment was made. The author, examining the preferences of (geo) tourists coming to Podtatrze, aimed to assess what type of tourist attractions related to abiotc nature would attract the greatest number of tourists and how geotourist facilities should be made available. The results of the surveys showed that, in the expectation of these people, the most frequently visited types of geosites in Podtatrze would be waterfalls (60%), viewpoints (53%), caves (52%), hills with ruins of castles (46%) and river and gorge sections of (40%).

Conclusion

Comparing these results with the values of the general indexation coefficient for the analyzed geosites in Podtatrze, it can be concluded that they only partially differ, correlating at the average level (r = 0.4). Objects with low and medium values of the valorization factor (natural and artificial rock outcrops, springs, various parts of valleys, peatbogs, springs, lakes and landslides) are rarely (or at an average level) selected as the destination of qualified tourism. The sites with the highest average general valorization coefficient, i.e. hills with castle ruins, are of average interest to the surveyed group of respondents. The greatest difference is in the assessment of the cave, waterfall and viewpoint sites, which were of great interest to the respondents in relation to the low and average values of the general assessment coefficient. These conclusions are, in a way, confirmed by detailed studies of the preferences of tourists visiting the Vyšné Ružbachy SPA (Slovakia), where geosites related to travertine forms are located. Research conducted on a group of 100 people shows that all respondents recognized the most significant geological features (such as the travertine krater and the White House), and the less accessible sites (CO2 crater, quarry) are not in their area of interest (Chrobak et al., 2020).

References Balon J, Jodłowski M, Krąż P (2015) Regiony fizycznogeograficzne Karpat Zachodnich. In: Dąbrowska K, Guzik M (Eds.), Atlas Tatr - przyroda nieożywiona. Zakopane: TPN. Biely A, Bezák V, Elečko M, Gross P, Kaličiak M., Knečný V, Lexa J, Mello J, Nemčok J, Potfaj M, Rakús M, Vass D, Vozár J, Vozárová A (1996) Geologicka mapa Slovenska, 1:500 000. Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo Dionýza Štúra. Chrobak A, Ugolini F, Pearlmutter D, Raschi A (2020) Thermal Tourism and Geoheritage: Examining Visitor Motivations and Perceptions. Resources, 9: 58. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9050058 Gorczyca E, Krzemień K, Łyp M (2011) Contemprorary trends in the Białka river channel development in the Western Carpathians. Geogr. Pol., 84(Sp. Iss. 2): 39–53. doi: 10.7163/GPol.2011.S2.3 Gradziński M, Duliński M, Hercman H, Stworzewicz E, Holubek P, Rajnoga P, Wróblewski W, Kováčová M (2008) Facies and age of travertines From Spiš and Liptov Regions (Slovakia) – preliminary results. Slovenský Kras, 46: 31–40. Kidová A, Lehotský M (2012) Časovo-priestorová variabilita morfolôgie divočiaceho a migrujúceho vodného toku Belá. Geografický Časopis, 64: 311–333. Łajczak A (2009) Warunki rozwoju i rozmieszczenie torfowisk w Kotlinie Orawsko-Nowotarskiej. Przegląd Geologiczny, 57: 694–702. Małecka D (1981) Hydrogeologia Podhala. Prace Hydrogeologiczne - Seria Specjalna, 14: 3–187. Mucivuna VC, Reynard E, Garcia M (2019) Geomorphosites Assessment Methods: Comparative Analysis and Typology. Geoheritage. 11: 1799–1815. doi: 10.1007/s12371-019-00394-x Żelaźniewicz A, Aleksandrowski P, Buła Z, Karnkowski PH, Konon A, Oszczypko N, Ślączka A, Żaba J, Żytko K (2011) Regionalizacja tektoniczna Polski. Wrocław: Komitet Nauk Geologicznych PAN.

8 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geosite valorization of Ohrid-Prespa Transboundary Biosphere Reserve Ardiana Miçi1 & Florina Pazari2

1 “F. S. Noli” University, Korca, Albania, e-mail: [email protected] 2 “Marin Barleti” University, Tirana, Albania, e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Ohrid-Prespa, Biosphere Reserve, geosite, valorization, geotourism.

Ohrid-Prespa Transboundary Biosphere Reserve was declared in 2014 along the border between Albania, Greece and , due to the high natural and cultural heritage values. IUCN categories overlap here international designations such as: World Heritage Site, UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and Ramsar Sites. A great influence on this region’s formation has been the early geological aspect and the ongoing processes which are identified in the presence of many geosites. Geosites of this region are a direct resource for promoting geotourism. The aim of this study is to assess the geosites with the highest potential for geotourism development within the Ohrid-Prespa Biosphere Reserve in order to create a synergy between natural and cultural heritage values in terms of sustainable development. Geosite assessment is based on Knapik (2009), modified by Solarska and Jary (2010). This method allows geosites to be compared based on four criteria (1) accessibility of the monument (2) preservation state (3) scientific value, and (4) educational value. Each criterion has five indicators accompanied by value in points from 1-5 for the first two criteria and from 2-10 for the two other criteria. In the study there are included 23 geosites found in the Albanian part of Biosphere Reserve, while here we present six of them that have the greatest importance in geotourism. The amount of assessment points for each was used to rank them according to their importance for geotourism. The site with the highest assessment value in the region is , divided between Albania and North Macedonia. Lake Ohrid, present continuity since the Pleistocene Epoch when it was formed, has gained the status of "ancient" lake, and is also distinguished for its high (Wagner & Wilke, 2011). The lake is approximately 3 million years old. For its uniqueness, high degree of biodiversity, direct access from land and air from Albania and North Macedonia as well as for the stunning landscape with strong contrasts, it is highly valued in terms of scientific and tourist values. Great and Small Prespa Lakes represent a complex system of lakes linked through a superficial flow of water, while the infiltration of from Prespa Lake to Ohrid, originates at Zaveri Hole (Popov, et al., 2009). The Prespa lakes are easily accessible, but their preservation status varies. Set at an altitude of 850 m above level, these are the highest lakes in the and form the core of Prespa Park. With a tectonic origin and 2-5 million years old, they are considered as “sister lakes”, together with Ohrid Lake (Wagner & Wilke 2011). Kamja Stone is an erosional residue of conglomerate rocks of high hardness as a result of their sand- silicon cementation with sandstone. The stone has an altitude of 1461 m above sea level, about 100 m long, 80 m wide and 70 m high, and rises above the surroundings as a residue of the Gora-Mokra syncline (Avxhi, et al., 2015). With its view from far as a "ship", while appearing magnificent from close up, this stone has highly aesthetic values and is evaluated as a geomonument with international value (Serjani, et al., 2003). It is reached through the road 36 km from Pogradec, as well as along an interesting trial (3,5 km) that shows the landscape value and other monuments of the area. Similar, is the Capi Stone as an erosional rock form with a composition of Aquitanian conglomerates and sandstones with a length of 25 m, width and height up to 10 m (Qiriazi, 2006). It is located in “Bredhi i Drenovës” National Park and it is reached through a road 8 km from the city of Korça, but also through a trail with interesting landscape and other monuments visible. Both geosites are well preserved and there is no threats to them.

9 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Table 1. Valorization of geo-sites of Biosphere Reserve Ohrid-Prespa

Number of geosite Criteria Accessibility State of preservation Scientific values Education Total 1. Ohrid Lake 5 4 10 10 29 2. Prespa Lake 4 4 9 10 27 3. Kamja Stone 4 5 8 8 25 4. Capi Stone 4 5 7 8 24 5. Maligradi Island 4 5 7 8 24 6. Lini Penninsula 5 4 7 8 24

Lini Peninsula is assessed by as a tectonic-structural geomonument, formed as a result of lake withdrawal and transformed from an island to a peninsula. With a surface of 3 km2, almost flat relief on the west side where the Basilica of Lin (VI century), with mosaics is located and eastern steep slopes, it reveals the stunning landscape over the lake. From the geological viewpoint, it represents a large limestone rock with different colors intertwined with radiolarian siliceous rocks of geological age (Avxhi, et al., 2015). Maligradi Island, which is 700-800 m long and 180-200 m wide is located in the Great Prespa Lake, 900 m above sea level as an evidence of Prespa graben sinking (Qiriazi, 2006). It is constructed of limestone with well-developed karst, in one of the small caves of which is build the 14th century church of St. Mary. The island has ecological value as well. It is reached through the 30 km Korça-Pustec road and the coast-island distance about 3 miles. We have found some similarities between geosites of the same type based on their role in tourism. Ohrid and Prespa lakes are the main tourist attraction in the region, but they are basically visited for sun bathing, cultural and culinary features. Lini Peninsula and Maligradi Island are two geosites where geological, cultural and landscape values are combined, the interest for which goes beyond geotouristic aspect. Meanwhile, the marking of trails, placement of interpretive panels and the suitable itinerary for hiking have encouraged geotourism in the two erosional geosites Kamja Stone and Capi Stone. Based on geotourist concept, as a tourist interested in gaining knowledge on geological and geomorphological phenomena, these geosites have promoted deliberate geotourism tours. In addition to scientific, geomorphological and educational values and the very good state of preservation, both geosites have recently been promoted by groups of young people who are passionate about hiking and geotourism. In conclusion, we can say that despite the scientific values of the geosites, their attractive and aesthetic values, accessibility and their combination with the landscape, influence them to become popular geotourist attractions. They promote geology and stimulate young people’s desire to know and study it.

References Solarska, A., & Jary, Z. (2010). Geoheritage and geotourism potential of the Strzelin Hills. Geographica Pannonica, 14(4), 118–125. Serjani, A., Neziraj, A. & Wimbeldon (2003), Gjeomonumentet dhe Gjeoturizmi në Shqipëri, Tiranë, 68. Wagner B., Wilke T., (2011); Evolutionary and geological history of the Balkan lakes Ohrid and Prespa, Biogeosciences, 8, 995. Popov V., Anovska E., Arsov M., Amataj S., Kolaneci M., Stamos A., Arsov L., Anovski T., Kiri E. & Gela A.; (2009); Study of the Prespa-Ohrid lake system using tracer experiments and the lake’s water balance, Transactions on and the Environment, Vol 125, WIT Press, 78. Avxhi, A., Ahmetaj, A., Misha, Zh., (2015), Gjeologjia - Gjeoresurset dhe Gjeorreziqet dhe Mjedisi në Bashkitë e Shqipërisë”; Nënprojekti: Gjeomonumentet sipas Bashkive në shkallën 1:50000, Bashkia Pogradec, 14-20. Qiriazi, P. (2006), Monumentet e natyrës të Shqipërisë, Botim elektronik, 48.

10 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Applying Evenness Measures to Geodiversity and Geomorphodiversity Evaluation Borut Stojilković1

1 National Education Institute of Slovenia, Dunajska 104, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. [email protected]

Keywords: evenness, geodiversity, geomorphological index, methodology, Slovenia.

Natural diversity consists of its biotic (i.e. biodiversity) and abiotic elements (i.e. geodiversity) (Brilha 2016), which are interconnected in several ways (Pereira et al. 2013). The fundamental theoretical connection is that the geodiversity concept developed analogically to the one of biodiversity (Gray 2004) but the evaluation methods did not (Ibáñez and Brevik 2019). The most commonly applied geodiversity evaluation method, developed by Serrano and Ruiz-Flaño (2007), divides the multiplication of geodiversity elements and terrain ruggedness index with the natural logarithm of the studied area’s surface. Hence, the elements’ richness in combination with terrain ruggedness is calculated, but evenness, which is an integral part of biodiversity (Heip, Herman, Soetaert 1998), is not. The main aims of this research are (i) to choose and apply a modified evenness index to geodiversity evaluation, (ii) to test it in the protected study area of classical Karst in Slovenia and (iii) to compare the results with results obtained from calculating geodiversity index according to Serrano and Ruiz-Flaño (2007). Methodologically, we firstly analyzed selected literature on geodiversity evaluation methods (e.g. Serrano and Ruiz-Flaño 2007; Zwoliński et al. 2018) from the viewpoint of its similarity with biodiversity evaluation methods (e.g. Heip et al. 1998; Van Dyke 2008) in order to figure out if both richness and evenness are incorporated in the geodiversity evaluation methods. Secondly, we analyzed the most common biodiversity evaluation indices (Shannon and Weaver 1949; Simpson 1949; 1973) that include the evenness measure, and based on their characteristics as well as usage for the evaluation purposes of abiotic environment chose the most suitable index. That evenness index was then applied to the classical karst protected area above the Postojna Cave System, Slovenia, with the subdivision into 100 푚 × 100 푚 blocks, which had been morphologically analyzed and where the geodiversity elements had been mapped in advance. Since it is a karst area, there is only one type and one geological type in the area. For the same area, the geodiversity index was calculated. Lastly, the evenness map of the area was compared to the geodiversity map by overlaying them and comparing the differences. The results show significant differences between the two produced maps. The evenness map, with its index varying from 0 to 1, points out the areas where the blocks with several different types of the elements have higher evenness index (i.e. the sinkholes, the collapse dolines, a spring and a blind valley), whereas that is mostly not the same with the block with the highest values of the geodiversity index. Namely, the geodiversity index points out the hotspots with the highest richness or of the elements (in this case the sinkholes) in combination with terrain ruggedness index, which due to the geodiversity multiplication system of ruggedness value with the elements’ density value also contributes to the value of the geodiversity index significantly. Comparatively, the evenness map points out the blocks and consequently the areas where different types of the elements occur and creates another type of hotspots that show an even – or contrastively a non-even – distribution. Since establishing the links between biodiversity and geodiversity valuing methodology has long been an issue, this study provides a methodological example that links the two concepts in a way, that both the methods are comparable and that geodiversity evaluation methods develop. Due to the fact that the evenness index is adjusted to geodiversity block areas and elements, this concept is also a possible starting point for incorporating the evenness measure into geodiversity index.

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References Brilha J (2016) Inventory and Quantitative Assessment of Geosites and Geodiversity Sites: a Review. Geoheritage 8: 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-014-0139-3 Gray M (2004) Geodiversity: Valuing and Conserving Abiotic Nature. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. Heip CHR, Herman PMJ, Soetaert K (1998) Indices of diversity and evenness. Océanis 24, 4: 61-87 Hill MO (1973) Diversity and Evenness: A Unifying Notation and Its Consequences. Ecology 54, 2: 427–432. https://doi.org/10.2307/1934352 Ibáñez J, Brevik EC (2019) Divergence in natural diversity studies: The need to standardize methods. Catena 182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena. 2019.104110 Pereira DI, Pereira P, Brilha J, Santos L (2013) Geodiversity Assessment of Parana´ State (Brazil): An Innovative Approach. Geoheritage 52: 541–552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0100-2 Serrano E, Ruiz-Flaño P (2007) Geodiversity. A theoretical and applied concept. Geographia Helvetica 62: 140- 147. https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-62-140-2007 Shannon CE, Weaver W (1949) The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. Simpson EH (1949) Measurement of diversity. Nature 163:688. https://doi.org/10.1038/163688a0. Van Dyke F (2008) Conservation Biology. Foundations, Concepts, Applications. Springer Science and Business Media, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6891-1. Zwoliński Z, Najwer A, Giardino M (2018) Methods for assessing geodiversity. In: Reynard, E, Brilha, J (eds). Geoheritage: assessment, protection and management. Elsevier; Amsterdam, pp 27-52.

12 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

The Geosite of Aguas Blancas (Jujuy, Argentina) Corrado Cencetti1 & Felipe Rafael Rivelli2

1 Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia (FISGEO), Università degli Studi di Perugia - Via Pascoli s.n.c. - 06123 Perugia, Italia. email: [email protected] 2 before: Escuela de Geologia, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Complejo Universitario Gral. San Martín - Av. 5150 - 4400 Salta, Argentina. email: [email protected]

Keywords: Alveoles, differential weathering, residual relief, sandstones, tafoni.

In the Aguas Blancas area, located SW of Jujuy (northwestern Argentina), a residual relief formed in tertiary sandstones, is observed. It is characterized by a design that stands out or contrasts with the surroundings, constituting an isolated body where physical weathering and differential gave rise to a very characteristic Fig. 1. Localization of tafone along Ruta 52 from Purmamarca to Sali- relief. This is the only one for nas Grandes (Jujuy, Argentina). many miles around it (Fig. 1). This

positive relief is located on the western side of a mountainous ridge with a north-south orientation, at 3,900 m a.s.l., giving the place where it is located a particular, unique and surprising aspect, as evidenced by the systematic increase of people who visit it. Due to the location of the aforementioned rocky spur and the different microforms that can be observed in it (tafoni, alveoli, pilas), this can be considered as a geosite of high value. It is easily accessible and at the same time with a strategic position, as it is The morphostructural relief of surroundings. Fig. 2. possible to observe the macro- modeling of the surrounding environment, including tectonics, wind activity (which is increasingly intense), and many weathering landforms such as tafoni (Fig. 2). The positive residual relief, known in the place as "El Morro", is an outcrop of tertiary sandstones characterized by well cementation; this characteristic gives it greater resistance to physical weathering, thus allowing it to remain over time and become a differential relectic relief. The sandstones, with an almost vertical position, are characterized by levels of different thicknesses and colour. This is a consequence of the chemical components and degree of cementation, related to the processes involved during its formation. Despite the chromatic variations observed in some of the levels that make up the sandstone outcrops, a difference was not found with respect to the incidence that physical atmospheric agents have on them. The result is that all respond in the same way to weathering. The tafoni show a marked difference in dimension and design,

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as well as with regard to their orientation, observing that they are not in a certain or defined position since they are located indistinctly towards the four cardinal points. In all of them the process affecting their formation and development is the disaggregation by thermoclastism. Tafoni with different design are observed, vertical and horizontal according to the position of the major axis, individual or associated: they are single cavities or linked by lateral growth, generating a landform of greater size and complex appearance (Figs. 3-4 - Rivelli, 2021).

Figs. 3-4. Detail of "El Morro".

In addition, the marked differences of the internal walls of the cavity corresponding to the tafoni have to be highlighted: these can be uniform, without roughness or with different degrees of irregularities - “irregular tafone” (Rivelli, 2021). Desquamation was observed in none of the cavities belonging to the different tafoni, although this process affects the morphogenesis of some points in El Morro; this fact indicates a different behavior of the outcropping rocks with respect to morphogenetic mechanisms. It was found that desquamation is more effective and intense in the transit areas where tourists move; this aspect is of considerable importance for the conservation of the Geosite, to make it suitable for receiving tourist visits, while avoiding the negative effect of anthropic action. In the rocky body of sandstones, circular depressions that do not reach 50 cm in diameter and with an average depth of 30/40 cm were observed in a small and limited number, as consequence of the topography influenced by the inclination of the strata (Fig. 5). These landforms correspond to the so-called pilas (Twidale and Vidal Romani, 1998), located in the highest parts of the outcrops. As consequence of weathering and the action of Fig. 5. “Pila” (according to Twidale & Vidal Romani, 1998). runoff, they show a flat surface that facilitates and favors its slow development. The flat bottom of the pilas shows loose material generated by disaggregation, a process responsible for its formation.

References Rivelli F.R. (2021) Clasificacion de tafoni segun su diseno. In preparation. Twidale C.R. & Vidal Romaní J.R. (1998) Formas y Paisajes Graníticos. Serie Monografías 55, Universidad de A Coruña, Servicio de Publicaciones. A Coruña

14 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Methodological discussion concerning inventory and assessment of geomorphosites: An integrated approach Daniel Souza dos Santos1, Kátia Leite Mansur1, José Carlos Sícoli Seoane1, Vanessa Costa Mucivuna2 & Emmanuel Reynard3

1 Laboratory Geodiversity and Earth Memory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 274, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2Centre for Research Support on Geological Heritage and Geotourism (GeoHereditas), University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Institute of Geography and Sustainability and Interdisciplinary Centre for Mountain Research, University of Lausanne, Ch. de l’Institut 18, CH–1967 Bramois, [email protected]

Keywords: geoconservation, , geosites, methods, territorial management.

Introduction

The emergence of geoconservation as a new geoscientific domain in the last decades brought many theoretical and methodological discussions on geoheritage (Reynard and Brilha 2018). Methodological studies related to inventories and assessment of geosites are among the most important topics and dozens of methods have been proposed so far (Mucivuna et al. 2019). Considering the need to improve methodological issues concerning the inventory and assessment of geomorphosites, which are geosites of geomorphological relevance (Panizza 2001), the present work aimed to propose a method for inventorying and assessing geomorphosites in an integrated approach.

Material and Methods

This work consisted in the development of a methodology (Santos et al. 2020) based on some of the most important proposals and the issues highlighted on them. A method focused on evaluating the scientific, educational and geotouristic values was developed. It uses qualitative and quantitative data, assessing the values and potential uses of the geomorphosites. Besides the potential uses, the method also evaluates use and management parameters, which are divided into promotion and risks of degradation. The method was applied in a coastal region in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The region is part of a geopark proposal (Costões e Lagunas – Portuguese for Cliffs and ), being characterised by a large geomorphological diversity. This is an important fact because it allowed the application of the method in different geomorphological contexts.

Results

The main result of the work was the creation of the method itself and a secondary result was the inventory of geomorphosites of the study area, including a complete characterisation of the geomorphosites considering not only the geomorphological conditions, but also use and management parameters. The method is divided into three main steps and includes qualitative and quantitative steps, as displayed on Figure 1. The outcome is a product that integrates information about the potential uses, promotion conditions and risks of degradation of the geomorphosites, being easily interpreted by non- geoscientists.

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Fig. 1. Flowchart presenting the three steps of the method and the parameters evaluated in each one.

Discussions

Despite the relatively high number of methodological proposals published so far (Mucivuna et al., 2019), there are still discussions to be performed to develop more widely used methods. The aim of this work was to bring the debate forward and contribute to this context of methodological improvements. Therefore, several issues were highlighted, such as: the role of the quantitative assessment beyond the creation of rankings, being also a tool for identifying use and management priorities; the integration of parameters to assess scientific, educational and geotouristic values and the use of weighting in the assessment; the assessment of degradation risks with a proper method, considering the specificities of geomorphosites; the role of additional values (ecological, cultural and aesthetic) both as independent values and as parameters to assess the central values (scientific, educational, geotouristic); how to deal with the high subjectivity intrinsic to the assessment of the aesthetic value; and the separation between parameters related to the values and parameters related use and management of the geomorphosites.

Conclusion

The work presents several relevant discussions concerning the inventory and assessment procedures for geomorphosites, which is one of the most important topics within the field of geoconservation. More than “simply” proposing a new method, the objective was to highlight some of the issues that still need to be tackled in order to develop more universally applied methods.

References Mucivuna VC, Reynard E, Garcia MGM (2019) Geomorphosites assessment methods: comparative analysis and typology. Geoheritage 11(4):1799-1815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-019-00394-x Panizza M (2001) Geomorphosites: concepts, methods and examples of geomorphological survey. Chinese Science Bulletin 46:4-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03187227 Reynard E, Brilha J (2018) Geoheritage: assessment, protection and management. Elsevier, Amsterdam Santos DS, Mansur KL G, Seoane JCS, Mucivuna VC, Reynard E (2020) Methodological proposal for the inventory and assessment of geomorphosites: an integrated approach focused on territorial management and geoconservation. Environ Manage 66:476-497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-020-01324-2

16 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

The inventory of the geosites and landscapes of aspiring Narman geopark area, Erzurum, Turkey Direnç Azaz1

1 İstanbul University – Cerrahpaşa, Engineering Faculty, Geology Engineering Dept., G Blok Kat:2, 34500 İstanbul, Turkey. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Erosion, Geomorphological landscapes, Geopark, Narman, Sandstone/Mudstone.

The aspiring geopark area is located in Narman district, 70 km northeast of Erzurum in Turkey. Narman Canyon, which is dominated by geomorphological landscapes, results of the erosion of the continental fragments are the most important geological heritage in the region. Limitations of the proposed geopark area were assigned covers an area of 68 km2 located southern part of Narman district. The affluence of the geodiversity of Oltu-Narman Basin permitted to select suitable geosites to be identified in aspiring geopark area. In addition to the geological and geomorphological landforms, cultural heritage including archaeological and ethnographic values and other natural heritages including bio-diversity are also existing in the geopark area and its surroundings. Several geosites including unique tectonic features, different geomorphological landforms of red sandstone-mudstone succession as a special erosional feature of these continental fragments and other geomorphological elements like small lakes and waterfalls. This area has a unique feature both scientific and in scenic appearance. Approximately 58 geosites in sedimentary succession and volcanic units were studied to locate the geosites of the proposed geopark and eleven geo-routes were assigned through these geoheritage. Geo-routes were determined carefully and mapped separately, including other cultural and natural heritages. In addition to this “red erosional geosites”, extraordinary biodiversity and high potential for out-door activities to the northeast of Narman Village. These different opportunities are the additional advantages of the proposed geopark for sustainable regional development. The economic benefit of geopark tourism in the region has begun to show its effect, but urgent precautions are also to be done to preserve these unique erosional features as soon as possible. Figure 1 show the boundary of Narman Canyon Proposed Geopark coverage area, designated geo- routes, and list of the geosites, listed in Table 1. Table 1. Planned routes included into the Narman Canyon and their geosites Lenght Duration Location Route Name Geosites Codes (km) (hrs) Fountain-Suluklu Village 10-12 4-6 BDJ 8, 9, 10 Bulanigindere Fountain-Kirmizi Creek Creek Valley 6.5 3 KDJ 1, 2, 3, 4 and BDJ 5, 6, 7 Fountain-Yoldere Village 17 6-7 BDJ 8, 9 Buyukdere Creek-Bulanigindere Creek- BUJ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and Buyukdere Creek 15 4-6 Fountain BDJ 1. 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 Valley Buyukdere Creek-Gondere Creek BUJ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10 5-7 GDJ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Gondere Creek Gondere Creek-Valley Valley 9 3-4 GDJ 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7

YDJ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and Yoldere Village Yoldere Village-Gondere Creek Valley 8 4 GDJ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Alacayar Village - Alacayar Village-Komun Creek-Deve KMJ 1, 2, 3, 4 and 16 6-8 Deve Creek Creek DDJ 1, 2, 3 Kockaya Village Kockaya Village-Saltworks 6.5 4-5 KCJ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Kilimli Village Kilimli Village-King’s Daughter Cave 2 4 KIJ 1

17 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Gondere geosite 1 (GDJ 1)

Buyukdere geosite 6(BUJ 6)

Devedere geosite 1(DDJ 1)

Fig. 1. Narman Canyon Proposed Geopark, routes and sample geosites in Erzurum, Turkey.

References Bayraktutan, S, (1984) and Geochemistry of Paleogene Volcanic Basement of the Narman Basin, E Turkey: Terra Cognita, 6, 168. Brilha J, Andrade C, et al (2005) Definition of the Portuguese frameworks with international relevance as an input for the European geological heritage characterisation. Episodes, 28(3), pp. 177-186. Çiftçi, Y, Güngör, Y, (2016) Proposals for The Standard Presentatıon of Elements of Natural and Cultural Heritage within The Scope of Geopark Projects, Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 153, 223-238 Güngör Y, Çelik Y, Azaz D, Yalçın MN, (2012) "Investigate The Potantial Of Being Geopark of Narman Canyon (Narman-Erzurum) and Prepare of Geopark Inventory", 12th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference, pp.143-154 Kazancı N, Şaroğlu F, Doğan A, Mülazımoğlu N, (2012) Geoconservation and geo-heritage in Turkey. In:Geoheritage in and its Conservation (Ed.W.A.P. Wimbledon ve S. Smith-Meyer), ProGeoSpec. Pub, Oslo, Norway, pp. 366-377. Keskin M, (1998) -Stratigraphy Of Collision-Related Volcanics On The Erzurum-Kars Plateau And Evolution Of Volcanism In The Light Of New K/Ar Age Determinations, NE Anatolia Turkey. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 120, 95-96. Konak N, Hakyemez YY, (2001) Tectonic units of the easternmost part of the Pontides; Stratigraphical and structural implications, proceedings of the 2nd Int. Symp. on the Petroleum Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Black Sea Area, 93-103, Turkish Association of petroleum , Spec. Publ. 4 Theodossiou-Drandaki I, Nakov R, Wimbledon WAP et al (2004) IUGS Geosites Project progress-a first attempt at a common framework list for southeastern European countries. In M. Parkes, Ed., Natural and Cultural Landscapesthe Geological foundation. Proceedings of a Conference 9-11 September 2002, Dublin Castle, Ireland, Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, pp. 81-90.

18 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Inventories of geomorphological heritage: a review of the Brazilian scientific publications Eliana Mazzucato1, Vanessa Costa Mucivuna1, Denise de La Corte Bacci1 & Maria da Glória Motta Garcia1

1 Centre for Research Support on Geological Heritage and Geotourism (GeoHereditas), Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, 05508080 São Paulo, Brazil. E-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Assessment, Brazil, Geoconservation, Geomorphosite, Inventory.

Introduction

In the last decades, many methods to select and assess geoheritage have been developed. Whereas the geoconservation is based on several actions, the inventory is considered the first and crucial step to promote the use and conservation of geosites (Brilha 2016). Since the first research on geoheritage studies, Physical Geographers and Geomorphologists stand out as the geoscientists involved in promoting the early investigations in the topic, highlighting the importance of the geomorphological features (Coratza and Hóblea 2018). The literature review carried out by Mucivuna et al. (2019) presented an overview of methods of inventory and quantitative assessment of geomorphosites based on available papers in the international database. The authors stressed that the criteria to select geomorphosites are often unmentioned in the papers. Despite that, the methodological procedures are often described and have a common pattern, including the literature review, interview with researchers, analysis of maps and fieldwork. Geoheritage and geoconservation are widespread topics in Brazilian scientific production (Romão and Garcia 2017; Ruchkys et al. 2017). However, an overview of studies dealing particularly on geomorphological heritage is still missing. Considering the importance of including the specificities of geomorphological heritage in the Brazilian inventories and the discussion about specific methods for assessing it, this work aims to analyse the scientific research on geomorphological heritage in Brazil and the methods used in the inventory.

Methodological procedures

The selection of scientific publications on geomorphological heritage in Brazil was made based on the following procedures: i. The bibliographic review was carried out using the following keywords in the title: patrimônio geomorfológico, geomorfossítio, and local de interesse geomorfológico and the correspondents in English: geomorphological heritage, geomorphosite, and site of geomorphological interest. The following online databases was used to select the publications: Journal Portal of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD), CAPES Digital Bank of Theses, Science Direct, and the Google Scholar. ii. The scope of this research was restricted to analyse thesis, dissertations, and peer-reviewed papers. Despite being an important source of information about research on geomorphological heritage, conference proceedings were excluded since many of them are not available online. Additionally, there is some difficulty to access these data, as there is no platform that gathers the proceedings of different events. To avoid a biased approach based on limited national events, we chose not to include them in our survey. iii. The bibliographic review was finished on 2021, and around 40 publications were selected and analysed. The criterion used to include research in our analysis is related to the description or not of a systematic inventory of geomorphosites in the Brazilian territory.

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Results and discussions

The results showed that 14 scientific publications on the topic were carried out between 2013 and 2020, with a relative increase since 2015 (3 publications), 2017 (4 publications), and 2020 (5 publications). Gaps in this scientific production were verified in 2014, 2016 and 2018, and only one publication per year was found in 2013 and 2019. In addition to these researches, 2015, 2017 and 2020 stand out due to the development of Brazilian quantitative methods to assess geomorphological heritage. Concerning the geographic distribution, there are concentrated in six states of Brazil: Northeast (Paraiba, Piauí, and Rio Grande do Norte), Southeast (Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro), and South (Paraná). Half of the analysed publications are dissertations and thesis, showing the development of the topic in Brazilian post-graduate programmes. The analysis of the methods applied in the inventories showed that the main procedures used were literature review, fieldwork, and analysis of satellite images and maps. These procedures were also identified as the most common in the review carried out by Mucivuna et al. (2019). Some procedures are less frequently used, such as the creation of a working group to select the geomorphosites and the definition of frameworks or categories in the geomorphological context. Although the use of definite criteria for selecting geomorphosites provides clarity and a more objective procedure, many authors do not explain the reasons to include or not a specific geomorphosite in the inventory. The results show that nine publications are more transparent with the criteria applied. The main criteria used for the selection of geomorphosites were: i) scientific relevance and some aspects associated with, such as scientific knowledge, representativeness, rarity, and integrity; ii) touristic and didactic potentials, analysed through attributes such as accessibility, aesthetic, infrastructure, visibility, and safety; iii) cultural and ecological interests, which are related to the local geomorphology and geology. On the other hand, a criterion used in the exclusion process was the high degree of anthropisation. The small number of scientific publications found in our survey is probably associated with the relatively recent character of geoheritage research in Brazil. Being the first thesis published in 2007 (Romão and Garcia, 2017), only in 2013 some research began to focus on the specificities of geomorphological heritage. The analysis of publications concerning geomorphological heritage in Brazil was crucial to emphasise the increase of interest in the topic, especially after 2017. Procedures such as the adaptation of international methods and the proposition of new ones, which are being commonly in Brazilian research, reflect the efforts of the scientific community to develop inventories of geomorphosites.

References Brilha J (2016) Inventory and Quantitative Assessment of Geosites and Geodiversity Sites: a Review. Geoheritage 8:119–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-014-0139-3 Coratza P, Hobléa F (2018) The specificities of geomorphological heritage. In: Reynard E, Brilha J (eds) Geoheritage: Assessment, protection, and management. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 87-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809531-7.00005-8 Mucivuna VC, Reynard E, Garcia MGM (2019) Geomorphosites Assessment Methods: Comparative Analysis and Typology. Geoheritage 11:1799–1815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-019-00394-x Romão RMM, Garcia MGM (2017) Initiatives of Inventory and Quantification of Geological Heritage in Brazil: an Overview. Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 40 (2):250-265. https://doi.org/10.11137/2017_2_250_265 Ruchkys ÚA, Mansur KL, Bento LCM (2017) A Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Brazilian Academic Production, on Master's and PhD Level, on the Following Subjects: Geodiversity, Geological Heritage, Geotourism, Geoconservation and Geoparks. Anuário do Instituto de Geociências, 40(1), 180-190. doi:https://doi.org/10.11137/2017_1_180_190

20 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Inventory of geosites in the Rio Grande do Norte state: first steps towards a geoheritage database for the North-East Brazil Filipe Freire Alencar1, Marília Cristina Santos Souza Dias1, Ítalo Mendonça Nascimento Barbalho1 & Marcos Antônio Leite do Nascimento2

1 Curso de Geologia - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Departamento de Geologia - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. e- mail:[email protected]

Keywords: Brazil, Geoheritage, Geosite, Inventory, Rio Grande do Norte.

Introduction

Located at the northeastern edge of the South American , the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, is one of the pioneering regions when it comes to the recognition of the geoheritage, containg plenty of well-known potential geosites. Now, an organized inventory of its main geosites is being made, for the purpose of aiding them in geoconservation strategies as well as integrating the national geosite database. This text is a discussion on the current state of this project: its methodology, sources and a brief overview of the potential geosites gathered so far.

Geology of the Rio Grande do Norte state

The crystalline basement of the Rio Grande do Norte consists of small Archean nuclei surrounded by Paleoproterozoic accretionary complexes, all of which were intensively deformed during Neoproterozoic and crosscut by transcurrent shear zones, syn-orogenic volcano-sedimentary sequences (Seridó fold belt) and various generations of (mostly granitic) plutonism. The rifting between Africa and during the period led to the formation of the Potiguar Basin in the northern part of the state, as well as smaller rift basins, accompanied by the volcanism of the Ceará-Mirim dyke swarm. In Cenozoic, during the Paleogene, continental siliciclastic sequences were deposited at the top of the highest plateaus of the state, accompanied by basaltic volcanism (the Macau Volcanism). Finally, the landscape suffered an important topographic shift after the Neogene, which led to the deposition of the most recent sedimentary deposits and the actual configuration of the river basins. Angelim et al. (2006) and Oliveira and Nascimento (2019) presented a detailed synthesis on the state geology.

Methodology

For the preliminary set of outcrops with potencially significant scientific value, compilations of outcrops used during field expeditions (Borges 2018; Paiva Neto, 2019) were analysed, as well as some other geosites of well known scientific value, such as the ones in the Seridó Aspiring Geopark (Nascimento et al., 2021), and other places of interest (Medeiros 2018). Following Brilha (2016), for the purposes of the inventory, we classify the geosites using geological criteria as distinguished by Medeiros (2018). We also plot the potential geosites on a map in order to present their spatial distribution.

Results and discussion

After classifying the sites into different geological groups (Table 1), it can be seen that some groups are more abundant (for example those related to the crystalline basement) and some less represented (for example “karstic heritage”).

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Table 1. Overview of the number of potential geosites under the geological frameworks

Geological Framework Number of sites Archean nuclei 10 Paleoproterozoic basement 20 Neoproterozoic supracrustal rocks from the Serido Group 57 Granitic magmatism of the Brasiliano orogeny 24 Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks from the Potiguar Basin 8 Carbonate sedimentary rocks from the Potiguar Basin 11 Sedimentary rocks from the Cretaceous continental Basins 4 Meso- and Cenozoic basic magmatism 18 Cenozoic continental deposits 27 Cretaceous fossil record 2 Pleistocene fossil record 2 Karstic heritage 1 Borborema Pegmatitic Province 4 Seridó Metallogenic Province 2 Landscape geomorphology 19

Moreover, the data reveals that most of the selected potential geosites is located along major federal and state highways, and their distribution is pretty uneven: They are concentrated on the southern and eastern parts of the state, being the main focus of scientific attention and fieldwork. This results from various factors, for example: quality of the exposure, occurence of important mineral deposits in the south- central (Seridó) and eastern parts of the state, population density, infrasctructure development and distance from the state capital. There are plenty of singular features in the western margin of the state, such as late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic fold and thrust belts, emerald occurences and pegmatite fields that have been underestimated in the inventory, and more research is necessary in that area. In summary, the spatial and geological analysis of the preliminary selection of potential geosites reveal what areas and geologic criterions should become a priority in further work under the project, in order to make the inventory accurately representing a rich geological heritage in the state of Rio Grande do Norte.

References Angelim LAA et al (2006) Geologia e recursos minerais do estado do Rio Grande do Norte. CPRM, Recife. Borges SVF (2018) Inventário dos Geossítios visitados pelos docentes e discentes do CNAT/IFRN. Undergraduate Thesis, Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Brilha J (2016) Inventory and Quantitative Assessment of Geosites and Geodiversity Sites: a Review. Geoheritage 8: 119-134. Medeiros DKAD (2018) Definição de categorias temáticas e dos primeiros locais de interesse geológico do RN como base para o inventário geológico potiguar. Undergraduate Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Nascimento M.A.L., Silva MLN, Almeida MC, Costa SSS (2021) Evaluation of Typologies, Use Values, Degradation Risk, and Relevance of the Seridó Aspiring UNESCO Geopark geosites, Northeast Brazil. Geoheritage 13:25. Paiva Neto AP (2019) Proposta de inventariação dos afloramentos da disciplina Geologia de Campo I_lugares de interesse geológico do RN. Undergraduate Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Oliveira RR, Nascimento MAL (2019) Mapa Geológico Simplificado do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte: representação cartográfica de elementos geológicos para divulgação das Geociências. Terræ Didatica 15:1-13.

22 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geological Heritage of Navarra: a new proposal for an inventory of sites of geological interest and its application as an educational resource Fran Sanz1 & Juana Vegas2

1 Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain e-mail: [email protected] 2 Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Geological Sites of Interest, inventory, assessment, education, Navarra.

Navarra is located in the North of Spain and offers great geodiversity and biodiversity that reflect an exceptional natural heritage. Navarra´s geological record begins in the and has a great geodiversity represented by its extensive geological record. It also reflects a great variety of lithologies, sedimentary structures, landforms and fossil record that represent ancient sedimentary environments, periods of tectonic activity, volcanic events or climate changes, as an evidence of the Earth dynamics. Navarra has been divided into five different tectonic domains that show specific tectonic styles and ages (Gobierno de Navarra, 1997). The North Pyrenean Domain contains the widest extension of Variscan Massif. The South Pyrenean Domain shows Variscan and Alpine structures with predominant Pyrenean trend (WNW-ESE), distributed in three main thrust systems. The Basque-Cantabric Domain contains large outcrops of Jurassic to Paleogene sedimentary rocks, dominated by carbonates and marls, and it is limited by the Pamplona Fault that isolates it from the adjacent domains. The Pamplona Basin Domain is considered as South Pyrenean Domain prolongation. Finally, the Ebro Basin is the biggest in surface and represents a Cenozoic continental cover with main Pyrenean structural trends and a remarkable halocynetic deformation. However, the region of Navarra does not yet have an official geoheritage inventory and is one of the regions where the Spanish Inventory of Sites of Geological Interest (IELIG, acronym in Spanish) has not yet been carried out, as can be seen in http://info.igme.es/ielig/. Up to now, local and regional administrations have only developed a preliminary identification project for a Regional Geoheritage Inventory (Galán & Palacio, 2011). Currently, a new-brand inventory of Geological Sites of Interest (GSI) is being carrying out in Navarra according to the standard methodology for Spain (García-Cortés et al., 2019). This ensures that this inventory can be included in the IELIG once the authorities include it into regional legislation and GSIs have legal protection. This new inventory will help define much better geological domains in Navarra and all their areas whose relevant characteristics make them good examples of geoheritage in the territory. The main aim of the GSI inventory is to be a tool for the effective management as all those aspects in territorial spatial planning and, furthermore, environmental impact evaluation and environmental education. All the identified GSI will be assessed regarding their scientific, educative and touristic values; vulnerability (natural and anthropogenic), state of conservation and the risk of degradation. Moreover, a specific and accurate delimitation and digital mapping will become an important tool, improving management and public use of geoheritage. There have been selected 70 GSI as the most representative of the territory. This number could increase in the future as the research progresses. This research also means a transverse development in many objectives of sustainable development defined by ONU for this millennium. Besides, it allows to put into practice new programmed activities for educational purposes. After the inventory has been finished, there will take place a selection of those geosites with high didactic value that are key-GSI to the development of educational activities for Earth Sciences. The updated methodology of this inventory allow us to quantify its scientific, educative and touristic value, so that we can identify the specific characteristics that make these GSI as an excellent tool for teaching in this field. The more representative parameters established to measure the didactic value of a GSI are: didactic content, logistic framework, accessibility, geological diversity, observational conditions, size, association to ecological and cultural elements, or representativeness, between other factors. Some of the educational proposals are focused on the design of guided geological tours around the GSI inventory,

23 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

practice workshops that promote collaborative work, gamification strategies, project-based learning regarding the immediate environment observation. Furthermore, the approach of geological activities for all kind of public through geological routes and STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Maths) seminars in rural and urban areas, combined with cultural and industrial heritage. Currently, some of these activities have put into practice with remarkable success, thanks to the support of public institutions, state and private primary and secondary schools, universities, environmental organisms, associations, nature interpretation centers, among others. The results have been better than expected, showing a high rate of participation, and better and faster understanding of the geological environment.

Figure 2. A. Education Department field trip to Salinas de Oro diapir for teachers of Secondary School. B. Education Department field trip to Aralar Mountain Range.

References Galán Pérez G, Palacio Suárez-Valgrande J (2011) La diversidad geológica de Navarra. Patrimonio Geológico. Ed. Gobierno de Navarra, Departamento de Obras Públicas, Transportes y Comunicaciones. 238 p. García-Cortés A, Vegas J, Carcavilla L, Díaz-Martínez E (2019) Conceptual base and methodology of the Spanish Inventory of Sites of Geological Interest (IELIG). Instituto Geológico y Minero de España. 205 p. Gobierno de Navarra (1997): Mapa Geológico de Navarra 1:200.000. Dpto. Obras Públicas, Transportes y Comunicaciones. Servicio de Obras Públicas. Fondo de Publicaciones del Gobierno de Navarra. 142 p.

24 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

National Geosites Inventory of Chile: preliminary results from compilation and homogenization stages Francisca Salazar D.1, Felipe Fuentes C.2 & Manuel Arenas A.2

1 University Andrés , Campus Santiago 2 Geoheritage Unit, Sernageomin (National Geological and Mining Survey of Chile), . e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Chile, Geoconservation, Geoheritage, Geosites, Inventory.

Introduction

One of the main tasks of the Geoheritage Unit at National Geology and Mining Survey of Chile (SNGM) is the compilation, systematization, maintenance and provision to the community of the National Inventory of Geosites. In the first stage, and after the adoption of definitions of related terms (Arenas and Fuentes, 2019), a compilation was carried out of all the geosites that have been recognized in the national territory and that have been published both in undergraduate thesis and postgraduate studies, scientific publications, geopark projects, innovation projects applied in the geoheritage area and in the inventories of other institutions, that are available on the web, such as the Chilean Antarctic Institute (INACH, 2000) or the Geological Society of Chile (SGCH, 2021). The objective of this compilation is the generation of a homogeneous and georeferenced database of the geosites recognized in Chile, as the first stage for the elaboration of a national geoconservation strategy, and its availability to the community on a SNGM web platform (2021). In Figure 1A, an example of geosites and the data displayed in the geoportal are presented. In this summary, an analysis of the preliminary results, the difficulties of this initial stage and the tasks to be followed in the next phases is presented.

Results

During this stage, 511 geosites were collected from the various sources already mentioned and that can be referred to a publication or web page. The information contained in them is quite heterogeneous, since most of the publications used their own method for the description and assessment of geosites. In this first stage, it was decided to use a minimum data model for each geosite. These basic criteria were agreed with the Geoheritage Working Group of the Association of Geological and Mining Services of Iberoamerica (ASGMI) in 2018 in order to allow the possibility of sharing a common database between these countries. Thus, the database has 24 attributes of which 2 deal with the identification of the geosite, 12 with its location, 6 with geological and geoheritage aspects, 2 with conservation issues, 2 with references and sources of information and 1 with images of the geosite. Only a smaller percentage (9%) of the collected geosites presented all the defined basic information. Among the most noteworthy aspects, 51% of them do not specify the justification for their selection as a geosite. Another 7% did not present geographic coordinates and another 1% presented them incorrectly. Regarding information sources, 11% of the geosites come from SNGM publications, 15% from information on the web of scientific institutions (mostly from the SGCH), 8% from abstracts and scientific papers, 19% to Geopark (some UNESCO Global Geopark aspiring projects), 33% to Degree Theses and 13% to other geoconservation projects. With respect to the spatial distribution in the country (Figure 1B), 3 regions out of 16 accumulate almost 50% of the total number of identified geosites, two of them with advanced Geoparks projects and several degrees’ Theses and a third where a systematic effort has been made to define geosites on a regional scale. The rest of the regions each have less than 7% of the total, and 3 regions have less than 1.5% of the total nationally recognized geosites. A relevant aspect of this compilation is that 140 out of 511 surveyed geosites are recognized by some protection category in current legislation or are within a protected area (a national park, for example).

25 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Conclusions

Due to the diversity of information sources, the high heterogeneity of the data was verified, thus justifying the homogenizing objective of the compilation for a national geoheritage inventory for Chile. These are the ones that have identified the highest number of geosites in the country (33%), being followed by the geosites recognized by public or scientific institutions (27%). There is a great difference in the number of recognized geosites per region, explained by the amount of theses in certain regions and the existence of geopark projects that considerably increase the number of recognized geosites. Only 25% of the recognized geosites is protected by some category of conservation in force or by being inside a safeguarding area of the State. At the same time of this compilation task, it has been working on a methodological proposal for the assessment of geosites and on the consensual definition of the national geological frameworks of the country.

Fig. 1. A: National Inventory of geosites from Chile at Portal Geomin of SNGM. B: Distribution of geosites in Chile by administrative region.

References Arenas M, Fuentes F (2019) Geodiversidad, Geopatrimonio y otros conceptos básicos: Guía para la adopción de un lenguaje común. Unpublished. Geoheritage Unit, National Geology and Mining Survey. Available at https://biblioteca.sernageomin.cl/opac/datafiles/15767.pdf. Accessed 8/4/2021 Asociación de servicios geológicos y mineros de Iberoamérica (ASGMI) (2018) Bases para el desarrollo común del Patrimonio Geológico en los Servicios Geológicos de Iberoamérica. Unpublished. Available at https://bit.ly/3thc2rf. Accessed 8/4/2021 Instituto Nacional Chileno Antártico (INACH) (2012) Geositios de Magallanes. Available at http://inach.cl/geositios. Accessed 1/04/2021 Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SNGM) (2021) Portal GeoMin. Available at https://portalgeominbeta.sernageomin.cl/. Accessed 1/04/2021 Sociedad Geológica de Chile (SGCH) (2021) Geositios web page. Available at http://geositios.cl. Accessed 1/04/2021.

26 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Natural area “Predurale” – the object of Geoheritage of the Perm Region (Russia) G. Y. Ponomareva1, D. N. Slashchev1, I. S. Khopta1

1 Perm State University, st. Bukireva, 15, 614068, Perm, Russia. e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: management area, classical Kungurian stage, Divya formation, organic matter, Perm Region.

“Predurale” is a habitat management area (IV category IUCN) of regional significance, located in the south-eastern part of the Perm Region in the valley of the Sylva River on the territory of the Kungursky and Kishertsky municipal districts. In the immediate vicinity is the city of Kungur. The purpose of the creation is to protect and study taiga , steppe, -steppe and mountain- steppe groupings, water and coastal water complexes, zoological and geological objects. The length of the territory of the natural area from north to south is 6 km, from east to west – 16 km. It was first described by P. I. Krotov, proposed for protection by the participants of the XVII session of the International Geological Congress in 1937. It was established in 1943 as a natural area; after 1951 it was reorganized into an educational and experimental forestry of the Perm State University and natural area. The main geomorphological elements of the territory are the deeply cut (more than 100 m) canyon-like valley of the Sylva River and the raised hilly-steep plain with absolute surface heights up to 240-250 m. The depth of the bedrock is 0-1.8 m. The vegetation belongs to the subzone of broad-leaved--spruce forests and is adjacent to the Kungur forest-steppe. The of the natural area includes 774 of vascular . Along with the typical European species, there are representatives of the Siberian flora. According to the data of regular field surveys and stock data, the of 27 species and 2 fungal species listed in the Red Books of the Russian Federation and the Perm Region were identified. About 270 species of vertebrates have been recorded in the natural area, including 32 species of , 6 species of amphibians, 5 species of , 181 species of and 43 species of . The Red Books of the Russian Federation and the Perm Region include 3 species of birds, 1 species of reptiles and 7 species of invertebrates. In general, the state of most of the represented on the territory of the natural area is characterized as very poorly degraded. The ecosystems of floodplain and dry are highly degraded. The main factors of degradation of natural complexes are unregulated tourism, the regional effect on the functioning and maintenance of industrial, transport, energy infrastructure, etc. The Predurale natural area is distinguished by its unique geological structure. It is located in the area of compact location of reference sections of the stratigraphic divisions of the "classical Kungurian stage" and the upper part of the Artinskian stage of the system. In the geological literature the concept of the stratotype of the Kungurian stage, located in the basin of the Sylva River in the vicinity of the city of Kungur, described by A. A. Stukenberg in 1898, has been strengthened. The natural area is located on the eastern edge of the Russian plate of the East European Platform, at its contact with the Preuralianforedeep. Here, within the Bashkir arch, the Ufa arch stands out. It represents the newest tectonic structure of the archetype. Its formation is associated with the movements of the Recent Urals in the Pliocene. In paleotectonic terms, the Early Permian carbonate platform was located on the territory of the Russian plate, formed on the western side of the Preuralianforedeep, which was remote from the orogen. In consequence of the latest tectonics, the Artinskian stage and the lower horizons of the Kungurian stage of the Cisuralian epoch of the Permian system were exposed in the core of the Ufa shaft on the territory of the “Predurale”. The Artinskian stage is represented by the Kamai formation of the Sargian horizon, which has a stratotype in the Kamai narrow on the territory of the natural area. The formation is represented by the interbedding of light coloured silicified limestones and their clay differences. In the rocks there is a well-preserved : flint sponges, articulate brachiopods, branched and reticulated bryozoans, crinoids, ostracods, small foraminifera. No conodonts have been found yet. The age is based on bryozoans, brachiopods, and small foraminifera.

27 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

The Kungurian stage on the territory of the natural area “Predurale” is distinguished as a part of three horizons (from bottom to top): Saranian, Filippovian, and Irenian. The Saranian horizon is located at the base of the Kungurian stage, and includes two formations of the same age. The natural area contains typical sections of the Silvian formation along the Sylva River between the of Ust-Kishert and Filippovka. It is composed of atypical biogenic carbonates (biocementostones), represented by biogerms and biostromes. The rock-forming organisms are small Tubiphytes and bryozoans. Bioherms are composed of limestones, with Tubiphytes, reticulated and branched bryozoans, various brachiopods, bivalves, gastropods, crinoids, less often there are rugoses, nautiloids, trilobites. The age is justified by conodonts of the Neostreptognathodus pnevi zone. On the Sylva River, the Shurtanian formation facially replaces the Sylva skeletal hills. The Filippovian horizon lies on the uneven buried relief of the roof of the Saranian horizon. On the territory of the “Predurale” it is represented in an incomplete volume of the Filippovian formation. The Filippovian formation has a stratotype in the area of the village of Filippovka near the town of Kungur. The formation is represented by two carbonate bundles – the Petropavlovskaya and Ust-Kamenskaya. The Petropavlovskaya pack is established by the ooid structure of limestones. The Ust-Kamenskaya pack is composed of limestones and dolomites, with inclusions of gypsum, with rare organic remains. Gypsum and anhydrites of the Irenian formation of the Irenian horizon are exposed in kilometer-long spots 1.5–4.0 km from the bed of the northern meander of the Sylva River. The peculiarities of the geological structure of the Predurale natural area make the educational practices of the natural science faculties of the Perm State University fruitful. In recent years new rare fossils have been found – teeth in the Kamaian formation, Paleolimulus kunguricus Naug. and nautilus shells in the biogerms of the Silvian formation (Ponomareva et al., 2017), and conodont complexes of the Kungurian stage have been studied. A new layer of rocks has been discovered, which is not typical for the classic Kungurianstage. Since the natural area borders on Preuralianforedeep, these terrigenous- carbonate rocks are attributed to the Divya formation, which is a facies analog of the platform formations of the Saranian and Sargian horizons and is developed to the east in the Preuralianforedeep. Distinctive features – all rocks (limestones, marls) are dark, clayey, aleuritic in layers, unevenly bituminous and silicified, from micro- to thick-layered. Small detritus and fragments of the trunks of land plants are found in abundance, as well as a special, quieter and colder association of marine organisms – the remains of cartilaginous and ray-finned fish, the passages of iloids, spicules of sponges, conularia, holothurias, inarticulate brachiopods, conodonts Neostreptognathodus kamajensis Chernykh (Ponomareva et al., 2015). T. V. Filimonova studied the complex of small foraminifera, proving the Kungurian age of the suite (Ponomareva et al., 2017). The species Nodosinelloides pugioidea simulata (Zolotova) is characteristic of the Kungurian stage of the Urals. According to the results of geochemical studies, the presence of syngenetic organic matter in the entire thickness of the Divya formation was established. The initial organic matter is formed by humus- sapropel and humus material, and according to micropetrography data-with a significant participation of sapropel organic matter. It is Assumed availability that there are oil-source rocks that did not have time to enter the main zone of oil formation. Nevertheless, the micro-petrographic data and the fractional composition of the bitumoid are highly likely to indicate the processes of hydrocarbon generation. The presence of bitumoids, as well as metalloporphyrins - indicates the preservation of organic matter in the outcrops. The differences in the composition of bitumoids, and especially in the concentration of metalloporphyrins, suggest that the composition of bitumoids is formed by the superposition of syngenetic and migration forms. The maturity of the rocks corresponds to the stages of protocatagenesis 3 - mesotocatagenesis 1. The low degree of transformation of organic matter contributed to the preservation of the informative content of biomarkers, which allow us to identify mainly the humus- sapropel type of the source material and the reducing conditions of diagenesis.

References Ponomareva G. Yu. et al. (2017) Geology of the Predurale (geology, geochemistry and of the educational and scientific base “Predurale”): monograph. Perm State University, Perm Ponomareva G. Y., Kossovaya O. L., Khopta I. S. (2015) Middle Urals // and Permian marine and continental successions. Publishing House “Aster”, Perm.

28 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geodiversity of Montenegro as a Precondition and Manifestation of its Geoheritage Gojko R. Nikolic1

1Associate Professor, Department of Geography, University of Montenegro, DanilaBojovica 3 81400 Niksic, Montenegro e-mail: [email protected], ORCID0000-0001-8703-2184

Keywords: Geoecology, Geodiversity, Geoheritage, Geoidentity, Montenegro.

Geospace of Montenegro is made of well-known visual imprints of the Central Mediterranean that is a cradle of human culture. Montenegrin Geospace is primarily attributed by significantly valuable geo and biodiversity, both assumed in a distinct geo-ecological mosaic. It has globally prominent civilization and cultural accomplishment that is known particularly in the frame of Europe. The geospatial base of Montenegro (13812 km2) is accommodated in the northern temperate bright - warm zone. It is situated in the South-Eastern part of the Adriatic and includes Southern Dinarides while planimetrically following 41º 52 'and 43º 32' North Latitude (ϕ), and 18º 26 'and 20º 21' East Longitude (λ). Geotectonically, four structural-tectonic units have been certainly identified in the Geospace of Montenegro, namely: the Adriatic-Ionian fold system, the Budva-Cukali zone, the High Karst zone, and the Durmitor tectonic unit. The geodiversity of Montenegro is the result of the interaction of energy (active) and material (passive) factors during geological periods. Quiet distinct spatial extent, i.e. horology as well as diversity of the geodiversity made its initial attribution. The of the region of the southern Dinarides and the southern Adriatic is in many ways specific and has primarily influenced and continues to affect the geodiversity and geospatial expression of the Geoheritage sites of Montenegro. Orogenesis created large structural forms: foreheads, spines, deep dislocations and harmony. Epirogenesis caused vertical shifts: the rise of the hinterland and the lowering of the coastal belt. Younger Epirogenesis is accompanied by intense movements, mostly of disjunctive character, with isostatic and seismic processes. They have a significant Morpho-sculptural reflection on the forms of Georelief, Eustatic level and fluctuations of the Coastline. The geomorphological expression of these movements is visible through the intensity of Exodynamic processes on land - especially erosion-denudation processes that lead to frequent inundation and gravitational levelling of the Georelief surface and harmonization of the local erosion base. Montenegro is, additionally, a karst country, the land of rivers, lakes and mountains. More than 75% of its Geospace is built of carbonate formations with columns thicker even more than 5km, with a depth of Karstification process locally over 2000m. If the parameter of hypsometric distribution of surfaces is observed, more than half of the surface of Montenegro is above 1000 m in height, which confirms the value of the average tallness of the covering of Montenegro of 1050 meters. Numerous occurrences and phenomena, with the dominance of Morphodynamic processes, change cyclically, are repeatedly renewed (Litho, Oro and Glyptogenesis), and as a result, there is extremely rich geo and biodiversity of Montenegro (30 karst fields, more than 20 canyons - the distinguished canyon of the Tara River depth up to 1300m), with several thousand speleological objects, multiple rarities: e.g. cave system above Vražji firovi about 18km long or Željezna jama in Maganik that is 1162m deep). Today, all these are the Geoidentity points in the Montenegrin Geospace and the elements of its Geosymbolism that specialist, primarily those in Geoecology recognizing and protecting as valuable Geoheritage. History and natural life have been incorporated in the symbols of national institutions in Montenegro, as well as in its statehood and culture. Awareness on the need to protect nature has been raised by creation of modern state of Montenegro. Thus, today National Park Biogradska gora “has been firstly putted under protection in 1878 as an "Ban of the King", that was only six years after proclaiming Yellowstone“ for the first national park in the World.

29 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Based on that tradition and values, Montenegro has been declared an Ecological State, whose legal basis is based on the document Declaration on Montenegro to the Ecological State (1991), (geo) ecological constitutional definition (1991; 2007) and its compliance with international documents and institutions. Natural Geographical and Geo-Ecological features significantly influenced the overall development and formation of the state territory of Montenegro. Country has historical path of a state existing for a whole Millennium that is, same as unrepeatable is its natura intacta, which is an ailment and expression of the historical path, especially through the form of Geoheritage. The Geospace of Montenegro at the international level, in particular, is expressed through two Ramsar sites and two UNESCO sites. Ramsar sites are a Special reserve of flora and fauna of Tivat Salina (2013) and Montenegrin part of the Skadar Lake, which has been a since 2006. National Park Durmitor with Tara River Canyon (since 1980) and Kotor-Risan Bay (since 1979) are under UNESCO protection as World Heritage Sites. The national efforts for the conservation of biodiversity and natural assets resulted in the designation of several Protected Areas (PAs) under successive Nature Protection Laws. The coverage of national PAs currently amounts to 167007.49 ha or 10.305 % of the national territory. Five national parks: Durmitor, Skadar Lake, Lovćen, Biogradska gora and Prokletije are the most important PAs in the Country. The other PAs (more than 60), fall under different categories, i.e. types. Nature Protection Law (2016) defines 6 types of PAs, as follows: strict nature reserves (3) national park (5), special nature reserves (1), park of nature (3), natural monument (57) and areas of exceptional natural values (2). Species important for conservation are given in the List of the Protected Species adopted in December 2006. List of the Protected Species includes 307 plant, 111 fungi and 430 species. The territory of Montenegro has been also recognized in the regional frame as an area of extremely complex Nature basis, particularly in terms of Geology, and Geomorphology. Even covers a relatively small area, it has a very large number of exceptional Geoheritage sites of various morphogenetic categories. Publicly proposed Draft Catalogue of Geoheritage sites covers 10 categories of Geoheritage sites as follows: Geological and Stratigraphic, Structural–Tectonic, Petrological, Neo-tectonic, Climate, Hydrological and Hydrogeological, Geomorphological, Speleological, Pedological and Archaeological physical entities. Single distinctive and more comprehensive views on Geodiversity and Geoheritage in Montenegro have been emphasized in our research. Need for setting up a Geoecological basis for these views has been considered by the research and consequently presented as a review of available databases, studies and expertise, literature and cartographic - graphic documentation.

References Glavatović B (2009) Geodynamic model of the southern Dinarides in the context of recent geophysical data, International Conference on Earthquake engineering, Luka, pp 87-95. Đorđević B, Šaranović M (2007) Hydropower potentials of Montenegro (Possibilities of use for development and improvement of the environment), Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts (CANU), book 55, Department of Natural Sciences, book 28, Podgorica, pp 1-263. Radojicic B (2015) Montenegro: Geographical Encyclopaedic Lexicon; the University of Montenegro, Faculty of Philosophy Nikšić, pp 1-930. Bešić Z (1969) Geology of Montenegro, Book II, Karst of Montenegro. Special edition of the Institute for Geological Research of Montenegro, Titograd, pp 1-304. Lithological map of Montenegro, Presented in the paper: Pajović M, Radusinović S (2010) Mineral raw materials of Montenegro; Montenegro in the XXI century in the era of competitiveness, Environment and sustainable development, Special editions of the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts (CANU), Vol. 73, Sv. 2, Podgorica, pp. 237-282. (https://www.canu.me/izdanja/posebna-izdanja-monografije-i-studije).

30 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Assessing landscape-scale geodiversity across Finland Helena Tukiainen1 & Jan Hjort2

1 Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: conservation areas, landscape-scale, geodiversity, georichness, nature conservation.

Background

Geodiversity, or the abiotic diversity of the earth surface, can be measured in multiple ways, and at different spatial scales (Gray 2013; Crisp et al 2020). In the scope of nature conservation and land-use planning, it would be useful to gain geodiversity information on levels where most of the decision- making takes place, such as on a national level (Ruban 2017). Currently, the national-level geodiversity investigations have focused in mapping areas that are high in their geoconservational value (Gray 2018). In this study, we quantified landscape-scale geodiversity and determined how it varies trough Finland (Tukiainen & Hjort 2021).

Study design

We used the number of rock types, soil types, geomorphological features (landforms), and hydrological features in a 1x1-km grid cell as the measure of geodiversity (i.e. georichness). In the methodology, only the number of different geofeatures (the elements of geodiversity, e.g., granitic rocks, glacigenic till, eskers, and groundwater) was considered, not the coverage of a geofeature in a studied grid cell (see e.g., Tukiainen et al 2017). Geodiversity data were derived mainly from open access GIS-data, produced by Finnish Environment Institute, National Land Survey of Finland and Geological Survey of Finland. The 1x1-km resolution geodiversity data covers the whole country and includes altogether 290,070 grid cells. The data on georichness was also summarized to municipality-level as mean geodiversity of each municipality in Finland. In addition, we investigated how Finnish nature conservation areas (national parks and strict nature reserves) succeed in capturing geodiversity when compared to the non-protected areas that surround them. This was done by comparing the average geodiversity of conservation areas and the areas that surround them.

Results and discussion

The results show that there is a distinct geographical variation of geodiversity in Finland. The variation is associated with the geological and geomorphological characteristics of different areas. The results also show that nature conservation areas partly capture higher geodiversity than non-protected areas that surround them. Protected areas succeed especially well in capturing geomorphological richness. This study gives new perspectives for examining landscape-scale geodiversity at national and sub- national levels. In the future, it would be important to combine information on georichness and qualitative assessments of geofeatures to gain more holistic perspectives on geodiversity (Prosser et al 2018). For instance, it would be fascinating to explore different Geopark areas, as well as entire countries, with both quantitative and qualitative aspects of geodiversity included in the research.

References Crisp JR, Ellison JC, Fischer A (2020) Current trends and future directions in quantitative geodiversity assessment. Progress in : Earth and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133320967219 Gray M (2013) Geodiversity: valuing and conserving abiotic nature, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester Gray M (2018) Geodiversity: The Backbone of Geoheritage and Geoconservation. In: Reynard E, Brilha J (ed) Geoheritage: Assessment, Protection, and Management, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 13–25

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Prosser CD, Diaz-Martinez E, Larwood JG (2018) The Conservation of Geosites: Principles and Practice. In: Reynard E, Brilha J (ed) Geoheritage: Assessment, Protection, and Management, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 193– 212 Ruban DA (2017) Geodiversity as a precious national resource: A note on the role of geoparks. Resources Policy 53 103–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.06.007 Tukiainen H, Bailey JJ, Field R, Kangas K, Hjort J (2017) Combining geodiversity with climate and topography to account for richness. Conservation Biology 31(2) 364–375. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12799 Tukiainen H, Hjort J (2021) Landscape-scale geodiversity in Finland (In Finnish with English abstract). Terra 133(2) (In Press).

32 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Feedback on twelve years work on the national geoheritage inventory in France: results and advances for geosite protection Isabelle Rouget1, Grégoire Egoroff2 & Claire de Kermadec3

1Muséum national d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7207 Center for Research in Palaeontology – Paris, Géologie, 43 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, [email protected] 2Muséum national d’Histoire Naturelle, UMS Patrinat, Géologie, 43 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, [email protected] 3 Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire, DGALN/DEB/ET/Bureau de la politique de la biodiversité - Tour Séquoia - 92055 la Défense Cedex

Keywords: France, Geoheritage Inventory, Protection policy, quantitative assessment.

In 2002 France established in law a "Natural Heritage Inventory" covering its entire territory, and defined as "an inventory of ecological, fauna, flora, geological, mineralogical and paleontological resources". For the first time geology, or "geological sciences", are clearly mentioned and are fully part of the Environmental Code. The State has committed itself to making an inventory, which was officially launched in 2007. It aims to identify all of the sites and objects of geological interest (in situ and ex situ) in French metropolitan and overseas territories, collecting and archiving their characteristics, prioritising and validating sites of heritage value, and assessing their vulnerability and their need for protection using quantitative methods (e.g. de Wever et al 2006, Brilha 2016). The use of the inventory was also intended to be as broad as possible, ranging in scope from public environmental protection policies to the dissemination of geological knowledge to a large audience. All of the parties involved in the construction of the geoheritage inventory have chosen to carry out a systematic inventory rather than using the "frameworks" approach (Wimbledon et al., 1995, de Wever et al., 2006). To register a geological site in this inventory and to allow its official dissemination, two steps are required: 1) each region proposes a comprehensive list which is worked out by local partners specializing in geological science. 2) Then each geological site identification is validated at the regional level, and then by the National Museum of Natural History at a national level (Fig. 1, De Wever et al. 2015). More than 3000 geosites are inventoried at the national level to date and around 2000 of these are available on the website of the INPN (National Inventory of Natural Heritage, https://inpn.mnhn.fr/accueil/index). More than 4000 geosites are expected to exist by the end of the year. The ministry in charge of the environment continues to support this program and promote its use by professionals (civil engineers, universities, etc.) as well as by the public for environmental knowledge. As the Inventory of Natural Areas of Ecological Fauna and Flora Interest (ZNIEFF), the National Geoheritage Inventory (INPG) is permanent and should become a major tool to improve national nature protection policy. A new legal tool has already been created: The Prefectural Decree of the Protection of the Geotope, in 2015 (Auberger et al., 2018). In this context, the national geoheritage inventory helps to designate candidate sites with regard to their need for protection and their geoheritage interest. In this presentation we will use examples to explain how the inventory is built and how it could be used to improve the level of protection of national geoheritage.

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Fig. 3. Flow chart of the protocol for geoheritage inventory development in France (modified from De Wever et al., 2015).

References Auberger E, Gély J-P, Merle D (2018) New Regulatory Tool for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage in France: The Prefectural Decree of the Protection of the Geotope (APPG). Application and Feedback in the Yvelines Department (Paris Basin, Île-de-France). BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin. 189 : 1- 17.https://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2018002 Brilha J (2016) Inventory and Quantitative Assessment of Geosites and Geodiversity Sites: a Review. Geoheritage 8: 119-134. 119-134. DOI 10.1007/s12371-014-0139-3 De Wever P, Le Nechet Y, Cornee A (2006) Vade-mecum pour l’inventaire national du patrimoine géologique. Mémoire hors série de la Société Géologique de France 12, 162 p. De Wever P, Alterio I, Egoroff G, Cornée A, Bobrowsky P, Collin G, Duranthon F, Hill W, Lalanne A, Page K (2015) Geoheritage, a National Inventory in France. Geoheritage, Springer 7: 205-247. DOI: 10.1007/s12371-015- 0151-2 Wimbledon WA, Benton MJ, Bevins RE, Black GP, Bridgland DR, Cleal CJ, Cooper RG, May VJ (1995) The development of a methodology for the selection of British Geological sites for geoconservation: part 1. Mod Geol 20:159–202.

34 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geoheritage associated with rifting as natural analogue for geological sequestration of CO2 in the Kivu region (Democratic Republic of Congo) Jean Nacishali Nteranya1

1 Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB), B.P. 570 Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo, E-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geoheritage, geological sequestration of CO2, Kivu Rift Region, natural analogue, rifting.

Background

The CO2 geological sequestration is one of the solutions to mitigate climate change; nevertheless, experimental and laboratory studies have shown that CO2-water-rock interactions and CO2-enriched fluid migration through fracture systems, can have potential environmental impacts (Lions et al., 2014). Therefore, it is also logical to take into account the natural situations of CO2 accumulations and migration zones when studying the behavior of CO2 storage. The Kivu Region (which include the North and South Kivu Province in the Eastern D.R. Congo) is located in the Western Branch of the East African Rift where there’s CO2 outgassing associated with rifting and volcanism (Lee et al., 2016). In some cases, the CO2 is trapped by mineral carbonation in travertine or as a carbonate vein in basaltic rock in this region. The question that then arises is how geoheritage associated with rifting in the Kivu region can help us to understand the environmental impact associated with CO2 geological sequestration? Answering this question is important as it can show some insights about the scientific value of this geoheritage. In this perspective, we focused on documentary data to highlight natural analogue sites in the Kivu region.

Opportunities to understand the environmental impact of CO2 geological sequestration through geoheritage in the Kivu Rift region

Natural occurrences of CO2 are unique natural analogues that can be used to assess the impacts of escaping gas on human health and safety, ecology, surface water, groundwater, and the effectiveness of remedial measures (Ziogou et al., 2013). They can also provide useful lessons on the long-term effects of a repository which are likely to affect the CO2 storage capacity, the integrity of the cover, and the stability of the ground. In the Kivu region, natural CO2 emissions are often associated with volcanic activities and rifting. Studying natural analogues and sites of natural CO2 accumulations in Kivu can help us to see to what extent geological processes lead to CO2 sequestration in the region and learn lessons for anthropogenic CO2 storage. In the Kivu region, hydrothermal vents enriched in carbonates after which travertine and CO2 is degassing are found in the area from Kahusi to Walikale (Boutakoff, 1934). For example, in Sake village and in several locations close to Kabuno bay (North Kivu), dry CO2 escapes through fracture and accumulates in the zone called ''Mazuku’’. In this area, CO2 concentrations are high at altitude up to ½ m above the ground and constitute a hazard for the population, , and plants. This natural system can be used to evaluate detection methods of CO2 escaping and to monitor the leakage of CO2 through the fracture. In the Katana area (South Kivu) as well as in Sake and Walikale (North Kivu), there are CO2-rich hydrothermal springs that are aligned according to fault direction. When these hydrothermal springs became supersaturated according to the carbonates minerals they lead to travertine sedimentation. The volume of travertine can be used to infer the amount of CO2 embedded in the leakage along with faulted systems on the geologic timescale (Alexandra et al., 2014, Shipton et al., 2004). Moreover, CO2-enriched spring can tell us about the impacts of CO2 migration through fractures into an aquifer on groundwater quality. The trapping of heavy metals by travertines and their mobility at the end of CO2-water-rock interactions can also be evaluated (Dana et al., 2012, Olsson, 2014). Indeed, the travertines formed at the end of the degassing of the groundwater supersaturated with calcium carbonate which has migrated through the fault systems to reach the surface constitute natural analogues for the leakage of CO2 along with the fault system (Shipton et al., 2004).

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Basaltic and ultrabasic rocks hosting carbonate veins are also considered as natural analogue of mineral carbonation of CO2 (Hsueh-Yu et al., 2011). In the Kamanyola area (South Kivu), there's evidence of mineral carbonation of basaltic rocks. Then it is possible to assess the mineralogical and geochemical evolution (element mobility and trapping) during the injection of CO2 in basaltic formation as well as the potential of CO2 sequestration in basaltic formation.

Conclusion

The geoheritage associated with volcanism and rifting in the Kivu Rift region has a great scientific value. These natural systems can be considered as natural analogue to assess environmental impacts associated with CO2 storage in the geological formation. Thus element mobility and trapping, hazard and hydrogeochemical consequence due to CO2 which escape through fracture during CO2 geological sequestration can be assessed. Geochemical and mineralogical approaches are necessary for an effective characterization of the analogues sites identified in the Kivu region.

References Alexandra P., Laura J. C., Karl E K. et Peter S. M (2014), Evaluating Quaternary Travertine Deposits of the Rio Grande Rift and Colorado Plateau: Geochemical Signatures of Travertine Facies and Quantification of long-Term CO2 Leakage Along Faults, with implications for CO2 sequestration, New Geological Society Annual Spring Meeting, April 11, 2014, Macey Center, New Mexico Tech campus, Socorro, NM 99, 162–172. Boutakoff N. (1934), Les sources thermo-minérales du Kivu, leurs relations avec les grandes fractures radiales et leur utilisation au point de vue tectonique, Bulletin de la société belge de paléontologie et d’hydrologie (Bruxelles), Tome XLIII, M. Hayez, imprimeur de l’Académie Royale de Belgique, 75-80.

Dana T., Kate M., Dennis B., Stefan Q., Gordon E.B. (2012), CO2-rich springs in : natural analogues for geological CO2 sequestration, GCEP, Global Climate and Energy Project, Stanford University. Hsueh-Yu L., Chwng-Kuo L., Wayne L., Tai-Sheng L., Wen-Fu C., Ping-Yu C. (2011), a natural analogue for CO2 mineral sequestration in Miocene in the Kuanhsi-Chutung area, Northwestern Taiwan, International Journal of Greenhouse gas Control 5:1329-1338. Lee H., Muirhead D.J., Fischer P.T., Ebinger J.C., Kattenhorn A.S., Sharp D.Z., Kianji G.. Massive and prolonged deep carbon emissions associated with continental rifting. Nature Geoscience, 2016; DOI: 10,1038/ngeo 2622. Lions J., Devaua N., De Lary L., Dupraz S., Parmentier M., Gombert P., Dictor M-C. (2014), Potential impacts of leakage from CO2 geological storage on geochemical processes controlling fresh groundwater quality: a review, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 22:165–175.

Olsson J. (2014), The formation of carbonate minerals and the mobility of heavy metals during water-CO2-mafic rock interactions, PhD thesis, university of Iceland.

Shipton, Z.K., Evans, J.P., Kirchner, D., Kolesar, P.T., Williams, A.P. and Heath, J. 2004. Analysis of CO2 leakage through “low-permeability” faults from natural reservoirs in the Colorado Plateau, southern Utah. In: Baines, S. J. & Worden, R. H. (eds.) Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 233:43-58. Ziogou F., Gemeni V., Koukouzas N., de Angelis D., Libertini S., Beaubien S.E., Lombardi S., West J.M., Jones D.G., Coombs P., Barlow T.S., Gwosdz S. and Kruger M. (2013), Potential environmental impacts of CO2 leakage from the study of natural analogue sites in Europe, Energy Procedia 37:3521- 3528.

36 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Tectonic geoheritage as a forgotten opportunity to use it for natural hazard resilience – Lessons from the Kaikoura 2016 Earthquake, New Zealand Károly Németh1, Boxin Li1, Boglárka Németh1 & Vlad Zakharovskyi1

1 Massey University, School of Agriculture and Environment, Palmerston North, New Zealand, e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: fault, geohazard, plate margin, strike-slip, shore platform.

While tectonic geoheritage is a logical notion to express the heritage values of tectonic processes and their consequences such as terrain accretion, faulting, folding, or various aspects of earthquakes, very little has been utilized to promote the significance of such geosites. Geoheritage has recently been proposed as a significant aspect to develop resilience for geohazards and some preliminary works has been completed mostly in volcanic hazards (Guilbaud et al. 2021) or landslides (Fepuleai and Németh 2019), largely abandoning the opportunity of utilize tectonic geoheritage for earthquake and tsunami hazard awareness. New Zealand currently form a landmass along a plate margin where oblique plate movement and subduction of the Pacific Plate creates a complex right lateral transform fault system shaping the morphology of both islands. Along this fault systems major mega-earthquakes, sudden coastal uplifts and frequent tsunami events play an important role of the geoheritage of the region (Manighetti et al. 2020; Palmer et al. 2020). The tectonic processes and the earthquake history of the region studied extensively and forms the foundation of tectonic research with global significance, hence the wealth of information as scientific values are huge, in spite a near-zero utilization and/or limited visibility of their results for geoheritage, geoconservation and geoeducation. Here we demonstrate this discrepancy of the high scientific value and global significance of tectonic geoheritage and low utilization of knowledge through one of the most recent mega-earthquake events of New Zealand. On 14 November 2016 about midnight, the South Island of New Zealand an exceptionally large (M7.8) earthquake was shaken with an epicenter near the Kaikoura Peninsula (Hamling et al. 2017). At least 170 km long rupture following known and previously unknown fault lines clearly traceable to the NE on the offshore regions. The earthquake initiated about 10,000 landslides inland along a broad zone defined by the area bounded by the Kekerengu and Clarence Faults. Prior the earthquake the coastal region was well-defined with several small islets sticking out of the sea in low tide. The coastal morphology change after the earthquake is dramatic as in several places over 5-m uplift recorded generating new landmass parallel to the pre-earthquake coastline. The greatest uplift however recorded to be ~5.5 m at Waipapa Bay where a well-defined block squeezed up between two traces of the Papatea Fault (Fig. 1). In the New Zealand earthquake record such events are not unknown as the modern-day Wellington coastline and the city infrastructure is entirely build on a newly formed uplifted coastal platforms after the M 8.2-8.3 Great Wairarapa Earthquake in 1855. The uplifted shorelines were extensively surveyed immediately after the earthquake until biological remains clearly showed the pre- earthquake water levels (Fig. 1). After four years, the uplifted blocks gradually took over by colonizing vegetation and the fault scarp covered by weathering of mudstone making it unrecognizable, hence forever loosing the opportunity to utilize the location as a geoeducation site for earthquake processes and their landscape changing elements. The rapid socio-economic recovery of the region following the “building back better” theory (Neeraj et al. 2021) reconstructed the main railway trunk line, the #1 State Highway and developed tourist spots to explain the coastal area’s Maori cultural heritage, coastal biological habitats and the aesthetic values of the rugged coastline, completely missing the opportunity to even mentioning that the current developments, landscape and the uplifted, now small islets and promontories, formed by one of the most intensive and best studied earthquake event New Zealand experienced. While disaster tourism is a significant “engine” to drive visitation of sites of former volcanic eruptions or mass movements, tectonic events like earthquake-triggered disasters are less frequently form core of geotourism. While the recovery clearly restored the damaged environment, such events have huge geoheritage value. New Zealand tectonic geoheritage is globally unique and significant and we propose to utilize it more in geoeducation, as tectonic geoheritage should play an important role in geohazard resilience.

37 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Fig. 4. Vanishing tectonic geoheritage site of the fault scarp of the Papatea Fault. Fault plane within the Miocene Waima Formation a month after the rupture (A) along with faulted railway line B) and uplifted blocks (C). Two years after the rupture fault plain is still visible, but construction site overtake the natural appearance (D). Three years later the fault plane is covered by weathered mudstone (E). Four years later the vegetation reappeared (F).

References Fepuleai A, Németh K (2019) Volcanic Geoheritage of Landslides and Rockfalls on a Tropical Ocean Island (Western Samoa, SW Pacific). Geoheritage 11(2):577-596. Guilbaud M-N, del Pilar Ortega-Larrocea M, Cram S, de Vries BvW (2021) Xitle Volcano Geoheritage, Mexico City: Raising Awareness of Natural Hazards and Environmental Sustainability in Active Volcanic Areas. Geoheritage 13(1) Article number: 6 (2021). Hamling IJ, Hreinsdottir S, Clark K, Elliott J, Liang C, Fielding E, Litchfield N, Villamor P, Wallace L, Wright TJ, D'Anastasio E, Bannister S, Burbidge D, Denys P, Gentle P, Howarth J, Mueller C, Palmer N, Pearson C, Power W, Barnes P, Barrell DJA, Van Dissen R, Langridge R, Little T, Nicol A, Pettinga J, Rowland J, Stirling M (2017) Complex multifault rupture during the 2016 M-w 7.8 Kaikoura earthquake, New Zealand. Science 356(6334). Manighetti I, Perrin C, Gaudemer Y, Dominguez S, Stewart N, Malavieille J, Garambois S (2020) Repeated giant earthquakes on the Wairarapa fault, New Zealand, revealed by Lidar-based paleoseismology. Scientific Reports 10(1):2124. Neeraj S, Mannakkara S, Wilkinson S (2021) Evaluating socio-economic recovery as part of building back better in Kaikoura, New Zealand. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 52: Article number: 101930. Palmer J, Németh K, Palmer A, Kósik S (2020) Geoheritage Values of the Wairarapa “Mudstone Country”, North Island, New Zealand. Geoconservation Research 3(2):97-127.

38 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Mapping geosites in Albania Ledi Moisiu1, Adil Neziraj2 & Albert Avxhi2

1 Faculty of Geology and Mining, UPT Rruga e Elbasanit- Albania email [email protected] 2 Albania Geological Survey Rruga Myslym Keta - Albania. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: digital map, geosite, geoheritage.

Mapping may be considered as a powerful means of communication, and it is particularly effective because it uses an international language, which is easily transmittable and cannot be misunderstood (Coratza and Regolini-Bissig (2009). Additionally, mapping is a basic tool for environmental management and land planning (Lüttig, 1979; Cendrero 1980, 1990; Sánchez-Díaz and others 1995). Albanian Geological Survey, has in its duties studying, monitoring and inventorying the geosites in its territory. The first inventory of geosites was conducted at 1995 by Serjani A and it is continued to be updated till nowadays. Based on the AGS experience accumulated during the two last decades the experts of geoheritage in Albania, in 2018 decided to initiate a three years project titled “The map of geosites in Albania”, at scale of 1:200,000. The aim of this project is the compilation of new Geosites in Albania. As a first step, the database of geosites has been designed. Through an open discussion between experts the main criteria for the classifications of geosites were established. The type of data to be included in the database was a new challenge facing the authors. As result, the field of data are defined and all geosites in Albania are assembled into a unique catalog of geosites (Fig 2). In order to verify and assess the most vulnerable geosites, various fieldtrips have been made to the geosites, documenting the actual conditions of geosites. The geoheritage mapping faces several challenges, that principally are related to the standardization of a geosite's mapping. Whilst for all maps that focus on the traditional geological content their standardization is almost well predefined, however, for the geosites / geoheritage mapping this standardization is still in the working process. The concerns in creating a uniform platform for mapping geosites are due to: a. The diversity of geology; b. The typology of symbols (all authors agree to simplify them, but the point is to what extent?) c. The most appropriate background of the map (the geological one, the 3D model or both of them?) These challenges were known and taken into consideration before the authors started the project. As input for the geosites, this map will use the results coming primarily from “The geosites map of municipalities”, at scale of 1:25,000 and “The map of geosites according the districts administration”, at scale of 1:50,000. The project is already finished and the map of geosites in Albania is ready to be published. (fig2) and the explanatory text with the catalog has been prepared for each geosite. 1315 geosites have been identified, recorded, assessed and mapped. The geosites have been classified based on 1- their genesis (seven main categories are defined), 2- their importance (local, national and international); 3-the values they hold (scientific, educational, tourism etc.) The preparation of the geosites map in GIS system is related to the capability of generating new maps for a specific theme, such as the hazardous geosites map, ecotourism map, the geotour map, in various scales and in different levels, according to the administrative units. The next benefit is related to the rich GIS features, such as ease of use, scalability, time saving and costless update of the geosites. It is worth mentioning another benefit: by having all geosites data gathered in one place – GIS – new future proposals on geomonuments, which need to get “protected” status, or applications for “aspiring geoparks”, can be prepared much easier and faster.

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The outcomes of the project will help to recognize the importance of geoheritage in urban areas and serve as a justification for developing strategies focused on geodiversity and geoheritage and incorporating them into the urban planning documentation. The geosites map will give a positive boost to the tourism sector because the synthetized geological information shown on it is quite easy to be interpreted by decision makers and other users. In summary, “The geosites map of Albania” is the last piece of the thematic maps puzzle built by AGS. It will help protect the geosites inventory (some geosites are lost and some are at risk due to development in infrastructure). “What is lost can never be recovered, and therefore there is an urgent need to understand and protect what remains of this our common heritage”. (Wimbledon & Smith-Meyer, 2012). The database is an open source and accessible by any internet browsers at the address: http://gsa.gov.al/ZbuloGjeologjine/monumentet.html

Figure 5. Interface of geosites’s Database

Figure 6. Part of geosites map in Albania References Serjani A., Neziraj A., Jozja N. (1997) -Methods and criteria used for classification and selection of geological sites of Albania. ProGEO’97. Proceedings, Tallinn, . Serjani A., Neziraj A., Jozja N. (1998) -Preliminarily classification of the geological sites of Albania. 8th Intern. Congress of the Geological Society of Greece. Patra. Moisiu L., Neziraj A., Avxhi A., Serjani A., Lekaj Gj. (2017) -Reclassification of geosites based on the new administrative reform of territory, Albania: In framework of the 70th Geological Congress of Turkey, 13-15 April 2017, Ankara, Turkey). Moisiu L., Neziraj A., Avxhi A., Lekaj Gj. (2017) –Criteria used on the designation of the municipalities geosites maps. Konferencës Ndërkombëtare “Inter regional developments in geo-graphical, historical, social, economic and cultural focus”. Korçë, dt. 3 Nëntor 2017. Wimbledon & Smith-Meyer. 2012. Geoheritage in Europe and its conservation. ISBN: 978-82-426-2476-5 http://www.progeo.ngo/ http://www.gsa.gov.al/

40 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Occurrence and genesis of waterfall calc tufa deposits from semi-arid Upland Deccan Traps, India: proxies for paleoclimate and monsoon record Madhuri S. Ukey1 & Ravindrasinh G. Pardeshi 1

1 Department of Geology, Fergusson College (Autonomous), Pune - 411 004, India, *e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: calc tufa, Deccan Traps, India, paleoclimate, stalactites.

Calc tufa (Ford and Pedley 1996, Viles, 2004) are terrestrial, coldwater precipitation commonly formed in semi-arid to temperate from saturated waters due to carbon dioxide degassing (Lorah and Herman, 1988), or microbial processes (Pedley and Rogerson, 2010) or both (Ukey and Pardeshi, 2019). Several calc tufa sites occur in the upland plateau of the Deccan Traps in western India (Fig. 1a). Small deposits occur along the Harishchandragad ranges (Bhramanwada, Kotul), Kanhur plateau (Ane Ghat, Kanhur Wadgaon Darya and Vambori) and the Sinhagad-Bhuleshwar Ranges (Katraj, Shindone, Ambale and Bhuleshwar) in the upland regions of western Deccan Traps. Despite their hydrogeological significance and importance as paleoclimatic indicators, the calc-tufa occurrences from upland Deccan Traps have not received the attention they deserve. We present here the field occurrence, micromorphology (SEM), petrography, geochemistry and stable isotope studies of calc tufa from upland Deccan Traps and comment on their petrogenesis and need for preservation and conservation of these important geoheritage sites.

The Upland Deccan Trap Calc tufa deposits

The Deccan Trap of western India is characterised by high volcanic plateau formed by eruption of basaltic lavas at 66 Ma, transcending the Cretaceous-Paleogene (KPg boundary) mass extinctions. The eastern flank of the Western Ghats and their offshoots witness temperate to semi-arid climate. Spatial variation in annual rainfall from > 2000 mm in the west to < 400 mm in the east, high evaporation (230- 260 mm), high weathering rates of basaltic lavas releasing calcium and magnesium from plagioclase and low spring discharges during summer all factors that are conducive to the formation of calc tufa deposits (Fig. 1b). Well-developed stalactites are exposed at Kotul (Fig. 1c), Bhramanwada, Kanhur Wadgaon Dharya. At Vambori the tufa occurs as drape stone cascading over the edge of the lava tube. The tufa at Aneghat and Bhuleshwar-Katraj are semi-consolidated and show porous, spongy morphology and occasionally ‘soda straw’ structure.

Micromorphology and petrography

SEM images of pristine calc tufa surfaces reveal micromorphological and textural features that dominantly reflect precipitation. Images of insoluble residue of phases like glass, plagioclase and zeolites indicate some dissolution and corrosive features indicating post depositional diagenetic processes. Petrographic studies of the calc tufa from Ane Ghat and Bhuleshwar hill section exhibit variable high porosity and several types of alveolar textures ranging from isolated elongate or interconnected irregular pores to voids lined by thin layers of clayey lime. Mineralogically, the tufa are made of calcite and contain variable carbonate percentage (53 to 78%). Petrographically, they contain fragments of basalt, devitrified glass, plagioclase, , agate, zeolites, etc. set in a clay-rich and clay- poor micrite. Irregular pore spaces and voids are partially filled with spary calcite lined by thin layers

41 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Fig. 1. (a) Map of the Deccan Traps showing (b) important calc tufa sites, (c) calc tufa stalactite at Kotul. of clay. Blue green algae, moss and diatoms are the predominant biotic components of the calc tufa. Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch), Gomphonema parvulum (Kützing), Gomphocymbella ancyli (Cleve), Pinnularia gibba (Ehenberg), Fragilaria nanana (-Bertalot), Achnanthidium catenatum (Bily & Marvan), etc. account for 98.7% of the total abundance of diatoms. The growth of calcifying biota has played a constructive role in building calc tufa deposits in upland Deccan Traps.

Stable isotope studies

The calc tufa from the study area show δ18OV-SMOW values ranging from 25.3 to 28.9‰ and δ13CV- PDB values from -3.6 to -9.42‰) indicating significant regional variation in precipitation and source characteristics. Uke and Pardeshi (2019) demonstrated that the calc tufa plot as a linear array in the sedimentary carbonate fields and show isotopic composition between Deccan and atmospheric carbon reservoirs with a minor component from biomass. The calc tufa were biological and physico- chemically precipitated from waters at paleotemperatures of 16.3 to 27.1°C (Kotul- Ane Ghat) and 29.5 to 34.6°C (Bhuleshwar- Kanhur Wadgaon Darya) in temperate to semi-arid climate. Since the calc tufa from the present study are considered to be deposited from Recent to Holocene times (Pawar et al, 1988), a careful study of these has potential paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental implications for the region and may also prove vital to study and understand the past monsoon record in this geomorphologically distinct region. The stalactites are being vandalised and used to make lime that is used to paint (white wash) fence walls and home exteriors. No legislation or notification exists. In absence of public awareness and state protection this important paleoclimate proxy will be lost forever. Hence, these calc tufa sites should be preserved, conserved and notified as important geoheritage sites.

References Ford TD, Pedley HM (1996) A review of tufas and travertines deposits of the world. Earth Sci Rev 41:117–175 Lorah MM, Herman JS (1988) Chemical evolution of a travertine depositing stream. Water Resources Res 24(9): 1541-155 Pawar NJ, Kale VS, Atkinson TC, Rowe PJ (1988) Early Holocene waterfall tufa from semi-arid Maharashtra plateau (India). J Geol Soc India 32:513-515 Pedley HM, Rogerson M (2010) Tufas and speleothems: Unraveling the microbial and physical control. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 336:1-368. Ukey, M, Pardeshi, RG (2019) Micromorphology and textural variations in the Ane Ghat Waterfall tufa deposits from Upland Deccan Traps and their genesis. J Geol Soc Ind. 94:86-92.

42 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Representative and unique geosites of the Russian Caucasus Marina S. Vdovets1, Valery Ja. Vuks2 & Yuri S. Lyahnitsky3

Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Sredny pr., 74, St. Petersburg, Russia, e-mails: 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected]

Keywords: Russian Caucasus, representative and unique geosites, geotourism.

Introduction

The Russian territory of the Caucasus is composed of geological formations from the to the Holocene. Alpine tectogenesis caused uplift, mountain glaciations, volcanism, folds, faults, karst in carbonate rocks that determined the specificity of geosites in the area. Diverse geosites are located in the Caucasus. Among representative and unique geosites, there are Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene reference sections, localities of well-preserved fossils, paleovolcanoes, laccolithic mountains, hydrothermal mineral deposits, mineral springs and various landforms (gorges, waterfalls, trough valleys, caves, etc.). The most representative and unique geosites are briefly discussed. The reference section of the Tithonian-Berriasian boundary on the Urukh River (Republic of North Ossetia) is one of the most important sections in the world for -Tethys correlation and determination of the J/K boundary. Berriasian carbonate-terrigenous deposits are well exposed and characterized by the continuous sedimentation. Ammonite assemblages containing index-species of standard zones, starting from the Occitanica zone were found. A number of taxa (Riasanites rjasanensis (Nik.), Euthymiceras euthymi (Pict.), etc.), allowing detailed correlation with subdivisions of the International Stratigraphic Chart and comparison with Lower Cretaceous sections of the Russian Platform, are determined there as well (Kolpenskaya et al., 2000). It should be noted that there are also representative sections of Tithonian-Berriasian sediments in the Western Caucasus, namely on the Bezeps and Tuapse rivers, but they are less studied (Vuks, 2017). The section of the Paleogene in Gerpegezh Village and its environs (Kabardino-Balkarian Republic) is traced along the Kheu River banks. It is one of the few sections in the world with continuous sequence of foraminifer and nannoplankton zones from the Paleocene bottom to the Lower Oligocene. In the section, the alleged hypostratotype of the Lower Danian boundary in Russia, which is the Cretaceous/Paleogene and consequently MZ/KZ boundary is recorded. Almost complete extinction of foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton groups is observed there. The boundary is drawn according to the first appearance of the Eoglobigerina taurica Moroz. The assumed hypostratotypes of the lower boundaries of the Thanetian (Paleocene), Lutetian (Eocene) and Rupelian (Oligocene) are also determined in the section (Nikolaeva et al., 2006; Molina et al., 2011). The Abadzekh locality of the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) ammonite assemblage on the Belaya River (Republic of Adygea) is famous due to the huge size of ammonites. Some of them are well preserved and reach a meter and even more in diameter. They are exhibited in the TsNIGR Museum (VSEGEI). The locality has an official status of the regional significance nature monument. There are also localities of Middle-Late Triassic ammonite assemblages, c. the locality protected in the Bolshoi Tkhach Nature Park as part of the UNESCO WHL site “Western Caucasus”. The Lagonaki Plateau with the Fisht and Oshten mountains (Republic of Adygea) is located in the Western Caucasus in the Belaya and Pshekha interfluve. The plateau is composed of the Callovian- Tithonian limestone, cut by the north-north-west faults, and characterized by the intensive evolution of karst and deep canyons. There are various caves (more than 130) with underground rivers and lakes as well as numerous sinkholes. The South-East part of the plateau is part of the Caucasus Biosphere Reserve and consequently the UNESCO WHL site “Western Caucasus”. Elbrus (Kabardino-Balkaria Republic) is the highest volcanic mountain in and the second large in the world. It has two peaks: the western, 5642 m above sea level, and eastern, 5604 m high located at a distance of 1.5 km. Elbrus is a Pliocene-Pleistocene volcano, erupted calc-alkaline magma. About 10 volcanic eruptions were recorded there; the last of them took place approximately 1500-1700

43 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

years ago. At present, a volcanic activity shows up as emissions of steam and gases. Elbrus is located in the Prielbrusie National Park (Petrov et al., 2018). Laccolith mountains of the Caucasus Mineral Waters Region (Stavropol Territory) represent a group of 17 separated Neogene multiphasic intrusions. The five-peaked Beshtau Mount is one of the largest laccolith mountains of the region (1402 m above sea level). Trachyte and liparite are exposed, as well as beschtaunite discovered there for the first time. Uranium deposits were developed in the Beshtau Mount from 1949 to 1985. A system of faults associated with laccolith, contributes to the formation of upward flows of gas-saturated thermal waters. The discharge of mineral waters takes place at the foot of the mountains. Based on mineral springs, there are a number of federal significance resorts, united in the specially protected ecological and resort region of the Russian Federation - the Caucasian Mineral Waters. The Narzan Valley (Kabardino-Balkaria Republic) is a world famous site due to 15 mineral springs pouring over 1 km along the Khasaut River valley. The output of the main springs is about 1 million l/day. The formation of the Narzan-type water is associated with the melting of the Elbrus glaciers, melt water infiltration and its physicochemical interaction with the host rock. According to the chemical composition, the water is carbonic hydrocarbonate-chloride -calcium with a of 3.3 g/l and carbon dioxide content up to 2.2 g/l (Petrov et al., 2018). The Belorechenskoye druse barite deposit (Republic of Adygeya) located in the foothills of the Western Caucasus in the Upper Suk River (right tributary of Belaya River) is unique in Russia. Hydrothermal veins of the deposit are characterized by the presence of large cavities (from a few centimeters to several meters), the walls of which are inlaid with perfectly faceted crystals and druses of transparent barite and calcite, multi-colored fluorite, as well as galena, sphalerite, pyrite and chalcopyrite crystals of collection value. Mining was stopped in 1985. The deposit with its tunnels, natural halls and cavities is an underground mineralogical museum where hydrothermal mineral formation processes can be studied (Volkodav et al., 2006). A number of geosites of various types and significance levels are located in the Caucasus. Almost half of them have not been assigned an official protected status. Among geosites having the status of nature monument there are mainly springs, laccolithic mountains, caves, canyons and other picturesque landforms, while reference sections and some paleontological localities are not protected. Some geosites are part of strict reserves, reserves, national and natural parks, as well as health resorts. Real protection is only organized in the strict reserves and specially protected zones of national parks and reserves. Geotourism development is considered as an economical base for geosites preservation and public education. For these purposes interpretative centers were established in nature monument sites. An example of such a center in the Caucasus is at the Vorontsov Cave site. The cave is protected with funds coming from the regulated tourist activity.

References Molina E, Alegret L et.al (2011) The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Lutetian Stage at the Gorrondatxe section, Spain. Episodes. V. 34. 2:86-108. Kolpenskaya N et al (2000) Berrias Severnogo Cavcaza (Urukhsky Razrez) (Berriasian of the Northern Caucasus (Urukh section). St. Petersburg, 273 p. (in Russian). Nikolaeva I, Bugrova E et al (2006) Paleogenovaya sistema (Paleogene). In: Zonalnaya stratigraphiya paleogena (Zonal stratigraphy of Paleogene). St. Peresburg, pp 172-193 (in Russian). Unikalnye geologicheskie pamyatniki Rossii (Unique geological monuments of Russia) (2018) / Petrov V (ed.), St. Petersburg, 287 p. (in Russian). Volkodav A, Volkodav I (2006) Podzemnye vyrabotki Belorechenskogo barit-polimetallicheskogo mestorozhdeniya – unikalnyi mineralogichesky muzey (Underground workings of the Belorechenskoye barite- polymetallic deposit – the unique mineralogical museum). In: Abstracts Book of the Xth Russian Scientific Conference with international participation "Volcanism, Biosphere and environmental problems". Tuapse. Adygeya State University, pp 125 – 128 (in Russian). Vuks V.Ja. (2017) Neveb formation (Western Caucasus): new data and prospects for its study. - In: Geology and biodiversity of the Tethys and Eastern Paratethys. Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific Practical Conference. Goryachy Klyuch, pp. 11-14 (in Russian).

44 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Spit inventory of the eastern Mediterranean region and risk assessment for the vulnerable geosites in Turkey N.Kazancı1,2, A Gürbüz1,3, Y.Suludere1, A.Özgüneylioğlu1, NS.Mülazımoğlu1, S.Boyraz-Arslan1,4, E.Gürbüz5, F.Şaroğlu1, E. Günok1,6 & T.O.Yücel1

1 JEMİRKO-Jeolojik Mirası Koruma Derneği, Onur Street 57/2, 06570 Anıttepe, Ankara, Turkey ([email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected], [email protected]), 2Ankara Üniv. Jeoloji Müh. Böl, 06830 Gölbaşı, Ankara, Turkey ([email protected]), 3Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniv. Jeoloji Müh. Böl., 51240 Niğde, Turkey ([email protected]), 4Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, Turkey ([email protected]), 5Aksaray Üniv. Harita Müh. Böl., 68100 Aksaray, Turkey ([email protected]), 6Gazi Üniv. Gazi Eğitim Fak., Sosyal Bilimler Eğitimi Böl., 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey ([email protected])

Keywords: Aegean Sea, Coastal geosites, Eastern Mediterranean, Spit, Turkey.

Spits are loose, sandy or pebbly depositional features formed at nearshores of seas and lakes, extending for many kilometres. They are scenic landscapes at but highly sensitive to erosion triggered by naturally or anthropogenically. A group of JEMİRKO (the Turkish Association for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage) studied spits of the eastern and other vulnerable depositional landforms of Turkey for an inventory and assessment of the possible natural and anthropogenic risks for their future. For this purpose, a detail survey has been undertaken along the whole eastern Mediterranean coasts including the Azov Sea from Dernah of Libya to Agios Nikolaos a town of Greece at the southern end of the Peninsula. During this work ca 20500 km of shoreline have been investigated. A majority of the surveyed areas belongs to Turkish coasts in the Black Sea (1701 km), Sea of Marmara (1441 km), Aegean Sea (3484 km) and Mediterranean Sea (1707 km). The results indicated that seventy-three sandspits have been formed at the eastern Mediterranean region presently (this excludes those smaller than 10 m in length, and also those altered anthropogenically). Spatial distribution of spits along the coasts studied is highly irregular and many of them were formed at the Aegean Sea (19 spits) and the Azov Sea (12 spits). On the other hand, from Dernah (Libya) to Hatay (Turkey)y, seven important spits recognized, including the longest one (80.3 km) in the Lake Bardawill (Egypt). The other long examples (40 to 70 km) are located in the Azov Sea. The 37 spits in the coasts of Turkey are relatively small and 20 of them are shorter than 1 km, particularly ones formed at the Aegean Sea. Due to E-W trending grabens in western Anatolia, important rivers of Turkey discharge into the Aegean Sea forming various coastal landforms, e.g., deltas, lagoons, bays, beaches, sandspits, whereas the Taurus and Black Sea mountains that trending parallel to shorelines of the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea seem to have supported generating long beaches and some other coastal landscapes, instead of large spits. Northerly and southerly winds could have played an effective role in forming coastal landforms such as beach ridges and sandspits. Field observations and meteorological data indicate that sediments for spits at the Turkish coasts were mostly derived from deltas and/or mouth bars. Effective sediment transportation has taken place through moderate-size by wind wave action by southerly winds known as Lodos in local terminology. Seven depositional formations of Turkey have been registered as “natural site”. Public questionnaire and field studies show that small-size coastal features, whether registered or not, are facing threat of erosion. The main risk for all such low-lying formations is sourced from human activities and local investments for touristic purposes. In addition, the mareograph data taken from station at İskenderun, Antalya, Bodrum, İstanbul and Trabzon indicate that global sea-level rise through the climate change will be other threat for the near future.

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X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

The Atlantic puzzle: a contribution from Angola to global geoheritage Nair Sousa1, Octávio Mateus2, Anne S. Schulp3, Michael J. Polcyn4, António Olímpio Gonçalves5 & Louis L. Jacobs4

1Angolan Society of Geosciences, Rua Cmdt Bula BLC 20 R/C Nº2 Luanda, Angola. email: [email protected] 2GeoBioTec, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. email: [email protected] 3Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, NL-2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands. email: [email protected] 4 Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, 75275, USA. email: [email protected], [email protected] Departamento de Geologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Agostinho Neto, Avenida 4 de Fevereiro 7, Luanda, Angola. email: [email protected]

Keyword: Angola, Cretaceous, , Namibe, Smithsonian.

Introduction

The first step in formalizing geoheritage is recognizing geological significance. The puzzle-like fit of Africa with South America, the Atlantic Puzzle (Fig. 1A), is one of the most recognizable, informative, and iconic images of Earth history. Yet the outcrops that best represent the opening of the South Atlantic lie underappreciated along the coast of southwestern Angola (Mateus et al. 2019, and references therein). Our purpose here is to bring recognition to the rocks of Angola that reflect the opening and growth of the central South Atlantic, to present vertebrate fossils important for understanding the growth of the South Atlantic, and to report our outreach efforts through “Sea Monsters Unearthed: Life in Angola’s Ancient Seas,” an exhibit our group, Projecto PaleoAngola, co-produced with the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, USA.

A B C

Fig. 1. (A) Puzzle-like fit of Africa and South America during the Lower Cretaceous. Star marks the modern position in Africa of Namibe Province, Angola. (B) Idealized diagrammatic geologic cross-section of the Lower Cretaceous central South Atlantic, landward to right (East), spreading center to left (West), modified from Quirk et al. (2013). (C) Angolasaurus, the oldest known mosasaur in Angola (approximately 86 Ma), now on display at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (photograph by Hillsman Jackson, courtesy of Southern Methodist University).

Opening of the South Atlantic

The sequence of rocks representing the South Atlantic opening in Angola begins with the 131 Ma outcrops of the Etendeka-Paraná Large Igneous Province, which heralds the initiation of rifting in this portion of the South Atlantic (Fig. 1B). Rift valley fluvial and lacustrine deposits overlay the Etendeka volcanics and are succeeded by post-rift lacustrine sag deposits. The cap on these early sediments is thick Aptian salt. Post-salt deposits include late Aptian and Albian marine sediments and Late Cretaceous deposits that demonstrate the development of more open oceanic conditions. Environmental conditions of the Lower Cretaceous gave way to more amenable conditions for sea , plesiosaurs, and after the Equatorial Atlantic Gateway opened, which allowed increased flow between the North and South Atlantic. By 71.5 Ma, the diversity of reptilian apex predators indicates a rich Benguela-style ecosystem along the southwest Angola coast.

47 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Smithsonian Outreach

The Smithsonian exhibit animates the opening of the South Atlantic, the northward drift of Africa, the development of the Benguela Current, and the dispersal of marine reptiles into the South Atlantic. It introduces dynamic uplift that, through erosion, exposes marine fossils in sea cliffs. The oldest mosasaurs and turtles from Angola are on display (Fig. 1C). Other fossils were excavated from the 71.5 Ma Bentiaba locality. Skull bones are exhibited individually and displayed next to reconstructed skulls to illustrate variation in ecological adaptations and evolutionary convergence. The centerpiece focuses on the apex predator, the mosasaur kianda. Its skeleton was molded and cast in the rock in which it was found, casts from the molds were arranged to show the bones as they were in the field, and the reconstructed occurrence of the bones in the ground was placed next to the mounted skeleton. The mount is posed to show the fossil swimming into a Cretaceous undersea mural with an animation of ammonites, swimming reptiles, and fish projected onto it. Additional explanatory panels, videos, and animation delve into the context of the fossils, the stomach contents of P. kianda, and other aspects of paleobiology. The exhibit closes with comparative panels of the modern Benguela Large and the Cretaceous upwelling fauna.

Conclusions

The Atlantic Puzzle provides a geoheritage context and the fossils provide a conservation paleobiology and geoconservation context to our scientific studies. The fossils are, by definition, items of moveable geoheritage that people enjoy, learn from, and take pride in. The Smithsonian exhibit garnered 4.2 million visitors from around the globe before being halted by the covid-19 pandemic. Even now, the Embassy of Angola in the US links a video about the exhibit on its website (Angola.org). The exhibit returns to Angola in 2022.

References Mateus O, Callapez PM, Polcyn MJ, Schulp AS, Gonçalves AO, Jacobs LL (2019) The Fossil Record of Biodiversity in Angola Through Time: A Paleontological Perspective. In: Huntley B, Russo V, Lages F, Ferrand N (eds) Biodiversity of Angola. Springer Switzerland, pp. 53-765. Quirk DJ, Hertle M, Jeppesen JW et al (2013) Rifting, subsidence and continental break-up above a mantle plume in the central South Atlantic. Geol Soc Spec Publ, 369, 185-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP369.20.

48 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Need of inventory and preservation of the Tete Fossil Forest: a recognition of the largest fossil forest in Africa Nelson Nhamutole1,2, Marcelino Moiana1, Marion Bamford2, Ricardo Araújo3,Juana Vegas4 & Enrique Díaz-Martínez4

1 Museu Nacional de Geologia, Maputo, Mozambique. 2 University of the Witwatersrand, Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, Johannesburg, South Africa. 3Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal. 4 Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain.

Keywords: Fossil forest, geoconservation, inventory, Mozambique, Permian.

The Tete Fossil Forest (TFF) contains petrified wood within the terrains of the Karoo Vulcano sedimentary Province (Upper Carboniferous-Upper Jurassic) in Mozambique. These are very extensive deposits within the Matinde Formation (Late Permian) and four fossil forests (geosites) have been recognized, namely: Carangache, Cadzewe, Mapembera, Nhambando sites and are all part of the same continuous forest along the margin of the Zambezi river. These fossil forests were identified since the 19th century (Livingstone, 1865), however, little work has been done. Our work recognizes that flourished in the region more than 250 Ma, before the End-Permian Mass Extinction. Recent ongoing studies point to the existence of at least five different genera including new wood species (Nhamutole, 2021). The scattered fossil trunks in the TFF reach up to 17 m in height and 2m in diameter, covering an extension of more than 75 km, thus being the most extensive fossil forest yet found in Africa (Araújo et al., 2017). Some of the trunks found in the TFF are in their original position and have not been transported. Many of them are in a very well-preserved state. Many features attest to the uniqueness and outstanding universal value of the TFF in Mozambique: (1) the autochthonous nature of the forests (trees preserved in situ), (2) the high density of scattered petrified trees, (3) the excellent preservation of plant features, including internal structures of the fossilized trees, thus allowing their detailed identification, (4) the morphology and morphometrics of the growth rings, which is a palaeoclimatic indicator, and (5) the presence of taphonomical features and structures for understanding palaeoecological aspects of ancient ecosystems. Due to these characteristics, the TFF has a high scientific value and will be proposed as a geosite for the National Geoheritage Inventory of Mozambique. Its legal and physical preservation is crucial for future research into the paleoecology of Permian ecosystems in Gondwana. The TFF is not an isolated occurrence: similar fossilized woods and even forests may occur in some southern African countries within the rocks of the aforementioned Karoo Province. Nevertheless, the dimensions, preservation state, types of wood, accessibility and other factors lead us to conclude that no other areas in Africa have such large exposed petrified woods as the ones in the TFF. It is crucial to include this site in the inventory of geoheritage for Mozambique considering its global relevance so that the national and regional governments value their significance and proceed with its legal protection to protected natural areas in order to guarantee research, education and public use of this unique Permian fossil forest.

49 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Fig. 1. A and B Panoramic view of the Nhambando fossil forest in the Tete province; C and D, Big pieces of fossilised trunks in Nhambando site.

References Araújo, R, Nhamutole, N, Macungo, Z, Milisse, D, Pereira, M, Decombeix, A, Bamford, M (2017) The largest Fossil Forests in Africa, 5th International Palaeontological Congress, Paris, France. Livingstone, D (1865) Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambezi and its Tributaries; and of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa. London, John Murray. Nhamutole, NE (2021) Fossil woods from Permian and Triassic of Mozambique: , Palaeoecology and Geoconservation. Unpublished MSc. Dissertation, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

50 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Granite blockfields of Seoraksan, Republic of Korea – diversity and geoheritage values Piotr Migoń1, Marek Kasprzak1 & Kyung Sik Woo2

1 Institute of Geography and Regional Development, University of Wrocław, pl. Uniwersytecki 1, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland. E- mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Department of Geology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Blockfields, Climate change, Geodiversity, Mass wasting, Periglacial.

Block fields and their significance

Block fields are both landforms and deposits, typical for high latitude mountains and uplands, but they are also present in mid-latitudes. Their origin through efficient frost breakdown of bedrock outcrops is usually inferred and hence, they are considered as diagnostic features of periglacial environments. If found away from the contemporary limits of the periglacial zone, whether by latitude or altitude, they are most often interpreted as inherited, although not necessarily entirely relict. Thus, these mid-latitude block fields potentially have some palaeoclimatic value. However, if block fields are simply defined as accumulations of coarse, angular rock fragments, then it becomes clear that they may have more than one origin (Rixhon, Demoulin 2013, Ballantyne 2018). Various weathering and mass movement processes contribute to the origin and evolution of block fields which may, as a result, show considerable diversity in terms of setting, structure, dimensions, origin and activity. Consequently, they are important components of both geoheritage and contemporary geodiversity. This presentation addresses block fields of Seoraksan mountains in the Republic of Korea, an area of considerable diversity (Migoń et al. 2019) and a possible candidate for UNESCO World Heritage recognition.

Block fields in Seoraksan

Diversity Combination of field work and interpretation of aerial photographs helped to identify four main variants of block fields: (a) weathering-derived block fields and block slopes, where movement was limited and relatively uniform, and so block field morphology is rather uniform too; these block fields are largely autochthonous; (b) block slopes likely subject to movement in the presence of subsurface , through a mechanism analogous to rock glaciers; (c) talus slopes, derived from rock slope collapses and deposition at the foot of the rock walls; and (d) boulder lag deposits, interpreted as remnants of massive accumulations from debris flows and hyperconcentrated flows. Distribution Block fields in Seoraksan are widely, but not uniformly distributed. They show clear association with the lithological diversity of granite which is the main rock type in the mountains. Parts of Seoraksan built of coarse of Cretaceous age, although most distinctive geomorphologically, lack block fields. These granites are either too massive, supporting rock slopes which are too steep to allow for build-up of block fields, or disintegrate into grus in shattering zones. By contrast, rock strength and joint spacing in granite porphyry favours the presence of 20–40° slopes and production of 1 to 3 m long boulders, providing optimal conditions for blocky accumulations to develop. Block fields occupy different geomorphic settings, from mountain tops and ridges through upper and mid-slopes to footslopes and valley floors. They also vary in size. Taking block fields in the non-forested part alone (which are possible to map from aerial photographs), the largest block field occupies 14 ha and is 570 m long, whereas the most extensive block field of talus slope type is 550 m long. Geoheritage value – palaeoenvironmental interpretation and implications Palaeoenvironmental significance of block fields in Seoraksan varies, depending on the type and origin. Weathering-derived block fields and block slopes are clearly related to efficient physical breakdown of

51 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

rock along joints and other discontinuities, as best evidenced by their spatial associations with bedrock outcrops. However, the contemporary efficacy of this process is unknown. Park (2000) investigated some block fields and concluded that frost weathering has played the major role and that the Pleistocene was the period of block field origin, but detachment of blocks from the outcrops is ongoing. Given severe thermal conditions during winter in the more elevated parts of Seoraksan, contemporary physical (frost) weathering is likely, but the major part of block fields appears indeed inherited from the Pleistocene. One line of evidence for inheritance is that sections of block fields are currently under forest. Block slopes likely subject to downslope deformation in the presence of subsurface ice, through a mechanism analogous to rock glacier movement, have much clearer palaeoenvironmental implications. Such movement of blocky covers occurs only under conditions of Mean Annual Air Temperature <─2°C and indicates the presence of permafrost (Ballantyne 2018). On the other hand, the absence of any convincing evidence of mountain glaciation in Seoraksan (e.g., cirques, U-shaped valleys, bedrock thresholds across the valleys, moraine ridges) suggests that regional climate was too dry, with insufficient precipitation to cause build-up of cover and its eventual transformation into glacier ice. Talus slopes do not have palaeoclimatic implications in general. The main conditioning factors are debris supply and available space to accommodate debris supplied by rock cliffs and slopes above. In Seoraksan, talus slopes have apparently developed over a long timescale, under changing climatic conditions – as suggested by the presence of entirely vegetated forms in the forest belt as well as fresh rock fall scars and debris cones below. Finally, the presence of boulder lag deposits within thickly forested valley floors might suggest an origin under different circumstances, in the absence of forest vegetation, but little is known about the rate of forest recovery after catastrophic geomorphic events that may have affected the local forested environment. It is also possible that these boulder lag deposits testify to a phase of very efficient mass transport, possibly at the time of major environmental transitions such as the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary.

Conclusions

Block fields in Seoraksan, although not unique if considered alone, significantly contribute to the extraordinary geodiversity of the area which, as a whole, represents an excellent example of non- glaciated mountain system, possibly of outstanding universal value. Moreover, being at least partly inherited, they are of considerable palaeoclimatic significance and one of key elements of regional geoheritage.

References Ballantyne CK (2018) Periglacial Geomorphology. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester. Migoń P, Kasprzak M, Woo KS (2019) Granite landform diversity and dynamics underpin geoheritage values of Seoraksan Mountains, Republic of Korea. Geoheritage 11: 751–764. DOI 10.1007/s12371-018-0332-x Rixhon G, Demoulin A (2013) Evolution of slopes in a cold climate. In: Shroder J (Ed in Chief), Giardino JR, Harbor JM (eds) Treatise on Geomorphology, vol. 8, Glacial and Periglacial Geomorphology, Academic Press, San Diego, pp 392–415. Park K (2000) Morphology and genesis of block fields on the Seoraksan National Park in Kangwon Province, Korea. J Korean Geogr Soc 35: 653–663.

52 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Putting Geoheritage on the map in Luxembourg: the ‘Mëllerdall’ (aspiring UNESCO Global Geopark) and ‘Minett’ (UNESCO Biosphere Reserve) Robert Weis1 & Birgit Kausch2

1 Musée national d’histoire naturelle de Luxembourg, section Paléontologie, 25 rue Münster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Natur- & Geopark Mëllerdall, 8, rue de l’Auberge, L-6315 Beaufort, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Geoheritage, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Inventory, Luxembourg Sandstone, Minette.

Introduction

In the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the concept of geoheritage and its conservation has not been in the focus of national nature conservation agencies until recently. Two regions stand up for their geological heritage: the rural region of the Mëllerdall in the east, where the unique landscape of the Luxembourg Sandstone attracts tourists since the late 19th century (“Luxembourg’s Little Switzerland”), and the Minett (“Red Rock”) region in the south, where the mining of local ore between ca. 1850 and 1981 was at the base of the success of the steel industry in Luxembourg, leaving behind an impressive industrial heritage, being a hotspot of urban development today. In both areas, the cultural and natural heritage is intrinsically linked with the area’s geodiversity. There is a close relationship between rocks, topography, groundwater, building stones, settlement activities, land use and the highly diversified flora and fauna. The Mëllerdall region is currently in the application process for the UNESCO Global Geoparks Network, meanwhile the Minett region was included in the World Network of UNESCO Bisophere Reserves in October 2020.

Geology

Mëllerdall The Geopark Mëllerdall comprises the central part of the synclinal structure of the Trier-Luxembourg Basin, an extension of the Paris Basin to the north-east. The most outstanding formation of the detritic and evaporitic layers (Triassic and Lower Jurassic) is the “Luxembourg Sandstone” (), quartz sandstone with calcareous cement. This up to 100 m thick offshore sandwave complex is only regionally intercalated in the Lorraine normal facies, which is generally fine grained. Today, it constitutes one of the most impressive sandstone landscapes in and forms the center of a small-scaled cuesta landscape, where fluvial and gravitational processes dominate. A high range of geological and geomorphological forms and structures (e.g. sedimentary and weathering structures) tell the geological and geomorphological history of the region. Groundwater circulates through joints and pores of the Luxembourg Sandstone. Due to its long-term continuous discharge and excellent filtering capacities, the region is nearly self-sufficient in the supply of drinking water. Scientific research has included amongst others flash-floods (Pfister et al. 2018), and processes of carbonate cementation (van den Bril & Swennen 2009) and dissolution (Adamovič et al. 2015) of the Luxembourg Sandstone. Minett The Red Rock region comprises three characteristic geological formations of Lower-Middle Jurassic age: The “Minette” ironstone formation (upper Toarcian to Aalenian), the bioclastic limestone “Calcaire de Rumelange” (lower Bajocian) and the black shales referred to as “Schistes bitumineux” (Toarcian). The ironstone formation is characterized by a succession of limestones and siltstones rich in iron oolites and with numerous invertebrate fossils. The ironstones were extracted in open cast and underground mines until 1981. Since then, the abandoned open cast mines have evolved into a cultural landscape comprising a wide variety of biotopes. The “Calcaire de Rumelange” is a regionally important source for construction material. Noteworthy geological features are the presence of large coral patch-reefs, the diversity of marine fossils and also remains (Fayard et al. 2005, Delsate et al. 2018). The black shales represent a lateral equivalent of the well-known “Posidonenschiefer” of Holzmaden (Germany).

53 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

They are particularly rich in well-preserved fossils, justifying an attribution as a “Fossil-Lagerstätte” of international importance. Palaeontological research has been recently conducted on marine reptiles (Vincent et al. 2017) and bony fish (Taverne & Steurbaut 2017), but also insects (Nel & Weis 2017).

Geoheritage inventory

In Luxembourg, a legal protection of geological sites is in most cases implicitly provided as they often coincide with biodiversity hotspots (national nature reserves or European Natura2000 network). In rare cases, geological sites are classified as national monuments. However, explicit recognition of the geological heritage of these sites is not yet given, and geoconservation measures yet to be developed. The Minett and the Mëllerdall region started, as a first step, to set up regional inventories of geosites, with a focus on sites representative of the areas’ geodiversity taking into account the scientific, educational and touristic value of the sites. Reinforcing the work capacity of nature conservation agencies and inclusion of geoconservation strategies in the management of the areas greatly contribute to valorize geoheritage as the “natural link” between natural and cultural Heritage. The UNESCO Programmes not only will help to make the local population and their guests aware of the importance of the geological heritage, but will be of use to bring the concept of geoheritage and geoconservation into the focus of the national nature conservation authorities.

References Adamovič J, Mikuláš R, Navrátil T (2015) Spherical and ellipsoidal cavities in European sandstones: a product of sinking carbonate dissolution front. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 59:123-149. Delsate D, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Felten R, Felten G (2018) First thyreophoran dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) of Luxembourg. Geologica Belgica 21:1-2. Fayard JP, Gross N, Lajournade B, Lathuilière B, Vailly G, Weis R. (2005) Fossiles et minéraux de la carrière d’Ottange-Rumelange. Géolor/AGMP; Thionville/Dudelange. Nel A, Weis R (2017) A new damselfly from the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Odonata: Campterophlebiidae). Alcheringa, 41(3):378-382. Pfister L, Faber O, Hostache R et al (2018) Crue éclair du 22 juillet 2016 dans la region de Larochette, report LIST, Luxembourg. https://eau.public.lu/publications/brochures/crueeclair/1812_LIST_BrochureCrueEclair.pdf Taverne L, Steurbaut E (2017) Osteology and relationships of Luxembourgichthys (“Pholidophorus”) friedeni gen. nov. (Teleostei, “Pholidophoriformes”) from the Lower Jurassic of Belgium and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Geologica Belgica 20(1-2):53-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20341/gb.2017.003 Van den Bril K, Swennen R (2009) Sedimentological control on carbonate cementation in the Luxembourg Sandstone formation. Geologica Belgica 12(1-2):3-23 Vincent, P., Weis, R., Kronz, G. Delsate, D. 2017. Microcleidus melusinae, a new plesiosaurian (Reptilia, ) from the Toarcian of Luxembourg. Geological Magazine, p. 1-18, published online 18 October 2017. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756817000814

54 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Hydrogeological geosites in the Amur Region (Russia): scientific assesment and protection Tatiana Ivanova1

1 A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), 74, Sredny prospect, 199106, St. Petersburg, Russia, e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Amur Region, hydrogeological geosite, mineral water spring.

There is a lot of diverse geosites in the Amur Region (paleontological, geomorphical, hydrological etc.). Among them the objects of hydrogeological type are especially notable due to their curative importance for people. They represent natural outflows of groundwater to the surface; unique discharge rate in some cases; ion-salt, gas composition and (or) temperature. Some geosites are within different protected areas, and they have the official status of regional or local significance. However, this does not provide their protection. The springs located primarily in the resorts, where maximum water consumption for the well takes place, are of particular concern. Springs dried out, or water in them changed its composition under intensive human activity. To preserve mineral water spring the following conditions should be maintained: the volume of mineral water production near the spring should not exceed the appropriate limit, the spring buffer zone should include the groundwater discharge area, monitoring of groundwater in the site area should be organized.

Introduction

An intensive extraction of mineral raw materials is carried out in the area of the Amur region. Many mineral deposits have been explored there, some of them are being exploited now. Geological investigations have been carried out in the territory of the region for many years. These studies also focus on the protection of the environment, including geosites. Hydrological geosites are very diverse in the Amur Region. There are many waterfalls, lakes, mineral water springs and aufeises. According to many researchers the most interesting of these are mineral water springs. There are more than 50 mineral water springs in total in the Amur Region. The majority of these hydrogeosites in the territory of the Amur Region are of regional and local official status. Most of them are under regional authorities’ protection but the Amur region is the site of industrial development and it is difficult to protect mineral water springs from anthropogenic influence completely. Main notable and famous hydrogeosites are Gonzhinsky spring is situated near of the Gonzha railway station, in the basin of the Chalaya river. It is located in the southeastern part of the Gonzhinsky hydrogeological massif, composed of pre- metamorphic and intrusive formations broken through by Early Quaternary intrusions and subvulcanic bodies. Spring discharge is 0.09-0.5 l/s. There are three hydromineral water zones at a depth up to 200 m. Water of the first zone contains high amount of CO2 (2-3.5 g/l); its TDS is ~ 3.5 g/l, the basic chemical type is hydrocarbonate calcium-magnium. Trace elements (mg/l) are: Cu (0.02-0.26), Mn (0.03-3.0), V (up to 0.14), Cr (up to 0.5). Gas composition: CO2, H2S, CH4, N. Water of the second zone contains high amount of CO2 (up to 3 g/l), TDS – 5.4-8.9 g/l, basic chemical type is hydrocarbonate sodium-magnesium-calcium. Water contains (mg/l): Mg (1.13) and V (0.169). The third zone contains hydrogen carbonate-sodium water with very low carbon dioxide (0.1-2.5 g/l), its TDS – 0.2-1 g/l. The amount of silica and iron is increased in all zones. There is a balneological hospital operates the Gonzhinsky spring since 1969. Water under the trademark "Amurskaya" is available at commercial market. Gonzhinsky spring has regional level of significance. Kisloozersky spring is located on the right bank of the Urkan river – the right-bank tributary of Zeya river. It is a small lake stretched along the valley of the stream. The lake has an irregular (pear-shaped) shape. The long axis of the lake (about 60 m) is oriented from southeast to northwest. The width of the lake is 20 m at the northwestern tip and 40 m at its southeastern tip. The shores are low and gentle. The depth of the lake varies from 0.2 m to 0.8-1.2 m. The water tastes sour-bitter. The water temperature varies from + 0.5-1.0 °C at the eastern tip to + 10-12 °C at the western tip of the lake. The bottom of the

55 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

lake is viscous due to the presence of a sufficiently powerful layer of 0.5-2.0 m sapropels. Trace elements are; Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Co, V. It is interesting subject for future precise study. In winter, the lake does not completely freeze due to the unloading of mineral groundwater into it. Groundwater unloading, circulation and feeding conditions of the lake determine geological-structural and climatic features, namely, the preservation of fine-island permafrost here. In this area the drainage of the waters from the oxidation zone of intrusive rocks with sulfide ores is going on. This explains high level of mineralization of groundwater and its specific chemical composition. The water is light, odorless, weakly salty. Basic chemical type is sulphate-calcium (magnesium) with high content of iron and silicic acid. TDS is 0.2 - 2.9 g/l, trace elements are: Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Co, V. Additional chemical study of this spring is needed. Persky spring is located in the basin of Big Pera river, near the Svobodny city. This mineral water spring is associated with quaternary sand and gravel deposits. During autumn when level of water is low, there are some funnels with ascending group spring on the right bank of the Pera river. Mineral water has nitrogen and carbon dioxide, its TDS is 0.1-0.2 g/l, basic chemical type is hydrocarbon- chloride calcium-sodium. Further investigation of this spring is suggested. Byssin spring is located on the left bank of the Byssa river (160 km from its mouth), 80 km from the Fevralsk railway station. The Byssin spring is confined to the southwestern side of the graben, which lies on the Paleozoic crystalline base of the Turan ledge of the Bureinsky massif. Thermomineral water forms a dome and water-spreading zone in overlapping quaternary sediments elongated along the valley of the river Byssa. Water temperature in Summer is 42-43 °C, in Winter – 19 °C, TDS is up to 450 mg/l with nitrogen (96.2%), its basic chemical type is hydrocarbon-chloride-sulphate sodium, with smell of H2S. Water contains (mg/l): F – up to 300; Si – up to 73.6; CO2 – 24. Trace elements are: As, Mn, Ti, Ga, V, Cr, Mo, Li, Cu. Aquifer is at a depth of 110-235 m, inflow (from three wells) – 17.4 l/s. People use this mineral water for the treatment of rheumatism, gastric, cardio, skin and some other diseases. Byssinsky spring has federal official status. Ignashin spring is located near Ignashino village, in the Ignashikha River Valley (left-bank tributary of the Amur River). Several mineral water springs are accumulated on the area of 100 m2 in the schistosity zone of pyritized aleurolites of the Ulduguchinskaya formation of the upper Triassic (?) near their tectonic contact with Jurassic sandstones. The main spring is equipped with well. Self-discharge is 1.5 l/s. Water temperature is +1°C. Basic chemical type is hydrocarbonate-sulfate, calcium-magnesium- sodium. Mineral water TDS is 2.2 g/l, water contains CO2 (2.8 g/l). The spring had been discovered and later in 1891-1941 a balneological resort had been developed. Nowadays water is used to treat some diseases by local citizens only. This mineral water spring has local official status. Conclusion Particular attention should be paid to the problem of hydrogeosites preservation. Most geosites are within protected areas and they have the official status of regional or local nature monuments. However, this does not solve the problem of their protection. The springs located primarily in the resorts with high water consumption from wells has been are of particular concern. Some of mineral water springs are strongly affected by anthropogenic influence. To preserve the hydrogeosites in their original state, the following conditions should be maintained:  the intake area should not exceed the amount of mineral water supply;  the spring buffer zone should include the groundwater discharge area;  monitoring of groundwater in the site area should be organized.

References Melnikov A.V., Yusupov D.V., Melnikov V.D. Geological monuments and notable nature objects of the Amur region/ Blagovestchensk, 2012, 148 p. (in Russian). Inventoryof natural monuments of the Amur Region, 2018 (in Russian) YU. Gafarov, Y. Darman, S. Titova Protected natural areas of the Amur Region (handbook) Blagoveshchensk, WWF (2013), 88 p. (in Russian) http://amuroopt.ru/oopt/zakazniki/

56 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Registration and assessment of geosites: Results and implications of a Norwegian study Tine L. Angvik1, Rolv Magne Dahl1, Lars Erikstad2 & Tom Heldal1

1 The Geological survey of Norway (NGU), P.O. Box 6315 Torgarden 7491 Trondheim, Norway, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), P.O. Box 5685 Torgarden, NO-7485 Trondheim, e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords:geoheritage, geosite, land-use management, methodology.

Introduction

What happens when geosites disappear because of human activities such as infrastructure development? The Norwegian Nature Diversity Act of 2009 states that nature diversity, including geological diversity, should be considered in land-use management. However, no systems have made sure that geosites are assessed, e.g., in environmental impact assessments. Many qualitative, quantitative, and qualitative-quantitative methods have been developed for value assessment of geosites (e.g., Brilha, 2016, Brocx and Semeniuk, 2011; Crofts et al., 2020; Reynard and Brilha, 2018). Erikstad (2013) pointed out the importance of synergies between general geoconservation and geopark/ geotourism activities in developing strategies for registration of geosites. Considering this, the justification of our study is to develop a method that provides information applicable as decision support for land use planners, policy makers, landowners and tourism industry. We have developed a descriptive method building on a framework and a workflow for value assessment to systematically collect data from sites of geological diversity and geological heritage, while focusing on unbiased comparisons.

Results

The study was based on literature studies on geodiversity and geoheritage issues combined with bio- conservation practice and framework for registration of biotopes in the Norwegian Nature Diversity Act. The model has been tested by using fieldwork studies, implemented to a selection of geosites in Norway and Sweden. The method is composed of a consistent system of mapping and registration in three main steps, shown in Table 1A, B and C.

Conclusions

We suggest an assessment portfolio inspired by international studies and terms adjusted to the Norwegian environmental impact assessment systems (Halvorsen et al. 2020; Miljødirektoratet, 2020). A consistent and unbiased inventory framework for geosites provides a better knowledge base for decision makers in land-use management issues. However, the descriptive basis for evaluation of qualitative aspects must be solid and reproduceable. The arguments for each criterion should be well explained into details, for future reinterpretations. Future work must aim at reducing subjectivity due to incomplete data. Table 1: A) Assessment order and belonging content. B) The criteria and statement of value. The bold text are the main criteria, and the subordinate text are under-criteria to the text above. C) The statement of value is a two-dimensional plot based on the main criteria and come out with a value of local, regional, national and international level.

57 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

A) Assessment: Descriptive part Inventory part Analytical part Statement of value Name Earth system Scientific value Local Location Scale level Adventure value Regional Photos Themes Educational National Type of locality Ages value International Geomorphological and Ecosystem services geological description Recommended use B) Criteria: Scientific value Educational value Adventure value Representativeness Relevance Associated values Scientific quality Educational quality Adventure quality Uniqueness Observation quality Observable features Integrity Integrity Integrity Rarity Aesthetic quality Type locality Intactness Publications Impressiveness Distinctness C) Statement of value:

References Brilha, J. (2016). Inventory and Quantitative Assessment of Geosites and Geodiversity Sites: a Review Geoheritage (2016) 8:119–134 Brocx, M. and Semeniuk, V. (2011). Assessing geoheritage values: a case study using the Leschenault Peninsula and its Leeward Estuarine , south-western . Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 132, 115-130 Crofts, R. et al. (2020). Guidelines for geoconservation in protected and conserved areas. Best practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 31. Gland, Switzerland: IUNC. Erikstad, L. (2013). Geoheritage and geodiversity management – the questions for tomorrow. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, Vol. 124, Issue 4, Pages 713-719. Halvorsen, R., et al. (2020) Towards a systematics of ecodiversity: The EcoSyst framework. – Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 29: 1887-1906 Miljødirektoratet (2020). Veileder M-1941; Konsekvensutredninger for klima og Miljø. https://www.miljodirektoratet.no/myndigheter/arealplanlegging/konsekvensutredninger/. Accessed 30 March 2021. Reynard, E. and Brilha, J. (2018). Geoheritage; Assessment, Protection and Management. Elsevier Inc.

58 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Polluted karst underground of Mountainous Croatia Valerija Butorac1, Ruđer Novak2 & Nenad Buzjak3

1 Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19/II, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia, [email protected] 2 Zagreb Speleological Union, Radićeva 23, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, [email protected] 3 Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19/II, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia, [email protected]

Keywords: cave diversity, endangered, geodiversity, GIS analysis.

AAbout half of the territory of Croatia is composed of soluble rock on which karst relief has developed. The main characteristic of the karst surface is the absence of drinking water on the surface, i.e. water circulation through underground karst channels, endokarst. The most significant geomorphological forms of this relief, caves and pits, often have an important hydrological function and act as groundwater conductors from the surface to underground and vice versa (Novak & Butorac, 2020). High geodiversity is also an important feature of the Dinaric karst. The distribution of speleological objects, the depth and length of underground channels, and the quantity and diversity of geomorphological forms in speleological objects make the Croatian underground space of extremely high scientific and educational value (Buzjak et al., 2017). Several anthropogenic sources of pollution threatening the preservation of the karst underground have been identified, but one clearly stands out, and that is waste disposal in the karst underground (Fig.1). The main source of waste disposal in karst underground of Mountainous Croatia is a household waste disposal of the settlement population in the study area. The aim of this work is to present the current state of caves as part of the geodiversity in Mountainous Croatia. On the other hand, based on the discovered threats, the aim of this work is to create a possible rehabilitation model that corresponds to the current legislative and spatial planning framework.

Fig. 1. Polluted cave Pavlovica

Mountainous Croatia (Fig. 2) is a physical geographical region of Croatia that includes areas higher than 500 m and covered with climazonal vegetation of mountainous areas. Mountainous Croatia includes a large part of the Dinaric Karst region of Croatia and has significant geodiversity and cave density due to its karstic nature. The Dinaric karst is the predominant landscape type in the Dinaric mountains, covering approximately 60 000 km2 and forming the largest contiguous karst landscape in Europe. The

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Croatian part of the Dinaric karst consists mainly of Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks, mainly limestones and dolomites. There are also flysch pockets of Eocene age, which are important for karst hydrography and hydrology (Mihevc et al., 2010). The high degree of karstification and the diversity of surface and underground geomorphological features in the Dinaric karst are the result of the specific environmental conditions in this part of Europe, such as the thickness of the carbonate sediments, the altitude of the area and the lithological diversity of the carbonates (Gams I., 1969). It is also the area with the smallest population density in Croatia. Although it is sparsely populated, there are some intense anthropogenic pressures in the study area, such as pollution of the karst underground.

Fig. 2. Location of the study área. Thanks to the voluntary speleological initiative "Clean Underground", the Croatian cadastre of polluted caves was used as the primary input for the GIS analysis of the spatial density and spatial distribution of polluted caves, as well as for the prioritization of cave rehabilitation. The Croatian cave cadastre and DEM were used to quantify caves as part of geodiversity. An analysis of the legal framework for the protection of geodiversity and caves was carried out, as well as an analysis of regional and local spatial planning regulations.

References Buzjak N, Bočić N, Marković-Vukadin I (2017) Georaznolikost, geobaština i geoturizam Hrvatske – stanje i izazovi. In: Buzjak N, Paar D (eds) Međunarodni znanstveno-stručni skup “Georaznolikost, geobaština i geoturizam u krškim područjima” Perušić, 18. – 19.02.2017., Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet, Geografski odsjek, Javna ustanova za upravljanje zaštićenim područjima i drugim zaštićenim dijelovima prirode na području Zagrebačke županije “Zeleni prsten”, 5-6. Gams I (1969) Some Morphological Characteristics of the Dinaric Karst. The Geographical Journal 135 (4): 563- 572. Mihevc A, Prelovšek M, Zpan Hajna N (2010) Introduction to the Dinaric karst. Karst Research Institute at ZRC SAZU, Postojna. Novak R, Butorac V (2020) Onečišćeni speleološki objekti Republike Hrvatske. Geografski horizont 66 (2): 33- 44.

60 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geodiversity Model of Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand Vladyslav Zakharovskyi1 & Károly Németh1

1 School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, e-mail*: [email protected]

Keywords: Geoheritage, Volcano Geology, Geo-cultural, Valorization, Alteration.

Coromandel Peninsula is a narrow (~40-km) NW-SE-trending, about 100km-long peninsula separating the Bay of Plenty from the Hauraki Gulf in the North Island of New Zealand. Its Mesozoic greywacke- dominated basement hosts Miocene-to-Pliocene andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcanoes in the western and central parts and Pliocene silicic calderas in its eastern locations (Hayward 2017). Pliocene basaltic volcanoes form geo-culturally significant sites in the NW of the peninsula and the Islands group (Hayward 2017). The region has rich Maori cultural heritage as well as mining heritage from the early European settlement time. The region’s geology is strongly influenced by the effect of immediate and prolonged post-volcanic activity, creating a great variety of rock alteration features, mineralization and landforms. Coromandel Peninsula is also considered as hotspots of tourism and biosphere conservation programs. The post-pandemic economic downfall impacted the region heavily, but it still stands as a top New Zealand tourism destination. While tourism and biotic nature research are abundant from the region, beside core geological researches, no geoheritage or geodiversity research has been conducted yet in the area. However, Coromandel Peninsula is a prime location to explore and develop geodiversity from multiple directions. Here we present a preliminary conceptual framework to highlight the geodiversity of the region. Geodiversity is a complex definition, which has the number of meanings (Brilha et al, 2018). Some people think that geodiversity is just the number of geological features in a particular area, while others claim that processes and climate have to be included in this paradigm as well as all evidence of biological and human activities. Despite the fact that the first time this definition (geodiversity) was mentioned by Federico Alberto Daus (Argentinian geographer) in the 1940s (cf. Serrano & Ruiz-Flano), it had a different meaning compared to current understanding. Grey (2004) concluded with a core definition of geodiversity as it is a measure of complex data on the Earth's history, tectonics, minerals, rocks, sediments, fossils, landforms and geomorphological processes and . Later, this definition has been extended by Kozlowski (2004) with surface water, endogenic and exogenic systems, and human activity. Grey (2005) also wrote a list of values of geodiversity which demonstrate its importance for studying in collaboration with other fields. Later, new measurable variables were added such as geological assemblages, relationships, properties, interpretations, and systems within the full spectrum of Earth Sciences to complete the definition. Based on the mentioned studies, Serrano & Ruiz-Flano (2007) advised to pay more attention to the scale of the study of geodiversity apart from its meaning and scope. We provide below a tabular (Table 1) form of proposed geodiversity measuring system tailored to the Coromandel Peninsula. We separate main geodiversity values that form the core of the region geological and geomorphological aspects from those impacted or developed over what we define as additional values. Our approach fulfills the criteria outlined by others but is also progressive as it provides room to develop and apply it to the GIS environment.

References Brilha, J., Gray, M., Pereira, D. I., & Pereira, P. (2018). Geodiversity: An integrative review as a contribution to the sustainable management of the whole of nature. & Policy, 86, 19-28. Gray, M. (2005). Geodiversity and Geoconservation: What, Why, and How? Geodiversity & Geoconservation. 22/3, 4-12. Gray, M. (2008). Geodiversity: developing the paradigm. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 119, 287- 298. Hayward, B.W. (2017) Out of the ocean into the fire. History in the rocks, fossils and landforms of Auckland, Northland and Coromandel. Geoscience Society of New Zealand, Lower Hutt, NZ. ISBN 978-0-473-39596-4, pp. 336. Kozłowski, S. (2004). Geodiversity. The concept and scope of geodiversity. Przegląd Geologiczny. 52. 8/2.

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Serrano, E., & Ruiz-Flano P. (2007). Geodiversity. A theoretical and applied concept. Geographica Helvetica Jg. 62, 140-146.

Table 1. Table of the proposed conceptual framework of geodiversity of Coromandel Peninsula.

Objects Elements Subject

Morphology and Valley Network Definition of landform categories, valley network

Main Values General topography of region and slope angle categories Geology and Geomorphology Rock and Fossils Types Spatial representation and weight value assignments Definition of the rocks, fossils and their ages of specific rock/fossil types

Volcano types Application of volcano geology model to calderas, Definition of the volcano types recorded in the field intermediate stratovolcanoes and small monogenetic volcanoes (assignment of values)

Caves Measuring numbers and types of caves as well as Identification of caves their spatial distribution pattern

Alteration and Weathering and Mineralization Application of weathering index to surface areas, Definition of alteration and weathering types assignment of number density of altered and weathers surfaces and mineralisation types

Structural elements Spatial measurement of the types and abundances of Definition of faults and folds in the context of the region the structural elements structural geology

Soil – Mass movement Categorization and valorization of soil types and Identifying type, distribution and mass movement mass movements with spatial representation

Drainage network Measuring of drainage pattern, assigning values of Additional Identifying the drainage pattern and types (links to the water production Values “Valley network” but measuring the current runoff Hydrology - Hydrosphere pattern)

Lakes - Swamps - Marshland Spatially assigning values of swamp in respect of Identifying their locations their geological entity

Coastal Hydrosphere Defining the values associated with specific coastal Identifying coast types, tidal zones and shallow marine environment environment

Geothermal and Hot Spring Region Associating values of their significance in Location and definition of their types geological context

Climate Weather Pattern, Wind Pattern Sunny Hours Categorization of weather patterns in geological Identification of weather pattern, seasonality and context with special reference to orogenic rain fall paleoclimate data, temperature variation and sun exposure data

Biological Footprint Modern Biological Impact on Rocks and Soils Categorization of biological footprint types (marine, Identifying biological footprint types domestic/wild animals and humans)

Human Footprint Human Occupation Sites and Archaeology Categorization of archaeological values and spatial Identification of type of archaeological sites, human representation of them. activities, cultural horizons and geological tool mastering and trading

Mining and Natural Resource Utilization Categorization of ore and economic geology sites of Identification of ore types, distribution and exploitation the region through history

62 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

The HSGME (Greece) Geosites geoinformation system Zananiri Irene1, Barsaki Vasiliki1 & Moraiti Evgenia1

1 Hellenic Survey of Geology and Mineral Exploration (HSGME), 1 Spirou Loui str., 13677 Acharnae, Attica, Greece. e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

Keywords: geodatabase, geodiversity, geosite, GIS, inventory.

Introduction

During more than 40 years of activity and participation in numerous research projects, the Hellenic Survey of Geology and Mineral Exploration [HSGME – former Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (IGME)] has carried out extensive work in the systematic recording of the geological heritage of Greece (Drandaki 2009; Moraiti 2016). As a result, a vast amount of data has been collected about geosites, geotrails and geoparks, along with a large background information. In this context, more than 1400 sites have been recorded in the Greek territory [Fig. 1(left)], many of which have been classified as of "National Importance" [Fig. 1(right)] and form the basis of the relevant national registry compiled by the Working Group of the Ministry of Environment and Energy. Moreover, geotrails have been thoroughly mapped in nine (9) areas and several more are planned. Finally, six areas are nominated UNESCO Global Geoparks (Chelmos-Vouraikos, Lesvos Island, Psiloritis, Sitia, Vikos-Aoos, Grevena- Kozani), while Lavreotiki region in Attica (https://geoparklavreotiki.gr) and Kefalonia-Ithaca Ionian island complex (www.kefaloniageopark.gr) are under evaluation.

The HSGME GIS database

During the past 20 years, management of available information was carried out by means of an ArcGIS geodatabase. For those data to be readily available and used by local authorities, and the native and foreign broader public, incorporating recent information, trends and protocols, a need for standardization and harmonization was imminent. Towards this scope, in the frame of the ongoing “GEOINFRA” project (funding NSRF, 2019-2023) the geodatabase is updated, complemented by additional datasets, and transformed into a complete geoinformation system, designed not only for storage and managements of data, but also for new data generation, analysis and dissemination of information. The new HSGME Geosites-Geotrails-Geoparks database (HSGME_GGG.db), used for storage, management, analysis and cartographic representation of the Survey’s geosite data, was designed as a normalized schema and implemented in an ESRI ArcGIS file geodatabase, using layers and related tables, annotations, raster datasets and relations (topology). Data –identifying geological details and secondary supporting information – are organized in ten feature datasets, listed below, as well as raster datasets (e.g., DEM):  Topography [point data and polylines onshore and offshore (bathymetry)]  MapFrames (the HSGME Geological maps at a 1:50K scale and frames of other datasets)  Geosites (point, line, polygon features)  Geotrails (line features)  Geoparks (polygon features of UNESCO Global Geopark)  AdministrativeUnits (polygon features of administrative units in four levels: prefectures, regional units, municipalities, local communities)  Infrastructures (point and line features of: road network, cities – towns – villages, airports – ports, hospitals – schools, museums etc)  Environment (point and polygon features of: protected areas, land use, archaeological sites, etc.)  Additionally, the following feature datasets serve the purpose of data analysis: (a) GeositeEvaluation (point, line and polygon features, including spatial analysis tools for the evaluation of geosites according to recent protocols), (b) DegradationRisk (point, line and

63 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

polygon features, including spatial analysis tools for the evaluation of degradation risk of geosites according to recent protocols)

Fig. 1. Map of recorded geosites-geotrails in Greece (left) and preliminary assessment of geosites (right) - NSRF 2007-2013.

The aforementioned datasets incorporate the corresponding feature classes with all the necessary attributes, using related tables for efficient management and designated domains, INSPIRE-compliant where possible. Additionally, to better serve dissemination of information, images are also included in the geosites attribute table. The integrated management of geospatial information will allow the use of all available information to map geosites and depict areas of interest prior to field work; thus, data from the geological maps of HSGME (scale 1:50K) as well as other studies in various scales (e.g., geomorphological mapping, urban geology), will be introduced to the corresponding feature classes of the database. A characteristic example is the boundaries of the most important granitoids, included as polygons, while their viewpoints will comprise points in the geosites dataset. The spatial distribution of available information extends over the Hellenic onshore territory and EEZ, serving also the systematic incorporation of marine geosites in the future. The EPSG:4326 projection system was chosen to allow the interoperability with international datasets and commercial map products. The database design, vocabulary terms and portrayal rules were determined by the use of existing common European protocols and standards (e.g., ISO 19115, INSPIRE). Auxiliary metadata are INSPIRE-compliant and in accordance with the “IUGS Geosites” (https://geoheritage-iugs.mnhn.fr) and “WDPA-Protected areas” (https://www.protectedplanet.net) e-infrastructures to allow their publication. The HSGME_GGG.db is also equipped with several Toolboxes, designed to serve the specific needs of data search (by location, type, name, map), analysis and processing: e.g., Eval.tbx [geosites and complementary data (e.g. Infrastructures, Environment) manipulation to grade each site] and Degrad.tbx (GIS-based evaluation of degradation risk). Moreover, data layers will serve four digital dissemination products: WMS – WFS services, Android applications, WebGIS, Story Maps. By completion of the aforementioned project, HSGME database – updated and complemented by additional data – will function as a source of information for every use: public/private sector, local authorities, and the broader public, at a national and international level, towards the development, planning and conservation of nature, environmental education and tourism.

References Drandaki I (2009). 3rd C.S.F. Project: Geosites – Geoparks, contribution to sustainable development. IGME Publications (in Greek), pp 40. Moraiti E (2016) A thorough report on the IGME database of geosites – geoparks. IGME Publications (in Greek), pp 166.

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MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION

X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Assessing the geological heritage of the Mancha Húmeda Biosphere Reserve under climate change effects with focus on the El Taray pond (Cuenca, Spain) África de la Hera-Portillo1, Leticia Baena-Ruíz2, David Pulido-Velázquez2, Antonio Juan Collados- Lara2 & Juan de Dios Gómez-Gómez3

1 Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME, Geological Survey of Spain). Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain. e-mail: [email protected]; 2 Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME, Geological Survey of Spain), Urb. Alcázar del Genil, 4. Edificio Zulema, bajo, 18006 , Spain. e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; 3 Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME, Geological Survey of Spain), C/La Calera, 1, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain. e-mail: [email protected];

Keywords: geoconservation, geological heritage, Mancha Húmeda Biosphere Reserve (MHBR), climate change, El Taray.

Geological heritage of the Mancha Húmeda Biosphere Reserve (MHBR)

The MHRB compiles a geological heritage of great wealth, in which the interrelation between aquifers, rivers and wetlands stands out in a particular way. The latter ones constitute more than a hundred surface water bodies of wide geodiversity, attending to lithological, geomorphological, functional aspects, and other aspects. (De la Hera, 2003). Geological settings El Taray Pond is located within the border of the Mancha Occidental II groundwater body (GWB) (Fig. 1A) close to the Sierra de Altomira GWB. The latest is formed by two permeable carbonate units: a Miocene unconfined aquifer is located above the Cretaceous aquitard, which itself overlays a deep Jurassic confined aquifer.

Groundwater flow model

This work focuses on the future evaluation of the geoconservation of the El Taray pond (Cuenca) (Fig. 1) through the analysis of the effects of climate change on the groundwater level in the surrounding area. To do this, a flow model (Modflow) of the entire upper Guadiana basin (SURGE, 2018) was used to propagate the climatic scenarios. The model generates a series of local climatic scenarios in which future groundwater levels have been simulated for the horizon 2015-2045 under the emission scenario RCP 8.5 and considering a maintenance of the current pumps. This study is framed within the European project TACTIC (no. 731166).

Fig. 1. Location of Upper Guadiana Basin (A) and Taray Pond (B)

67 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Results

The results of the model indicate that the groundwater levels in this area of the Western Mancha II groundwater body (GWB) will maintain a constant trend (Fig. 2), which points to long-term maintenance of underground discharges. Undoubtedly, the main threat to the preservation of the water surface in this would be the impact of pumping from its surroundings, the more pronounced the closer to the wetland basin.

Fig. 2. Observed and simulated groundwater level in two piezometers near to Taray Pond

These results cannot be extrapolated to other wetlands in the surroundings, since their location will greatly condition the volume of groundwater discharges, and there are areas of the MHBR where a downward trend of this variable is observed, which implies a decrease in the discharge that some wetlands will receive.

Conclusions

The geoconservation of the Laguna de El Taray (Cuenca) will depend, at regional scale, on the volume of extractions in the Sierra de Altomira GWB, the main source of water for the Mancha Occidental II GWB in this sector of the MHRB. At local scale, it will depend on groundwater withdrawals in its immediate surroundings. The impact of these nearby catchments on the water surface of the Taray Pond can be pronounced, as it is a highly vulnerable karst aquifer in the dynamics of groundwater flows. On the other hand, it is not only the amount of groundwater that the wetland will continue to receive that matters, but its quality. The incidence of nitrates also constitutes a threat to preserve the good ecological status of this Lagoon. Adaptation measures aimed at reducing the use of agricultural fertilizers are essential for the good condition of surface and groundwater.

References De la Hera, A (2003) Caracterización de los humedales en la cuenca Alta del Guadiana [Characterization of Upper Guadiana Basin wetlands]. In: Carmen Coleto, Luis Martínez-Cortina y M. Ramón Llamas (ed) Conflictos entre el desarrollo de las aguas subterráneas y la conservación de los humedales: la cuenca alta del Guadiana, Fundación Marcelino Botín, Madrid, pp 165-196 Surge S.L. (2018) Actualización y calibración del modelo de flujo de agua subterránea de los acuíferos del Alto Guadiana (FLUSAG) Ref: TEC0004594, pp 150

68 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Establishing management priorities for Geoconservation in Cajón del Maipo Geopark project, Chile Camilo Vergara Daskam1,2 & Cristóbal Estay Daskam1

1 FUNDESO Cajón del Maipo, San José de Maipo, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] – [email protected] 2 PANGEA Master Program, University of Lille, Lille, France & University of Minho, Braga, Portugal

Keywords: Geoconservation, Geoheritage, Geopark, Inventory, Management

Cajón del Maipo geodiversity and geoheritage

Cajón del Maipo Geopark project is a ~ 5,000 km2 mountainous territory located in the of central Chile, 50 km away from Santiago city, and is one of the most visited tourist destinations in the country. It reaches a maximum altitude of 6,570 masl., and its geology is controlled by the compressive subduction regime between the Nazca and the South American plates. In its rocks, 166 million years of geological history are recorded, and its geodiversity includes: sedimentary and igneous rocks, active and inactive stratovolcanoes, thermal springs, tectonic structures, glacial and fluvial morphologies, landslides, marine fossils, and abandoned mines (Benado, 2013). In the area exists an inventory of geoheritage, which includes 40 geosites in 10 geological thematic areas (Vergara & Estay, 2020). These sites were selected and evaluated using an adaption of Brilha (2016) methodological proposal, involving the quantitative assessment of the three main types of use (scientific, educational, and touristic), and the degradation risk (Fig. 1).

Chile

Fig. 1. Inventory of geosites of Cajón del Maipo aspiring Geopark, located in the Andes of central Chile, South America. The sites are classified by geographical areas and by Geological Thematic Areas.

69 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

As a summary of the results, we can state that:  The territory includes five geosites with Very High Scientific Value (Laguna Negra Lake, La Gloria Pluton, Maipo Volcano - Diamante Caldera, Tupungatito Volcano and Lo Valdés Marine Strata), and five sites with High Scientific Value.  The territory has geological sites with high Touristic and Educational Potential, determined by their singular aesthetic and interpretative potential. At the same time, there is a general trend of lower values related to accessibility and safety conditions. Has been identified four main sources of vulnerability for geoheritage: 1) mining, , and hydraulic infrastructures; 2) massive and non-planned tourism; 3) lack of statutory protection for geological sites; and 4) general illiteracy about geodiversity and geoheritage values.

Fig. 2. Examples of geological sites located in Cajon del Maipo. A) Maipo Volcano (high Scientific Value), B) El Morado Glacier System (high Touristic Potential) C) La Vuelta del Padre (high Educational Potential).

Combining statistical and geographical analysis, and following the recent IUCN Geoconservation Guidelines recommendations (Crofts et al., 2021), the following management priorities were identified for the geoconservation of geosites of Cajon del Maipo:  Research: Is needed to continuously update the inventory of geoheritage, including new geosites and improving characterization of the existing ones.  Protection: To ensure the statutory protection of sites with high Degradation Risk is recommended to create new local and national level protected areas.  Infrastructures: It is necessary to improve conditions of accessibility and to define trails with signage and viewpoints in the areas of high geotouristic potential.  Guide training: It is recommended to develop a regular training program for local geotourism guides, focused on the interpretation of geosites.  Information against geological illiteracy: Is urgent to establish an information center to provide comprehensive information on the geopark and the geosites to visitors. In the next years, these actions must be the framework for developing a local geoheritage management plan, and the basis for the application of Cajon del Maipo as a UNESCO Global Geopark.

References Crofts, R., Tormey, D. & Gordon, J.E. (2021). Introducing New Guidelines on Geoheritage Conservation in Protected and Conserved Areas. Geoheritage 13, 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-021-00552-0 Benado, J. M. (2013). Patrimonio geológico del proyecto geoparque Cajón del Maipo (Región Metropolitana- Chile). Master thesis, University of Minho Brilha, J. (2016). Inventory and quantitative assessment of geosites and geodiversity sites: a review. Geoheritage, 8(2), 119-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-014-0139-3 Vergara, C. and Estay, C. (2020). Cajón del Maipo aspiring UNESCO Global Geopark, Central Chile: Outstanding geological heritage as a tool for local development. Oxford Geoheritage Virtual Conference, Oxford University Museum of Natural History.

70 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Threatened, damaged or destroyed geoheritage – challenge and opportunity in England Colin D. Prosser1

1Natural England, Unex House, Bourges Boulevard, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, UK. Email: [email protected]

Keywords: damaged, destroyed, geoconservation, geoheritage, threat.

Scientific journals including Geoheritage and Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, geoheritage books such as Reynard and Brilha (2018), the magazine Earth Heritage and the promotional material and websites of more than 161 UNESCO Global Geoparks give an overwhelmingly positive picture of global geoheritage and geoconservation activity. They describe spectacular geoheritage features worthy of conservation, innovative geoconservation initiatives, and geosites suitable for research, educational use and geotourism. In contrast, there is ongoing frustration amongst many geoconservation practitioners that the need for geoconservation legislation, policy and action, at a global, national and local level is not widely recognised by politicians and decision makers (e.g. Crofts, 2018). Gray (2013), states that ‘Value + Threat = Conservation need’. The evidence above suggests that significant effort is going into promoting the ‘Value’ element of Gray’s equation. However, there are only a few publications (e.g. Kiernan, 2012; Góis-Marques et al. 2019) which describe threat, damage and destruction of geoheritage. It is argued here that the ‘Threat’ element of Gray’s equation is not been adequately stated and as a result the ‘Conservation need’ for geoheritage is not being recognised by politicians, policy makers and the public. Consequently, the widely held view of the general population that ‘geology is robust and doesn’t need conserving’, still prevails. To geoconservationists, threats to geoheritage, and specifically to geosites, are well known. They may be anthropogenic or natural threats, and include loss of exposure through burial or natural degradation, removal of irreplaceable features or disruption of natural processes (e.g. Gray, 2013; Prosser et al. 2018). Highlighting these threats and developing approaches to deflect and mitigate against them is extremely important. So too is systematically assessing and recording damage or destruction arising from them and capturing the scientific and societal consequences of such loss. The BBC television series The Blue , and its success highlighting plastic pollution in our oceans, illustrates how changes in attitude and positive action can result from the use of well-illustrated real examples of threat and damage. Demonstrating damage to, and destruction of, geoheritage, is unlikely to have the same level of societal impact but would help to support the argument for more effective geoconservation measures. Such arguments will, however, come under intense scrutiny from politicians and decision makers and must be robust and evidence based, being: 1) Based upon systematic monitoring of geosites / features - providing an accurate assessment of the condition of the geosites/ features in question and changes in condition over time and recording the factors which are threatening or impacting on condition. 2) Illustrated with real examples – clearly demonstrating damage to, or destruction of, geosites / features, ideally illustrated with photographic evidence of ‘before’ and ‘after’. 3) Clear about the consequences for science, education, tourism, and society of the damage or destruction which has occurred - what exactly has been damaged or destroyed and why does it matter? In England, the Government has published a 25 Year Plan to improve the environment (HM Government, 2018). One official indicator of the success of this plan is the ‘Condition of heritage features including designated geological sites and Scheduled Monuments’. This indicator puts nationally important geoheritage sites (Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs)) in the spotlight, providing an opportunity to highlight their condition, the threats they face, and the resulting damage and destruction caused. Data collected so far (Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 2020) shows that approximately 60% of designated geoheritage features are in favourable condition, 19% are unfavourable, and 21% are not fully assessed (Fig.1). The reporting process has also revealed

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that many geoheritage features have not been assessed over the last 6 years, and that some data needs further processing before it can be used in a meaningful way.

Favourable 347; 21% Unfavourable - Recovering Unfavourable - No change Unfavourable - Declining 10; 0% Partially destroyed 8; 0% Destroyed 80; 5% Unassessed 94; 6%

1005; 60% 129; 8%

Fig. 7. The condition (by both number and percentage) of 1,326 designated geoheritage features within SSSIs in England. Source: Natural England December 2019.

The high political profile of this indicator and the fact that it highlights both the ‘Threat’ element of Gray’s equation and the need for up-to-date and suitably processed feature assessment data, has already led to new funding being assigned to collecting new data on the condition of geoheritage features. It is hoped that this will lead to greater emphasis, and perhaps more resource, being given to addressing the ‘Conservation need’ of England’s geoheritage.

References Crofts R (2018) Putting Geoheritage Conservation on All Agendas. Geoheritage 10:231–238 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2020) Outcome Indicator Framework for the 25 Year Environment Plan: 2020 update Góis-Marques CA, Elias RB, Steinbauer M, de Nascimento L, Fernández-Palacios JM, Menezes de Sequeira M, Madeira J (2019) The Loss of a Unique Palaeobotanical Site in Terceira Island Within the Azores UNESCO Global Geopark (Portugal). Geoheritage 11, pp 1817–1825 Gray M (2013) Geodiversity: Valuing and Conserving Abiotic Nature. Second ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester HM Government. (2018) A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan to Improve the Environment. HM Government Kiernan K (2012) Impacts of War on Geodiversity and Geoheritage: Case Studies of Karst Caves from Northern Laos. Geoheritage 4, pp 225–247 Prosser CD, Díaz-Martínez E, Larwood JG (2018) The conservation of geosites: principles and practice. In: Reynard E, Brilha J (eds.) (2018) Geoheritage: Assessment, Protection, and Management. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 193-212 Reynard E, Brilha J (eds.) (2018) Geoheritage: Assessment, Protection, and Management. Elsevier, Amsterdam

72 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geodiversity index maps and watersheds as tools to select priority areas: example of the coast of São Paulo, Brazil Debora Silva Queiroz1 & Maria da Glória Motta Garcia1

1 Centre for Research Support on Geological Heritage and Geotourism (GeoHereditas), Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Keywords: Ecosystem services, geodiversity index, land use, quantitative assessment, watershed.

Introduction

Ecosystem services (ES) are the goods and services that nature provides for society. According to Gray (2013), ES provided by geodiversity are divided into five functions: regulating, supporting, provisioning, cultural and knowledge. As this approach to geodiversity is relatively recent, there is no established method of delimiting areas for assessing ES. In this sense, geodiversity index maps can be used as a tool. This cartographic method is interesting because it allows quantitative evaluation of geodiversity by means of a special analysis of the distribution and frequency of the abiotic elements. This research aims to present the process of selection of a pilot area for the evaluation of ecosystem services of geodiversity in the Baixada Santista, central coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The region is marked by Precambrian terranes organised in a NE-SW structural trend due to important shear zones that controlled the geometry of the coastline. Escarpments and lowlands formed in the Cenozoic due to vertical movements and in the Quaternary due to transgressive and regressive movements. Due to the hot and humid climate, Baixada Santista has a dense drainage system subdivided into 21 hydrographic basins that have their own management.

Methodological Procedures

The following steps were used: 1) Preparation of the geodiversity index map of Baixada Santista region. We used the method proposed by Pereira et al. (2013), which is based on a composition of maps of the physical environment integrated into a grid of polygons. Each map generates an intermediate index, which sum results in the geodiversity index. These sub-indices were elaborated from the following maps: geology and mineral resources - Perrotta et al. (2005); geomorphology - Perrotta et al. (2005) and Ross and Moroz (1996); - Oliveira et al. (1999). The values obtained were organized into five classes that represent the geodiversity index: very low, low, medium, high, and very high. 2) Elaboration of the hydrographic basin map. The watershed map was prepared based on Perrotta et al. (2005) and within the limits provided by the Baixada Santista Watershed Committee. 3) Delimitation of the selected area. In this step, the geodiversity index map and the watershed map were superimposed to select the pilot area.

Results

The geodiversity index map was obtained by integrating the sub-indices geology, geomorphology, pedology, and mineral resources. This map shows the high indices of geodiversity are concentrated in the northern and western portion of the Baixada Santista, however, in the upper central part of the map (along the NE-SW direction), there are areas of very high geodiversity. Due to the hot and humid local climate, the watershed map has a dense drainage network divided into 21 basins. When overlapped, the geodiversity index and watershed maps indicated the SW region of the Jurubatuba watershed as the one with the highest index. Therefore, this area was selected to test both qualitative and quantitative methods for the assessment of ecosystem services provided by geodiversity (Fig. 1).

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Fig. 1. Location map of the study area with the geodiversity index map and the selected area.

Discussions and Conclusions

The development of specific methods for assessing ES provided by geodiversity depends on the adequate knowledge and degree of cartographic detailment of the area. In large areas, such as the Baixada Santista, this assessment can be challenging due to heterogeneities and the difficulty of delimiting physical parameters, such as lithology, geological structures and hidrology. Thus, the selection of priority areas may be an interesting approach because it can assist in directing actions. In this sense, the geodiversity index map of Baixada Santista showed to be an important tool to help this selection, as it can be done remotely before fieldwork and highlight areas with high concentration of abiotic elements. The choice of a land management criterion, such as the watershed, is beneficial for the assessment of ecosystem services as it facilitates communication with stakeholders. In addition, in the area of the watershed, different land uses may occur, which may indicate different uses of ES. Therefore, overlapping areas of high geodiversity index with river basins has shown to be an effective tool in the selection of priority areas that can be used in the assessment and conservation of ecosystem services provided by geodiversity.

References Gray M (2013) Geodiversity: Valuing and conserving abiotic nature. Blackwell, London Oliveira, JB, Camargo, MM, Rossi, M, Calderano Filho, B (1999) Mapa Pedológico do Estado de São Paulo. EMBRAPA, Campinas, escala 1:500.000 Pereira, DI, Pereira, P, Brilha, J, Santos, L (2013) Geodiversity Assessment of Paraná State (Brazil): an Innovative Approach. Environmental Management. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0100-2 Perrotta, MM, Salvador, ED, Lopes, RC et al. (2005) Mapa Geológico do Estado de São Paulo. Serviço Geológico do Brasil CPRM, São Paulo, escala 1:750.000 Ross, JLS, Moroz, IC (1996) Mapa Geomorfológico do Estado de São Paulo. São Paulo, escala 1:500.000

74 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Anthropogenic impacts affecting the conservation of the geoheritage of Barranco de los Encantados (Fuerteventura, Canary Islands) Esther Martín-González1, Juana Vegas2, Carmen Romero3, Nieves Sánchez4 & Inés Galindo5

1 Museo de Ciencias Naturales (MCN). OAMC, Cabildo de Tenerife.Tenerife, Spain. [email protected] 2 Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME). Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain. [email protected] 3 Dpto. de Geografía. Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife. Spain. [email protected] 4 Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME). Alonso Alvarado 43 2ºA, 35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Spain. [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Geoconservation, aeolianites, degradation, geoheritage, Fuerteventura.

In the northern part of Fuerteventura Island, several deposits of aeolianites are embedded into a landscape of Pleistocene lava flows and volcanic cones. The supply of coarse-grained, biogenetic sandy shelf material (transported to the island from the littoral) and the continuous accumulation of Saharan dust mainly build up these sedimentary archives (Roettig et al., 2017). One of the most important aeolian deposits is the Barranco de los Encantados Site, which is part of the “Quaternary fossiliferous aeolian deposits of the Jable de Lajares” geosite included into the Spanish Inventory of Geological Sites of Interest (IELIG, acronym in Spanish). Five sedimentary units aged between 342.8 and 215.5 ky (Roettig et al., 2020) have been identified in this aeolianites. Fossil terrestrial gastropods associations of different stratigraphic levels have provided important data for the reconstruction of palaeoclimatic conditions and palaeobiological changes that occurred along the Pleistocene (Yanes et al., 2011). Since 1993 this geosite has been used as part of the internship itineraries of palaeontology students of La Laguna University, so it is also an important didactic resource in Fuerteventura. The sedimentary deposits that fills Barranco de los Encantados site constitutes a geoheritage asset of palaeoclimatic, sedimentological and palaeontological interest, which have conditioned their declaration in 2004 as Cultural Interest Asset in the category of ‘Palaeontological Zone’ by the heritage legislation of the Canary Islands. The easternmost part of the Barranco de los Encantados site has been traditionally exploited for aggregate mining, removing an important volume of the sedimentary deposits, as well as causing irreversible changes in landforms. The quarry generated an artificial widening of the stream channel that increases the runoff erosion due to rainwater and wind. Luckily, the extractive activity has ended in 2020, although there has been no restoration of the area. The extraordinary sedimentary formations found in this site and its singular and scenic landforms have become fashionable in recent years and more and more people (local and international visitors) are accessing these outcrops, exerting strong pressure on this natural environment (Fig. 1). Some of these uncontrolled visitors have made engravings on the sandy structures, some quite deep that only natural erosion can eliminate after a long period. Also, another major impact on geosite is the transit of bicycles, motorcycles and vehicles to motorcycles that originate deep gullies and break the most fragile ledges of sedimentary formations. These conditions have increased in recent years, but it has been specially during the last pandemic year (2020) that a higher incidence has been observed doubt to increase of local visitors who do not value or care for the environmental, as has happened in other natural areas that have been easily accessible to visitors. All these impacts are derived from the lack of management of this geosite, which is declared a Palaeontological Zone by regional legislation. The lack of panels warning that it is a protected area together with the lack of a conservation plan make this geosite a very degraded site today. It is very urgent to act on this geosite to avoid its destruction and the loss of its heritage value. In 2021 the local association AMAIFA (Association for the Maintenance of Areas of Interest of Fuerteventura in Abandonment) has been promoting awareness among the local and regional authorities and society in Fuerteventura island. They have also contacted the ‘Save a Rock’ Spanish program to join forces and promote its conservation.

75 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

A B

C D

Figure 1. Human impacts in the Barranco de los Encantados geosite (Fuerteventura, Canary Islands). A. Abandoned sand quarry; B. Motorcycle prints; C and D. vandalism engravings into the Pleistocene aeolian deposits.

Acknowledgments This research is part of LIGCANARIAS Project (ProID2017010159) that has been funded by the Canary Islands Agency for Research, Innovation and Information Society (ACIISI) of the Government of the Canary Islands, cofinanced by the Operational Programs FEDER and FSE of Canarias 2014-2020.

References Roettig C-B, Kolb T, D, Baumgart P, Richter C, Schleicher A, Zöller L, Faust D (2017) Complexity of aeolian dynamics (Canary Islands). , Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 472:146–162. Roettig C-B, Kolb T, Zöller L, Zech M, Faust D (2020) A detailed chrono-stratigraphical record of Canarian archives – interplay of sand supply and volcanism. Journal of Arid Environments 183(1):104240. https://doi.10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104240. Yanes, Y, García-Alix, A, Asta, M.P., Ibáñez, M., Alonso, M.R., Delgado, A. (2013) –Holocene environmental conditions in Lanzarote (Canary Islands) inferred from calcitic and aragonitic land snail shells and bones. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 378:91–102.

76 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geomorphological heritage of sandstone areas in SW Poland – conservation and interpretation issues Filip Duszyński1 & Piotr Migoń1

1 Institute of Geography and Regional Development, University of Wrocław, pl. Uniwersytecki 1, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland. E- mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Blockfields, Climate change, Geodiversity, Mass wasting, Periglacial.

Introduction

Sandstone terrains represent some of the most scenic rock-cut landscapes (Härtel et al., 2007; Young et al., 2009). Several iconic landforms and landscapes, such as those of the Colorado Plateau (USA), domed inselbergs of Uluru, Kata Tjuta in central Australia, Danxia sceneries of China, dissected uplands of Tassilli and Ennedi in central Sahara, or rock cities in northern Czechia, are built of sandstones. In this presentation we provide an overview of sandstone landscapes and landforms present in the south- western part of Poland, within the mountain range of the Sudetes. Although lacking grandeur of their North American or Chinese counterparts, they show considerable diversity of form resultant from the diversity of geological settings and process variability. Their scenic value was appreciated as early as the late 18th century (Migoń, Latocha 2013; Migoń 2016), whereas recent intensification of geomorphological research increased our understanding of their scientific value, providing good opportunities to develop geoeducation and geotourism.

Diversity of sandstone terrains

Five main sandstone areas can be distinguished in the Sudetes. In each case sandstones are part of the Upper Cretaceous sedimentary succession of shallow marine origin (Wojewoda, 1997), although they are not lithologically identical, ranging from almost pure quartz arenites of considerable rock mass strength to weak arkose and calcareous sandstones varieties. Another key control is the style of Cenozoic tectonics that deformed sandstone successions in various structural styles. Consequently, these five areas are geomorphologically different and complementary in terms of rock–landform relationships: a) Stołowe Mountains tableland – this is the most known and most scenic sandstone area, abundant in rock-controlled landforms at the variety of scales (Migoń and Duszyński, 2018). Highlights include kilometre-long cliffed escarpments, residual plateaus and mesas (some of them affected by spectacular mass movement phenomena), rock labyrinths, groups of hoodoo rocks (‘rock mushrooms’), diverse weathering phenomena, block-covered slopes, and unusual clusters of boulders far away from in situ sandstone outcrops. There are also multiple examples of interactions between people and resources offered by sandstone terrains (Migoń and Latocha 2013). b) Zawory – a cuesta-type escarpment, with interesting examples of minor cliffs, hoodoo rocks and mass movements (landslides, block gliding). c) Pogórze Kaczawskie hilly land – subdued cuesta-type escarpments due to ice-sheet remodeling, rock cliffs, boulder fields, non-karstic caves, silification and ferruginization phenomena. Spectacular anthropic landforms (disused quarries) are known from the area. d) Wleń Graben – inverted relief, with sandstone-capped hills in the central part of the graben. e) Bystrzyckie Mountains – rock cliffs, vast planar surfaces, large landslides.

Conservation

The conservation values of some of the sandstone areas mentioned above have long been recognized and also various forms of protection have been implemented over time. The Stołowe Mountains National Park was established in 1993, the primary reason for protection being geoheritage. However, subsequent

77 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

intensification of research in the broad field of biology has led to better appreciation of biotic values, with the resultant conflict between needs of protection versus access to some important geosites. Thus, some parts of the National Park are off-limits, whereas others are temporarily closed. The Park suffers from over-tourism, which shows considerable degree of spatial and temporal concentration, representing major management challenge. In the remaining sandstone area nature protection is weak and limited to one in the Zawory area and a few specific localities declared by law as nature monuments. On the other hand, the level of visitations is also much less than in the Stołowe Mountains National Park, although some localities close to larger towns suffer from vandalism and rock defacing, the weak sandstone being particularly prone to this kind of impact. From the perspective of geotourism and appreciation of geoheritage values uncontrolled vegetation growth is a problem, as it limits access to sites and does not allow to examine them in context. However, examples of both purposeful vegetation clearance to expose rock formations and long-term neglect can be provided.

Challenges in interpretation

Sandstone terrains in the Sudetes are all fairly well accessible and have good potential to develop geoeducation and geotourism, being also attractive to casual visitors because of their unusually shaped rock landforms. Geoeducation is part of management strategy in the Stołowe Mountains National Park, where the offer of both educational trails and publications/web-resources is constantly enlarged. The Pogórze Kaczawskie hilly land is partly included in the territory of the Land of Extinct Volcanoes Aspiring Geopark, and several localities with sandstone outcrops and landforms are presented as geosites. However, several challenges regarding the means and language of communication have to be addressed while developing geo-interpretation. These may be summarized as follows: - how to divert attention from fancy shapes of rocks to better understanding of form and process. - how to show and explain processes which are poorly visible but crucial for landscape evolution, such as subterranean erosion (Duszyński et al., 2016). - how to successfully utilize high-resolution DEMs, available for the area, for more informed interpretation. - how to make exciting stories from slow, gradual processes which dominate in the region.

References Duszyński F, Migoń P, Kasprzak M (2016) Underground erosion and sand removal from a sandstone tableland, Stołowe Mountains, SW Poland. Catena 147: 1–15 Härtel H, Cílek V, Herben T, Jackson A, Williams R (eds) (2007) Sandstone Landscapes. Academia, Praha Migoń P (2016) Rediscovering geoheritage, reinventing geotourism – 200 years of experience from the Sudetes, . In: Hose TA (ed) Appreciating Physical Landscapes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 417, pp 215–228 Migoń P, Duszyński F (2018) Process – form relationship in the Stołowe Mountains tableland (Central Europe) – an example of strong lithostructural control on geomorphic systems of medium-altitude mountains. Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica 51–52: 155–178 Migoń P, Latocha A (2013) Human interactions with the sandstone landscape of Central Sudetes. Applied Geography 42: 206–216 Wojewoda J (1997) Upper Cretaceous littoral-to-shelf succession in the Intrasudetic Basin and Nysa Trough, Sudety Mts. In: Wojewoda J (ed) Obszary źródłowe: zapis w osadach. Wind, Wrocław, pp 81–96. Young RW, Wray RAL, Young A (2009) Sandstone Landforms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

78 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

The Geoconservation Trust Aotearoa. A transdiciplinary approach to science, conservation, education, tourism, and art Ilmars Gravis1,2, Károly Németh1,3, & Chris Twemlow1,4

1 The Geoconservation Trust Aotearoa, 52 Hukutai Road, Ōpōtiki, New Zealand, New Zealand, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Ōpōtiki District Library, 112 Church Street, Ōpōtiki, New Zealand, New Zealand 3 Massey University, School of Agriculture and Environment, Palmerston North, New Zealand, e-mail: [email protected] 4 The Department of Conservation, Coromandel District, Whitianga, New Zealand, e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: conservation, geoheritage, geoconservation.

A holistic philosophy and methodology integrating geodiversity and biodiversity

Geoconservation as a discipline supports community awareness of geoheritage; the importance of geodiversity as an intrinsic landscape value; and the value of cultural landscapes shaped by their geology and history (Gravis et al. 2017; Gravis et al. 2020a). Transdisciplinary science as a recent methodology has been shaped by the urgent need to deal with global changes requiring complex solutions (Mauser et al. 2013). Transdisciplinary science can respond to environmental science questions that shape sustainable development, nature conservation, and geoeducation. Geosystem services offer alternative ways to build a resilient society able to live with abiotic nature rather than threaten and degrade it (van Ree and van Beukering 2016). A shift toward an all-inclusive, community-based, bottom-to-top approach to identify geoheritage values and co-design conservation frameworks is essential. The Geoconservation Trust Aotearoa aims to act as a facilitator and expert provider; empowering communities; and co-producing methods to understand, protect and engage with abiotic nature.

Fig. 8. Research areas identified by the Geoconservation Trust Aotearoa: A) Geodiversity of the Coromandel Peninsula ,e.g. volcanic geoheritage of the core of andesitic/dacitic stratovolcanoes at Fletcher Bay, B) Geoheritage of convergent plate margin at the East Cape, e.g. concretions that record fluid movement, C). Urban geoheritage within Auckland, e.g., basaltic quarries like Wiri Mtn., D). Geoheritage as a “tool” to develop a resilient society in the face of natural disasters such as climate driven events, coastal landslides and retreat, erosion, and coastal uplift.

In New Zealand to date conservation awareness and management has predominantly focused on the biotic aspects of landscapes and the flora and fauna supported by those landscapes and their ecosystems. The abiotic foundations of those ecosystems, and human society, has not been treated in a holistic whole of landscape approach, but rather managed in an ad hoc manner through a range of agencies and planning instruments at a local, regional, and national level. We are acknowledging our abiotic environment as

79 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

the foundation on which all other aspects of our environment rest, and as sustaining and shaping human society since our development from stone-age hunter-gatherers. We bring a holistic and integrated philosophy and methodology that will benefit conservation, strengthen relationships between geodiversity and biodiversity, promote the value of geodiversity to society, and highlight threats to its existence (Gray et al. 2013; Petterson 2019).

A summary of the aims and objectives of the Geoconservation Trust Aoteroa.

• Recognising principles of geoethics, and geoconservation as necessary in building a sustainable and low-impact framework for protecting New Zealand’s unique, fragile, and world-class geological features within a culturally and environmentally rich landscape. • Establish a hub of resources, technology, and expertise in, geology; palaeontology; archaeology; mataurangatanga (Māori knowledge systems); sociology, history, land use, law, and communications. • Engage in research, education, art, storytelling, recreation, and other activities to develop and share principles and practice of geoconservation for sustainability and to support community-based whanaungatanga (establishing relationships and kinship). • Promote scientific and systematic assessment of geoheritage inventory; shaping policy in conservation, education, tourism, land management and kaitiakitanga (stewardship) and recognise Aotearoa New Zealand’s role as a Pacific nation in promoting geoheritage locally, regionally, and globally.

Founding members of the Trust hold professional roles in academia, local government services, and conservation and land management. We recognise Te Tiriti o Waitangi (The Treaty of Waitangi) as the founding document of Aotearoa New Zealand between Tangata Whenua (People of the Land) and The Crown, and acknowledge our cultural landscapes, as a taonga (treasure) holding intrinsic value to all communities in a multiethnic society. The Trust is developing projects in the Coromandel, The Raukumara Peninsula, Auckland and The Bay of Plenty, New Zealand (Fig. 1) evaluating geodiversity and geoheritage as a foundation for sustainable community development and engagement (Gravis et al. 2020b).

References Gravis I, Németh K, Procter JN (2017) The Role of Cultural and Indigenous Values in Geosite Evaluations on a Quaternary Monogenetic Volcanic Landscape at Ihumātao, Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand. Geoheritage 9(3):373-393 Gravis I, Nemeth K, Twemlow C, Nemeth B (2020a) The Case for Community-Led Geoheritage and Geoconservation Ventures in Mangere, South Auckland, and Central Otago, New Zealand. Geoheritage 12(1) Gravis I, Németh K, Twemlow C, Nemeth B (2020b) The ghosts of old Volcanoes, a geoheritage trail concept for Eastern Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand. Geoconservation Research 3(1):40-57 [10.30486/gcr.32020.1902258.1901020] Gray M, Gordon JE, Brown EJ (2013) Geodiversity and the ecosystem approach: the contribution of geoscience in delivering integrated environmental management. Proceedings of the Geologists Association 124(4):659-673 Mauser W, Klepper G, Rice M, Schmalzbauer BS, Hackmann H, Leemans R, Moore H (2013) Transdisciplinary global change research: the co-creation of knowledge for sustainability. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 5(3):420-431 Petterson MG (2019) Interconnected geoscience for international development. Episodes 42(3):225-233 van Ree CCDF, van Beukering PJH (2016) Geosystem services: A concept in support of sustainable development of the subsurface. Ecosystem Services 20:30-36

80 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Positive changes on conservation of an active spring mineral deposit in Dos Aguas Geosite during the COVID´19 confinement (Taburiente Caldera National Park, La Palma, Canary Islands) Inés Galindo1, Juana Vegas2, José Heriberto Lorenzo3, Esther Martín-González4, Nieves Sánchez1 & Carmen Romero5

1 Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME). Canary Unit. Alonso Alvarado 43 2ºA, 35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Spain. [email protected], [email protected] 2 Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME). Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain. [email protected] 3 Parque Nacional de la Caldera de Taburiente. Ctra. General de Padrón, 47, 38750 El Paso, Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Spain. [email protected] 4 Museo de Ciencias Naturales (MCN). OAMC del Cabildo de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain. [email protected] 5 Dpto. de Geografía. La Laguna University, Tenerife. Spain. [email protected]

Keywords: Geoconservation, inventory, geothermal spring, covid-19, La Palma.

Taburiente caldera is located in the northern part of La Palma Island (Canary Islands, Spain). The caldera is a huge hydrographic basin about 10 km across surrounded by scarps up to 2 km high that is open to the Atlantic Ocean by Las Angustias canyon. Several water tunnels and boreholes were built in the caldera in the first half of the 20th century to extract water for irrigation (Luis Brito, 2009). Linked to one of these boreholes is the Dos Aguas water spring. This is a CO2-rich bubbling cold spring that issues water at 26ºC rich in CO2, Fe and gas with an important mantle contribution, representing a reference site for monitoring changes in the volcanic activity of La Palma Island (Padrón et al., 2015). Around this artificial spring, due to changes in pressure and temperature when waters reach the surface, carbonates and iron oxides precipitate forming orange to brown soft mineral deposits. Dos Aguas thermal water spring is located inside the protected natural area of Barranco de Las Angustias, in the buffer conservation area of the Taburiente National Park, in a private property, although the Insular Council and the Insular Water Council have legal permits for their use. Due to its high scientific, educational and touristic values, this geosite has been included in the geoheritage inventory of the Canary Islands into the regional geological framework of “Hydrogeological and hydrothermal processes and their associated mineralizations”. Natural vulnerability of this geosite is high because it is located in the channel of Las Angustias ravine, a highly embedded V-shaped canyon affected by intense landslides, rockfalls and large flash floods (Garrote et al., 2018). Anthropogenic vulnerability also affects the geosite, since it is one of the most visited sites for the Taburiente National Park visitors, who like to see the natural water bubbling and to check its temperature and taste. Usually, touristic pressure in the National Park and in this area remains stable throughout the year, with 487.060 visitors in 2019 (Taburiente Caldera National Park statistics). At the end of April 2020, in full confinement by COVID-19 in Spain, the minerals dissolved in the water were deposited following a radial pattern of 360º around the spring. The spilled water also formed precipitations covering the slope in a staggered manner (Figure 1A). Mineralizations reached at some points more than 10 cm in thickness. However, during the inspection of May 19th, after the confinement in Canary Islands, it was observed that the dam area had been emptied and the water spill pattern was no longer radial. All the area had been trampled by visitors who destroyed in seconds the 2-months natural precipitation, making it clear how humans can influence the destruction of this geosite.

81 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Figure 1. Dos Aguas thermal water spring Geosite. A) Mineral precipitation recovered during COVID-19 confinement in Spain (April 2020). B) Mineral deposit altered by the trampling of the first visitors after the confinement in Canary Islands (May 2020). The footprints (white arrows) of the last visitor are indicated. Pictures by J.H. Lorenzo.

The intense natural dynamics of the Las Angustias canyon notably modify the geomorphology of the channel and especially affect the formation of Dos Aguas mineral deposits. Therefore, the rapid recovery of the system during COVID-19 confinement in Spain and the even quicker destruction of the deposit demonstrate that human pressure has a stronger impact on the conservation of this fragile geosite. Given the high scientific, educational and touristic value, it is recommended to prohibit the access to visitors in a radio of 10 m from the spring until scientist, landowners and public administrations involved in the management of this geosite find in coordination the most appropriate solution combining science, tourism and geoconservation.

Acknowledgments This research is part of LIGCANARIAS Project (ProID2017010159) that has been funded by the Canary Islands Agency for Research, Innovation and Information Society (ACIISI) of the Government of the Canary Islands, co- financed by the Operational Programs FEDER and FSE of Canarias 2014-2020. We are grateful to all staff of Taburiente Caldera National Park.

References Garrote J, Díez-Herrero A, et al. (2018) Flood Hazard Management in Public Mountain Recreation Areas vs. Ungauged Fluvial Basins. Case Study of the Caldera de Taburiente National Park, Canary Islands (Spain). Geosciences, vol.8, n.1, 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010006. Luis Brito E (2009). Los recursos hídricos de La Caldera de Taburiente. En Afonso-Carrillo, J. (Ed.), Misterios de la Gea: descifrando los enigmas oculto s en rocas, gases, agua y fuego. pp. 41-70. Actas IV Semana Científica Telesforo Bravo. Instituto de Estudios Hispánicos de Canarias. ISBN 978-84-613-4817-6. Padrón E, Pérez NM, Rodríguez F, Melián G, Hernández PA, Sumino H, Padilla G, Barrancos J, Dionis S, Notsu K, Calvo D (2015) Dynamics of diffuse carbon dioxide emissions from Cumbre Vieja volcano, La Palma, Canary Islands. Bulletin of Volcanology, 77, 4, 1-15. DOI 10.1007/s00445-015-0914-2.

82 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Carrying capacity of Azores UNESCO Global Geopark (UGGp) geosites for touristic use: an approach João Carlos Nunes1, Rodrigo Cordeiro1, Priscila Santos1 & Sara Medeiros2

1 Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Azores University, Rua Mãe de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores Islands, Portugal & Azores UGGp, Rua do Pasteleiro, 9900-069 Horta, Azores Islands, Portugal; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Azores University, Rua Mãe de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores Islands, Portugal; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Azores Islands, carrying capacity, geosites, touristic use, UGGp

Introduction

The tourism sector growth in the Azores Autonomous Region until the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic situation (e.g., 1.5 million overnight stays in 2016 to 2.9 million in 2019) imposed the need to evaluated and implement more suitable management strategies on geosites, protected areas and other critical sites (e.g., monuments), especially those that are simultaneously iconic touristic geolandscapes and “non- missing” places for visitors. Being pleasant immersive experiences in contact with Nature on the top of the Azorean tourist products and being volcanic landscapes the main ex libris of the islands, the Azores UNESCO Global Geopark (UGGp) geotourism strategy encompass the need to control the visitor’s number in specific places and geosites to ensure booth its sustainability and the quality of the visit. To accomplish such desideratum, two main actions are relevant and undertaken by the Azores UGGp: first, to implement popularization and touristic promotion of less known (but equally scenic and highly attractive) places and geosites, to encourage visitors to disperse along the island and to visit different islands of the archipelago; second, to define and implement the carrying capacity of geosites for touristic use, especially those more vulnerable or under more human pressure.

Methodological approach

The main goal of this paper, under the scope of the TURGEO project, is to contribute to the development of Azores tourism through the sustainable management of geosites, defining the carrying capacity for tourist use of these places with scientific criteria and also taking into account an empirical analysis with the local stakeholders. The carrying capacity concept initially developed as an ecological approach to protected and wildlife areas (Queiroz et al., 2014), is now widely accepted and also used for recreational and leisure sites, thus incorporating socioeconomic and cultural perspectives of the local population on tourism destinations (Santos, 2019). The work in progress considers the Cifuentes (1992) and Cifuentes et al (1999) tourism carrying capacity concept that highlights the (bio)physical and social impacts associated with tourism activities and development, thus expressing the maximum human pressure a certain site area supports. Thus, the Real Carrying Capacity (RCC) of geosites with touristic use was determined by the Cifuentes´s method, based on the Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC) modified by three main correction factors (Cf): risk of erodibility, rain and wind. The main adjustments and adaptative actions preformed while evaluating the carrying capacity include: i) a prior zonation of the geosite, to identify, measure and characterize the several types of touristic activities suitable on the geosite area, namely walking trails, leisure areas, volcano-watching and visitors centers ; ii) define the risk of erodibility of the geosite taking in consideration the slope of the area and the type of soil/geological formation outcrop (cf. Table 1); iii) use standard climate parameters intervals as limiting factors to the geosite visit, provided namely by the Beaufort Wind Force Scale (e.g., wind velocity > 11m/s) and rain intensity (e.g. > 0.5 mm/h) that are usually used by meteorological agencies, namely on forecast and weather warnings; iv) use on the PCC evaluation of a 2 m “comfort distance” between visitors (allowing a more uniform distribution of visitors along the trail, to avoid people concentration/visit of groups), whenever applicable to linear distances (e.g. walking trails) and about 3

83 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

m2 of “personal-area” (considering that each person occupies an area equivalent to a 1 m radius circle) when applicable to surfaces (e.g. belvederes and leisure areas). Preliminary results Within the scope of TURGEO project, the above-mentioned methodology was applied to geosites with touristic use of the islands of São Miguel, Terceira, Graciosa and Pico covering a wide spectrum of geosites in terms of size, typology, use, vulnerabilities and constraints, from protected areas to urban areas, from volcanic caves to geolandscapes. Among these we highlight the Furnas Volcano caldera, an international relevance geosite of the Azores UGGp, with about 32 km2 area and the most visited place of the Azores Islands, where the zonation of the geosite identified a total of 28 visiting areas (including leisure and recreational areas, walking trails, visitors’ centres and belvederes) with a RCC of about 150 thousand visitors/day. As additional notes it is worthwhile mentioning that: i) for some geosites, namely the Pico Mountain volcano, the risk of erodibility now defined imposes major constraints to its visit, in particular supporting the exclusion of the Piquinho sector from the mountain trail (Cf = 3, Table 1); ii) for other geosites, like Vila Franca do Campo islet, biodiversity constrains to its use advise access restrictions/impediment for touristic purposes in particular periods of the year (e.g., sea-birds nesting). Table 1. Risk of erodibility correction factor (Cf), taking in consideration the slope and type of soil/geological formation outcrop: Low: Cf = 1; Medium: Cf = 2; High: Cf = 3 (modified from Amador et al., 1996 and Forjaz et al., 2001). Slope Type of soil/surface geological formation <10% 10% - 20% >20% rocky formations (e.g., basaltic s.l. and trachitic s.l. lava low low low flows and welded ignimbrites) medium high high pumice/pumice fall deposits scoria deposits, surtseyan tuffs and clinkery/fractured rocky low medium high formations (e.g., aa and entrail-type lava flows)

Erodibility Risk Erodibility slope deposits and non-consolidated tuff (e.g., non-welded medium medium high ignimbrites and lahars )

Acknowledgments This is a contribution to the TURGEO project – “Definition of carrying capacity for touristic use of geosites: a tool for the sustainability and tourism valuing of the natural resources of the Azores”, Ref. Code ACORES-01- 0145-FEDER-000064, financed by the EU Programme POAÇORES2020 and the Azores Government/DRCT.

References Amador E., Cayot L., Cifuentes M., Cruz E., Cruz F., Ayora P. (1996) Determinación de la capacidad de carga turística en los sitios de visita del Parque Nacional Galápagos. Servicio Parque Nacional Galápagos, ; 42 p. Cifuentes M. (1992) Determinación de la Capacidad de Carga Turística en Áreas Protegidas. CATIE- Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Serie Técnica, Informe Técnico No. 194, Turrialba, ; 28 p. Cifuentes M., Mesquita C.A.B., Méndez J., Morales M.E., Aguilar, N. et al (1999) Capacidad de carga turística de las áreas de uso público del Monumento Nacional Guayabo, Costa Rica. WWF Centroamérica, CATIE Turrialba, Costa Rica; 75 p. Forjaz V.H., Nunes J.C., Guedes J.H.C., Oliveira C.S. (2001) Classificação geotécnica dos solos vulcânicos dos Açores: uma proposta. In: Associação Portuguesa de Meteorologia e Geofísica (Ed.), Actas do II Simpósio de Meteorologia e Geofísica – Comunicações de Geofísica, Évora: 76-81. Queiroz R.E., Ventura M.A., Guerreiro J.A., da Cunha R.T. (2014) Carrying capacity of hiking trails in Natura 2000 sites: a case study from North Atlantic Islands (Azores, Portugal). Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management 14 (2): 233-242. Santos P.L.A. (2019) Patrimônio geológico na área do Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), Vale do Ribeira, SP Brasil: a capacidade de carga na definição de estratégias de gestão para o uso público de sítios geológicos. PhD Dissertation, Escola de Ciências, Universidade do Minho, Portugal.

84 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geoheritage and cultural value at risk in the Mata de Baixo village,Alvaiázere, Portugal João Paulo Forte1,2

1 Centre for Geographical Studies/IGOT – University of Lisbon, Rua Branca Edmée Marques, 1600-276, Lisboa, Portugal

2 Montante – geology consultants. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: cultural value, geoheritage, geotourism, karst, lansdcape

Mata de Baixo is a small traditional village located in the municipality of Alvaiázere, in Central Portugal. It was seriously affected by depopulation in the last decades and at present times very few people live there. This village and surrounding area is included in Natura 2000 – PTCON0045 – Sicó/Alvaiázere, where a rich biodiversity and geodiversity exist, and also in the so called “Terras de Sicó” region. Sicó is one of the most significant cultural karst landscapes of Portugal with many particular karst features (Cunha 1990, Forte 2009). This area is part of the territorial unit of Alvaiázere (Forte 2009) and is located in the Meso-Cenozoic Occidental Edge, one of the three structural geologic units of Portugal. These terrains are constituted mainly by Jurassic and Cretaceous limestones and also dolomites. Despite research has been developed in this specific area in the last fourteen years, concerning mainly inventory, characterization and evaluation of geosites, including some proposals (Forte, 2007; 2009) for the promotion of these values, like geotourism, the rich geoheritage and the cultural value of Mata de Baixo is at risk. Some important karst structures, like megalapiés and wells (Ford & Williams 2007), have been totally or partially destroyed by illegal actions promoted by local public authorities in the last months, mainly due to the construction of roads in this protected area. These structures have not only scientific value, but also geocultural, ecological, aesthetic and educational ones (Gray 2004), being unique at regional level. Both protected area and legislative (Council Directive 92/43/EEC of May 1992; Decree-Law nº 49/2005 of 24 February) approaches failed at local, municipal and regional level. A question arises: What allowed the failure of public policy to protect geoheritage in the Mata de Baixo area? The answer can be simply the indifference of local public authorities on geosciences and geoheritage because they have all the information on all research made (Forte, 2007; 2009) at Mata de Baixo. It is essential to respect existing legislation and to put geoheritage and geoconservation issues on the local and regional political agenda.

References Cunha L (1990) As Serras Calcárias de Condeixa-Sicó-Alvaiázere. Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica, Portugal. Ford D, Williams P (2007) Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, West Sussex, England. Forte J (2007) – O carso enquanto base para o desenvolvimento socio-económico na região de Alvaiázere. Actas do Simpósio Iberoamericano sobre Património Geológico, Arqueológico e Mineiro em Regiões Cársicas, 28 de Junho a 1 de Julho, Batalha, Portugal, 155-163. Forte J (2009) Património geomorfológico da Unidade Territorial de Alvaiázere: inventariação, avaliação e valorização. Dissertation, University of Lisbon, Portugal. Gray M (2004) Geodiversity – valuing and conserving abiotic nature. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, West Sussex, England.

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X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

The "Save a Rock" program at COP25: citizen science to raise awareness about the impact of climate change on geoconservation Juana Vegas1, Ana Cabrera1, Gonzalo Lozano1, Alicia González1, Andrés Díez-Herrero1, Luis Carcavilla1, Enrique Díaz-Martínez1, Javier Luengo1, Ángel Salazar1 & Ángel García-Cortés1

1Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Climate COP25, climate change, geoconservation, Save a Rock, Spain.

The Spanish programme Save a Rock

Within the Spanish legislative and knowledge framework of the national Act 42/2007 and Act 33/2015 for the Natural Heritage and Biodiversity, Save a Rock (in Spanish, Apadrina una Roca) is a volunteer programme whose main objective is the conservation of the Spanish geoheritage and which has been extended to the Spanish Inventory of Sites of Geological Interest (IELIG, in Spanish, in: García-Cortés et al., 2019). The Save a Rock volunteer program provides a link between the public administration and society, of vital importance today, given the increasing participation of citizens in problems that affect society and the environment (Vegas et al., 2018; Cabrera et al., 2019). Since December 2017, it is possible to adopt the geosites included in the IELIG and the programme is in operation through a simple online registration system at http://www.igme.es/patrimonio/ApadrinaUnaRoca.htm. Adoption is totally free and we only ask that volunteers take care of geoheritage and watch over it. In these four years and five months of operation (until May 2021) citizen response has proven to be positive, with a total of 2620 volunteers who are already watching over 1459 geosites out of 4042 IELIG geosites. Save a Rock helps to improve the geographic coverage of surveillance over the geosites, allowing volunteers to monitor their conservation status, which is difficult to achieve otherwise, either from public administrations or private initiative. The programme contributes to the environmental education of citizens and their knowledge about geology. It connects citizens with nature, promotes awareness about the value of our natural heritage, and the need to conserve geoheritage as a responsibility that involves everyone and not just public administrations.

Save a Rock at COP25 Chile-Madrid in 2019

The 2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference, also known as COP25, is the 25th climate change conference. It was held in Madrid, Spain, from 2 to 13 December 2019 under the presidency of the Chilean government. The conference included the 25th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the 15th meeting of the parties for the Kyoto Protocol (CMP15), and the second meeting of the parties for the Paris Agreement (CMA2). The Spanish government divided the COP25 into two zones. The blue zone hosted sessions for negotiation between the parties of the COP. The green zone was dedicated to civil society initiatives aiming to promote social participation. The Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation appealed to public research organizations on November 15 to present proposals for activities and presentations of initiatives in the green zone. In three days, the IGME geoheritage research team prepared an action entitled "Save a Rock with the Climate Summit" consisting in the creation of a documentary film based on the videos submitted by the volunteers of this programme. In one minute they had to explain the real impacts that will occur as a result of climate change in the conservation of the geosites that each of them watches over. With more than 300 proposals received from other public organizations, the Spanish Environmental Ministry selected this action and its documentary film to be presented on December 3rd at the green zone of COP25. This is the first time that a citizen science programme contributing to the conservation of geoheritage has been present at a Climate Summit. This has highlighted the vulnerability of geosites to climate change as one of the main problems that is already affecting geoheritage. On November 20, the petition was sent to all our volunteers through social networks (Facebook and Twitter) and email lists so that they would send us a short video or clip. In just one minute, and with

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their own mobile device, they had to record themselves explaining how climate change may affect the conservation of their geosite. November 27 was the deadline for reception and a total of 26 clips were received. The video clips were in Spanish, English, Catalan and Galician languages. The volunteers who participated are a representative sample of scientists, secondary school teachers and students, representatives of associations, several Spanish UNESCO Global Geoparks, and individuals including school age children. Only 4 days before the event, a 30-minute documentary film was prepared with the videos that were received in the programme’s mailbox. They were classified according to the main impacts of climate change to which they are subjected. To connect each of these chapters, short clips from drone images provided mainly by the Aerial Service (IGME) were used. The geosites in Spain that are most threatened are those located in the coastal areas which may disappear due to rising sea levels in the next 50 years. The rise in temperatures also cause the melting of Alpine glaciers in the , the drying of lakes, wetlands, waterfalls and regional desertification. Changes in wave dynamics will accelerate the erosion of coastal geosites. The greater recurrence of extreme storms originates heavy floods, which accelerate erosive processes and landslides. The documentary ends with a message of hope and encourages all people to get going and adapt to climate change. It is on the IGME YouTube channel at the following link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dN81B_0vb1U. On December 3rd, 2019 in the IFEMA Green Zone Forum Hall, the program was presented and the documentary video was projected. A new pass was made on December 13th. The most positive fact about presenting the Save a Rock program at COP25 was the reinforcement obtained in one of the main pillars of the programme, public awareness, the great visibility that geoheritage gained, and the influence of climate change for geoconservation in the media in the two weeks following its presentation. Amongst them, national newspapers (El País) and digital editions of local media, television reports, radio interviews and social networks. As a result, during the following two weeks the number of sponsorships rose with 111 new godparents and 145 newly sponsored geosites. Since COP25 we have been immersed in a global pandemic that has changed our way of life. However, the Save a Rock programme has continued to grow with an increase of more than 1200 volunteers and in the number of alerts we receive notifying us of the main incidents and impacts on geosites. During the last year we have reinforced the outreach of the programme, with competitions among volunteers, monthly newsletters, social media and improvements to the website. Also during this time we have received more than a dozen alerts from volunteers that we have sent to the competent regional and national environmental administrations, which have contributed to saving their sponsored geosites.

References Cabrera A, Vegas J, Prieto Á, Díez-Herrero A, García-Cortés Á, Díaz- Martínez E, Salazar Á, Carcavilla L (2019) ‘Apadrina una Roca’. Participación ciudadana para la geoconservación en España. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, 30: 251-256. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España. ISBN 978-84-9138-082-5. García-Cortés Á, Vegas J, Carcavilla L, Díaz-Martínez E (2019) Conceptual base and methodology of the Spanish Inventory of Sites of Geological Interest (IELIG). Instituto Geológico y Minero de España. 205 p. Vegas J, Cabrera A, Prieto A, García-Cortés A, Díez-Herrero A (2018) Apadrina una Roca. Un programa de voluntariado para la conservación del patrimonio geológico en España. Enseñanza de las Ciencias de la Tierra, 26.1: 122-124.

88 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Restoration of a geological landscape in the high Arctic, Svalbard, Norway Lars Erikstad1 & Dagmar Hagen2

1, 2 Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research) P.O Box 5685 Torgarden NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Arctic, Geological landscapes, Geomorphological processes, Landforms, Restoration.

The aim of ProGEO is to promote the protection of important geological sites and landscapes. Geological landscapes can be understood in different ways. It can refer to geology in landscapes, geological interpretation of landscape, but also to certain landscapes were geological or geomorphological features dominate or give the landscape its character. All these understandings may be valid, and can be combined containing elements of the overall landscape character, dominating geomorphic processes and geological content, and also used in a process to identify geological values in the landscape and protect them (Ashbourn 2011, Natural Resources Wales 2016). This may be referred to as the geological landscape character or landscape as perceived by geologists, to put it in the spirit of the European Landscape convention. The concept of geological landscapes may be useful for management of geodiversity on a landscape scale, for geoconservation, geotourism, and special interventions such as landscape restoration. The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, declared by the UN General Assembly, aims to massively scale up the restoration of degraded and destroyed ecosystems. As is typical, the focus of international efforts concerning nature the approach is purely biocentric. When it comes to restoration it is essential to insist on a more holistic view that includes geodiversity as well as biodiversity. In some cases this is more obvious than others, such as the large-scale landscape restoration of the mining settlement Svea, in high Arctic Norway. In 2018 the Norwegian Parliament decided to close down the coal-mining activity in the Svea settlement at the Svalbard archipelago (74-80 degrees north). According to the Svalbard Environmental Protection Law the area will be cleared, infrastructure will be removed, and the nature will be restored. In these arctic areas the vegetation cover is sparce and the visual landscape is dominated by geological features and geomorphic processes. It is truly a geological landscape. Of course geodiversity is the fundamental supporting service for biodiversity and by focusing on geodiversity during the restoration also biodiversity and ecological processes are gained. Coal mining in Svea started in 1917 and experienced its peak of coal production in two periods from the 1970’s and up until today. The settlement and mining area stretches over a distance of more than 20 km from the shipping port to the most distant and newest mines, and includes an airstrip, the port, road system, storage and production areas, and the mines. The mines are based on Tertiary coal beds in a zone reaching from coastal positions up to high mountain glaciated locations. The area is situated in the inner Van Mijenfjorden on the west coast of Svalbard. The geology is reflected in the landscape by flat lying sedimentary rocks belonging to the Central Tertiary Basin, gently dipping to the west (Elvevoll et al. 2007). Central in the area is a vast ice-cored moraine complex originating from a large glacial surge from the Paulabreen glacier in the south (Lyså et al. 2018). The landscape is dominated by glacial, fluvial and periglacial process (fig.1) in a permafrost setting. This geological landscape have many cultural remains from the 100 years of coal mining. Remains older than 1945 are protected by law. The rest are supposed to be removed and the land restored. Due to the scale and the complexity of the area, some basic principles for restoration had to be formulated for the planning of a sound project. The aim for the restauration is to work together with the natural processes enhancing their transformation of the surfaces in their own time scale. Consequently restoration will not build replicas of static landforms.

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When infrastructure and buildings are removed all natural surfaces are preserved and the restored surfaces are shaped to blend into a landscape that will contain natural, cultural and restored landscape elements. The natural landscape elements will dominate on a coarse scale. The restored landscape surfaces will gradually develop surfaces dominated by natural processes. Processes are fastest on the glaciers, shorelines, steep slopes and fluvial fans, slowest in areas of tundra with gentle surfaces. The construction phase of the restoration will include large scale redistribution of gravel, stone and sand, and finally a surface treatment aiming for detailed terrain surfaces that promote vegetation establishment and small scale abiotic dynamics. The degree of surface variation will be subtle not to dominate the natural neighbouring terrain. It is recommended that the landscape is properly D documented after restoration so that the landscape can keep its C integrity and as a basis for E future monitoring and research. A The geological landscape of Svea is in many ways an outlier B caused by its extreme environment. The project forms a useful baseline for discussing geology and landscape dynamics, Figure 1. Orthophoto draped over a terrain model for the Svea area. A-Flat-lying tertiary sedimentary rocks, B- Ice cored moraine complex crossing the fjord, C-Delta geodiversity, biodiversity and deposits and fluvial fans, D-Glaciers and glacial processes, E-Slope processes, ecology for nature avalanches etc. management and landscape restoration.

References Ashbourn J (2011) Geological Landscapes of Britain. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481- 8861-1 Lyså, A., Larsen, E. A., Høgaas, F., Jensen, M. A., Klug, M., Rubensdotter, L. & Szczuci_nski, W. 2018 (July): A temporary glacier surge ice-dammed lake, Braganzavågen, Svalbard. Boreas, Vol. 47, 837–854. https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12302. Natural Recources Wales (2016) LANDMAP Methodology Geological Landscape (2016). https://naturalresources.wales/media/677810/geological-landscape-landmap-methodology-2016.pdf. Accessed mars 2020. Elvevold S, Dallmann, W, Blomeier D (2007) Geology of Svalbard. Norwegian Polar Institute. https://brage.npolar.no/npolar- xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/173141/GeologyOfSvalbard.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

90 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

The long protection process of the Toarcian-Aalenian Gssp at the Molina- Alto Tajo Unesco Global Geopark (Guadalajara, Central Spain) Luis Carcavilla1, Juan Manuel Monasterio2, Antonio Goy3, Soledad Ureta3, Amelia Calonge García4, Enrique Díaz Martínez1, Lucía Enjuto5, Stanley C. Finney6, Ángel García-Cortés1, Ismael Pardos7, Isabel Rábano1, Yolanda Sánchez-Moya3, Carlos Serrano8, Alfonso Sopeña9, Juana Vegas1, José Antonio Lozano10 & José Antonio Martínez11

1Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME, Spanish Geological Survey). Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2Friends of the Molina Museum Association. Molina de Aragón, Guadalajara. [email protected] 3Schoolof Geological Sciences. Complutense University. Madrid, Spain. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 4Geology, Geography and Environment Department. Alcalá University (Spain). [email protected] 5Diputación de Guadalajara. [email protected] 6California State University, Long Beach, California, USA. [email protected] 7Fuentelsaz City Council. Fuentelsaz, Guadalajara, Spain. [email protected] 8 Regional Government of Castilla-La Mancha. Toledo, Spain. [email protected] 9Scientific Committee of the Molina-Alto Tajo UNESCO Geopark. Madrid, Spain. [email protected] 10Alto Tajo Natural Park, Regional Government of Castilla-la Mancha, Guadalajara, Spain. [email protected] 11 Molina Alto Tajo UNESCO Global Geopark, Molina de Aragón, Guadalajara, Spain. [email protected]

Keywords:Geoconservation,GSSP, geopark, Jurassic, Spain.

Protection of the Toarcian-Aalenian GSSP at Fuentelsaz

A Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) is an international geological standard that defines the boundary of a global chronostratigraphic unit, which is a body of stratified rock that represents a specific period of time (Finney & Hilario, 2017). GSSPs represent the localities with the globally most complete stratigraphical record (palaeontological, geochemical, magnetostratigraphical, etc.) across a geological time boundary at the level of stage (Remane et al., 1996). To be representative on a global scale, GSSPs must show maximum sedimentary continuity without noticeable lithological changes and without breaks in the record of different fossil groups (Ager, 1981). GSSPs are stratigraphic levels that offer the most reliable and widespread correlation potential, based on available stratigraphic signals in the boundary interval of interest. The signals considered are typically biostratigraphic (lowest and highest occurrences of individual species), but stable isotope excursions, palaeomagnetic polarity reversals, and vertical facies changes representing eustacy are also important (Finney & Hilario, 2017). The Toarcian-Aalenian boundary at Fuentelsaz (Molina-Alto Tajo UNESCO Global Geopark, Guadalajara, Spain) was selected by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) of the International Union for Geological Sciences (IUGS) as the official stratotype (Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point, GSSP) of the base of the Aalenian Stage. It is one of the five GSSPs located in Spain, and in 2000 was the first one to be ratified (Cresta et al., 2001; Goy et al., 2004; García- Cortés et al., 2009, 2012, 2017). From that moment on, efforts began to be made in order to assign legal protection to the stratotype in order to guarantee its long-term conservation. However, this would not happen until 2017, when the site was finally declared a Natural Monument as the culmination of a series of actions to protect, adapt and promote the natural and cultural heritage of the locality. In order to achieve protection, the Molina-Alto Tajo UNESCO Global Geopark designed a Management Plan that included the following main actions: 1) Coordination of the scientific community, 2) Coordination of the different levels of the administration, and 3) Involvement of the local population. To this end, the following actions were also planned: 1) Conditioning of the stratotype, 2) Conditioning of the viewpoint and installation of information panels, 3) Creation of the Interpretation Centre, 4) Creation of hiking infrastructures, 5) Public outreach activities, 6) Restoration of the Church as part of the important cultural heritage of the village. The culmination of all this would be the Golden Spike installation ceremony, which took place in August 2016. These actions allowed not only to guarantee the conservation of the site, but also to improve the local perception of the stratotype, to recover environmentally degraded areas, to install educational and tourist

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infrastructures, and to introduce improvements in other elements of the cultural heritage of the town. The process involved organizations and administrations at all levels, especially the Fuentelsaz Town Council, the Molina-Alto Tajo Rural Development Group, the Guadalajara Provincial Council and the Castilla-La Mancha Regional Government. The academic and scientific community of Earth Sciences played an important role in promoting the recognition of the global relevance of the Fuentelsaz stratotype by the IUGS and promoting dissemination activities to raise awareness of its interest. The Molina-Alto Tajo UNESCO Global Geopark played an essential role in the process, coordinating all participants and administrations, as well as designing a project for the environmental protection of the GSSP and a large area of 86 ha around it. In the case of the GSSP of the Toarcian-Aalenian boundary at Fuentelsaz, it took 17 years from its declaration as a Global Stratotype to achieve its legal protection. The absence of real imminent threats and its non-scenic landscape led to this delay, which in turn had a number of positive consequences not initially foreseen, such as (1) the improvement of national nature conservation laws, (2) the creation of a broad social awareness in the local population about the importance of the site, and (3) the greater involvement of the public administrations. After this long period, its protection became the culmination of a national and global project including the recovery of cultural and natural heritage, and the implementation of an outreach and awareness campaign which improved the perception and pride of the local population to preserve their natural and cultural heritage. The 17-year-long social and administrative process of protection was completed thanks to the multidisciplinary approach of the different actors involved under the coordination of the Molina-Alto Tajo UNESCO Global Geopark, showing the difficulties encountered and some conclusions four years after its declaration.

References Ager DV (1981) The Nature of the Stratigraphical Record, 2nd Ed, MacMillan, Hong Kong. Cresta S, Goy A, Ureta S., Arias C, Barron E, Bernard J, Canales ML, García Joral F, García-Romero E, Gialanella P, Gómez JJ, González JA, Herrero C, Martínez G, Osete ML, Perilli N, Villalain JJ (2001) Definition of the Global Boundary stratotype section and Point (GSSP) of the Aalenian (Middle Jurassic) and the Toarcian-Aalenian boundary. Episodes 24: 166-175. Finney SC, Hilario A. (2018) GSSPs as International Geostandards and as Global Geoheritage. In: Reynard E, Brilha, J. (eds.) Geoheritage. Elsevier, Chennai, pp 179-190. García-Cortés Á (Ed.) (2009) Spanish geological frameworks and geosites. An approach to Spanish geological heritage of international relevance. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid García-Cortés Á, Carcavilla L, Goy, A, Hilario A, Payros A, Pons JM, Ureta S, Díaz-Martínez E (2017) Los estratotipos GSSPs españoles. Actuaciones para su conservación, acondicionamiento y puesta en valor. In: Valenzuela JI, Mediavilla R (eds.) El programa internacional de Geociencias en España, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Cuadernos del Museo Geominero 25:31-50. García-Cortés Á, Gallego E, Carcavilla L (2012) Spain. In: Wimbledon WAP, Smith-Meyer S (eds.) Geoheritage in Europe and its conservation, ProGEO, Oslo, pp117-125. Goy A, Ureta S, García Joral F, Gómez JJ, Herrero C Martínez G, Perilla, N (2004) Conservation management of the Aalenian Stage GSSP in Fuentelsaz (Castilla-La Mancha, Spain). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Estratigrafia 110 (1): 393-397. Remane J, Bassett MG, Cowie JC, Gohrbandt KH, Lane HR, Michelsen O, Wang N, with the Cooperation of Members of ICS (1996) Revised guidelines for the establishment of global chronostratigraphic standards by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). Episodes 19: 77–81.

92 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Tourist caves in Slovenia in terms of their nature conservation and management Martina Stupar1, Mina Dobravc2 & Ljudmila Strahovnik3

1Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature conservation, Regional Unit Nova Gorica, Delpinova 16, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; e-mail: [email protected] 2Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature conservation, Central Unit, Tobačna ulica 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail: [email protected] 3Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature conservation, Regional Unit Celje, Vodnikova 3, 3000 Celje, Slovenia; e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: caves, nature conservation, tourism, management.

Slovenia is a homeland of pioneering karstological research and also the first initiatives for the protection of caves that date back to 1908. The Memorandum or ‘Spomenica’ is regarded as a landmark and the first Slovenian nature conservation program, published in 1920. This Memorandum, which in the year 2020 celebrates the venerable 100 years, also declared the first Alpine protected areas in Slovenia, which included protection of cave fauna (Odsek za varstvo prirode in prirodnih spomenikov, 1920). Slovenia is also one of the few countries that regulates the protection of caves by a special law. The Cave Conservation Act (“ZVPJ”, 2004) adopted on the basis of the Nature Conservation Act 1999, constitutes a systematic basis for their protection. All caves in Slovenia are state-owned, but only 22 caves are defined as tourist/show caves. By this Act all registered caves in Slovenia longer than 10 m have the status of a natural value of national importance, defined protection regimes and nature protection guidelines. The current number of caves with the status of natural value of national importance is 12,148 (ARSO, 2019), of which many also have the status of a natural monument. They are all listed on the Nature Conservation Atlas of Slovenia. The management of tourist caves is regulated by the law (“ZVPJ”, 2004). In addition to exploring, the visiting is the most common use of caves and the impact of tourists on cave ecosystem is not negligible. For majority of tourist caves the management is carried out by local caving or tourist associations. Exceptions are the Postojna and Predjama cave systems, where the management is carried out by the Concession contract between the state and Concessionaire and the Škocjan Caves, managed by the public institution. The subject of a concession contract includes the management of the Postojna and Predjama cave visits, organization of events in caves and other activities that serve to inform and raise public awareness of the values of nature. It also includes the use of cave infrastructure (footpath equipment, safety fences, electrical installation…). The Concessionaire has a right to require the nature conservation organization to provide expert assistance and guidance. It also has a long list of obligations, such as to implement the protection regimes, carry out annual monitoring of the effects of use on the cave, enable nature protection control and more. The Škocjan Caves are located in the Regional Park and they are managed by the public institution since 1996. They are inscribed to UNESCO World heritage list since 1986. The management of the caves and park is regulated also by the Škocjan caves Regional Park Act. Long and intensive use of caves, particularly in the last two centuries, has caused significant impact on cave’s physical environment. A historical rarity is the Vilenica cave (Fig. 1), in which the first paid entrance fee was registered in 1633, thus is considered the oldest show cave in the world (Puc, 2000). The trend of visiting caves in the last decade shows a rapid increase in the number of visitors, which consequently influences the cave inventory and ecosystem. But nevertheless, the impact can be regulated by proper management and consistent implementation of protection regimes. In the largest tourist caves, monitoring of the cave climate, cave fauna, monitoring of the lampenflora, the quality of running waters and some other influences are carried out. The results of the monitoring are the basis for the preparation of measures and guidelines in order to reduce the negative consequences of tourism use.

93 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Fig. 1: Vilenica cave, the oldest show cave in the world. Photograph by Martina Stupar.

The Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature conservation carries out many tasks in the field of cave protection, such as preparation of nature conservation guidelines and consulting to managers. Here we can point one of the statements by Głowniak (2019), which have been included in the Declaration of Chęciny “The Public administrations play a crucial role in guaranteeing the necessary statutory framework for geoconservation and to apply efficient conservation measures.” (pg. 1225). The activities of the nature conservation service will be presented, the experience and some the problems of managing Slovenian tourist caves will be highlighted.

References ARSO. (2019). Naravne vrednote v številkah. Pridobljeno iz Register naravnih vrednot: http://www.arso.gov.si/narava/naravne%20vrednote/v%20%c5%a1tevilkah/nar_vred_stev.pdf Głowniak, E. (2019). The 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 2018—an Overview. Geoheritage, 11, 1221- 1225. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-019-00421-x Odsek za varstvo prirode in prirodnih spomenikov. (1920). Spomenica. Glasnik Muzejskega društva za Slovenijo, 1-4; 69-75. Puc, M. (2000). Vilenica - zgodovina in opis kraške jame. Sežana: Kulturni center Srečka Kosovela. Zakon o varstvu podzemnih jam (ZVPJ). (2004). Uradni list RS, (2/04).

94 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geoheritage, land-use planning and the sad case of Donald Trump’s Scottish golf course Murray Gray1

1 Queen Mary University of London

Keywords: Donald Trump, geoheritage, golf course, land-use planning, Scotland.

Land-use planning and geoheritage

In most developed countries, land ownership does not give freedom of land use. This is because governments/authorities have recognised that unhindered development is likely to be detrimental to landscapes and the environment. Land-use and development are therefore controlled by law in the public interest. The details vary from country to country and region to region, but generally planning permission is required for most buildings, engineering works, change of land-use, etc. Therefore, planning systems should be a frontline tool in protecting nature conservation interests, including geoheritage sites, and preventing development that would have a detrimental impact on them. Unfortunately, land-use planning systems are not always effective in this regard, either because (a) they are not implemented as intended so that the law is ignored, or (b) because economic and/or social factors are given priority over environmental ones. This paper will describe an example of (b). The golf course planning application In 2006, Trump International Golf Links Scotland Ltd applied for outline planning permission to build two golf courses north of Aberdeen in north-east Scotland, one of which would be championship standard. Controversially, the layout of the championship course took in the southern third (Menie Links) of the Foveran Links Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), a protected coastal sand dune area. The SSSI was established (notified) in 1984 for both its ecology and geomorphology. The citation states that “Foveran links contains extensive areas of mobile foreshore and sand as well as fixed dunes, dune pasture, and heath”. As well as the golf course, the proposals also included:  a clubhouse, golf academy, driving range, practice ground, ancillary buildings, etc.;  a 450-room resort hotel on 8 floors, conference centre and spa;  950 holiday apartments in 4 blocks;  36 golf villas and 500 houses;  accommodation for 400 staff;  a new access road, gatehouse, car parks. It was estimated that these developments would create about 4,700 constructions jobs and 1,237 FTE jobs for ongoing operations. The application was controversial from the start involving many written objections and several newspaper articles and television reports. After consideration at 2 meetings of Aberdeenshire Council, the application was “called in” by the Scottish government and a 4-week public inquiry was held in July 2008 in front of 3 independent reporters. The objectors included Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH, the Scottish government’s advisory body on nature conservation). Their geomorphology expert, Dr Jim Hansom of University of Glasgow, had been commissioned to write a report (Hansom, 2007) on the geomorphological interests at the SSSI which concluded that “Menie Links are nationally (and probably internationally) unique on account of the scale and dynamism of the sand sheet” over 600m long and 400m wide that has remained active for most of the 20th century. He gave evidence at the inquiry in which he said that “the proposal to stabilise most of the sand surfaces would serve to remove the key scientific interest” (McCulloch et al., 2008, para 3.1.10). Objectors proposed that the championship course could be partly resited away from the most important part of the SSSI. Donald Trump himself gave evidence at the public inquiry. He stated that if the championship course was moved away from

95 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

the high dunes and mobile sand areas it would no longer be the truly great course he intended. If he was refused permission, he said he would withdraw the project and the area would lose the investment. In October 2008, the planning reporters concluded that construction of the course would mean much, though not all, of the geomorphological interest in the affected area of the SSSI would be compromised as would its overall integrity (McCulloch et al,.2008, para 4.40). They believed that the loss of this dynamism could not be mitigated against. However, their overall conclusion was that the adverse effects were outweighed by the social and economic benefits that were of national, regional and local significance. Scottish government ministers agreed, and the project was given planning consent with 46 conditions. Impact on geoheritage and ecology The course was opened in 2012, but so far, most of the other buildings have not materialised apart from a clubhouse and Menie House renovated as a 16-bed boutique hotel. The site employs under 100 FTE staff and the golf course has yet to make an operating profit. The second course, outside the SSSI, was given planning consent in 2019, together with 550 houses. In June 2019, Scottish Natural Heritage announced that it proposed to denotify the southern section of Foveran Links SSSI because it no longer warranted protected area status due to the construction of the Menie golf course. This has “adversely affected the coastal geomorphology of Scotland and sand dune habitat notified natural features as well as interrupting natural dune processes” (Scottish Natural Heritage, 2019). The negative impacts included: stabilisation of mobile sand which has destroyed the dynamic nature of the site, and control of grazing (rabbits, deer) which will result in scrub growth. Almost all the bare sand sheets have been stabilised as well as loss of 64% of the dune slacks/open water areas. SNH therefore proposed partial denotification with a 3-month consultation period. Sarah Malone, Trump International’s spokesperson described this announcement as an “utter disgrace and shows SNH has hit an all-time low” (The Guardian, 28 June 2019). It is believed that the company is among the seven responses to the proposed denotification received during the 3 month consultation period. However, on 9 December 2020 NatureScot, the successor organisation to SNH, announced that the Menie Links part of the Foveran SSSI had been denotified.

Conclusions

This example is of concern since it demonstrates clearly that environmental damage to protected areas can be tolerated by decision-makers if the social and economic benefits are big enough. But in this case the project was consented without safeguards/conditions to ensure that these benefits were actually delivered. So most of the economic and social benefits have not accrued but the environmental damage has.

References Hansom, JD (2007) Assessment of the geomorphological interests at Foveran Links SSSI. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 232 (ROAME No. F05AC701) McCulloch J, Heywood K, Cunliffe M (2008) Report to Scottish Ministers, Case reference CIN/ABS/001. Scottish Government, Edinburgh Scottish Natural Heritage. (2019) Reasons for the proposed partial denotification of the Foveran Links SSSI. Scottish Natural Heritage, Edinburgh

96 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Cultural ecosystem services of geodiversity and awareness-raising on geoconservation: a perspective from the Ceará Central Domain, North- eastern Brazil Pâmella Moura1,2 & Maria da Glória Motta Garcia1,2

1Federal University of Ceará, Centre of Sciences. Geology Graduate Program. Campus do Pici, Block 912. CEP 60440-554, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected]. 2Centre for Research Support on Geological Heritage and Geotourism, Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, CEP 05508-080, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected].

Keywords: Ceará. Geoheritage. Goods and Benefits. Nature Conservation.

Introduction

Cultural ecosystem services provided by geodiversity comprehend the goods and benefits non-tangibles from abiotic nature that contribute to the development of the human culture, such as science, education, leisure, religion, arts etc. (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005; Brilha et al. 2018). Considering that population are prone to protect rather their cultural heritage than the natural heritage (Reynard and Giusti 2018), this work aims a preliminary analysis of cultural ecosystem services provided by geodiversity in the Ceará Central Domain (CCD), north-eastern Brazil, in order to contribute to its conservation and sustainable use. The CCD is one of the oldest tectonic terranes in Brazil, being composed of a mixed assemblage of Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks, especially gneisses, tonalites, granodiorites, mafic/ultramafic rocks, schists, and granites. The area is also characterized by a rocky, flat, and semiarid landscape with scattered inselbergs and residual massifs, besides stony soils, and a sparse and irregular rainfall, where the Caatinga Biome predominates.

Methods and Main Results

An extensive review of the literature was carried out focusing on: i) the geodiversity of the study area, ii) the local geological heritage, through inventories of geosites and geodiversity sites, already available, iii) the historical-cultural heritage sites, iv) the artistic production, and v) the tourism supply. Based on this information, an overview was delineated with the main aspects of geodiversity and culture in the region, being possible to identify the relationships between such elements. From this overview, the cultural ecosystem services were analysed using the four categories suggested by Brilha et al. (2018): wellness and health, recreation, human history, and knowledge. As a result, nine cultural goods and benefits provided by geodiversity were identified in the working area (Table 1).

Discussion and Conclusions

A strong connection between geodiversity and local culture was observed in the area, expressed through cultural ecosystem services. The variety of landscapes and their easy access result in positive impacts on human well-being provided by contact with nature, especially during leisure activities. The influence of geodiversity on cultural production is also notable: many Brazilian movies use this peculiar landscape as filming location. We also found examples from literature, such as novels and “cordel” booklets, a popular regional literature in North-eastern Brazil. Regarding recreation activities, the rocky landscape is regionally recognized as an important tourist attraction, mostly the inselbergs and residual massifs. These landforms offer a great number of viewpoints and are used for sports activities, such as hiking, rock climbing and air sports. In recent years, the academic community has discussed the region’s potential for geotourism more intensively and the Geological Survey of Brazil is developing a geopark project for the central region of the CCD. Concerning Human history, the features related to local geodiversity strongly influences toponymy and sense of place throughout the study area. In our research, we found many places named after geological qualities, such as Pedra Branca town (White Stone) and Pedra de Cal village (Limestone), and also places with spiritual meanings, particularly some inselbergs and caves, commonly associated with archaeological records. It is also worth to note the use of local stones in historic monuments and contemporary buildings, highlighting the use of granites and mylonitic

97 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

gneisses. Respecting scientific research, local geodiversity offers material to the development of several branches in geosciences, notably in regional geology, petrology, structural geology, mineral resources, and geomorphology. The main cultural services associated with geoheritage and historical evolution of the Earth is related to the Precambrian West Gondwana orogenesis, including important features of the geological evolution of the South American Continent. Many of the geoheritage sites available in the CCD are used in the field classes for local universities, mainly for geoscience’s students. An analysis of the undergraduate geology course curriculum from a local university identified 12 disciplines that make use of geoheritage sites as didactic examples. Since population is more sensitive and familiar with cultural aspects, the cultural ecosystem services provided by the geodiversity should enhance the geoconservation strategies in the CCD.

Table 1. Preliminary identification of cultural goods and benefits provided by the geodiversity in the working area

Cultural Goods and Benefits Wellness and health Recreation Human History Knowledge Physical and mental Recreation and sport Sense of place, symbols, Scientific research in health promoted by activities (hiking, trails, toponymies and spiritual several branches contact with natural cycling, rock climbing, values, mainly religious of geosciences landscapes air sports) meanings Inspiration for cultural Tourist attractions (water Sites of geoheritage and production (books, Use of local stones in reservoirs, viewpoints, historical evolution of paintings, movies, historical monuments mountains) the Earth legends etc.) Educational value as field resources for geoscience students

Acknowledgments The authors are thankful to reviewer for his helpful comments. This study was funded by the CAPES (Brazil) - grant n. 306365/2013-01/PNPD.

References Brilha J, Gray M, Pereira DI, Pereira P (2018) Geodiversity: An integrative review as a contribution to the sustainable management of the whole of nature. Environmental Science and Policy 86:19–28 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC, 137 p. Reynard E, Giusti C (2018) The Landscape and the cultural value of geoheritage. In: Reynard E, Brilha J. (eds.) Geoheritage: assessment, protection, and management. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp: 147-166.

98 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Provisional indicators for abiotic nature The development of abiotic services assessment methodology in two UNESCO Global Geoparks Sara Gentilini1, Pål Thjømøe2 & Marco Giardino3

1,3 University of Turin, Italy, [email protected]; [email protected] 2Magma UNESCO Global Geopark, Norway, [email protected]

Keywords: UNESCO Global Geoparks, management, geoconservation, geodiversity, geosystem services.

The research background

The International Geoscience and Geoparks Programme approved in 2015 by the 38th session of the UNESCO General Conference, introduced the UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGGp) as a new UNESCO site designation for areas with geological heritage of international value. A bottom-up holistic approach is applied within areas of rich geodiversity and geoheritage, which aim to support local communities in promoting awareness on climate change issues, natural resources and geo-hazards phenomena. Enhancement of geoheritage and strategies for geoconservation have a key role for the recognition of a territory as UNESCO Global Geopark and for keeping the status, which, differently with respect to other UNESCO designations, is re-assessed every 4 years by UNESCO. (Henriques and Brilha, 2017). Although abiotic nature (geodiversity) plays a crucial role in the human development, by offering services defined as “geosytem services” (Gray et al., 2013) the related geological heritage is still barely considered within recent ecosystem classification systems (MA 2005; Haines-Young and Potchin, 2013) and also in the Geoparks management plan there is a lack of tools for dissemination of knowledge and protection of geoheritage (Giardino et Al., 2014). Management strategies combining geoconservation and nature conservation with parameters and indicators are urgently needed to accomplish the United Nation Sustainable Goals and to face the climate change challenges. Our research aims at detecting provisional indicators for assessing how much each single geosite contributes to full fill the 25 abiotic services detected by Gray M. (Gray M. 2018) setting up an innovative management tool for Geoparks´ managers and environmental policy makers, contributing to the development of indicators-based strategies within UNESCO Global Geoparks.

The research methodology

Our study focused on two selected UGGps “pilot areas”: the Sesia Val Grande UNESCO Global Geopark (Italy) and the Magma UNESCO Global Geopark (Norway), by applying a trans-disciplinary approach within the H2020 MSC “Tech4culture” project. The present article aims at presenting the research phase three: “provisional analysis of ecosystems and developing of the assessment methodology”. The object of the research are 4 geosites selected in each Geopark and having similar geological characteristic. Qualitative and quantitative preliminary indicators for the selected geosites are analyzed considering the “services” they provide to the society within the “geosystem service approach “defined by Gray M. (Gray M. 2013) . The definition detects 25 services given by the abiotic services to the society: Regulating: 1) Atmospheric and oceanic processes, 2) Terrestrial processes, 3) Flood control and 4) Water quality regulation. Supporting: 5) Soil processes, 6) Habitat provision, 7) Land as a platform for human activities and 8) Burial and storage. Provisioning: 9) Food and drink, 10) Nutrients and minerals, 11) Fuel, 12) Construction materials, 13) Industrial materials 14) Ornamental products and 15) Fossils. Cultural: 16) Environmental quality, 17) Geotourism and leisure, 18) Cultural spiritual and historic, 19) Artistic inspiration, 20) Social development 21) Earth history, 22) History of research, 23) Environmental monitoring and forecasting, 24) Geoforensis and 25) Education and employment. The concept underlines the multiple relevant services provided by the abiotic nature to the society, considering geodiversity and biodiversity having same importance for assessing the services offered by nature to communities. (Brilha J. et al., 2018). In the research the “Anthropocene” has been adopted as the time frame, in the definition from the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy- Working Group on: “The Anthropocene”, which considers the starts of a new era from 1950 till present day (Hamilton C., 2019).We considered two different “space frames” and for the local scale we have

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set up two definitions: The “geosite area” as the: “minimum bounding rectangular” and the: “geosites buffer zone” which size has been agreed with the team before starting the assessment. The perspective in how the evaluation team actually “observe” at the geosite has been taken into account: from in the geosite -out to the buffer zone or zooming from out (buffer zone)-in the geosite. In fact, some services, like the regulating ones, allow the investigator to get a better understanding of the overall processes adopting the in-out view prospective. Based on the following three step methodology, provisional indicators for abiotic nature have been developed par each of the 25 services and tested in the 4 selected geosites. 1) Which are the main geological processes at the base of each service and what are their scientific definitions? - Which geological processes could the influence specific singular service? 2) Abiotic factors influencing on the process. We detected each single variable playing a role in the evolution of the overall process then we have linked tailored questions supporting the development of peculiar provisional indicators and the related scores. 3) Ecosystem abiotic service scaling and assessment. The research team defined a scale to assess single factors, which range from 10 (minimum) to 100 (maximum), with intermediate scores. Homogeneous scale resulted for indicators within each type of service, even if scale intervals may vary from different services, due to their peculiar characteristics.

Conclusion

Preliminary testing of the methodology within geosites of the pilot areas offered valuable suggestions for geodiversity protection and geoheritage enhancement of the Sesia Val Grande and Magma UGGps, by further application to other geosites within areas of diverse geological contents, we aim at implementing the methodology and enhancing the scientific debate on effective abiotic nature assessment. This are preliminary steps for defining tools for geodiversity management in UNESCO Global Geoparks territories.

References Brilha, J., Gray, M., Pereira, D. I., & Pereira, P. (2018). Geodiversity: An integrative review as a contribution to the sustainable management of the whole of nature. In Environmental Science and Policy (Vol. 86, pp. 19–28). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.05.001 Giardino M., Lombardo V., Lozar F., Magagna A., Perotti L. 2014, GeoMedia-web: Multimedia and Networks for Dissemination of Knowledge on Geoheritage and Natural Risk. In: Lollino G., Arattano M., Giardino M., Oliveira R., Peppoloni S. (eds) Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 7. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09303-1_28 Gray M., Gordon J. E., Brown E. J., 2013, Geodiversity and the ecosystem approach: The contribution of geoscience in delivering integrated environmental management. “Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, Vol. 124, Issue 4, pp. 659–673. Gray 2018, The confused position of the geosciences within the “natural capital” and “ecosystem services” approaches. Ecosystem Services, N.34, pp.106-112. Hammilton C. 2019, The Anthropocene, in Encyclopedia of Ecology. Hines-Young, R., Potschin M.; 2013. Common International Classification of Eco- system Services (CICES): Consultation on Version 4, August–December 2012, EEA Framework Contract No EEA/IEA/09/003. Henriques M. H., Brilha.J.; 2017. UNESCO Global Geoparks: A strategy towards global understanding and sustainability. Episodes, Vol. 40, Issue 4, pp. 349-355. MA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment), 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well- Being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC. Zwoliński Z., Najwer A., Giardino M. (2018) Methods for Assessing Geodiversity. In: Reynard E. & Brilha J. (Edts.) Geoheritage: assessment, protection and management, Chapter 2, 27-52.

100 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Monitoring challenges on coastal areas with high geoheritage in the absence of a management plan: Case study on Jurassic of the Peniche Peninsula (Portugal) Thais S Canesin1, Paulo Pereira1, Juana Vegas2 & Luís Vítor Duarte3

1Institute of Earth Sciences, Pole of the University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal. [email protected], [email protected] 2 Spanish Geological Survey (IGME), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain. [email protected] 3 University of Coimbra, MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, Portugal. [email protected]

Keywords: geoheritage management, global warming, Jurassic, monitoring, Peniche.

Monitoring is understood as one of the stages of geoconservation strategies (Brilha, 2016), and should be carried out periodically by defining temporal indicators. The main aim of monitoring is understanding active processes that influenced geoconservation, stablishing actions and targets to be met in geosites management in order to ensure their sustainability (Díez-Herrero et al., 2018; García-Cortés et al., 2012; Gordon, 2019). Therefore, the method must respond to the most relevant degradation and threats to which geosites are subjected. Geosites degradation risk, threats, and conservation status are usually assessed in the first stage of geoconservation strategies, during inventorying and value assessment. Therefore, when monitoring takes place, it is necessary to reassess the sites and update the degradation data, especially when geosites are exposed to active natural and anthropogenic processes. Coastal areas are more prone to active processes and to the impact of climate change. Peniche peninsula (Central Portugal) is a coastal area, mainly of Jurassic sedimentary rocks and Quaternary landforms, that has been categorized as geoheritage of international relevance (Duarte, 2004; Duarte et al., 2017). This work aims to discuss a monitoring methodological proposal for the Peniche coastal geoheritage. In an perimeter of approximately 10 km, a continuous succession of Jurassic limestones is exposed, with thicknesses greater than 450 m (Duarte & Soares, 2002). Six sites with different interests and values occur (Rilo et al., 2010), two of which have high scientific value and are included in the inventory of the Portuguese geoheritage with national and international relevance (Brilha et al., 2005). From the scientific point of view, the most significant geosite is the Jurassic marine section of Ponta do Trovão, classified as GSSP (Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point) by the IUGS with international importance due to the Pliensbachian-Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) boundary record (Rocha et al., 2016). Other relevant site is Cabo Carvoeiro, where karstic coastal landforms developed on calcarenitic deposits, the most recent Lower Jurassic unit and exclusive of Peniche, with several fossils, among them a crinoids species (Pentacrinus penichensis) that was described for the first time in the Cabo Carvoeiro Formation (Duarte et al., 2017; Loriol 1890 apud Rilo et al. 2010). Regarding protection status, the municipality of Peniche declared Ponta do Trovão as a "Site of Municipal Interest" in 2007 (Rocha et al., 2016) and the area is inserted in the Natura 2000 Network. Nevertheless, the area is not included in any Portuguese protected areas system (Duarte et al., 2017) and there is not even a geoheritage management plan to foster geoconservation systematized actions at the sites. The updated degradation risk analysis reflects considerable threats to which the sites are exposed, due to its natural vulnerability as a coastal area and the fragility of the stratigraphic succession lithology. Sea level rise, a higher frequency of extreme events and changes in wave patterns are clear threats to the local geoheritage, directly affecting the rocks stability triggering landslides and rock falls. In the recent decades, an increase in coastal erosion occurred, due to sea level rise and wave pattern alterations related to climate change. According to data provided by IPCC, projection of global temperature increases ranges from 1.6°C in the best-case scenario (with extreme restriction in CO2 emissions - RCP2.6) to 4.3°C (if no measures are taken to decrease CO2 concentrations in the

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atmosphere - RCP8.5). In addition, between 2006-2015 the Global Mean Sea Level (GMSL) rise rate was 3.6 mm yr-1, with thermal expansion of ocean water in 1.44 mm yr-1. It is also worth noting that predictions for sea level rise by 2100 range between 0.43 m (RCP2.6) and 0.84 m (RCP8.5), while for 2300 an increase between 1m (RCP2.6) and 3.6m (RCP8.5) is predicted (IPCC, 2019). The rise in GMSL may have fewer consequences than the effects of wave pattern and coastal erosion. These impacts are caused by the extreme meteorological events combined with thermal expansion of ocean, which increases the retreat of the coastline (Melet et al., 2018). Considering the IPCC data and the Peniche coastal area context, the degradation risk triggering by climate change is going to modify in a short term. Besides that, there is a possible damage caused by intense public use, which is mainly associated with the lack of visitors´ facilities and physical protections, allowing unrestricted visitation public access and other uses, such as sports and recreational fishing. Degradation by public use should be properly managed in order to mitigate human impacts in short term. On the other hand, climate goals require global approaches on legislation, habits, attitudes, and unbridled production methods, which is beyond the scope of local geoconservation strategies. Monitoring should therefore focus on actions that analyze degradation derived from public use through observations made over time, despite the possibility of equipment losses (meteorological stations, cameras, sensors, etc.) induced by the lack of supervision and absence of visitors´ control. An effective management plan is needed and urgent for this area, which also contemplates local legal regulations, physical protections and the establishment of visitors’ access control.

References Brilha J, Andrade C, Azerêdo A et al (2005) Definition of the Portuguese frameworks with international relevance as an input for the European geological heritage characterisation. Episodes, 177–186 Brilha J (2016) Inventory and Quantitative Assessment of Geosites and Geodiversity Sites: a Review. Geoheritage, 8(2), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-014-0139-3 Díez-Herrero A, Vegas J, Carcavilla L, Gómez-Heras M, García-Cortés Á (2018) Techniques for the Monitoring of Geosites in Cabañeros National Park, Spain. In: E Reynard and J Brilha (eds), Geoheritage. Chennai: Elsevier, 417-430 Duarte LV (2004) The geological heritage of the Lower Jurrassic of central Portugal: selected sites, inventory and mains scientific arguments. Revista Italiana Di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 110, 381–387 Duarte LV, Soares AF (2002) Litoestratigrafia das séries margo-calcárias do Jurássico inferior da Bacia Lusitânica (Portugal). Comunicações do Instituto Geológico e Mineiro, V 89, pp. 135-154 Duarte LV, Silva RL, Félix F et al (2017) The jurassic of the peniche peninsula (Portugal): Scientific, educational and science popularization relevance. Revista de La Sociedad Geologica de Espana, 30(1), 55–70 García-Cortés Á, Vegas J, Carcavilla L, Díaz-Martínez E (2012) Un sistema de indicadores para la evaluación y seguimiento del estado de conservación del patrimonio geológico. Geo-Temas, 13, 1272-1275 Gordon JE (2019) Geoconservation principles and protected area management. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 7(4), pp 199–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2019.12.005 IPCC (2019) Summary for Policymakers. In: H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds) IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate Melet A, Meyssignac B, Almar R, Le Cozannet G (2018) Under-estimated wave contribution to coastal sea-level rise. Nature Climate Change, 8(3), pp 234–239. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0088-y Rilo AR, Duarte LV, Tavares A (2010) As Falésias Calcárias Da Península De Peniche (Costa Ocidental Portuguesa ): Inventariação e caracterização do património geológico. Cuadernos Del Museo Geominero. IGME., 12, pp 173–190. Rocha RB, Mattioli E, Duarte LV et al (2016) Base of the Toarcian Stage of the Lower Jurassic defined by the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at the Peniche Section (Portugal). Episodes, 39(3), pp 460– 481. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2016/v39i3/99741.

102 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Erratic boulders from Scandinavia: peculiarities of management and geoconservation in Lithuania Vidas Mikulėnas1, Jonas Satkūnas1,2 & Vytautas Puronas1

1 Lithuanian Geological Survey, S. Kanarskio 35. Vilnius. Lithuania. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Nature Research Centre, Lithuania, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania. E-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: erratic boulder, geoconservation, glaciations, nature monument.

Introduction

Erratic boulders are a very valuable “gifts“ from Scandinavia thanks to a number of continental glaciations. The entire Lithuanian topography was formed during the Quaternary glacial and postglacial processes. The Quaternary formation is 130 m thick on average and its volume is about 5470 km3. The Quaternary cover is composed of glacial tills (70%), glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine sand, gravel and clay (28%) (Guobytė and Satkūnas, 2011). Assuming that in 1m3 of glacial tills there is one boulder of 20 cm in diameter, then in total there 16 km3 of erratic boulders. There are no rocky formations exposed on the surface, except a few outcrops in the valleys of rivers of Northern Lithuania (where Quaternary cover is a few meters thick), and some quarries of limestone and dolomite. Thus, the erratic boulders from Scandinavia are only rocks on the surface of land and therefore they are particular and unique features of the landscape. It is noteworthy that almost every bigger boulder has mythological stories, and related archaeological and historical heritage. On the other hand, they were a very important source of construction material – stones for foundation and walls, grids, gravestones etc., as well as the source for aggregates. Current legislation stipulates that every boulder that is situated in a protected area (a nature or a complex reserve) and is bigger than 0.5 m3 in volume must be protected from destruction. However, there is no protection against moving a boulder from its original place. Several cases of transportation of boulders are recorded due to increasing interest in having the boulders in households for landscape decoration.

Boulders in natural environment and daily life

Since prehistory, boulders were the only source material of all the remaining historical buildings – castles, churches, manors, etc. – which were constructed using erratic boulders (Stirniai, Salakas churches, Medininkai castle, Alunta manor, etc.). According to the classification used for the state geological mapping – a boulder is a piece of hard rock that has been worn smooth by erosion, and is of diameter bigger than 20 cm. Boulders are natural compounds of tills, glacial material, and are concentrated in marginal morainic formations, sometimes forming boulder fields. Due to erosion processes, boulders accumulate in river streams and on the beaches of water bodies. Boulders of igneous and metamorphic rocks – granite and granite-gneiss – are prevailing. Rapakivi granites are widely recognised, their source is southern Finland. After the Second World War the systematic geological exploration of boulder deposits as raw material for construction was started, and 25 boulder deposits were explored in Vilkaviškis district (Kavoliūtė and Skorupskas, 2016). By the year 1963, 501 boulder deposits had been explored, and the biggest of them were found in the districts of Kretinga, Trakai, and Šiauliai. Boulders were used for production of aggregates, however since 1959, when quarries of dolomite were open for exploitation in Pakruojis district, the erratic boulders were gradually replaced by dolomite as a raw material for aggregates. At present, there are no deposits of boulders as a raw material in the State Underground Register. In the same time, the boulder occurrences and accumulations became a serious obstacle for extension of arable lands and land-reclamation, therefore the boulders were removed from such places at a large scale. So far boulders and cobbles in soil formed on glacial material are “growing” and appearing in the arable lands due to frozen ground effect and being permanently removed by farmers. Recently, a number of big stones were excavated while forming ponds or other excavation works. The number of artificial water bodies is evidently increasing due to more effective technique and growing economy. The increase

103 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

of collections of boulders in private properties has to be noted, and transportation of huge stones from their original place was noticed in a great number of cases.

Protection of boulders

Boulder protection was initiated soon after the intensive boulder usage for the construction industry started. And in 1968-1971 there were 8 natural boulder fields declared as nature reserves, and 68 biggest boulders declared as nature monuments (Satkūnas at all, 2012). In 2021 the number of protected “stone” objects was 178 (Fig. 1).

Fig. 9. Statistics of protected/destroyed stone geoheritage objects.

Peculiarities of management and geoconservation

Erratic boulders born in Scandinavia are witnesses of glaciations and therefore they contain scientific paleogeographical heritage. They provide information about the movement direction of glaciers, periglacial phenomena, deglaciation rate (e.g., physical dating) and rate of weathering. Being particular elements of the landscape, boulders gain archaeological, mythological and ethnological value. Then they are turning into cultural, religious and touristic objects. The holistic value of boulders must be considered for their protection and management. However, there are many cases of boulders partly occurring in the ground and being dug by people, and thus their natural environment is destroyed. This reduces the scientific value of boulders and eliminates the possibilities of exploration aspects of deglaciation, dating the surface of the boulder, etc. Furthermore, the excavated boulder is exposed to more intense chemical, physical and biological weathering. We recommend boulders to be excavated only for construction projects and mining. Stones of mythological significance should only be excavated after archaeological research. Non-destructive methods to clean the surface of boulders from moss and lichen and to determine the underground part of a boulder could be applied. A small characteristic surface area of a boulder may be polished to expose petrographic composition and texture of the rock.

References Guobytė R, Satkūnas J (2011) Pleistocene Glaciations in Lithuania. Quaternary Glaciations – Extent and Chronology: A Closer Loo, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 231–246. Kavoliūtė F., Skorupskas R. Akmenynai – sunykęs lietuviško kraštovaizdžio elementas = Stony places – disappeared Lithuanian landscape element // Geologijos akiračiai. – 2016. – Nr. 1. – P. 17–25: iliustr. – Santr. angl. – Bibliogr.: p. 24–25 Satkūnas J, Linčius A, Mikulėnas V (2012) Lithuania. In: Wimbledon W, Smith-Meyer S (eds) Geoheritage in Europe and its conservation, ProGEO, Oslo, pp 216 ̶ 223

104 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Considering a UNESCO management framework for the Quebrada de Humahuaca area, Jujuy Province – Northern Argentina Walter Medina1 & Guillermo Aceñolaza2

1San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina. E-mail: [email protected] Buena, Tucumán, Argentina. E-mail: [email protected]. Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica (INSUGEO-CONICET) Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina. E-mail [email protected]

Keywords: Geodiversity, Geopark, Management, Quebrada de Humahuaca, UNESCO.

The Quebrada de Humahuaca is an extensive tectonic valley (150 km long) located in the province of Jujuy, of northwest Argentina. Displaying a north-south direction, it is runed by the Rio Grande which receives tributaries from minor associated valleys. Its population is around 34.000 mostly native inhabitants that develop their main activities associated to tourism, agriculture and local trade of goods. In this territory there are regional public conservation and protection policies carried out by provincial and municipal authorities, including 2 UNESCO international designations: 1- Heritage Landscape (declared in 2003) and 2- International Cultural Itinerary (declared in 2014) that highlights the Inca Trail (Qhapaq Ñan) (Bergesio et al. 2015). Both designations leave aside the important and outstanding geological heritage of Quebrda de Humahuaca, which is made up of a rich geology (stratigraphy, palaeontology, tectonic history, etc.). The whole landscape has a geological history of more than 500 million years, that begins with a primitive shallow sea (Aceñolaza and Toselli, 1981). Early papers regarding this subject are not common, with very few notable references as Series Publication of the Argentine Mining Geological Service (SEGEMAR, 2008) that treats the Quebrada de Humahuaca as a remarkable site of geological interest in the Eastern Cordillera of Northern Argentina. Later on, Medina (2019) addresses the issue, and supports the geodiversity of the Quebrada, considering 14 inventoried geosites with different genesis and geological interests proposing a unique geological corridor, o a wider framework that considers the need to evaluate it under the parameters of UNESCO Geoparks. Included in this paper, Poch Serra (2019) points out that promoting sustainable development does not appear in the initial concept of this World Heritage Site. In addition, we must mention that UNESCO states that its three programs, both the World Heritage Sites, the Geoparks and the Biosphere Reserves, provide a complete picture of the celebration of world heritage. The former promotes the conservation of natural and cultural sites of exceptional universal value; while the latter tends to grant international recognition to sites with outstanding geodiversity through active participation with local communities (UNESCO, 2021). Other authors as Arzeno and Troncoso (2010) and José et al. (2003) concludes that the scenario of the Quebrada de Humahuaca is facing an unsatisfactory scenario since the implementation of the designation in 2003, considering a serious deficit of infrastructures and services, deficiencies in the management of the territory that includes the noticeable increase in the value of the land as a result of real estate businesses, that leads to an acceleration of the processes in marginal sectors affecting the environment and assets, among others. Based on the above, and given that sustainable development does not integrate the concept of a World Heritage Site, the implementation of a geopark in the area would offer a complete image of its vast geodiversity, providing new tools in the search to achieve a collective agreement aimed at a clear regional development. This designation would not only enrich its assignment as a Cultural Landscape, but would also provide a sustainable development model focused on enhancing its geological heritage. The proposal of a sustainable development model, based on the wealth of the geological heritage of a region that involves its inhabitants, is until now an unprecedented practice in the Argentina, with no UNESCO Geoparks defined yet. The idea of the Quebrada de Humahuaca Geopark and its formula of combining conservation, sustainable development and community participation based on geological heritage can achieve an organized space attached to its geographical, sociological and use.

105 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

The geopark highlights not only the generation of scientific knowledge, but also other attributes associated to the inhabitants and the society, thus contributing to increase local self-esteem through the enhancement of other resources that are present in the area. However, it must be considered that such implementation will include an additional player to the already complex network of social participants, which - if not done in a coordinated way and in search of consensus and cooperation with the local population - may lead to new conflicts in the scene. Therefore, a proposal of a geopark for the area within a territory that already has two UNESCO designations, needs to be carefully done, with an adequate management system that shall include a variety of aspects in view of the unity of the territory and its proper conservation.

References Aceñolaza, F y Toselli, A. (1981). Geología del Noroeste Argentino. Facultada de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. 212 pag. Arzeno, M. y Troncoso, C. (2010). Actividades agrarias, turísticas y contradicciones del desarrollo en la Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy. En El Desarrollo y sus lógicas en disputa en territorio del norte argentino. Ed. Ciccus. 223- 247. Bergesio, L. Rata, Y. Malizia, L. y Le Ster, A. (2015). La Quebrada de Humahuaca, un recorrido por su pasado y presente. Revista Ojo de Condor. N°6. Instituto Geográfico Nacional. José, N., Albeck, M., Rodriguez, L., Solis, N., Lupo, L., Losada, F., Chalabe, S., Hopkins, J. y Fellener, F. (2003). La Quebrada de Humahuaca. Un itinerario cultural de 10.000 años. Jujuy. Argentina. Medina, W. (2019). Patrimonio Geológico y Geoconservación. Identificación y puesta en valor de elementos geológicos, geomorfológicos y geográficos para una propuesta de Geoparque en la Quebrada de Humahuaca (Jujuy- Argentina). Tesis. Tucumán, Argentina. Poch Serra, J. (2019). Revision y propuesta de mejora del modelo de gestión de la geodiversidad de los geoparques mundiales de la UNESCO. Tesis. Univ. Autónoma de Barcelona. SEGEMAR, 2008. Servicio Geológico Minero de Argentina. Tomo I Norte. UNESCO, (2021). Geoparques mundiales, reservas de biosfera y sitios del Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO: una imagen completa. Disponible: http://www.unesco.org Consultado el 10 marzo 2021.

106 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Monadnocks in the local spatial planning; the case of Jerzmanowice- Przeginia municipality (Cracow Upland, Poland) Wiktor Głowacki1

1 Institute of Urban and Regional Development, Poland, [email protected] ul. Cieszynska 2, 30-015 Kraków, Poland

Keywords: geoconservation, land management, monadnocks, nature protection, spatial planning.

Introduction

Isolated rocky hills raising abruptly from surrounding plains called monadnocks or inselbergs have been always attracting the attention of people. For centuries, they were used to build strongholds due to favourable defence conditions. Their eminent position in the landscape caused that they often play important cultural role in the life of local communities. When the movement for the protection of nature in general and geoheritage in particular developed, many monadnocks became protected for diverse reasons under different legal systems. Monadnocks of different size, origin and lithology attract also the attention of geomorphologists and geologists from around the world (Musarurwa and Mandaza 1993; Kubo 2008; Migoń 2010). The touristic attractiveness of monadnocks contributes to the local development in many regions. This in turn needs a spatial planning framework to prevent the destruction of environmental assets (Nora and Takata 2018). This presentation is focused on limestone monadnocks located in the centre of The Cracow Upland in Poland. More specifically on the way, monadnocks are dealt with in local spatial planning in the rural municipality of Jerzmanowice-Przeginia.

Geological setting of Jerzmanowice-Przeginia municipality

The Cracow Upland is a central part of a larger unit called Silesian-Cracow monocline. It is built up of Permian to Upper Cretaceous rocks. All of them are slightly inclined to north-east. Up to 250 m thick beds of the Upper Jurassic limestone and marl are the main elements of The Cracow Upland (Aleksandrowicz and Aleksandrowicz 1999). The planation surface had been formed on limestone beds during the Paleogene. However, many monadnocks built up of the massive limestone remained standing out of this surface. After the Miocene tectonic phase, karst phenomena developed and deep valleys dissected the surface (Aleksandrowicz and Aleksandrowicz 2003). During the Pleistocene, the planation surface was covered with loess deposits whereas monadnocks were modelled by the lateral retreat of rock walls (Pawelec 2008). In this way, the characteristic relief of The Cracow Upland was formed. The municipality Jerzmanowice-Przeginia is located in the most elevated part of this Upland.

Possibilities and limitations of the local spatial planning in protecting and in regulating the use of monadnocks

Outstanding natural values have caused that the whole area of the municipality Jerzmanowice-Przeginia is currently under different nature protection regimes according to the Polish nature protection system. The western part is located within Ojców National Park and its buffer zone whereas the rest is in Cracow Valleys Landscape Park and its buffer zone. Some parts of the municipality are protected as Natura 2000 areas. A forest area of 47 hectares is protected as a national nature reserve. Small individual objects like threes, caves, single rocks or monadnocks are protected as nature monuments. So far, regional or local authorities designated in this municipality 38 nature monuments out of which 32 are monadnocks or single rocks. Simultaneously, this municipality with 11000 inhabitants living in 8 villages undergoes a high development pressure due to its location in the vicinity of the Kraków city with a relatively good transport links. About 1000 individual planning applications have been submitted to the municipality within the ongoing planning procedure. In most cases, people apply for the allocation of land for development (mainly single-family housing).

107 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

The presentation will be based on the ongoing planning works in Jerzmanowice-Przeginia municipality in Poland. However, planning issues that occur there are also common in other regions where monadnocks constitute the bulk of geodiversity resources. Some of these issues are:  Formulating legally binding land use regulations for monadnocks  Physical and formal accessibility of monadnocks  Securing visibility of monadnocks and the potential use of monadnocks as viewpoints;  The double role of monadnocks as geosites and as wildlife habitats The local spatial plan in the Polish planning system provides legally binding regulations concerning land use as well as rules of land development and construction. The project of the plan has to be approved by Regional Environmental Directorate responsible for the protection of the nature. Then it is put forward to the public review and only in the end to municipal council for the final approval. In practical terms, making the plan often means search for the compromise between contradictory interests of all stakeholders. In such a situation the following regulations can be proposed in order to protect monadnocks: 1. Leaving the monadnock outside the area of the new plan if the existing planning regulations prevent the development. 2. The allocation of monadnocks for forestry, for ecological greenery or for farmland. 3. The allocation of a small monadnock together with a large plot for tourist facilities for example camping site. 4. Securing the obligatory percentage of greenery in the area of building plot in order to enable the preservation of monadnocks within the developed area. The access roads are designated only to the most popular monadnocks. Other monadnocks are accessible by foot through the dense network of footpaths among fragmented fields. The local spatial development plan in Poland is a regulatory not an operational document. Therefore, it cannot solve certain problems related to the protection and use of monadnocks. For example, drawing the development boundary on a map enables the protection of the monadnock against development but simultaneously it cannot prevent its spontaneous reforestation of the site if it is no longer cultivated. The use of monadnocks for climbing also requires different regulations than the local plan The presentation will be based not only on the draft planning regulations but also on other planning documents that are prepared within the planning procedure. For example, the background environmental study or the strategic environmental assessment report.

References Aleksandrowicz S W, Aleksandrowicz Z (1999) Selected geosites of the Cracow Upland. Polish Geological Institute Special Papers 2: 53-60 Aleksandrowicz S W, Aleksandrowicz Z (2003) Pattern of karst landscape of The Cracow Upland (South Poland) Acta Carsologica 32/1 (4): 39-56 Kubo S (2008) Geomorphological Features and Subsurface Geology of the Lower Mekong Plain around Phnom Penh City, (Southeast ). Rev. Geogr. Acadêmica 2 (1): 20-32 Migoń P (2010) Spitzkoppe: the world of granite landforms. In: Migoń P (ed) Geomorphological landscapes of the world, Springer, Berlin, pp 155–162 Musarurwa C, Mandaza L (1993) Theories of Inselberg formation: can their differences be explained by equifinality? Geographical Education Magazine 16: 8-17. Nora G D, Takata R T (2018) Tourist planning of the state natural monument Morro de Santo Antônio, in the municipality of Santo Antônio de Leverger-mt. InterEspaço http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2446-6549.v4n15p156- 169 Pawelec H (2008) Origin of hilltop monadnocks on the Ojców Plateau as reconstructed from slope deposits. Geologos 14 (2): 41–5

108

EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH

X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geodiversity perception: an overview from the Brazilian geosites Parque Geológico Varvito, Caverna do Diabo and Pico do Itapeva, São Paulo State Andrea Duarte Cañizares1, Christine Laure Marie Bourotte2 & Maria da Glória Motta Garcia3

1,2,3Instituto de Geociências da Universidade de São Paulo (IGc, USP), Rua do Lago, 562, 05508-080, São Paulo - SP, Brazil [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Keywords: environmental perception, geoconservation, geocommunication, geosite, public attitude.

Introduction

Geodiversity, the set of elements of the abiotic nature and its processes, is fundamental for sustaining ecosystems and life. These elements are present in people's daily lives as in natural touristic sites but they are not always perceived. In Brazil, some outstanding examples are also important geosites of the state of São Paulo, such as the Caverna do Diabo in Eldorado, the Varvite of Itu in the homonymous town and the Pico do Itapeva in Pindamonhangaba. Varvite of Itu is one of the few sites evidencing geological history of glaciation in southeastern Brazil. It was once a quarry and it is now a municipal park, the Parque Geológico do Varvito. The promotion to the municipal park was a pioneering initiative in public policies aimed at geoconservation in the country. It is a reference within Brazilian geological heritage due to its consolidation as a touristic attraction, a scientific research object and its use to on on-site learning activities and free choice learning (Guimarães et al., 2018). The Caverna do Diabo, also known as Gruta da Tapagem, is part of the homonym state park and is known for the richness and beauty of its speleothems and for its touristic and educational use (Leonel et al., 2010). The Pico do Itapeva is a geomorphosite with a scenic viewpoint in an environmental preservation area in the Taubaté Basin in the central segment of the South Atlantic Continental Rift (Detzel et al., 2018). These three geosites are included in the São Paulo State Geological Heritage Inventory and they register a relevant part of State’s geological history (Garcia et al., 2018). In this paper we seek to describe how geodiversity and geosciences are perceived by visitors or individuals interested in these geosites.

Methods and results

To achieve our purposes, anonymous surveys have been applied to the Parque Geológico do Varvito’s and Caverna do Diabo’s visitors, and to participants of social networking on the internet facing Pico do Itapeva and surroundings. A questionnaire was applied through face-to-face interviews in the Parque Geológico do Varvito and Caverna do Diabo and an online form was used with Pico do Itapeva participants, both with open and closed questions. We sought to determine the participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, the visit profile, the participants’ interest in science, and their perception about geodiversity. A summary of the results is presented in Table 1. Table 1. Summary results of Varvite of Itu’, Caverna do Diabo’ and Pico do Itapeva’s participants’ survey responses. Variable Varvite Devil’s Itapeva Geological Park Cave Peak (N= 30) (N= 46) (N= 32) Gender (%) Female/Male/No binary 53 / 47 / 0 59 / 41 / 0 28 / 69 / 3 Age (%) 50+ / 40-49 13 / 0 22 / 11 41 / 16 35-39 / 25-34 20 / 33 7 / 7 9 / 28 16-24 / 11-15 13 / 3 13 / 13 6 / 0 Education (%) Master / University 23 / 47 20 / 4 47 / 13 High / Middle School 20 / 0 30 / 13 34 / 0 Secondary & under 7 22 6 Most mentioned visiting companion (%) Family 87 70 45 Most mentioned visiting reasons (%) Curiosity/knowledge 43 63 34 Scenic beauty 20 37 66

111 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Most frequently declared science interest level (%) 1: lowest – 5: highest 3 (37) 5 (35) 5 (56) Science most mentioned as the preferred one Human Biology Biology Sciences Geology is the preferred science (%) 0 2 0 One example of rock present in the geosite (%) Able to give 23 13 9 Geosite age (%) Millions of years 29 35 16 Hazards likely to occur in the region (%) Anthropic 3 22 34 Natural (abiotic) 17 24 40 Natural (biotic) 0 6 6 One example of geological heritage (%) The geosite in focus 43 13 3 A different geosite 7 13 31

Discussion

The participants have a medium- to high interest in science but very few of them put geology in the first place. They demonstrate interest in achieving knowledge when visiting the geosites. Although, the visit does not look like to result in an effective understanding of geodiversity as the participants barely recalls information relating to the geosite. The participants were also asked to mention words that come to their mind when talking about geodiversity. The Varvite of Itu’s most mentioned terms were rock, stone and rocky formation (37%) and Caverna do Diabo’s ones were diversity, different, diverse, difference, differentiated (30%). The Pico do Itapeva’s participants were asked about the term biodiversity and 95% of them had heard it before. But, when asked about the term geodiversity, the percentage dropped to 56%. Additionally, only a few participants were able to mention the geosite under inquiring as an example of geological heritage. Our results suggest a lack of geodiversity perception that could lead to lower geodiversity awareness. People are usually not concerned with the conservation of elements they do not perceive as valuable or important. People’s interest in visiting geosites such as the ones addressed in this research makes them very conducive to promoting the perception of the physical environment and its relationship with living beings. In this way, the empirical evidence found in the current research can be valuable to guide future on-site geocommunication strategies aimed at the understanding of information and recalling ensurement. Thus, these geosites can play a key role in improving environmental perception, particularly regarding geodiversity, and help the individuals to form opinions and make conscious decisions, to modulate attitudes towards geoconservation and to support geosciences research.

References Detzel, V.A., Baldim, M., Cit, C., Lamberti, S.P. (2018). Plano de Manejo da Área de Proteção Ambiental da Serra da Mantiqueira, Detzel Consultores Associados S/S EPP, Brasília 371 p. Garcia, M.G.M., Brilha, J., Lima, F., Vargas, F., et al. (2018). The Inventory of Geological Heritage of the State of São Paulo, Brazil: Methodological Basis, Results and Perspectives. Geoheritage 10: 239-258. Guimarães, G.B., Lima, F.F., Rocha-Campos, A.C. (2018) Varvite Park, a Brazilian Initiative for the Conservation and Interpretation of Geoheritage. In: Reynard, E., Brilha, J., Geoheritage: Assesment, Protection, and Management, Elsevier, Amsterdam pp 405-416. Leonel, C., et al. (2010) Plano de Manejo da Caverna do Diabo, Ekos Brasil, São Paulo 93p.

112 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

ELIGES: scientific criteria for selecting 10 areas of urban geosites for environmental awareness and geotourism in Segovia (Spain) Andrés Díez-Herrero 1 & Juana Vegas 1

1 Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME, Spanish Geological Survey), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain. [email protected] , [email protected]

Keywords: assessment criteria, environmental awareness, geotourism, urban geosites, Segovia.

Introduction

Segovia is a small historic city in the center of the (Spain) that has developed various pioneering initiatives around the geoheritage in the last 30 years (Díez-Herrero et al., 2019). Even as a World Heritage City since 1985 by UNESCO, natural heritage is another resource for socio-economic development. In this city, four main phases of geoheritage research have been carried out: i) inventory, mapping and general assessment of more than one hundred geosites of local relevance; ii) legislation, with the protection of the geosites in the Territorial Planning Guidelines and Local Urban Planning; iii) geoconservation, including citizen participation initiatives such as ‘Save a Rock’, the manifesto ‘Rocks in the city’ or allegations of potentially damaging projects for geoheritage conservation; iv) public use, both for outreach (guides and brochures such as the 'From rock to rock', urban geo-routes, augmented reality applications, etc.), as an educational resource because it is a natural laboratory for formal and informal education in the city ('Segovia educates in green' programme or the 'Science Club' for primary schools) and for geotourism (geo-routes interpreted in the' Discover Segovia' programme, training of local tour guides, etc.). The geoheritage, as part of the natural heritage, has great potential for environmental education in sensitive key areas such as climate change, natural hazards, pollution and groundwater, raw materials, health & wellness among others. The urban geoheritage, with respect to the rural environment or the geoheritage in protected natural areas, has the strengths and opportunities of being more accessible, attracting a greater number of people and generating greater links with the historical heritage and with material and intangible cultural elements. Social changes, the concentration of the population in cities, the increase in mobility and the time dedicated to leisure means that society and citizens are demanding recreational spaces and natural areas in the urban environment. In Segovia, the relationship between the geological and the historical-artistic heritages is highly remarkable, through the location of the quarries from which the raw materials were extracted, the traditional trades, the foundations of monumental buildings, and even legends, children's stories and miraculous events with a geological background. In addition, geosites location makes them easily accessible and they have strong emotional relationships for people as they have been the settings for games in parks, squares and streets. In counterpart geoheritage in cities is more fragile and vulnerable as it is subjected to greater human pressure and impacts. Pollution, the pressure of urbanization, in short, the occupation and management of public spaces, demand the promotion of best practice guidelines to guarantee geosites conservation and the legacy for the future. The City Council, as a key stakeholder in the management of urban geoheritage and through the call for grants from the II Environmental Education Strategy of the Castilla y León regional Government, obtained financing in 2018 and 2019 for the development of the actions for implementation of geoheritage in environmental education and geotourism.

Methodology

These educational and touristic actions (Figure 1) have consisted of: a) new assessment of the 110 urban geosites to identify the Top-10, with six specific criteria (based and improved the proposal of Suzuki & Takagi, 2018) for the different stakeholders (people with disabilities, visitors, teachers and students of all educational levels, senior citizens, etc.), called ELIGES (acronym in Spanish of ‘Areas of geosites for environmental education in the city of Segovia”); b) the edition of the book “Best practice guidelines

113 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021 for the use of the geoheritage in the city of Segovia” (Vegas & Díez-Herrero, 2018), in Spanish and English, in print and in digital format, addressed to all social agents involved in the management and use of urban geoheritage, from municipal technicians to neighborhood associations; c) special brochures for each ELIGES; d) development of a municipal website dedicated to the 10 ELIGES with records for teachers and other educational resources (http://www.segovia.es/educapatrigeo), containing multiple didactic resources; e) installation of small panels in tiles with QR codes in the 10 ELIGES that give access to the contents of the website; f) a practical course for secondary school teachers for learning to take advantage of all these resources.

Fig. 10. Methodological general scheme of this study, from data sources and previous works, to the final results. In: Vegas & Díez-Herrero (2021).

Results

The results of these actions have been high satisfactory both, in a didactic and informative scope, because several schools and teachers are using the generated resources, as the successful didactic program “ELIGE un LIG” (“Choose a geosite”; Sacristán-Arroyo et al., 2021); and for their repercussion in media (local newspapers, blogs, and high number of visits to web page) and social networks. So, the objectives and aims of this initiative could be considered reached.

References Díez-Herrero A, Vegas J, Lozano G, Sacristán N, Gutiérrez-Pérez I (2019) 30 años de promoción del patrimonio geológico en Segovia (1989-2019): principales aportaciones. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero 30, 21-26. Sacristán-Arroyo N, Díez-Herrero A, González-Álvaro S (2021) Elige un LIG. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero (in this volumen). Suzuki, DA, Takagi, H (2018) Evaluation of Geosite for sustainable planning and management in geotourism. Geoheritage 10, 123-135. Vegas J, Díez-Herrero A (2018) Best practice guidelines for the use of the geoheritage in the city of Segovia/Manual de buenas prácticas para el uso del Patrimonio geológico en la ciudad de Segovia. Ayuntamiento de Segovia. 120 pp. http://www.segovia.es/educaPatriGeo/ELIGES/index.html Vegas J, Díez-Herrero A (2021) An Assessment Method for Urban Geoheritage as a Model for Environmental Awareness and Geotourism (Segovia, Spain). Geoheritage, 13-2.

114 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Soil as an important feature of geoheritage Anna Masseroli1, Irene M. Bollati1, Luca Trombino1 & Manuela Pelfini1

1 Earth Sciences Department “A. Desio”, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 3, Milan, Italy. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected].

Keywords: Soil, Geoheritage, Glaciological trail, Soil trail, Italian Alps.

Geoheritage, “consisting of all the significant Earth features and continuing processes that we wish to keep sustain, conserve, manage and interpret for their natural heritage value” (Osborne, 2000), has been widely acknowledged, but among Earth features, scarce attention has been paid to the soil till now. Its importance is more considered by scientists and policy makers in the view of soil exploitation and erosion, but the great diversity of soil types and their heritage value, are often not recognized. Indeed, soils can possess heritage characteristics (Costantini & L’Abate, 2009) and can be promoted in a geoheritage perspective, as an important feature of the aesthetics of the landscape as well as a support for biodiversity, playing an important role in underlying ecosystem services. Soil diversity is a resource of a territory that should be taken into consideration for conservation and promotion as element of the geoheritage. Anyway, “communicating soil information to the general public is a difficult task; soils are generally below ground and most people are unaware that differences might exist” (Conway, 2010). To promote soil as an element concurring to geoheritage definition, we propose a strategy that includes pedological topics within two glaciological trails in two proglacial systems of the Italian Alps: the proglacial area of the Forni Glacier (Rhaetian Alps) and the proglacial area of the Aurona glacier (Lepontine Alps).

Fig. 1. Location of study areas and examples of soil profiles identified as potential sites of pedological interest. The digital sources are courtesy made available by the Geoportale Nazionale (http://www.pcn.minambiente.it/GN/, WMS service)

In high altitude areas, the high variability of soil forming factors (i.e., parent material, climate, relief, organism, time) is responsible for the presence of different soil types, which contribute to the pedodiversity and are also a component of the local cultural heritage. In particular, in the proglacial areas retreating glaciers expose fresh rock to surface conditions over time, giving a great opportunity to study the evolution of soil through time; in fact, soils characterized by different ages and by different degree of development coexist in a short distances. Starting from the concept of substituting space for time, it is thus possible to observe how time factor influences pedogenic processes through the study of the so called “chronosequences” (i.e. “A group of related soils that differ, one from the other, primarily

115 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021 as a result of differences in time as a soil-forming factor”, Glossary of Terms https://www.soils.org/publications/soils-glossary#).). Geopedological researches, carried out in the study areas, allowed detecting potential sites of pedological interest, located in safe and accessible places, along the glaciological trails. The selected soil profiles mirror not only the main soil types that characterize the area, but also represent evidence of first stages of pedogenesis. In the proglacial area of the Forni Glacier, the potential sites of pedological interest are located on moraine ridges of the Forni Glacier related to the periods 1859, 1914, 1926 and 1974-1981. At the Alpe Veglia study site, the potential sites of pedological interest are placed from the Alpe Veglia plain to the proglacial area of the Aurona Glacier, across glacial deposits of different ages. In both the study areas, the distinct time-trend of soil properties is identifiable, but, especially in the Alpe Veglia study area, the effect of others soil forming factors (e.g., the morphometry of the surrounding reliefs related to the bedrock lithologies and structures, the geomorphic dynamics, the vegetation cover, the micrometeorological conditions) partly masks the effect of the time factor inducing a divergence from the chronosequence. This allows underlining how soil and its diversity are closely related to geodiversity (including geomorphodiversity) and biodiversity. The opportunities for hikers and mountaineers, to observe the exposed soils along the selected glaciological trails, thanks to the presence of erosional scarps, raise awareness of the need for geoheritage conservation strategies addressed to soil, especially in the mountain landscape where soil characteristics reflect the striking influence of its forming factors.

References Conway, J. S. (2010). A soil trail?—a case study from Anglesey, Wales, UK. Geoheritage, 2(1), 15-24. Costantini, E. A., & L'Abate, G. (2009). The soil cultural heritage of Italy: Geodatabase, maps, and pedodiversity evaluation. Quaternary International, 209(1-2), 142-153. Osborne, R.A.L. (2000). Geodiversity: Green geology in action – Presidential address for 1999–2000: Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales 122: 149–173.

116 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

A citizen science program to report fresh outcrops: a new tool to appropriate geological heritage in France Asma Seinhausser1, Grégoire Egoroff2, Alicia Mansilla-Sanchez3, Lydia Detienne3 & Isabelle Rouget1

1 Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, UMR 7207 Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris Géologie, 43 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris [email protected] ; [email protected] 2 Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, UMS Patrinat – Paris, Géologie, 43 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris [email protected] 3 Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, UMS MoSaic - Méthodes et outils pour les sciences participatives alicia.mansilla- [email protected] ; [email protected]

Keywords: citizen science, education, geology, outcrops

New outcrops of potential geological interest are regularly uncovered by natural or anthropogenic actions such as land-use planning and public works (Fig. 1). These outcrops are most often exposed temporarily as they are deemed to be scars on the landscape and are sooner or later revegeted, filled or concreted. In France, the number of outcrops uncovered each year that may be of geological interest remains unknown. This can be explained by the fact there is no procedure for examining geological objects during construction projects. By contrast, the situation is very different for archaeological remains, the law on preventive archaeology that was enacted in 2001(based on the European Convention signed in Malta in 1992) provides for advanced archaeological interventions on development sites for the purpose of evaluation and, if necessary, excavation.

Fig. 1 An example of fresh outcrop. The road has been extended and give the access to non altered rock (French Alps, © G.Egoroff)

Vigie-Terre (Fig. 2) is a citizen science project founded at the French National Museum of Natural History whose objectives is to allow volunteers to report and describe fresh outcrops (https://www.vigie- terre.org/). Similar projects have already been developed in Europe as GeoExposures in Great Britain (Powel et al 2013, Lee et al 2020) or ORAGE in France which is limited to the Lorraine area. For Vigie- Terre, as in these examples, an online reporting protocol has been set up to locate and describe fresh outcrops and allow geologists across the country to assess the geological interest of the site. The main

117 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021 objective of Vigie-Terre is to estimate the potential number of outcrops of geological heritage interest uncovered each year.

Fig. 2 The logo of Vigie-Terre, that can be used by the relays to communicate

The secondary objective is to encourage preservation actions and to promote knowledge of these sites and the geoheritage. This action is possible thanks to a network of "Vigie-Terre" relays. These relays are professionals in geology or culture (from natural parks, nature reserves, geoparks and universities) who are ambassadors of the Vigie-Terre approach. Finally, the data collected should enable debates on a possible "preventive geology" as it already exists in archaeology.

References Lee KA, Lee JR, Bell P (2020) A review of Citizen Science within the Earth Sciences: potential benefits and obstacles. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, Volume 131, Issue 6, 2020, Pages 605-617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2020.07.010 Powell J, NashG, Bell P (2013) GeoExposures: documenting temporary geological exposures in Great Britain through a citizen-science website. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 124, 638–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2012.04.004 https://www.vigie-terre.org/ https://orage.univ-lorraine.fr/

118 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Outreach of reports on mountaineering activities on social networks for environmental awareness and education: the case of the Catas Altas – Morro da Água Quente Trail - Brazil Bruno Batista de Negreiros1 & Rosangela Garrido Machado Botelho1,2

1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análise Ambiental e Gestão do Território da Escola Nacional de Ciências Estatísticas – ENCE, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Brazil, Geopark, Minas Gerais, Serra do Caraça, Outreach

Introduction

The practice of adventure sports is growing considerably in recent years. The man-nature interaction among the practitioners of these activities is also growing, making it increasingly necessary to raise awareness about the importance of environmental preservation (Tahara et al., 2006). In parallel, we experience the massive presence of social media as a rich stage for sharing information among practitioners of outdoor sports and a potential tool for environmental awareness and education. Among outdoor sports, mountaineering stands out. According to Bertiollo and Santos (2003), this "is an activity performed close to the natural environment where the practitioner seeks to ascend mountains by walking or climbing". This work presents fragments from the report about the Catas Altas - Morro da Água Quente trail, published on AventureBox platform, in order to inform and motivate readers' awareness about the importance of the conservation of the mountain environment.

Report

Catas Altas - Morro D’água Quente trail is between the cities that give it its name, in Serra do Caraça, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. This is located in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, a geotectonic unit with 7200 km². It is an area of transition between the Ombrophilous Dense Forest and the Savannah, with rupestrian fields at the highest altitudes, where itabirites and quartzites occur, and in the lower portions, schists, phyllites, marbles and gneiss granites occur (Cavalcante et al., 2010). Leptosols and Cambisols are dominant. This is one of the most significant ferruginous geosystems in Brazil and worldwide and has intense pressure on unique environmental attributes (Dos Santos et al., 2021). This region is part of the proposed Quadrilátero Ferrífero Geopark (Azevedo et al., 2012). The first day, an 8km steep walk, leaving the city of Catas Altas (750m), until Camping da Mancha (1600m), we can see the geology of the group Caraça of Minas Supergroup. According to Azevedo et al. (2012) this is composed by quartzites with intercalations of phyllite and conglomeratic levels, also seriticitic phyllites, sometimes carbonaceous or ferruginous, predominate. In the second day, we walked (3,5km) in a long summit, sighting and passing by several peaks, like dos Horizontes (1820m) where we can see the relief composed by the great escarpment modeled in quartzites facing the Depression of Catas Altas (Cavalcante et al., 2010). On the third day we walked 6.5km down to Morro da Água Quente (750m). As mentioned in the report: “I remember all the beautiful and imposing mountains of Serra do Caraça that rose in front of me.” The full report was published on AventureBox, collaborative platform for sharing outdoor adventures, and it can be accessed at: https://aventurebox.com/bruno-negreiros/travessia-catas-altas-x-morro- dagua-quente-mg/report. Some fragments from the report that reflect the environmental issues in the trail are: - "DON'T MAKE CAMPFIRE... usually human action ends up being the most responsible for fires in natural environments."

119 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

- "The existent trails on steep slopes, which literally tear the slopes and have well-exposed soils are clearly accelerating erosive processes." - “We, as mountaineers, have a duty to take care of the environment as a whole, being it social or natural. Individual practices, with minimal impact, collective organization and political activities are very important to take care of the places we love.”

Fig. 1. A. Trail seen on Google Earth. B. Mountains seen from Pico dos Horizontes. Photo: André Leopoldino.

Readers' Reaction

The publication records 1.010 views, 81 “likes” and ranks first in the search for the name of the trail on Google until 5/05/2021. We highlight the following comments: - “I hope that the next mountaineers / hikers / groups that pass through the region will be as careful and aware of the place as you were there.” - "Congratulations on the trail, the report, the conscience." - “That region is wonderful and a natural legacy that must really be preserved and taken care of by those who aspire to climb those mountains, and it is up to us, mountaineers, to do our part.”

Conclusions

Mountaineering provides its practitioners a great contact with nature. This contact generates opportunities for awareness and environmental education that can be enhanced by the multiple technological tools of communication and interaction, such as social networks and publishing platforms aimed at reports of mountaineering activities.

References Azevedo ÚR de et al. (2012) Geoparque Quadrilátero Ferrífero (MG). Geoparques do Brasil/Propostas I: 185-220. Betiollo GM, Santos SS (2003) Contribuições do Montanhismo para a Educação Ambiental. Motrivivência 20-21: 163-187. Cavalcante LVB, Valadão RC, Salgado AAR. (2010) Mapeamento das unidades do relevo da Serra do Caraça/MG: Uma proposta baseada na interpretação de mapas temáticos. Revista de Geografia 27(1): 224-235 Tahara AK, Dias, VK, Schwartz GM (2006) A aventura e o lazer como coadjuvantes do processo de educação ambiental. Revista Pensar a Prática, 9(1): 1-12. Dos Santos DJ, Ruchkys Ú, Travassos LEP (2021) The Educational Potential of Geodiversity in Ferruginous Geosystem: the Example of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Geoheritage 13: 32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-021-00550-2

120 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Research and outreach potential of digital products in geoconservation: examples from the state of São Paulo, Brazil Carlos Eduardo Manjon Mazoca1; Maria da Glória Motta Garcia1 & Renato Henriques2

1 Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo, Centre for Research Support on Geological Heritage and Geotourism, Brazil, e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), University of Minho, Portugal, e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: digital technology, geoconservation, outreach, popularization, Brazil

Introduction

In addition to their long-term use in basic research, resources based on digital technologies are playing an important role in public outreach (Cayla, 2014). From the development of products focused on specific groups, or focused on science dissemination to the general public, to application in academic analysis or geological heritage management (Cayla et al., 2014), the use of products based on digital technologies has significantly increased in geoconservation. This abstract presents actual and potential uses of a collection of digital products developed in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

Overview and examples

The products developed can be grouped into the following types: i) three-dimensional (3D) models, ii) 360° panoramas, iii) panoramic virtual tours, iv) story maps virtual tours, v) high resolution orthophoto- mosaics and other GIS-related products (Fig. 1). Each type is characterised by specific features and attributes that may control its suitableness for specific uses and public. When associated with different media, such as websites and social networks, their potential increases to guarantee public access.

Fig. 1. Types of digital resources produced: a) 3D model, b) panorama; c) panoramic virtual tour, d) story map virtual tour, e) high resolution orthophoto-mosaic.

Fig. 1a is an example of a 3D model built for the São João Fort, in Bertioga municipality, in which its intrinsic history and the importance of its building stones served as sources for interpretation products and petrology research projects (available on sketchfab.com/geohereditas). Fig. 1b illustrates part of a panorama covering the Bay of Caraguatatuba, in the homonymous municipality, whose deposits and geomorphological features are related to distinct phases of marine transgressions and regressions used as the topic for one of the interpretive panels implanted in this area. Fig. 1c was taken from a panoramic virtual tour of a protected area (Jaraguá State Park, city of São Paulo), a highly visited area that constitutes one of the last remnants of the Atlantic Forest in this megalopolis, and which main feature is a quartzite residual relief, the highest peak in the city. The lack of geoscientific contents in the regular tours of the park inspired a collaboration with managers in order to train park guides and to produce interpretation products such as the example in Fig. 1d. This is a story map virtual tour used to recreate the experience of a guided tour in the same way as with real visitors. Fig. 1e is an excerpt from an orthophoto-mosaic of the geosite "Boudins of Camburizinho Tombolo", in São Sebastião municipality, an islet with rocks and deformation structures that record Neoproterozoic to recent geological events related to Western Gondwana evolution. Apart from the interpretation products, such as panels and

121 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021 virtual tours, the orthophoto-mosaics have demonstrated to be excellent tools in the production of qualitative and quantitative structural data to elucidate its geological framework.

Discussion and final remarks

The use of new digital technologies in geoconservation is often associated with science popularization (Martin, 2014; Santos et al, 2018). However, although the digital resources presented were mainly created for geoscience popularization, further work proved them highly applicable in other areas. Taking the whole geoconservation chain (diagnosis, conservation, promotion) as a basis, the application of these technologies gains importance when considering, for example, the scientific knowledge as a criterion for the definition of a geosite in an inventory, since some of them are significantly useful in basic geoscience studies. In this context, while orthophoto-mosaics and GIS resources are rarely applied on outreach projects, their use in academic research is extensive. Regarding conservation, the production of 3D objects that preserve structural and visual characteristics of threatened geosites might guarantee geological research even after their loss, enhancing their potential in the safeguard of geoheritage. When dealing with promotion, particularly if the geosites have potential for tourism and education, the use of digital products is widespread. 3D models, for instance, can represent digitally from large landscapes to hand samples, thus being useful to a broad number of users, including both researchers and the public. Panoramas are more appealing to the non-specialists, mainly due to their simplicity, but also to their high level of attraction. Virtual tours, akin to the panoramas, are also more appealing to the public. Story map virtual tours are more versatile than panoramic virtual tours, but their prime purpose is also the dissemination of information for non-academic people. It is worth to add the combined use of these products. Both 3D models and panoramas may be inserted either in virtual tours or in story maps, which may enrich the experience of the users.

References Cayla N (2014) An Overview of New Technologies Applied to the Management of Geoheritage. Geoheritage 6, 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-014-0113-0 Cayla N, Hobléa F, Reynard E (2014) New Digital Technologies Applied to the Management of Geoheritage. Geoheritage 6, 89–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-014-0118-8 Martin S (2014) Interactive Visual Media for Geomorphological Heritage Interpretation. Theoretical Approach and Examples. Geoheritage 6, 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-014-0107-y Santos I, Henriques R, Mariano G et al (2018) Methodologies to Represent and Promote the Geoheritage Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Multimedia Technologies, and Augmented Reality. Geoheritage 10, 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-018-0305-0

122 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Public Outreach for Decision Support at Mount Saint Helens National Monument, USA Daniel Tormey1

1 Catalyst Environmental Solutions Corporation, Santa Monica, USA, [email protected]

Keywords: Geoconservation, management practice, public outreach, volcanic heritage

The May 18th, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was studied by scientists from around the world, and in 1982 the landscape around the volcano was protected as the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument to preserve the volcano and allow for the eruption’s aftermath to be scientifically studied. Like Iceland’s volcanic World Heritage Site, Surtsey, the landscape became a new gift to ecological systems science as research began on understanding the response to a massive volcanic perturbation. The establishment of the Monument protects and preserves different types of values, and at times management of this protected area must include decisions that balance impacts to geoheritage, biodiversity, and cultural values. The 1980 eruption destroyed the summit of the volcano, sending large amounts of debris which blocked the sole means of drainage from Spirit Lake. Rising lake levels could cause failure of the debris blockage, putting the downstream population of approximately 50,000 at risk of catastrophic flooding and mud flows. Emergency engineering measures were implemented in the 1980s to manage both catastrophic and chronic risks associated with the debris blockage and sediment loads in the rivers, but these are no longer sufficient to address the risk. The ongoing Spirit Lake Outflow Safety Improvement Project led by the United States Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot National Forest, is meant to develop a long-term solution to manging the risk posed by the volcanic debris blockage. The US National Academy of Science, Engineering, and Medicine conducted a thoughtful analysis in 2018 and recommended a decision-making process to balance the values at risk. The University of Washington Ruckelshaus Center conducted a situation analysis and issues identification with key government agencies in 2019. We are commencing implementation of the recommendations of these studies, with enhanced stakeholder outreach, an engineering evaluation of different options for safety improvement solutions, and a formal National Environmental Policy Act environmental impact statement to document the results of the decision-making process. This talk will present the first part of this multi-year effort: stakeholder identification, values mapping, and design of the outreach program. The level of national interest and varied stakeholder goals has indicated a need for a mindful public participation effort including:  Design of an effective a stakeholder engagement approach by mapping stakeholder types and stakeholder values.  Subdivide stakeholders to allow for the development of targeted engagement approaches to each key stakeholder group. Identify target audiences and the specific steps to be taken to engage each stakeholder group.  Develop overall key messages to promote a consistent framing of the project purpose, management role, and the stakeholder engagement/design process. Although content delivery will be targeted to each stakeholder group, the content itself must be consistent.  Expand participation to include voices from traditionally underrepresented groups, known as the “missing middle”.  Analyze stakeholder issues and portray a clear depiction of the common and contrasting stakeholder priorities/values that will be weighed during the design and alternatives development process.  Provide a framework for a proactive approach to media engagement, providing notice to media sources at key benchmarks approach.

123 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

The diverse interests and agendas of stakeholders in a technically complex project such as the Spirit Lake Outflow Safety Improvement Project can create external challenges between the needs of the management agency, the research community, and the broader group of users and related stakeholders. It is our responsibility to create an environment where early engagement with these stakeholders can occur so that scoping, issue development, and communication will provide a factual basis upon which the GPNF can base their decisions.

124 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University (Vila Real, North of Portugal): a Space of Public Outreach of Geology David Martín Freire-Lista1,2, Javier Eduardo Becerra Becerra3 & Mila Simões de Abreu2

1 UTAD - Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. Quinta de Prados. 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal 2 CGeo - Centro de Geociências da Universidade de Coimbra. Rua Silvino Lima. Universidade de Coimbra - Polo II. 3030- 790 Coimbra, Portugal. e-mail: [email protected] 3Universidad Santo Tomás. Facultad de Ingeniería Civil. Av. Universitaria No. 45 - 202. Tunja –Boyacá, Colombia

Keywords: Geoturism, Heritage stones, Historical quarries, Education, Public outreach.

Geodiversity encompasses the natural range of geological, geomorphological, and soil features, including their assemblages, relationships, properties, interpretations, and systems (Insua Pereira et al., 2013; Brilha, 2016; Schrodt et al., 2019). Education plays a major role promote responsible citizenship towards its geological environment. An informed society will appreciate its value and will make wise decisions about protecting geodiversity, which is part of the essence of local culture and society (Azman et al., 2010; Khoukhouchi et al., 2018; Freire-Lista and Fort, 2019). Geotourism (Panizza, 2001; Newsome and Dowling, 2010) is growing rapidly due to COVID-Pandemic restrictions. Local travelers appreciate natural landscapes and geological phenomena that are a niche area of the local tourism industry. Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University (UTAD), in Portugal, occupies an area of approximately 1 km2, at the geological contact between metasedimentary rocks: The autochthonous Desejosa Formation (Cambrian) from the Douro Group (Schist–Metagreywacke Complex) and an intrusive body of a two- mica syntectonic granite from Variscan Vila Real Composite Massif outcrop. The granite is very weathered with pyrite transformed to pseudomorphic goethite and an Fe oxidation zone around goethite cubes. In addition, the historic quarry that has supplied the building stone for the Romanesque church of São Tiago de Folhadela has recently been discovered on the UTAD campus. Geological mapping, petrographic analysis, SEM, XRF, colorimetry, hydric properties and ultrasound propagation velocity have been performed to create a Geomonumental route for public outreach.

Fig. 1. Geomonumental route for public outreach in Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University (UTAD), Vila Real, North of Portugal.

This route begins at the UTAD Fernando Real Geology Museum and passes through the outcrop of the contact between Cambrian rocks and weathered granite. Vestiges of historic stonework and stonecutting wedges can be seen in the historic quarry. The route ends at São Tiago de Folhadela parish church,

125 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021 whose ashlars have stains of Fe oxide caused by the alteration of pyrites and are engraved with mason’s marks. Geoconservation, geotourism and geodiversity are concepts that must be taught in all educational levels so that the entire society and public and private entities can safeguard this natural resource in a sustainable way. There is therefore a need to heighten the public profile of geomorphosites, to develop new methods to highlight their scientific, cultural, aesthetic and social/economic values and finally, to protect them under a legal framework (Kozłowski, 2004; Reynard and Panizza, 2007, ProGEO, 2011). It is necessary to maintain a balance between individual elements of the natural environment, the local economy and education to achieve sustainable social development.

Acknowledgments This study was supported by Portuguese funds by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal) in the frame of the UIDB/00073/2020 and UIDP/00073/2020 projects of the I & D unit Geosciences Center (CGEO) and Stimulus of Scientific Employment, Individual Support 2017. CEECIND/03568/2017.

References Azman N, Halim SA, Liu OP, Saidin S, Komoo, I (2010) Public Education in Heritage Conservation for Geopark Community, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 7:504-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.10.068 Brilha J (2016) Inventory and quantitative assessment of geosites and geodiversity sites: a review. Geoheritage 8 (2):119-134. Freire-Lista DM, Fort R (2019) Historical City Centres and Traditional Building Stones as Heritage: the Barrio de las Letras, Madrid (Spain). Geoheritage 11 (1):71-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-018-0314-z Insua Pereira D, Pereira P, Brilha J, Santos L (2013) Geodiversity Assessment of Paraná State (Brazil): An Innovative Approach. Environmental Management 52:541-552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0100-2 Khoukhouchi M, Errami E, Hassou N, Irzan EM (2018) The geomorphological heritage of the Oualidia and Sidi Moussa lagoons: assessment and promotion for asustainable human and socio-economic development Journal of Scientific Research and Studies 5(4):73-87. Kozłowski S (2004) Geodiversity. The concept and scope of geodiversity. Przegląd Geologiczny 52:833-837. Newsome D, Dowling RK (2010) Geotourism: the tourism of geology and landscape, Goodfellow Publishers, Oxford. Panizza M (2001) Geomorphosites: Concepts, methods and examples of geomorphological survey. Chinese Science Bulletin 46, Suppl. ProGEO (2011) Conserving our shared geoheritage – a protocol on geoconservation principles, sustainable site use, management, fieldwork, fossil and mineral collecting. [http://www.progeo.ngo/downloads/progeo_protocol_definitions.pdf: March 2021]. Reynard E, Panizza M (2007) Geomorphosites: definition, assessment and mapping. Géomorphologie: relief, processus, environnement 3:177-180. https://doi.org/10.4000/geomorphologie.337 Schrodt F, Bailey JJ, Kissling WD, et. al. (2019) Opinion: To advance sustainable stewardship, we must document not only biodiversity but geodiversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116(33):16155-16158. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911799116

126 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geointegration of webmaps and multimedia elements for the representation of databases in Geosciences: Case study of Talhados’s viewpoint, Alagoas – Brazil Ivaneide de Oliveira Santos1, Gorki Mariano3 & Renato Henriques2

1Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT-Minho Pole, Portugal), Rua da Universidade, Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.email: [email protected] 2Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT-Minho Pole, Portugal), Rua da Universidade, Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.email: [email protected] 3 Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE.CTG-Center of the technology and geosciences)-Pernambuco School of Engineering, Brazil. Email: [email protected]

Keywords: geointegration, databases, Talhado’s viewpoint

Introduction

The cartographic representation of natural aspects through geographic information systems (GIS), allows the processing of a large volume of data, such as aerial photographs, databases, topological layers, etc., optimizing time and improving the presentation of cartographic data processed and final. training. The GIS software has evolved to the extent of the technological resources available and also in the scientific specificity that it was intended to serve. Programs such as Surfer, AutoCAD, ArcGIS, Quantum GIS, GvSIG, ENVI, ERDAS, among others, were formulated specifically to meet the demands involving the elements of geoinformation, that is, georeferenced data. However, a few applications are licensed and vary in terms of adding value to the service provided. On the other hand, there is a range of software that is said to be free because they are allowed to use all its features, without any cost to the end user, and any individual can suggest improvements in the scope of resources - open source concept. For the development of geointegration, free and licensed software was used, in the absence of free software for the fulfillment of some methodological steps, such as digital photogrammetry or post- processing of image data. In this context, the use of methodologies that use free softwares, as is the case of geointegration, not only for the representation and interpretation of the element of geodiversity talahado’s viewpoint. For this purpose, thematic maps and interpretative maps are usually used, always with the objective of specializing information and geographically locating data in an accessible language. This work results in the geointegration of an online database resulting from the quantification of geodiversity element Talhado’s viewpoint in the region of the São Francisco Canyon, Brazil. georeferenced database, but which will be represented through a webmap generated using webcl technology.

Location

For this study it was selected the element of geodiversity Talhado ‘s viewpoint, located in the State of Alagoas, Brazil.

Fig. 1. Location map of Talhado’s viewpoint, State of Alagoas-Brazil

This element is inserted in the geological context of the sedimentary basins that emerged from the Phanerozoic - Jatobá with - age, with sediments from the lithostratigraphic unit of the Tacaratu Formation, composed mainly of fine sandstone. This element was excavated in sandstones of the Tacaratu Formation, with an extension of approximately 3 km, with a width of 30 m upstream and 260 m downstream, and steep walls of 30 m of average height.

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Methodology

The methodology used is based on geointegration (Santos, et al., 2020), which consists of the interconnection of one or more geo-referenced products to multimedia solutions, both online or offline. This methodology is based on other steps already developed: 1 - Structure from Motion-sfm (for the production of three-dimensional objects) Westoby et al (2012); 2 - WebCL technology (for online prospecting of GIS scientific content). These three integrated solutions are called geointegration, which can have a starting point offline (a map) or online (webmap, geovisualization), as long as it is georeferenced.For the systematization of the proposed work, the following procedures were followed: a) Use of the sfm methodology(for the collection of image data (using Fuji digital camera model A540, with 9.0 megapixel resolution, used for photographic recording during the work of field) of the sample of sandstone tafon structures from the Tacaratu Formation for three-dimensional modeling (using agisoft metashape pro software);b) Development of a web environment using php programming language and javascript in architecture MVC(Krasner & Pope 1998); c) Treatment in a GIS environment and creation of HTML5 and WebCl code for integration in a web platform, integrating general information from the geodiversity element and three-dimensional model.For this work, the starting point is based in an off- line map of the study area. The whole process begins with the planning, which has three groups: survey of the characteristics of the object to be photographed and collection of images (or development of the map or webmap), collection of information, validation, choice imaging scale (or cartographic representation) of the objects, defining the choice of the image source (UAV- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, vector layers, images with specific characteristics). The imaging material is finnaly processed to obtain multimedia interactive content to integrate with cartographic products.

Discussions and Results

The new technologies, when integrated, can provide relevant tools with functionalities of consultation, analysis, representation, valorization and dissemination of Science, as well as didactic and promotional contents. Mainly with the objective of applying these technologies to content within the context of Geosciences. It is possible, for example, to promote accessibility for individuals with special needs through the representation of elements of geodiversity of scientific, didactic and geotouristic value what motivated the choice of the sample. In this case, the element of geodiversity showed didactic value (Santos, 2017). Preliminary essay access link: https://geointegration.geosmart.pt The outcrop located in the carved viewpoint, represents an occurrence of taponization structures of the tacaratu sandstone. Sandstone has a yellow / reddish color, a characteristic that is due to the cementing of it by iron oxide - it is a process. that occurs after the sandstone deposition process. Quartz venulations also occur, filling fracture systems, which favors taphonization by developing the characteristic features of this sample. This faculty provides interesting scenic beauty and didactic material on such processes. This sample is located in the Brazilian semi-arid region, where the main weathering agents are rain and high temperature, so over time, it can become friable and impossible to identify diagnostic elements of tacaratu sandstone. In view of this scenario, the result of this work offers the registration of this structure, provides didactic experience and can be added to a virtual database.

References Krasner, G. and Pope, S. (1998). A cookbook for using the model view controller userinterface paradigm in smalltalk-80. InJournal of Object-Orientated Programming,volume 1(3), pages 26–49. Santos I., Henriques R., Mariano G., Santos E. (2021) UAV’s Multimedia Technology and Augmented Reality (Geointegration): New Concept and New Paradigm of Geodiversity Presentation. In: Singh R., Wei D., Anand S. (eds) Global Geographical Heritage, Geoparks and Geotourism. Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4956-4_4 Santos IO (2017) Novas metodologias para representação geoespacial e valorização dos elementos da geodiversidade: integração de geotecnologias, recursos online e realidade aumentada. Tese de doutoramento. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brasil Westoby MJ, Brasington J, Glasser NF, Hambrey MJ, Reynolds JM (2012) Structure-from-Motion’ photogrammetry: a low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications. Geomorphology 179:300–314

128 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

The Atlantic Jigsaw Puzzle in art, outcrop, and fossils John Jackson1

1 P.O. Box 35, Maclean, New South Wales, 2463, Australia. email: [email protected]

Keyword: Angola, Art, Cretaceous, Footprints, Mosasaur.

As an Australian exploration geologist in Uganda I experimented with vivid paintings on fabric to introduce basic geological principles to rig workers, government officials and local Ugandans. Over the years, I came to realize that colorful, impressionist, and improvisationalist art such as I was producing was an effective and powerful teaching tool across the globe. Here, I match a five-panel set of paintings with images of outcrops and fossils to weave an educational narrative of the opening of the South Atlantic: the Atlantic Puzzle, so called because of the puzzle-like fit between Africa and South America and the puzzles that were solved to understand plate tectonics. This project is undertaken with my colleagues in Projecto Paleoangola, an international group of paleontologists and geologists from Angola, the US, Portugal, and the Netherlands, studying the effects of the opening of the South Atlantic on the fossil vertebrates of Angola. Angola presents an exemplary set of outcrops for this purpose. The first panel painting highlights the nascent Walvis Ridge Plume, which is a component of the Etendeka-Paraná Large Igneous Province, which encompasses Brazil, Namibia, and extends into Angola. The volcanics herald the initiation of continental rifting at 131 Ma. The second panel illustrates the rift valley and transform faults, which cross into the continent as fracture zones. In the , sands covered South America and Africa adjacent to the rift. In the southern Congo Basin, in northeastern Angola, kimberlite volcanoes poked through the cover along fracture zones. Crater lakes formed in some of the volcanoes. Now, in the Catoca Diamond Mine, the fourth largest diamond mine in the world, dinosaur tracks with skin impressions, crocodylian tracks, and -like tracks are preserved in its Early Cretaceous crater lake (Mateus et al. 2016). Panel 3 illustrates the inundation of the rift valley with rapidly evaporating salt water, forming thick deposits of evaporites. This hostile environment ameliorates in the latter part of the Early Cretaceous and through the Late Cretaceous (Panel 4) as fossiliferous limestones and sands are deposited along the margins. Panel 5 shows a widening South Atlantic through sea-floor spreading and full communication with the North Atlantic. At that time, marine reptiles dispersed into the South Atlantic, with plesiosaurs, mosasaurs and sea turtles entering from both the north and the south (Mateus et al. 2019, Strganac et al. 2014). The Atlantic Jigsaw is a compelling narrative in every sense. A Smithsonian exhibit about its fossils, “Sea Monsters Unearthed: Life in Angola’s Ancient Seas,” was viewed by 4.2 million visitors before its pandemic-related closure, but is scheduled to reopen. When the exhibit returns to its home in 2022, these five panels are expected to accompany it. Angola will have the combined educational, geological, and tourism assets of the Atlantic Jigsaw Puzzle: the fossils that give it life, a museum exhibit for life-long learners, and an artistic enhancement to the science. In conclusion, GeoArt provides an adventure for the public that has the potential to initiate passionate investigation with opportunities for creative careers in earth science.

References Mateus O, Callapez PM, Polcyn MJ, Schulp AS, Gonçalves AO, Jacobs LL (2019) The Fossil Record of Biodiversity in Angola Through Time: A Paleontological Perspective. In: Huntley B, Russo V, Lages F, Ferrand N (eds) Biodiversity of Angola. Springer Switzerland, pp 53-765. Mateus O, Marzola M, Schulp AS, Jacobs LL, Polcyn MJ, Pervov V, Goncalves AO, Morais ML (2016) Angolan ichnosite in a diamond mine shows the presence of a large terrestrial mammaliamorph, a crocodylomorph, and sauropod in the Early Cretaceous of Africa. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 471: 220-232. Strganac C, Jacobs LL, Polcyn MJ, Mateus O, Myers TS, Salminen J, May SR, Araújo R, Ferguson, K.M., Gonçalves, AO, Morais, M-L, Schulp AS, Tavares, T da S (2014) Geological setting and paleoecology of the Upper Cretaceous Bench 19 marine vertebrate bonebed at Bentiaba, Angola. Neth J of Geos – Geol en Mijnbouw, doi: 10.1017/njg.2014.32

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X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

International Geodiversity Day: developing a global outreach initiative José Brilha1, Murray Gray2, Jack Matthews3 & Zbigniew Zwoliński4

1 University of Minho, Braga, Portugal, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom, e-mail: [email protected] 3 Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, United Kingdom, e-mail: [email protected] 4 Adam University, Poznań, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: education, geosciences, outreach, sustainable development, UNESCO.

It is quite frequently assumed by the geoscientific community that there is a serious lack of knowledge in society about the whole set of benefits provided by the variety of non-living elements of nature and associated processes: geodiversity. Nevertheless, all geoscientists are well aware that it is not possible to solve the huge environmental, social, and economic challenges society has to face, without including in the equation all elements of geodiversity and the knowledge provided by the geosciences. Over 600 participants from more than 60 countries came together at the Oxford Geoheritage Virtual Conference, 25-29 May 2020. Appreciating the values of the natural environment and noting the threats from human actions, they shared current research in geodiversity and geoheritage. These participants approved a final declaration where it was recognized that:  Geoheritage continues to be at risk due to human and natural factors.  Geoconservation continues to be a justified and needed practice.  Local, National, and International cooperation is required to ensure the proper recognition and conservation of Earth’s geodiversity.  Geodiversity is fundamental to implementation of many of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including those associated with biodiversity, human wellbeing, and sustainable resource use.  There is a need to increase public understanding and awareness of geodiversity and its interrelation with other areas of conservation. In addition, participants called for the establishment of an International Geodiversity Day (IGD), to increase understanding and awareness of geodiversity issues and urged geoscience and conservation organisations worldwide to work together in the development of this International Day. The United Nations General Assembly designates "International Days" to mark important aspects for society. Each international day is a springboard for awareness-raising actions related to the theme of the day, with the involvement of governments, civil society, the public and private sectors, NGOs, the media, schools and universities and, more generally, citizens. UNESCO is the only UN organization with a mandate to support research and capacity in Earth Sciences, through the flagship of the International Geoscience and Geoparks Programme. UNESCO has recognized the importance of geodiversity since the establishment of the International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) in 1972. IGD aims are aligned with current UNESCO and other international efforts to combat climate change, modification of hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, increasing pollution of land, water and air, loss of biodiversity, habitat fragmentation, rapid loss of productive farmland, changes in land cover and land- use, reduced water supply, and decrease of ecosystem services. In order to give continuity to the Oxford Declaration, four of the conference delegates prepared a one- page letter and sent it to international and national geoscientific organisations, asking for their support. After a few months, the result was overwhelming: 17 international, 7 regional, and 85 national organisations from all have declared their support for the idea of an International Geodiversity Day, as well as 10 outstanding geoscientists. In September 2020, a full dossier explaining the importance of geodiversity and the need to have an annual global commemoration, together with all the support letters, was sent to the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), asking for its endorsement and to send the proposal to UNESCO. In

131 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

November, the UNESCO's Earth Sciences and Geo-hazards Risk Reduction Section acknowledged the proposal and a new phase was started. With the support of its staff, the draft text of a future resolution was prepared (document 211 EX/37), together with a concept note to explain the proposal to UNESCO’s Member States. It was necessary not only to explain in simple language the concept of geodiversity but also its importance for society and to demonstrate how an annual celebration of geodiversity is absolutely coherent with the UNESCO’s mandate, strategy and policy. The International Geodiversity Day proposal was approved by the 211th Session of the UNESCO’s Executive Board (21 April 2021), less than one year after the Oxford Conference where the idea was first developed. A final decision is expected to be made in November 2021, during the 41st Session of the UNESCO's General Conference. So far, over 70 nations have declared their support for the IGD, ranging from large countries (e.g. Russia and China) to small ones (e.g. Andorra and Monaco). Considering the multiple relations between geodiversity, biodiversity and human development, there are 15 of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 55 targets that are associated with IGD. In particular, SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 13 (Climate Action), and SDG 15 (Life on Land) are closely related with IGD aims. The establishment of IGD will create a momentum to raise awareness of policy- and decision-makers, students, and citizens in general about how human activities and behaviours are putting at risk life-support conditions of future generations and causing a massive biodiversity decline. Teacher training on geodiversity, particularly in developing countries, is a crucial target to achieve IGD and the Education 2030 Framework for Action (FFA) goals. The free resources made available by the International Geoscience Education Organisation are an excellent starting point to increase the literacy on geodiversity and boosting gender equality in science. The involvement of the private sector related with geodiversity – mining, water, and engineering companies, environmental consultants – is also expected. Their engagement with IGD will contribute to a permanent improvement of their processes and actions towards geoethical principles and SDG 8 (Decent work and Economic Growth). The 1st International Geodiversity Day is expected to occur on the 6th October 2022, which corresponds to the publishing month of the first known document, published by Chris Sharples in October 1993, where the term ‘geodiversity’ was used with a similar meaning that is in use today. In order to gather increasing support for this initiative, a website is available at www.geodiversityday.org. This website will be updated with all relevant information, simple explanations about the relevance of geodiversity in all aspects of human development, ideas to celebrate this day, etc. We call all the geoscience community to support this initiative that for sure will be an excellent opportunity to raise awareness of the need for geoconservation and sustainable resource management worldwide.

Acknowledgments The development of this process was only possible due to all participants of the Oxford Geoheritage Virtual Conference, all supporting organisations, IUGS, Kristof Vandenberghe and Özlem Adiyaman of the UNESCO’s Earth Sciences and Geo-hazards Risk Reduction Section, Ambassador António Nóvoa and staff of the Portuguese Permanent Delegation to UNESCO, and all co-sponsoring Member States.

132 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Scientific Knowledge, Education and Dissemination of the Quaternary Deposits in the Galician Coast (NW Spain) Manuela Costa-Casais11, Andrés Domínguez-Almansa2 & Daniel Cajade-Pascual1

1 Facultade de Xeografía e Historia. Dpto. de Xeografía. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Praza da Universidade s/n 15782 Santiago de Compostela (España). e-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] 2Facultade de Formación do Profesorado. Dpto. Didáctica Aplicada. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Avda. de Ramón Ferreiro, s/n. 27002 Lugo (España). [email protected]

Keywords: Galician coast-NW Spain; geomorphological heritage, heritage education, quaternary deposits.

Introduction: singularity of Quaternary deposits

One of the distinctive features of the coastal landscape of Galicia (NW Spain) is its great number of quaternary deposits, which are of extraordinary quality in terms of the information which they provide, making them stand out from the rest of the European Atlantic coast. They record the memory of the land and are repositories documenting palaeoenvironmental changes on local, regional and global levels, as well as geomorphological contexts related with human history. This deposits, which fossilize a large part of the Galician Atlantic Coast, should be recognized as geosites due to their geological value. They are environmental archives of the past and contain scientific information that is assistance to understand the evolution of the coast. There are a significant number of publications about quaternary deposits - morphogenetic processes, physicochemical properties, nival-colluvial deposits, retreat of sedimentary cliffs, palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, Heinrich Events, geological heritage (Pérez-Alberti et al 1999; Costa-Casais et al 2016). Imbued with a renewed understanding of heritage, which values natural formations beyond the appreciation of their aesthetic aspect, scientific thinking has begun to consider them as cultural assets. A disconnection arises between these aspirations and the recognition of such assets by the political administration and citizens. In order to be granted heritage status, knowledge and appreciation of them must transcend the field of science to society. The goal of this research is to propose to geography degree students and primary school teachers in training as scientific and social transmitters of heritage value of the quaternary deposits.

Why quaternary deposits should be considered a heritage assets?

Today, the deposits function as active cliffs of unconsolidated sedimentary material of which only the part closest to the source is preserved (Fig. 1). They are constituted by colluvial layers of coarse material originated by nival and periglacial activity, interspersed with palaeosols. The radiocarbon dates obtained indicate that the oldest sediments were deposited around 40 Ka BP (Costa-Casais 2001). The deposits record chronological context and Heinrich Events (Heinrich 1988; Costa-Casais et al 2008). Taking a new conception of heritage as a starting point, this work defends the idea that the quaternary deposits are heritage assets. They are environmental records of the past and gaining scientific knowledge of them is fundamental in understanding the evolution of the coast and they reveal archaeological information related to human activity. Recent research proposed San Xián and Oia Sur deposits as Geosites (Costa- Casais, Caetano Alves 2013) in order to promote their geoconservation (Brilha 2016; Carcavilla et al 2011). While from the scientific field, abundant and varied knowledge and information is generated that justifies the recognition of deposits such as heritage, administration and citizenship do not appreciate their value. Geomorphological processes in the landscape barely exist in the society consciousness.

133 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Fig. 11. Fonforrón deposit (Ría de Muros-Noia): active cliff of unconsolidated sedimentary material.

Proposal: Quaternary deposits and processes of appropriation in educational contexts

The research about quaternary deposits of the Galician coast in didactic contexts is still in initial phase. It is based on three aspects: critical integration in the context of heritage education; choice of the most appropriate educational context; methodological reflection to develop a process of heritage appropriation (Domínguez-Almansa et al 2019). A methodology embodied in the appropriation of assets is used based on discovering, meaning and proposing deposits as heritage. In this context, Geography students, as part of their learning, have to carry out their work putting value on deposits with the objective to explain it to teachers in training. These develops their professional competencies by designing and carrying out actions in which knowledge and recognition of deposits is promoted, in order to finally establish the competence development of their own students in the field of heritage education and, by social and civic extension.

References Brilha J (2016) Inventory and Quantitative Assessment of Geosites and Geodiversity Sites: A Review. Geoheritage, 8 (Issue2), 119-134. Carcavilla L, Delvene G, Díaz-Martínez E, García-Cortés A, Lozano G, Rábano I, Sánchez A, Vegas J (2011) Geodiversidad y Patrimonio Geológico. Madrid, 1st edn, 22 pp. Costa-Casais M (2001) Análise sedimentaria e reconstrución paleoambiental da Costa Atlántica de Galicia. PhD Dissertation. Universidade de Santiago Compostela, Santiago, 236 pp. Costa-Casais M, Blanco-Chao R, Martínez-Cortizas A, Pérez Alberti A (2008) Los episodios Heinrich en la costa de Galicia (NW P. Ibérica). Un análisis a través de los sedimentos continentales, Rev Territoris 7, 39-53. Costa-Casais M, Caetano Alves MI (2013) Geological heritage at risk in NW Spain. Quaternary deposits and landforms of “Southern Coast” (Baiona-A Garda). Geoheritage, 5, 227-248. Costa-Casais M, Caetano Alves MI (2016) Towards a European heritage diversity: Geosites on the Galician coast (NW Spain). In: Pina H, Remoaldo P, Ramos C (eds.) The overarching issues of the European Space. Rethinking Socioeconomic and Environmental Problems. Porto: Univ. Porto, pp 221-236. Domínguez-Almansa A, Costa-Casais M, López Facal R (2019) Educar para reconocer: apropiación patrimonial de los depóstios cuaternarios del litoral gallego por estudiantes de Magisterio. Revista Electrónica Interuniversitaria de Formación del Profesorado, 22(1):57-70.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/reifop.22.1.357591 Heinrich H. (1988) Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in the northeast Atlantic Ocean during the past 130000 years. Quaternary Research 29:142-152. Pérez-Alberti A, Costa-Casais M., Martínez-Cortizas A (1999) Nuevas aportaciones al conocimiento del cuaternario reciente en la costa atlántica de Galicia. In: Univ.València, Departament de Geografia (ed.): Geoarqueologia Quaternari litoral. Memorial Maria Pilar Fumanal. Univ. València, . pp 381-390.

134 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

How to make geology more attractive for a public through online presentation? Markéta Vajskebrová1, Martina Fifernová1, Martin Lisec1 & Radek Svítil1

1Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, 118 21 Praha 1, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: database, web application, geological heritage, popularization, geosite, map.

For preservation of national geological heritage it may not be enough just to enforce the institutional protection of particular sites, but also raise general image and public awareness of geological topics and phenomena. Our lives are closely connected with our bedrock however it is not so apparent nowadays. The area of the Czech Republic is geologically very diversified and the rock environment has been a natural source of raw mineral materials for thousands of years. Geological history has been researched in many details for more than 150 years and protection of geological heritage, as a part of general conservation activities, has a long tradition as well. Geology is taught at primary and secondary schools and there are a number of universities with a whole range of geological curriculums. Most natural history museums in the Czech Republic have their own paleontological, mineralogical or geological collections. Geology leisure programmes are promoted by several geoparks, wide spectrum of voluntary activities is available to public and tourists.

Database of Significant Geological Localities of the Czech Republic edited by CGC

The Czech Geological Survey (CGS) also takes part in popularization of geology by providing a lot of data, services and publications. One of the remarkable projects, which aims to promote geology and which is supported by the CGS, is the Database of Significant Geological Localities[1]. The database originated in 1993 and it currently includes more than 3,500 sites. The importance of the database, its structure, and all web applications, which feature records from the database, were described in the abstract from ProGEO Symposium in 2018 (Vajskebrová et al. 2018). The localities are thoroughly described and a number of supplementary tools help get more easily to the heart of the described geological phenomenon. First of all, it is the documentary photograph of the locality itself that attracts the visitor. Accurately described picture will have very high information value. However, more general professional photographs, that depict the locality in broader surrounding context, increase the attractivity of the locality for the public. Currently, the CGS is preparing partial interconnection of the Database of the Significant Geological Localities with the Database of the CGS geological collections. A great part of this process will include 3D photos of the chosen collected specimen, that linked with the Virtual museum[2].

Attractive features at the map application Interesting Geosites of the Czech Republic

Unlike several other similar applications, the map app Interesting Geosites of the Czech Republic[3] is targeted at the wide public. Many of the presented geosites contain various interesting links, for example to geopark webpages with their own descriptions and images. Some links refer to videos at Youtube channel of the CGS named GeologyTV[4]. Some of these have been shot in fields with expert commentary, others are animations documenting various geological processes. The application offers a number of enhancing layers interesting for users: - detailed excursion guides available to download, usable for all kinds of educational institutions and public users too. The excursions include methodologically comprehensive texts, images, questions to solve and some suggestions for activity in the nature. - national geoparks with the links to their websites with loads of popularizing information.

135 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

- museums with geological exhibits including free outdoor expositions, with links to their web, often with a photo. - the layer Decoration Stones that outlines relationship between geology and culture. It comprises quarries of decorative and construction stones and examples of buildings where the stones were used. - the layer Mining Impacts with basic information about mining shows the centuries-old tradition of intensive exploitation of mineral resources. It features name, period of exploitation, the resource characteristic, and a photo. - the new layer Megalitic Stones, which are ample in the CR, will be prepared. It should identify the rock and its probable geographical origin. All components are displayed on topographic map with the possibility to use also ortographic or geological map. All data are continuously completed and updated by CGS geologists. English version of the map application has also been developed, however not every layer is fully translated.

Augmented reality

All the above mentioned instruments are supposed to contribute to the effort of making geology more attractive and comprehensible for the wide public. However, users' reactions show that the best highlight is the augmented reality of some representative localities. It is the animation that transfers the viewer directly to dramatic events of the geological history. The video is possible to transfer it into 3D view using the camera on the user´s mobile device and a free downloaded application for augmented reality. The CGS has published several booklets with augmented reality of representative localities, as well as one book dedicated to 15 volcanic structures (Rapprich, 2019). Try it right here below :-). [1] http://www.geology.cz/localities; http://www.geology.cz/lokality [2] http://muzeum.geology.cz); [3] https://mapy.geology.cz/geosites; https://mapy.geology.cz/zajimavosti [4] https://www.youtube.com/user/Geology.cz

References Vajskebrová M., Gürtlerová, P., Svítil, R. (2018): Systematic data collecting and appropriate ways of their presentations for effective protection of the geological heritage. In E. Głowniak, et al.: Geoheritage and Conservation, 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, University of Warsaw. Warsaw. Rapprich V. (2019): Oživlé sopky České republiky, Česká geologická služba, Praha.

Fig. 1. The reconstruction of the amonite Lewesiceras. Use the application through the QR code on your mobile device to run 3D animation.

136 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Places for geoeducation and geocommunication in a touristic cluster and their contributions to geoconservation in the state of São Paulo, Brazil: preliminary assessment Maxwell Luiz da Ponte1& Joseli Maria Piranha2

1 Graduate Program on Teaching and History of Earth Sciences, Institute of Geosciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo. e-mail: [email protected]. 2 Sao Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo. Graduate Program on Teaching and History of Earth Sciences, Institute of Geosciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: . Earth Science Education. Place-based education. Tourism. Sustainable development.

Introduction

The Earth Sciences Education (ESE) is essential for sustainable development and the quality of life. Despite decades of research in ESE in Brazil, "geoscientific illiteracy" remains predominating in national culture needing geocommunication initiatives with society in general (Ernesto et al. 2018). With the progressive degradation of natural resources in the country, the demand for initiatives that promote geoscientific knowledge in different learning contexts, formal and non-formal, stands out. One of the most effective models for learning is to provide access to geoscientific knowledge through direct experiences with natural and cultural elements of the places where the learners live or visit (Liccardo et al. 2018). This research aimed to identify potential places for ESE associated with urban environments and tourist attractions. The research was carried out in the territory of "Circuito das Águas Paulista", a tourist cluster in the eastern region of the State of São Paulo, nearby the metropolitan regions of São Paulo and Campinas. The territory consists of nine municipalities and comprises elements of geological, biological and, cultural diversity not yet explored by initiatives of ESE or geocommunication.

Methods

For the study of potential places for ESE and geocommunication, documentary and bibliographic research and fieldwork were carried out in the studied territory. For the selection of places, five parameters were adopted: 1. Conditions of security, infrastructure and, free access; 2. Occurrence of elements of geological, biological and, cultural diversity; 3. Potentials for carrying out Pedagogical and Interpretive Practices; 4. Potentials to teach concepts of the official school curriculum of the State of São Paulo relevant to ESE; 5. Potentials for literacy in Earth Sciences, according to the international references for Earth Sciences literacy.

Results

Forty-eight places that can contribute to the ESE were selected. In general, the most identified natural elements were hills, outcrops, rivers and dams, urban forest fragments in woods and squares and, forest fragments preserved on hilltops and conservation units. The cultural and historical elements identified comprise the socioeconomic activities related to the use of natural resources, especially agricultural and tourist enterprises and, leisure and tourism activities. Among the built resources, stand out fountains, spas, stone monuments, and railway heritage. It was obtained that in these places interpretative and pedagogical practices can be carried out strongly related to the references for Earth Sciences literacy. Also, it was obtained that one hundred and thirty skills that make up the official school curriculum of the State of São Paulo can be achieved through practices in the listed places. Thus, the places make it possible to integrate skills related to the concepts of Earth Sciences dispersed in the curricular components of Natural Sciences and Geography, in the Elementary and High School levels.

137 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Discussion and Final Remarks

The importance of geosites and elements of geodiversity for ESE is widely accepted, but, in Brazil, the teaching and geocommunication initiatives cannot be limited to them, because, despite the increase in geosite surveying and inventorying initiatives, they are still numerically few expressive (Romão & Garcia 2017), mainly considering the continental dimension of the Brazilian territory. In the studied territory, for example, there is only one geosite of the Inventory of Geological Heritage of the State of São Paulo: the Amparo Archean migmatites (3000 - 2700 Ma) (Garcia et al. 2018). Thus, the study reinforces the potential of urban spaces for ESE, already pointed out by Gomes et al. (2020).

Contributions to the promotion of the Geological Heritage of the State of São Paulo

Elements of the geodiversity present in the places listed in this study can be linked to geological categories adopted for the Inventory of the Geological Heritage of the State of São Paulo (Garcia et al. 2018), such as Archean igneous and metamorphic rocks outcropping of the Amparo Complex, Paleoproterozoic metamorphic rocks outcropping of the Serra Negra Ortognaisse, Neoproterozoic rocks outcropping of the Andrelândia Group. These rocks outcropping belong to the Precambrian Terrain and Shear Zones geological categories, those record thermotectonic events of the Brasiliano - Pan African Cycle, correlated with the formation of the Gondwana Leste Supercontinent in the Neoproterozoic. Also occurs rock outcrops of the Itararé Group, belong to the Paraná Basin geological category, recording the permo-carboniferous glaciation that occurred in the Gondwana paleocontinent.

Contributions to the geoconservation and sustainable development

Recent studies in the studied territory indicate the need to combine the use of natural and cultural resources and conservation and sustainability (Rossi et al. 2021). Thus, we highlight that the places listed in this study allow us to associate educational and tourist practices, with attention to sustainability. Educational practices integrate strategies for geoconservation, as they promote the perception and understanding of the relevance of natural and cultural diversity, which reduces the occurrence of depredations of natural and built resources (Garcia et al., 2019). Furthermore, in the studied territory, several tourist attractions are related to elements of geodiversity, revealing the potential for geotourism development. Finally, the natural and cultural richness in the territory and its potential for ESE points out the importance of more specific studies developed by specialists, aiming to an inventory of the elements of the landscape, especially, geosites and geomorphosites.

References Ernesto M et al. (2018) Perspectivas no Ensino de Geociências. Estud Av. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103- 40142018.3294.0021. Garcia MGM et al. (2018) The inventory of geological heritage of the state of São Paulo, Brazil: methodological basis, results and perspectives. Geoheritage. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-016-0215-y. Garcia MGM et al. (2019) Inventory and assessment of geosites to stimulate regional sustainable management: […]. An Acad Bras Ciênc. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201920180514. Gomes et al. (2020) Lugares geoeducativos da cidade de Caçapava do Sul (RS) para estudo de Geologia no ensino médio. Terrae Didat. https://doi.org/10.20396/td.v16i0.8658837. Liccardo A (2018) Patrimônio geológico, divulgação e educação geocientífica no estado do Paraná – Brasil. Terr Plural. https://doi.org/ 10.5212/TerraPlural.v.12i3.0008. Romão RM, Garcia MGM (2017). Iniciativas de Inventário e quantificação do patrimônio geológico no Brasil: panoramazatual. Anu do Inst de Geociênc https://doi.org/10.11137/2017_2_250_265. Rossi ALP et al. (2021) Planejamento regional turístico em sala de aula: […]. Rev Tur & Cid. 3(5): 29-33 URL: http://www.periodicoseletronicos.ufma.br/. Accessed 14 march 2021.

138 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

‘ELIGE un LIG’. A project for promotion and conservation of geoheritage Nuria Sacristán-Arroyo1, Alberto Díez-Herrero1 & Sara González-Álvaro1

1 Segovia educa en verde (Municipal Environmental Education Programme of Segovia), Puente de San Lorenzo 23, 40003 Segovia, Spain. Email: [email protected]

Keywords: dissemination, environmental education, geoconservation, geoheritage, Segovia.

Context: The Environmental Education Programme “Segovia educa en verde”

The Environment Department of Segovia Municipality, through “Segovia educa en verde” project, since 2016, offers a programme of environmental education activities based on the natural heritage of the city of Segovia, including its geoheritage. These activities are free and are intended for the general public, families, students and associations (Segovia educa en verde, 2020). As a novelty of this school year, the programme offers to the educational centers of the city, research projects to be developed in its facilities and in the nearby environment. This new proposal aims to intensify the involvement of the school groups towards a specific environmental issue, and to increase the knowledge and conservation of the environment, creating engagement and a sense of satisfaction about the city. The participants in these projects provide experimental data, raise new questions and acquire new skills, as well as a deeper and more attractive understanding of the scientific work. As a first project, several schools of Segovia have participated in the project ‘ELIGE un LIG’ (‘Choose a Geosite’) between the months of October 2019 and February 2020.

‘ELIGE un LIG’ project

The geoheritage tells the most remote past of our city, dating back to 600 million years, while allowing us to get to know the origin of our landscapes. Segovia was one of the first places to make an inventory of its geoheritage. And today its capital city has more than 100 geosites (Díez-Herrero et al., 2019). These geosites are not randomly scattered, but grouped in specific areas. Therefore, at the end of 2018, the Municipality of Segovia presented a project to assess and select the 10 ELIGES, areas with geosites for environmental education in Segovia (EducaPatriGeo, 2018; Vegas & Díez-Herrero, 2018). ‘ELIGE un LIG’ project offers the possibility to discover the relevant geoheritage of the city of Segovia. In addition, it engages participants in the conservation, enhancement and dissemination of an ELIGES or a geosite. The project consists of three sessions. In the theoretical session, the educator of “Segovia educa en verde” visited the participating educational centers in order to make an introduction about geoheritage, its importance and its management in the city of Segovia, emphasizing the volunteer initiative for geoconservation “Apadrina una roca”, and the municipal project of ELIGES. During the practical session, participants visited an ELIGES or geosite of choice. Its value was highlighted from the different educational and environmental criteria, offering them to sponsor the geosite and work on the proposal of actions to enhance its value, to disseminate, protect and preserve it. The different groups carried out their work with total freedom and chose the presentation format. As a final session, a meeting was held between all the groups involved in the project, to present their results and exchange opinions and experiences.

Results, conclusions and future actions

Nine groups of students belonging to six educational centers took part in the ‘ELIGE un LIG’ project, making a total of 235 students aged between 12 and 16 years. The groups have made suggestions for the enhancement and conservation of five ELIGES and ten geosites cataloged in Segovia. The most original ideas presented at the final session were a model, a video and a musical theme about the ELIGES 01 (Lago Alonso); a video and an edible model about the ELIGES 02 (Plaza de Día Sanz); a newspaper article, a radio interview and a television report about the ELIGES 05 (Puerta de San

139 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Cebrián); a slide show about the ELIGES 06 (Calle San Juan) and the geosite of Calle Gascos; a musical theme with lyrics about the ELIGES 09 (Cuevas de Tejadilla); a model, a make-up and some images with a message about the geosite of Miocene Conglomerates of Nueva Segovia; and two mini video games about the geosites around the Graveyard Park and around the school Carlos de Lecea. With this project, participants have been able to learn part of the city's rich geological heritage. Knowing its value, they have been involved in their dissemination through original projects where they suggested measures for their protection and conservation. One of the groups has already sent their proposals to the local newspaper, television and radio (Adelantado de Segovia, 2020). The Environment Department will take into account the proposals for future municipal actions. Moreover, “Segovia educa en verde” programme intends to continue with the project in the successive school years with a double objective: to involve more students in the enhancement and conservation of geoheritage of Segovia. Further geosites and ELIGES excluded from this edition will also have proposals implemented soon.

References Adelantado de Segovia (2020) Alumnos del Fray Juan de la Cruz conocen el entorno geológico de San Cebrián. http://www.eladelantado.com/segovia/alumnos-del-fray-juan-de-la-cruz-conocen-el-entorno-geologico-de-la- puerta-de-san-cebrian/19/02/20 Accessed 27 February 2020 Díez-Herrero A, Vegas J, Lozano G, Sacristán N & Gutiérrez-Pérez I (2019) 30 años de estudio del patrimonio geológico en Segovia (1989-2019): aportaciones y fracasos. In: Martín-González E, Coello Bravo JJ & Vegas J (eds) Actas de la XIII Reunión Nacional de la Comisión de Patrimonio Geológico. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, n.º 30. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid, 978-84-9138-082-5: pp 21-26 EducaPatriGeo (2018) http://www.segovia.es/educaPatriGeo/ELIGES/index.html Accessed 27 February 2020 Segovia educa en verde (2020) http://segoviaeducaenverde.com/informacion-sobre-el-programa/ Accessed 27 February 2020 Vegas J & Díez-Herrero A (2018) Best practice guidelines for the use of the geoheritage in the city of Segovia. A sustainable model for environmental awareness and urban geoturism. Town Hall of Segovia (Ed) Segovia, DL SG 29-2019: 59 pp

140 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Grasping the wide picture of geoheritage: an example of the Pleistocene glacial geodiversity of Poland Paweł Wolniewicz1

1 Institute of Geology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Bogumiła Krygowskiego 12, PL-61-680, Poznań, Poland. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: continental ice sheets, geodiversity outreach, glacial geodiversity, interactive map, JavaScript application

Geosite inventories proved to be useful in quantifying geoheritage, are among the most important means of geoconservation, and can be used to assess the educational potential of geological heritage. However, due to the limited size/scale of most geosites, their regional context is beyond the comprehension of non-specialist members of the public. The concept of geopark as an area showing significant geological features which in most cases share similar history and underlying processes, has the potential of overcoming this weakness, but it nevertheless misses to encompass geological and geomorphological phenomena in the scale of mountain ranges (regional scale of Brocx and Semeniuk 2007). Geological diversity related to the Pleistocene glaciations serves as a good example. Their sediments and landforms cover a significant part of the global land area, and the size of the individual lobes of the continental ice sheet causes significant knowledge dissemination challenges, even at the scale of a geopark. In the present contribution, a simple scheme of educational and outreach efforts related to the Pleistocene glacial geodiversity is introduced, and an example from the territory of Poland is discussed. During the Pleistocene, continental ice sheets inundated the territory of Poland several times. The most extensive glaciation occurred during Marine Isotope Stage 6 (MIS 6; Marks et al. 2016). During the subsequent glaciation events, the landscape of southern Poland was affected by intense periglacial processes. In the aftermath of the Weichselian Glaciation, which maximum extent is correlated with MIS 2 (Marks et al. 2016), the glacial and fluvioglacial landforms of northern Poland were formed. As a result, the Pleistocene glacial landscape features (e.g., moraine plateaux, outwash plains, kames, eskers) cover more than 36% of the country area (Fig. 1a). The previous efforts aimed at the evaluation and promotion of Pleistocene glacial geodiversity of Poland include the Polish Central Register of Geosites (that comprises more than 800 geosites directly related to glacial or fluvioglacial landforms and sediments), the establishment of the Muskau Arch Geopark (which occupies the surroundings of the push moraines of a small glacial lobe; Świerkosz et al. 2017), geodiversity assessment for future geoparks (e.g., Górska-Zabielska and Kamieńska 2017), the development of geotouristic itineraries (e.g., Krzeczyńska and Woźniak 2011), and rock gardens and permanent exhibitions (e.g., Górska-Zabielska and Dobracki 2015). The projects range in scale from documenting individual landforms and geosites to multi-site efforts on the study areas size of a geopark. The pilot research on disseminating the knowledge of Pleistocene sediments and landforms discussed here applies to the area of Poland covered by the Weichselian Glaciation. To explain landforms and sediments of glacial and fluvioglacial origin at a scale larger than a geopark or a geotouristic trail, digital techniques are employed. Among them, augmented reality fits best to explain the characteristics of individual geosites and viewpoint sites and was not used in the present project. Conversely, mobile applications, graphics and animated media, websites and geotouristic routes (Martin 2014) can embrace a wider spatial extent, fostering the appreciation of geological phenomena that impact large areas simultaneously. An interactive map coupled with the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data, the orthophotograph, the inventory of Polish geosites and the geological map of Poland are used to demonstrate the spatial extent of the Pleistocene ice-sheet and its impact on the landscape during repeated glaciations of the territory of Poland, the spatial relation of glacial and fluvioglacial landforms and sediments, and the pathways/mechanisms that led to their formation (Fig. 1b). Detailed descriptions with graphic reconstructions are generated via JavaScript code from vector layers and served to the end user, allowing us to explain the glacial history of the area of over 102,000 km2. The present semi- automated procedure of geodiversity presentation differs from earlier efforts by its ability to improve

141 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021 the quality of interpretation of highly variable geological features extending over large distances. Future research should assess user perception and gains of knowledge of glacial geodiversity of the study area.

Fig. 1. Study area and a fragment of the interactive map. a) Simplified map of the Pleistocene glacial landforms on the territory of Poland. 1 – southern limit of the Weichselian Glaciation, 2 – southern limits of the Pleistocene glaciations, 3 – moraine plateaux, 4 – outwash plains. b) A detail of the interactive map of glacial deposits and landforms, showing base-map layers (DEM and OpenStreetMap.org) and overlay data (glacial/gluvioglacial Pleistocene deposits/landforms, geosites).

References Brocx M, Semeniuk V (2007) Geoheritage and geoconservation–history, definition, scope, and scale. J R Soc West Aust 90:53–87. Górska-Zabielska M, Dobracki R (2015) Petrographic Garden in Moryń – a new geotouristic attraction in western Poland. Landform Anal 29:73–80. Górska-Zabielska M, Kamieńska K (2017) Geotourism potential of the “Połczyn Switzerland” area as a support for the planned geopark named “Postglacial land of the Drawa and Dębnica rivers”. Quaestiones Geographicae 36:15–31. Krzeczyńska M, Woźniak P (2011) Oblicza geologii – przykładowe projekty ścieżek geoturystycznych. Prz Geol 59:340-351. Marks L, Dzierżek J, Janiszewski R, Kaczorowski J, Lindner L, Majecka A, Makos M, Szymanek M, Tołoczko- Pasek A, Woronko B (2016) Quaternary stratigraphy and palaeogeography of Poland. Acta Geol Pol 66:403-427. Martin S (2014) Interactive visual media for geomorphological heritage interpretation. Theoretical approach and examples. Geoheritage 6:149–157. Świerkosz K, Koźma J, Reczyńska K, Halama M (2017) Muskau Arch Geopark in Poland (Central Europe) – is it possible to integrate geoconservation and geoeducation into biodiversity conservation? Geoheritage 9:59-69.

142 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Seeking public engagement with Geodiversity Rodrigues, J.1,2, Costa e Silva, E.3 & Pereira, D. I. 1,4

1 Institute of Earth Sciences, Pole of the University of Minho, Portugal 2 Naturtejo UNESCO Global Geopark, Portugal, [email protected] 3 Communication and Society Research Centre, University of Minho, Portugal 4 Terras de Cavaleiro UNESCO Global Geopark, Portugal

Keywords: Geodiversity, Geoconservation, Geoscientists, Geoscience Communication

Communicating Science: taking Geoscience to public

For scientists one of the main barriers between Science and Society is the public's perceived knowledge deficit and their lack of interest. Beside these barriers, common to several scientific areas, Geoscience has also to deal with its poor visibility and recognition. Non-experts are still far from understanding the Geodiversity’s role in everyday life and its importance in reaching effective sustainability for the planet. However, ensuring the protection of Geodiversity is not only in the geoscientist’s hands. All the society needs to be implicated. Institutional and collective efforts and initiatives to bring Geoscience and Geodiversity to the public are well known all over the world and many geoscientists have been making impressive efforts to bring these topics for the public and media agendas. Due to the considerable role of geosciences in society, even if it is not always recognized, communication must be a fundamental activity for geoscientists (Martin & Peppoloni 2017) and despite the different conditions, practices or motivations, Geoscience Communication has become one of the everyday duties of many geoscientists (Illingworth et al 2018). To engage society with Geodiversity it is not enough to promote scientific literacy. People’s experiences and perceptions need to be incorporated and it fundamental to establish a commitment between society and science based on dialogue, where non-experts become also protagonists in scientific decisions with social impact and integrate their knowledge in public participation and decision-making. Values and beliefs shape public perceptions on Geoscience issues and geoscientists have to change the paradigm from “matters of fact” to “matters of concern” (Stewart & Lewis, 2017). Scientists need to understand that objection and controversy are not only result of bad communication or lack of knowledge (Gibson & Roberts 2018). Through Public Engagement with Science and Technology, non-experts become protagonists in scientific decisions with social impact and integrate their knowledge in public participation and decision-making (eg Bauer et al 2007). Recent studies also warn that the attitudes towards Science combine knowledge with confidence nonlinearly and scientists, that tend to assume that if they teach the concepts and communicate facts, the audience would then think alike, face even more challenges (Francisco & Gonçalves-Sá 2019).

Geoscientists perceptions and practice

To understand the perceptions and experiences of geoscientists regarding Science Communication, in Portugal, a survey with 179 respondents was conducted. It is expected that this research shows the main factors that influence the communication practices and the differences within specific fields of Geoscience. Preliminary analysis of the results show that geoscientists are aware of the importance of communicating Science and they are interested in communication activities. 91% considers it somehow important to find time to engage with non-specialist audiences, under the scope of their professional activities and 86% agrees that public engagement with Science is personally rewarding. 90% thinks that scientists have a moral duty to engage with non-specialist audiences about the social and ethical implications of their work. Concerning the number of activities they do per year, 40% of the respondents thinks that it is reduced and only 30% that the number is good or very good. Regarding specific communication skills, 44% doesn’t agree that lack of preparation or training can be an obstacle and only 6% of the geoscientists surveyed admit that they don’t feel prepared and with the skills to communicate. 16% say they were very well prepared and 78% report that they feel moderately or well prepared to communicate. Analysing other potential barriers, 61% agrees (fully or moderately)

143 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021 that lack of public knowledge is an obstacle to communicate Science and 64% agrees (fully or moderately) that lack of public interest may be a barrier. Regarding personal goals when communicating, 84% fully agreed that they aim at allowing citizens to make more informed decisions and 83% fully agreed that they aim at ensuring that the public is better informed about Science and Technology. Public’s knowledge is clearly pointed out as an important topic that motivates scientists to communicate. Concerning the media, 82% doesn’t think that the news coverage of Geosciences is adequate and 86% considers that media are more interested in sensationalism than in scientific truth, with 75% pointing out misrepresentation of scientific content by journalists as an obstacle for Science communication. These results show a significant gap between scientists and journalists, where 93% never or rarely participated in media debate, 93% never or rarely sent a press release with scientific content, 91% never or rarely did an interview for the media and 91% never or rarely wrote an opinion text for non-specialist media. Focusing on communication tools, videos, TV interviews and social media posts are among the ones considered most effective. Universities, Science centres, Geoparks and popular science magazines are among the entities that the surveyed Geoscientists most trust to communicate Geoscience. About engagement activities, 67% admitted they never did any Citizen Science activity, 60% never participated in a focus group, 53 % has never been involved in a public information session and 48% never participated in a debate with local communities.

Conclusions

A significant part of the geoscientific community and a large number of institutions understands the importance of communication. Expressive endeavours are being done everywhere and for institutions like museums, protected areas or Geoparks, communication with lay audiences is indeed a priority and it is used as a strategy for Geoconservation. These preliminary results about geoscientist’s perceptions and practices, show that geoscientists are motivated and they fell comfortable and prepared to communicate. However, lectures and scientific papers are among the most frequent practices and 67% rarely or never participated in public debate or public information session. These results show that, despite the perceived confidence about their skills and competences to communicate, geoscientists are still very focused on unidirectional models and in communicating with their peers. Public engagement with Geodiversity demands new solutions and a change of paradigm in Geoscience Communication, where lay public is not seen as a single entity with knowledge deficit. To put these issues in the public agenda, communication strategies need to be targeted, with different approaches to engage with communities, local stakeholders, media, students and teachers, scientific community, tourists, politicians or policy-makers, groups with different concerns and distinct relations with science. Broad scope and multidimensional impact of Geodiversity in society compel non-experts to integrate their knowledge in public participation and decision-making.

References Bauer, M. W., Allum, N., & Miller, S. (2007). What can we learn from 25 years of PUS survey research? Liberating and expanding the agenda. Public understanding of science, 16(1), 79-95. DOI: 10.1177/0963662506071287 Francisco, F., & Gonçalves-Sá, J. (2019). A little knowledge is a dangerous thing: excess confidence explains negative attitudes towards science. doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3360734 Gibson H., Roberts J (2018) Communicating geoscience in uncertain times. Geoscientist 28(11): 26-27. doi.org/10.1144/geosci2018-031 Illingworth S, Stewart I, Tennant J, Elverfeldt K (2018). Editorial: Geoscience Communication – Building bridges, not walls. Geoscience Communication 1: 1-7. doi.org/10.5194/gc-1-1-2018 Stewart IS. Lewis D (2017) Communicating contested geoscience to the public: Moving from ‘matters of fact’ to ‘matters of concern’. Earth-Science Reviews 174: 122-133. doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.09.003 Martin FF, Peppoloni S (2017). Geoethics in Science Communication: The Relationship between Media and Geoscientists. Annals of Geophysics 60. doi.org/10.4401/ag-7410.

144 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

SWOT analysis of geo-educational tourism in Lushan Geopark, China Shi Ying1& Elena De Uña-Álvarez2

1 Jiangxi Finance and Economics Vocational University, Qingnian Road 96, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000 China. e-mail: e-mail: [email protected] 2 GEAAT Research Group (Department of History, Art and Geography), University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, 32004 Ourense, Spain. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Lushan Geopark, Geo-Education, Geoheritage, Tourism, SWOT Analysis.

Introduction

The Lushan UG Geopark is located in Jiangxi Province, in the middle east of China. It has geomorphological landscapes such as fault-block Mountains, quaternary glacial relics, and metamorphic core complex structures. All these have great scientific and aesthetic values which provide a good support for scientific research and geotourism (Wu Jiayu et al., 2014). Moreover, the geoheritage sites of Lushan Geopark are key-areas for teaching and learning geosciences. To know the potential of the geo-educational tourism, a research focused on SWOT analysis is presented. This preliminary research is framed within a project to promote the geoheritage protection and the coordinated development of the Lushan area.

SWOT Analysis of Geo-Educational Tourism in Lushan Geopark

Strengths The multi-genetic geomorphological landscape of Lushan Geopark is composed of a stack of tectonic landscape, ice-eroded landscape, and overlapping landscape features (Ye Zhanghuang et al., 2019). The main assets of its geoheritage are shown in Table 1. Lushan is also a World Cultural Heritage Site, and China's highest level scenic spot. Lushan is praised as "the top 10 most beautiful mountains in China" by domestic and foreign tourists. With its special environment, Lushan is one of China's "four major summer resorts". In recent years, Jiangxi regional authorities has actively responded to the development strategy through science and education, and has built a geological museum in Lushan. It has also unified scientific research and geoheritage protection, promoting the development and the popularization of educational tourism.

Table 1. Main geoheritage assets in Lushan Geopark* Category Mountain Peak Ridge Valleys Cave Strange rock Brook Waterfall Lake Number 171 26 20 16 22 18 22 14 *Data from http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2012/04/29/009137589.shtml Weakness The characteristics of Lushan's "Majestic, Kistler, Precipitous and Sparkish" restrict the development of touristic activities. These environmental features make the transportation costs very high. Considering the geoheritage protection and the construction costs of transportation, the Lushan geo-educational tourism is restricted. In addition, Jiangxi belongs to China's underdeveloped provinces. It still has a large gap with the developed regions such as the Yangtze and the Pearl River Delta. Opportunities The new era of economic development policies has given tourism more vitality. The "Three-year Action Plan for the High-quality Development of the Tourism Industry in Jiangxi Province (2019-2021)" strives to take three years to ensure that the comprehensive indicators of the tourism industry in Jiangxi Province rank in the country's first matrix, focusing on promoting the transformation of scenic spots such as Lushan Upgrade tourism development. In the past seven years, China has promulgated many policies to gradually promote the development of educational tourism in primary and secondary schools. September 25, 2017 “Practical Activity Curriculum Guidance for Primary and Secondary Schools"

145 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021 planned the study and travel practice activities for the primary and middle school students of different grades. The growing educational tourism market and increasing demand for tourism consumption have provided Lushan with strong policy and industry support to guide the development of geo-educational tourism. Threats First of all, Lushan tourism is still largely a traditional extensive development model, and a specific geo- educational tourism system has not yet been formed. Secondly, China's geo-educational tourism resources are abundant, and all provinces are working hard to build them, especially in developed regions, which will bring more competitive pressure to Lushan. Thirdly, the sudden impact of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) in 2020 on the tourism industry is very large, and it is impossible to completely eliminate it in the short term.

Concluding remarks

The geoheritage features and the characteristic building complex of Lushan UG Geopark, with a long history, are a key for its protection and geo-educational purposes. The Lushan's tourism investment is inadequate, and sustainability of tourism is lagging. The growing geotourism and geo-educational tourism demand is affect by several institutional policies. Various uncertain factors could have a great impact on the geo-educational tourism.

References Wu Jiayu, Cai Qiuyang, Du Yan (2014) A Review on International Conservation Practice and Research of Geoheritage. 34(12):169-175. http://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2014.12.025 Ye Zhanghuang, Yin Bin, Liu Jiaqi, Wu Jing, Deng Chenxia (2019) A Review on Geo-study Tour Resources and Interpretation in the Three Global Geo-parks of Jiangxi. Journal of Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University 04:58-64. http://dx.chinadoi.cn/10.3969/j.issn.1007-3558.2019.04.009. http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2012/04/29/009137589.shtml. Accessed 17 February 2020

146 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geoheritage in the United States: National Parks and more Thomas Casadevall1, David Mogk2 & Ester Sztein3

1 U.S. Advisory Group on Geoheritage, Denver, Colorado U.S.A. 2 State University, Bozeman, Montana U.S.A. 3 National Academies of Sciences, Washington D. C., U.S.A.

Keywords: Geoconservation, Geoheritage education, management practice, public outreach

Since the designation of the world’s first national park at Yellowstone in 1872, the United States has had a long history of conserving sites of geological significance. America’s geoheritage continues to be protected at a variety of management levels administered by multiple federal land-management agencies, including the National Park Service, the Bureau of Land Management, and the U.S. Forest Service, as well as tribal, state, local, and private entities. Various groups have been working to expand local knowledge of this concept in the Unites States and to promote current and future site conservation options. Recent milestones include: . The National Park Service established an extensive website highlighting America’s geoheritage, especially in the national parks. https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/americas- geoheritage.htm . In 2008 the Geological Society of America issued a Geoheritage Position Statement, which it revised in 2017, and has sponsored geoheritage-themed sessions at multiple national meetings to promote the conservation of geologically important sites in the U.S. on both public and private lands. . In 2016 the U.S. National Academies of Science established the U.S. Advisory Group on Geoheritage, which advises the U.S. National Committee to the IUGS on matters related to America’s geoheritage. The Advisory Group works with States, universities, and interested communities to promote and develop geoheritage projects and products and to represent U.S. interests on the global geoheritage stage. www.americasgeoheriage.com . The principal activity of the U.S. Advisory Group on Geoheritage for 2020-2021 was the America’s Geoheritage Workshop II: Identifying, Developing, and Preserving America’s Natural Legacy. Due to the COVID pandemic, the workshop was reorganized from an in-person meeting into a virtual workshop conducted in two parts. Part I consisted of a Distinguished Speakers Webinar series conducted in September-December 2020; Part II consisted of a virtual writing workshop held in January 2021. The list of all webinars are posted and free to view at https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/americas-geoheritage-ii-a-workshop.

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Pleistocene erratic boulders as geotourism and educational sites: a case study from Toruń (Poland) Tomasz Karasiewicz1& Agata Chróścicka1

1Faculcy of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, NicolausCopernicusUniversity, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland, e- mail: [email protected]

Keywords: erratic, geosites, geological education, Pleistocene.

Introduction

The research was carried out with in the city limits of Toruń. Itis a medium-sized city with an area of 115.17 km2 located in central Poland on the North European Plain in the Toruń-Eberswalde ice-marginal valley (pradolina, Urstromtal) and in the Vistula River valley (Fig. 1a). The northern part of the city lies on the moraine plateau. In 1997, the Medieval Town of Toruń was added to the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage list. In the Pleistocene, the area currently occupied by the city was many times coveredby Scandinavian ice sheet. During the last glaciation (Weichselian glaciation, MIS 2), glacial and fluvioglacial deposits (till, gravel, sand, clay and boulders) were glacially transported and deposited in the Toruń area by the Scandinavian ice sheet, which was followed by the deposition of fluvial and aeolian sediments. Pleistocene erratics found in Poland are native mainly to Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea basin. Igneous (magmatic) and metamorphic rocks, which account for 30–40% of all Scandinavian erratics, are native to the Proterozoic Baltic Shield, the Transscandinavian Igneous Belt, the Blekinge- Bornholm granite and gneiss province in southern-western Sweden. The remainng group consists of sedimentary rocks with out crops located within the boundaries of the central and southern Baltic sea bed (Górska-Zabielska, 2011). Erratic boulders can be attractive geological sites or geotouristic paths (geotrial) because they are evidence of the glacier's stay, have traces of erosion, are a group of rocks transported by the ice sheet from the home areas, from distant Scandinavian regions, have an igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary genesis. All the erratic boulders studied are elements of the geological heritage and are important in the comprehensive geodiversity of thecity’s natural environment.

Methods

During the fieldwork, erratics within the city limits were searched for, their geographical coordinates were established, measurements were taken, their accessibility in the field and the state of preservation were determined (traces of weathering as well as traces of mechanical treatment were taken into account). All erratics were described and characterised in terms of the type of rock, its petrographic group and other special features. Photographic documentation was collected (Fig. 1b).

Research and results

In the course of the field research, a total of 245 single erratics and 28 clusters of erratic boulders were found in thecity of Toruń. Erratics with a circumference of more than 2 m were considered in the study. The authors are aware that not all the erratics occupy their original location (Fig. 1d). It became apparent already during the research that some of the erratics were unearthed during the construction works, while others were used for the construction of the Medieval Town of Toruń (Fig1c). The occurrence in situ is of important scientific value in an erratic boulder, however, the authors realize that in the city, not all boulders are in situ, but most are ex situ. Erratics may havean indicator function, i.e. they have one defined outcrop and thus it is possible to determine which part of Scandinavia they come from. Indicator erratics account for about 10% of all erratic boulders. Approximately 30–40% are statistical erratics, i.e. those that can be clearly identified, but have more than one outcrop or/and the source area covers a large surface. Other erratics are local rocks from sub-Quaternary outcrops in the close vicinity (Czubla, 2001).

149 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Discussion and concluding remarks

Erratic boulders, after proper preparation, may serve as both geotourism and educational sites. The main purpose of geotourism is to transform most geological sites into a tourist product. We are also working on creating an on-line database containing basic information about boulders located in the city. From the geological perspective, they can help us to understand the history of the Earth, and more specifically the inanimate components of the environment and how to use them. For this reason, erratic boulders are tourist attractions. Such erratics located in the city testify to the great impact of the transport carried by the Scandinavian ice sheet during the Pleistocene, which had a huge effect on the landscape of northern Poland. Erratic boulders can therefore be very helpful in education about the geological past of the region and petrography. Parallel grooves, furrow, fracture, lunate fracture, glacial polish on the surface of an erratic boulder can identify the processes it underwent during transport inside or at the ice/bed interface The authors also proposed the course of a geotrail presenting the most interesting erratics. We thank Professor Piotr Czubla (University of Łódź) for his help in the petrographic identification of erratics.

Site no. 20 Type Erratic Geographical 18˚33’51.4’’E 53˚01’06.7’’N coordinates Gagarina Str. 36/ Bydgoskie Location/part of town Przedmieście Type of ownership Town Circuit/height/width/ 3.47/0.73/0.96/1.22 length (m) Typ of rock/ Magmatic/ Sala granite petrographic group Home area (outcrop) Uppland, coast of central Sweden Traces of weathering/ Yes/no Traces of machining Leading erratic Yes Attainability Yes, easy Special features Glacier striae

Fig. 1. Example of marked erratic boulder No. 20: a) Toruń's location in relation to the LGM coverage; b) view erratic boulder No.20 with scale; c) anexample of the use of erratic boulders in the architecture of medieval Toruń; d) location on the town erratic boulder No 20.

References Czubla P (2001) Eratyki fennoskandzkie w utworach czwartorzędowych Polski środkowej i ich znaczenie stratygraficzne. Acta Geographica Lodziensia 80, Łódź (in Polish with English summary) Górska-Zabielska M (2011) Ochrona głazów narzutowych w Wielkopolskim Parku Narodowym. Problemy ekologii krajobrazu XXIX: 141-149 (in Polish with English abstract)

150 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geo-Education Development in Khon Kaen Geopark, Thailand Vimoltip Singtuen1*, Natcharee Vivitkul2 & Thitaree Junjuer3

1 Department of Geotechnology, Khon Kaen University, 40002 Khon Kaen, Thailand. e-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Geotechnology, Khon Kaen University, 40002 Khon Kaen, Thailand. e-mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Geotechnology, Khon Kaen University, 40002 Khon Kaen, Thailand. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Landform, Geodiversity, Phuwiang, Geoeducation, National Geopark.

Introduction

Khon Kaen Geopark (KKGp), located on the Mesozoic sandstone syncline of the Khorat Plateau, northeastern Thailand, is distinguished by three small-scale forms of geodiversity, especially dinosaur fossils. Field investigations and classification have suggested that KKGp has palaeontological, geomorphological, and mineralogical sites. According to an assessment, this area has a high quantity of educational values (ASIOD) and incredibly didactic potential. Geomorphological sites also have the representativeness of the features, exemplarity, and educational usage. Thus, KKGp would be appropriate to be a geologic learning center for students and visitors. Thailand is currently developing knowledge of geotourism (Singtuen & Won-In, 2018), one of the initial critical elements of geopark development. In 2017, UNESCO declared the Satun Geopark to be the first UGGp in Thailand. It was also the 36th UGGp globally, while it was ASEAN’s fifth. This point has made government agencies and organizations ready to support research on geotourism and geopark development. Khon Kaen geopark (KKGp) is the fourth national geopark of Thailand and is located in the Phu Wiang National Park, Khon Kaen province. This area has a particular morphology of the Phu Wiang syncline that looks like a high plateau encircled by a plain basin of Mesozoic sandstone of the Khorat Plateau. The geological identity of KKGp is dinosaur fossils, and the network community has been propelled to develop it into a UGGp through tourism and educational activities. Hence, this work focused on the potential of geo-education by inventory, field investigations, classification, and assessment through educational activities.

Geosite Characterization

According to the inventories and characterization in geodiversity, scope, and scale (Gray 2013), KKGp has been distinguished by three small-scale (10,000 m2) forms of geodiversity: fossils, landforms, and minerals. There are also three significant geosites by classification (Neches, 2016; Ruban, 2010): palaeontological, geomorphological, and mineralogical. The palaeontological sites have presented five dinosaur species at nine excavations, dinosaur footprints, and an oyster fossil (Exogyra ) site. Additionally, several dinosaur bones were discovered in the Jurassic , including Phuwiangosaurus Sirindhornae (the first Sauropod fossil of Thailand) Kinnareemimus Khonkaennsis Isanensis, Siamosaurus Suteethorni, Phuwiangvenator Yaemniyomi (DMR, 2016). The oyster fossils were discovered in calcareous sandstone of the Sao Khua Formation. Furthermore, the geomorphological sites show distinctive features, including waterfalls, cliffs, and other chemical weathering landforms. These features are present in the resistant sandstone bed of the Phra Wihan Formation of the Khorat Group. Waterfalls in KKGp are distributed on perennial streams, which have been caused by tectonic structure and several joint directions. The mineralogical site is the Uranium Field with a heavy metal significance of Cu veins within the sandstone.

Geo-Education Assessment

Geo-educational activities along the one-day route provided students with many scopes of geology in KKGp. The route consisted of six geosites comprising the Kal Wela Cliff, Tat Fa Waterfall, three dinosaur excavation sites, oyster fossil site, and chemical weathered landform along with the nature trail. The ASIOD scope was composed of five criteria used for educational assessment comprising accessibility (A), safety (S), invulnerability (I), observation condition (O), and didactic potential (D).

151 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

According to the potential educational assessment, the palaeontological sites had a high score from the quantitative assessment, which was outstanding in the ASIOD scope (Figure 1). Many geomorphological sites had scientific and educational Assessment criteria according to Zouros (2007) and Kubalikova (2013), including representativeness of the features or processes, exemplarity, and educational usage. KKGp has also cooperated with the Department of Mineral Resources via the Phu Wiang Dinosaur Museum, which has added to the scientific and educational values.

Fig. 1. One-day route for educational activities and geo-education assessment

Discussion and Conclusion

According to many educational activities for practicing junior geologists in both universities and schools, this geopark would be suitable to be an effective geo-education area through a one-day route for developing geologic knowledge among students and visitors. Those participants would be educated in mineralogical, palaeontological, and morphological knowledge for integrating short geologic history within KKGp. Additionally, this area has an identity in the representativeness of the features, educational usage, and conservation management. Thus, geo-education developments in this area would increase the scientific and educational values for effective development to become a UGGp.

References DMR (2016) Phu Wiang Dinosaur in Phu Wiang National Park, Amphoe Phu Wiang, Khon Kaen Province. http://www.dmr.go.th/main.php?filename=ne04. Accessed 10 March 2021 Ghosh A, Mukhopadhyay S, Chatterjee S (2021) Assessment of geoheritage and prospects of geotourism: An approach to geoconservation of important geological and geomorphological sites of Puruliya district, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.03.001 Gray, M (2013) Geodiversity. Valuing and Conserving Abiotic Nature. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester Kubalíková L, (2013) Geomorphosite assessment for Geotourism purposes. Czech J. Tour. https://doi.org/10.2478/cjot-2013-0005. Neches IM, (2016) Geodiversity beyond material evidence: Geosite Type based interpretation of geological heritage. Proc Geol Assoc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2015.12.009 Ruban DA (2010) Quantification of geodiversity and its loss. Proc Geol Assoc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2010.07.002 Singtuen V, Won-In K. (2018) Geodiversity and Geoconservation of the Chaiyaphum Region in Thailand for Sustainable Geotourism Planning. Geoj. Tour. Geosites. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.22223-310 Zouros N (2007). Geomorphosite assessment and management in protected areas of Greece. Case study of the Lesvos Island - coastal geomorphosites. Geogr. Helv. https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-62-169-2007

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GEOTOURISM, UG GEOPARKS AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT

X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Can the rocks sing? A complete learning experience on the thematic trail “Music of Nature” in Hateg Country UNESCO Global Geopark (Romania) Adina – Maria Popa1, Dan Horațiu Popa1, Alexandru Andrășanu1 & Simona Delia Meliță2

1 Hateg Country UNESCO Global Geopark – University of Bucharest, Libertatii str., No.9A, Hateg, Hunedoara County Romania, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Sălașu de Sus School, Main Str. , No. 67, Sălașu de Sus, Hunedoara County, Romania, [email protected]

Keywords: Global Geoparks Network, geodiversity, geopark, outdoor education.

In Hațeg Country UNESCO Global Geopark (Hateg Country UGGp), in Peștera village, Sălașu de Sus municipality, Nana Sandstone (”Nana Gresia” in Romanian), born in the Sea of Tethys, tells the local story of the link between Man and Earth (Popa, Tanasescu, Popa & Andrasanu, 2018). A thematic trail named “The Music of Nature” reveals to students and tourists the geodiversity and biodiversity of the landscape through elements like rocks, wood and water, that have their own voice, face, and use. About 100 years ago, the locals listened to them, looked at them and used them to create a watermill, a lime kiln and a wooden antique washing machine. All of them are no longer used. However, each of these artefacts has a story linked to natural resources and local community history (Andrasanu, Popa, Ciobanu, Popa, 2019). The watermill tells a story about rocks, wood and water. The lime kiln is speaking us about the rocks and wood, and the antique washing machine shares the story about wood and water. Our idea was to include the three assets in a concept dedicated to the importance of appreciation and preservation of rocks, wood and water for people and nature. Eight land art installations were created to facilitate understanding through interactivity. Geological and biological elements explained through direct interaction, observation and games try to supply the lack of information about geodiversity and biodiversity approach in the Romanian school curriculum. A (“ringing rocks”) installation is flaunting the rocks (fig.1). Local granite, sandstone or marble provide information and can be identified by sound, naked eye particularities observation as well as details related to how they were formed, rock cycle, erosion, weathering.

Fig.1. The lithophone installation facilitates the delivery of information about local geodiversity in Hateg Country UNESCO Global Geopark, Romania. Photo by Dan Horațiu Popa

An installation dedicated to the music of water helps to discover the “symphony” of a fast mountain river, Paros. The installation capture and amplify the sound from water surface and bring it to the ear. The sound of the stream modulates when passes over rocks and forms of the riffles in a. The music of the forest can be listen in a large - scale wooden “megaphone”. It serves as an open-air amphitheater, a place dedicated to educational activities, discussions or recreation. The wooden bar – chimes reveals information about different types of local trees. It is an artistic installation of percussion with nine different wooden sticks.

155 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Each installation helps to understand how and why the local community used different types of rocks, woods and the river water force as an engine. In this context, the sandstone is not just a . It was born in the former Tethys Sea, but also is a millstone which inspired the Nana Sandstone, a drawn mascot present on each panel offering guiding information. As a tribute to the creative and sustainable way of using the natural elements by the local community, the artistic installation named “Community tree” presents each of the 15 families who lived in Pestera village along decades. The tree holds small frames with names of a living member of each family and a picture which defines its story. Interpretive panels accompany each art installation as well as the three artefacts. The panels explain scientific concepts in a language accessible to the public as well as behavioral advice and tips for non- formal activities, both in Romanian and English. The final activities on “The Music of Nature” thematic trail is dedicated to various team games based on non-formal activities, and a debriefing and evaluation session. In this respect, the trail completion offers a complete educational experience through playing and learning from direct interaction and observation of natural elements, as individual and part of a team as well. We also defined a guideline of outdoor educational activities in the light of the key competences and specific objectives being pursued in the school education system (Popa & Melita, 2018). In order to be more accessible for teachers, the guideline is available on Geopark’s website in a pdf format. The art installations trail and educational program based on the guideline of outdoor activities were integrated into Geopark’s offer of the educational activities. Hateg Country UGGp has created an informal education network of primary and secondary schools from the Geopark territory: EduGeopark. In each EduGeopark network member school, a GeoExplorers Club of interested local students or geoscience lovers was developed. During the Geology week event (5 – 13 October 2019) successful checking tests were carried out with the help of primary and secondary students, as well as tourists and families with children. Their feedback helped us to raffinate the program and educational offer tailored to participant’s age and interest.

Conclusions

The paper presents an example of outdoor education in Hateg Country UGGp, Romania. “The Music of Nature” thematic trail offers a complete learning experience, either in guided tours or just in a simple visit. Students and visitors have the possibility to experiment information delivered in three different ways for a better understanding: interpretive panels, their own experience and team games. There are attractive for children and adults as well, encouraged curiosity and discovery as individuals and as part of a team. Thanks to land art installations, the interaction between geodiversity, biodiversity and human activities provide an understandable and exciting knowledge for the importance of geo & nature conservation, and respect for local communities.

References Andrasanu, A., Popa, A., Ciobanu,C., & Popa, D.H., (2019). Broșura vizitatorului în Geoparc. Retrived from: https://www.hateggeoparc.ro/new/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Brosura-vizitatorului-in-Geoparc_2019.pdf Popa, A., & Melita, S., D., (2019). Îndrumar de activități de educație nonformală pe poteca tematică Muzica Naturii. Retrived from: https://www.hateggeoparc.ro/new/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/vf_Indrumar-educational- Pestera.pdf Popa, D., Tanasescu, M., Popa, A., & Andrasanu, A. (2018). The role of geoproducts in fostering local sustainable development. Abstracts book of 8th international conference on UNESCO Global Geoparks, Italy 112. https://www.hateggeoparc.ro/new/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Pliant-Poteca-Tematica-Pestera.pdf

156 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geotourism Trends in Albania at the beginning 21-st Century Afat Serjani1

1ProGEO-Albania, Geological Survey of Albania, Tirana. E-mail: [email protected]

Keywords:Albania, geosites, geotourism, geotours

Introduction

Albania is located in Adriatic and Ionian seas, within Mediterranean Sea. The as part of Dinarides-Albanides-Helenides Chain includes a variety of geological formations of different geological periods (sedimentary rocks, mainly carbonates, by flysch and molasse formations, and by igneous rocks, mainly ophiolite and basic volcanics. Therefore, Albanian’s Mediterranean coastline enjoys an average of 300 days sunshine each year, and Albania is considered as “The land of sun and hospitality”. Therefore, all the places and elements, that include geological heritage, such as Geological sites, geoparks, lagoons, mountainous landscapes have great potential to generating and developing geo- eco-tourism projects. The current economical conditions in Albania are waiting for new development of geotourist industry.

Overview of Albanian geology

The geology of Albania is part of the folded “Mediterranean Alpine Chain”. The Albania thrust belt consist of both internal and external tectonic zones which are overthrusted above the Adria Platform. At the southwestern most part of the Albanian territory, is located Sazan-Karaborun tectonic zone, which belongs to the African Plate (Adria Microplate). Albanides represent the most suitable territory to observe a lot of geological phenomena, some of them represent geological sites such as: Mirdita Jurassic Ophiolite complex, thrust tectonics, the stratigraphy of sedimentary series, from Ordovician-Silurian to Pliocen-Quaternary with some transgressions and break in sedimentations, evaporate domes in Korabi zone and salt diapirs in Ionian zone. Carbonate rocks in Albania cover about 6 000 km2 of the country surface. Karst processes are developed in all types of limestone of different lithological facies. Karst limestone acquifers represent, in many cases important Geo-Eco-Systems (Serjani A. Dollma M. 2012).

Geoheritage in Albania

The first scientific communication regarding Albanian geological heritage conservation was conducted by Serjani and Cara (1995) in the ProGEO Meeting in Sofia. Afterwards, and more comprehensively the problems of geological site of Albania were presented in studies supported by Geological Survey of Albania. Following strategy of ProGEO, and the Geological Survey of Albania many official studies and presentations have already carried out. Amongst them we can remember here: First study on Geological Heritage Conservation in Albania (1998), accompanied with the first inventory of geological sites and the map of geological sites in sc. 1:500 000 by A. Serjani, A. Neziraj and N. Jozja (1998), Geological sites of every municipality of Albania by A. Neziraj, L. Moisiu, A. Avxhi et alt. (2017), New Inventory of geological sites of Albania placed on Geological Map of Albania in sc. 1:200 000 by A. Neziraj, L. Moisiu, A. Avxhi et alt. (2020). ProGEO Albania has organized some sessions in international geological congresses and workshops, the most important being the Carpatho-Balkan Geological Association held in Tirana in September 2014. The new book: “Geoheritage and Geotourism in Albania” in both English an Albanian version was published (Serjani, Wimbledon et alt.,2003). Here for the first time it was appeared the concept of “Geotourism”. In our presentations (Serjani A., 2018, 2029, 2020) for the first time there are used new concepts and geosite denominations, according to the formation genesis.

157 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

The main Geotours in Albania

In this abstract four geotours proposals are proposed. This four geotours cover the high geological heritage value sites in the our country.

Northern geotour: Tirana-Kruja- Lezha-Shkodra-B. Curi-Valbona, where are located Tirana Molasses, Komani structural site and Valbona geopark. Northeastern geotour (Mirdita Ophiolites): Kuksi and Bulqiza ophiolite massifs. Southeastern geotour: Tirana- Pogradeci-Korca: tourist spots and interborder lakes. Southern geotour: Tirana-Berati- Gjirokastra-Sarand-Vlora-Tirana (sedimentary basins). Is the most interesting geotour.

Conclusions

Throughout Albania can be observed a lot of important geological phenomena with representative geosites. Geodiversity and provides a good base to development geotourism. The current economical conditions in Albania are waiting for development of tourist and geotourist industry. New geoheritage and geotourism information technologies need to apply. The private initiatives for protection and usage geosites must be supported. There are many tourist agencies and companies, which can do their contribution.

158 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geosites and geoeducational value of the Świślina River Valley in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland Anna Fijałkowska-Mader1, Wiesław Trela1 & Karolina Bieńko1

1 Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Holy Cross Branch, Zgoda 21, 25-953 Kielce, Poland.e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Keywords: Świślina Valley, Devonian, Triassic, geoeducation.

The picturesque Świślna River Valley is located in northern part of the Holy Cross Mountains (HCM, central Poland) and provides insight into the Triassic depositional succession overlying the folded Devonian rocks along the Variscan unconformity. The geosites, which reveal the similar history of sedimentation in the early Devonian and early Triassic with transition from terrestrial river environments (in case of the Triassic), through sea coast to open-marine carbonate platform, are important elements of the geoheritage of the HCM with a great educational value. The Devonian rocks exposed in the Godów and Doły Opacie quarries are represented by the Emsian sandstones and Eifelian dolostones that form the Godów tectonic horst (Jaroszewski 1976). The steeply standing layers of grey dolomites in the Doły Opacie quarry are particularly impressive. They belong to the Wojciechowice Formation consisting of algal laminites and brachiopod coquinas revealing desiccation cracks indicative for the shallow marine sedimentation (Skompski, Szulczewski 1994). The Devonian rocks are unconformably overlain by the Lower Buntsandstein cherry-red sandstones and mudstones of the Jaworzna Formation representing a distributary fluvial system with channel and sheetflood deposits (Jewuła et al., 2020). In the upper section of the Świślina River Valley there is the charming Wióry water reservoir, where the Middle Buntsandstein red sandstones and mudstones are exposed on both sides of the valley. They represent fluvial cycles (Becker et al. 2007) with excellently preserved ripplemarks, raindrops, vertebrate footprints (Chrotheriidae) and invertebrate trace fossils (Fuglewicz et al. 1990, Niedźwiedzki, Ptaszyński 2007, Ptaszyński 2000). This scientifically unique collection of trace fossils is stored in the Nature and Technic Museum, in nearby Starachowice town. Downstream of the Świślina River there are two quarries – Biskupie Doły and Witulin, providing insight into the Buntsandstein/Muschelkalk boundary (the Lower/Middle Triassic boundary). The uppermost Buntsandstein (uppermost Röt) is made up of impressive thick-bedded yellow sandstones of the Krynki Formation originated in the nearshore deltaic environment (Senkowiczowa 1970, Trela et al., 2007). They contain trace fossils and rare vertebrate footprints (Niedźwiedzki et al. 2007) as well as Costatoria costata (Zenker) bivalves indicating marine incursion in this region. The Muschelkalk carbonates represent almost complete section of the Middle Triassic in the northern HCM made up of bioclastic limestones, partially dolomitised, with calcitic postevaporitic vugs and numerous fossils of crinoids, molluscs, brachiopods and pelocypods as well as single . These rocks should be of particular interest to lovers of palaeontology. There are also traces of subaeral exposure demonstrated by meteoric diagenesis and early dolomitization, and reworked stromatolites preserved in the Middle Muschelkalk (Trela et al., 2007). The landscape of a deeply cut valley with high, steep banks, giving it a mountain character and geological values of the Świślina River Valley has made it an important part of the proposed "Kamienna Valley" geopark (Pieńkowski 2008). It is planned that geosites of the Świślina Valley will be part of geoeducational path that will be an additional attraction and complementary touristic offer of this area.

References Becker A, Ptaszyński T, Niedźwiedzki G, Nawrocki J (2007) Stop. V.3. Wióry – Road cut. In: Szulc J, Becker A. (eds) International Workshop on the Triassic of Southern Poland. Sept. 3–8, 2007, Fieldtrip Guide: 77-81 Fuglewicz R, Ptaszyński T, Rdzanek K (1990) Lower Triassic footprints from the Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains, Poland. Acta Geol Pol 35: 1091-124. Jaroszewski W (1976) Problem IIA – zastosowanie drobnych struktur tektonicznych do badań budowy i tektogenezy słabo zaburzonych obszarów skał osadowych. Przewodnik XLVIII Zjazdu Pol Tow Geol: 135-157.

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Jewuła K, Trela W, Fijałkowska-Mader A (2020) The Permian–Triassic boundary in continental sedimentary succession at the SE margin of the Central European Basin (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland). Geol Magazine 157: 1767-1780. Niedźwiedzki G, Kin a, Remin Z, Małkiewicz M (2007) Środkowotriasowa ichgnofauna kręgowców z „warstw z Krynek” w Górach świętokrzyskich – wstępny przegląd. Przegl Geol 55: 870-879. Niedźwiedzki G, Ptaszyński T (2007) Large Chirotheriidae tracks in the Early Triassic of Wióry, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Acta Geol Pol 57: 325-342. Pieńkowski G (2008) The Kamienna Valley Geopark – more than dinosaurs. Przegl Geol 56: 629-638. Ptaszyński T (2000) Lower Triassic vertebrate footprints from Wióry, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Acta Paleont Pol 45: 151-194. Senkowiczowa H (1970) Trias. In: Rühle W (ed) Stratygrafia mezozoiku obrzeżenia Gór Świętokrzyskich. Pr Inst Geol 56: 7-48. Skompski S, Szulczewski M (1994) Tide-dominated Middle Devonian sequence from the northern part of the Holy Cross Mountains (Central Poland). Facies 30: 247-266. Trela W, Zacharski J, Ptaszyński T, Niedźwiedzki G, Szulc J (2007) Stop. V.2. Witulin – small abandoned quarry. In: Szulc J, Becker A (eds) International Workshop on the Triassic of Southern Poland. September 3-8, 2007. Fieldtrip Guide, pp 77.

160 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Spanish UNESCO Global Geoparks: an overview of 20 years growing Asier Hilario1, Luis Carcavilla2 & Elena Mateo3

1 Geoparque Mundial de la UNESCO de Costa Vasca. Ifar Kalea 2. 20820. Deba. Gipuzkoa. Spain. [email protected] 2 Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain. [email protected] 3 Geoparque Mundial de la UNESCO de Lanzarote y archipielago Chinijo. Avda Fred Osen s/n Arrecife 35500. Lanzarote. [email protected]

Keywords: UNESCO Global Geoparks, Spain, geotourism, local development, geological heritage.

Introduction

UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGGp) are single, unified geographical areas where sites and landscapes of international geological significance are managed with a holistic concept of protection, education and sustainable development (UNESCO 2016). The European Geoparks Network (EGN) was created in 2000 with four founder geoparks, gave rise to the Global Geoparks Network (GGN) in 2004, and was accepted as an official UNESCO program in 2015. At present (winter 2021) there are 169 UGGp in 44 countries and many new candidates worldwide. UGG can be considered the most successful and relevant program that has been ever developed globally related to geological heritage. There are 15 geoparks in Spain. After China, Spain is the second country in the world with more geoparks. Spanish geoparks are not only numerous, but they can be considered also as very active UGGp within GGN. This contribution is a short overview of the key factors that can explain the success and growing of UGGp program in Spain.

General description and distribution of UGG in Spain

UGGp in Spain represent different natural, social and cultural realities. Spanish geoparks are very heterogeneous. Geographically they are very well distributed as they cover most of the Spanish territory, including the Canary Islands. UGGp cover also most of the physiographic and geological units of Spain. There are five UGGp in the main meseta (Sierra Norte de Sevilla, Villuercas-Ibores Jara, Maestrazgo, Molina Alto Tajo, Las Loras), where the landscape is dominated by Variscan and Alpine central ranges and deep canyons carved in predominantly calcareous plateaus. The main mountain chains and associated foreland basins are also very well represented, as there are three UGGp located in different areas of the Pyrenees (Sobrarbe-Pirineos, Origens, Catalunya Central) and three more located in different domains of the Baetic System ranges (Sierras Subbéticas, Granada, Cabo de Gata). Montañas de Caurel UGG is a very good representation of the NW Variscan orogeny. Basque Coast with its worldwide known flysch outcrop is a spectacular representation of the lush Cantabrian Coast, and Lanzarote and El Hierro UGG are splendid examples of the peculiar culture and geology of volcanic Canary Islands. The size of Spanish UGG is also very heterogeneous, ranging from 4.722 Km2 in Granada to 90 Km2 in Basque Coast. There are 240 municipalities included in Spanish UGG, but their distribution is also very different. There are only 3 municipalities in Cabo de Gata and 78 municipalities in Molina Alto Tajo. Geoparks are usually located in rural areas; so that, six geoparks have population density lower than 10 inhabitants per km2, but there are also highly populated geoparks like Sierras Subbéticas, with 220 inhabitants per km2. As a consequence of this diversity, the management structures are also very assorted. Municipal associations, provincial and regional governments and local development associations are the main actors. Spanish geoparks activities are coordinated by the Spanish Forum of UGG (www.geoparques.eu), which is included into the Spanish Geoparks Committee, where central and autonomous governments come together to discuss the development of the program.

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Key factors for the success of the UGG program in Spain

These are some of the key factors that can explain the success of this program in Spain: . The very early incorporation of Maestrazgo (2000) and Cabo de Gata UGG (2001) to the network, together with an excellent collaborative spirit of all UGG in Spain, has pushed the development of geoparks since 20 years now. . Spain is a rugged country with a very rich geodiversity and endowed of outstanding exposures that have been deeply studied by European and national universities. . Spain has got a national inventory of geosites and an important tradition on geoconservation since more than 20 years, which has facilitated the work of the new candidates (Carcavilla et al., 2009). . Spain is one of the main touristic destinations of the world with a kind climate for outdoor activities, a deep-rooted touristic tradition, and excellent public and private infrastructures and facilities. . Large areas of the Spanish territory are rural and sparsely populated. Rural development associations have played an important role on the management of European funds. Some of the Spanish geoparks are closely related to these local development associations. . The Spanish administration gives capacities to local governments and stakeholders to support local initiatives. This decentralized model has given flexibility to define different management bodies adapted to different realities. This flexibility has been key to maintain the ‘bottom-up’ approach of the UGGp program.

References UNESCO (2016). UNESCO Global Geoparks. Celebrating Earth Heritage. Carcavilla, L., Durán, J.J., García-Cortés, A. y López-Martínez, J. (2009). Geological heritage and geoconservation in Spain: past, present and future. Geoheritage, Volume 1, Issue 2, 75-91.

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3GEO – Geoclimbing and Geotrekking in Geoparks: sustainable practices for enhancing the tourist and education experience Irene Maria Bollati 1, Jasper Knight2, Mohammed Alkindi3, Charalampos Fassoulas4, Eugenio Fazio5, Ricardo Galeno Fraga de Araújo Pereira6, Manuel García – Rodríguez7, Hugo Gomes8, Manuel Schilling9, Cristina Viani10, Anna Masseroli1, Giuseppe Maria Amato11, Tiziana Apuani1, Patricia Azevedo8, Tullio Bagnati12, Enrique Fernandez Escalante13, Martina Forzese5, Marco Giardino9, Manuela Pelfini1, Enrico Zanoletti14& Michele Zucali1

1Earth Science Department “A.Desio”, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 34, 20133, Milan, Italy. Email: [email protected]; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; 2University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa, e-mail: [email protected] 3Earth Sciences Consultancy Centre, P.O.Box 979, P.C. 611, Muscat, Oman, email: [email protected], [email protected] 4Natural History Museum of Crete, Univ. of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Greece, e-mail: [email protected] 5Dpt. of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences – Earth Sciences Section University of Catania, Corso Italia 57 – 95129 Catania (Italy), email: [email protected], [email protected] 6Geosciences Institute - IGeo, Federal University of Bahia - UFBa. Rua Barão de Jeremoabo s/n, Campus Universitário de Ondina Salvador – Bahia / Brazil CEP 40.170-290, e-mail: [email protected] 7Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED). Urbanización Monte Rozas, Avenida de Esparta s/n. 28232 Las Rozas-Madrid. e-mail:[email protected] 8Associação Geopark Estrela, Av. Dr Francisco Sá Carneiro, nº50, 6300-559, Guarda, Portugal. email: [email protected]; [email protected] 9Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Región de Los Ríos, Chile. email: [email protected] 10Earth Sciences Department, University of Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125, Torino, Italy. email: [email protected] 11Rocca di Cerere UNESCO Global Geopark, Via Vulturo 34, 94100 Enna, Italy, email: [email protected] 12Sesia Val Grande UNESCO Global Geopark, piazza Pretorio 6, 28805 Vogogna (VB), Italy. e-mail: [email protected] 13Technical University of Madrid (ETSIAAB), Av. Puerta de Hierro, nº 2, 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain. [email protected] 43GEOEXPLORA - Geologia & Outdoor, c/o Lago Maggiore Center, 28831 Baveno, Italy. email: [email protected]

Keywords: Geoclimbing, Geotrekking, Geoparks, Multimedia tools, Sustainable development.

Formal UNESCO Global Geoparks, aspiring Geoparks, and many other physical landscapes globally are used as sites for recreational tourism, outdoor activities (hiking/trekking, climbing) and education, as well as being important for biodiversity and other scenic attributes that make them attractive to visitors. As a result, outdoor recreation sites, in particular rocky outcrops used for climbing, and trekking routes, can be seen as potential opportunities for outreach and public communication of geosciences, geodiversity and Earth’s history (i.e. geoheritage). In such places, landscape vistas can be impressive, and different landscape users (all ages, backgrounds) spend leisure time there. As shown in a recent review (Ruban & Ermolaev, 2020), some previous works on the geoheritage potential of climbing cliffs in particular has been undertaken (e.g. in USA by Garlick, 2009; in the Italian Alps by Bollati et al., 2016; in Spain by García-Rodríguez et al., 2017). Key issues at the site level may be primary accessibility, i.e. the trail that allows access to the climbing wall, and secondary accessibility represented by the difficulty of the climbing routes (Bollati et al., 2016). In order to increase attention towards these natural geoeducation resources, building a global network of web-based multimedia materials of iconic climbing cliffs and trekking routes presents exciting opportunities for geoheritage communication and geotourism. Up-to-date display methods (e.g. 3D photogrammetry, Structure from Motion-SfM, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-UAV surveys) can be used to highlight the geodiversity and geoheritage at different spatial scales based on user-driven queries. This approach can also be used to raise awareness to site managers and stakeholders about the sustainable use of the physical landscape as an important, but sometimes a hidden georesource for local economic development, conservation and tourism. To this end, we introduce a new UNESCO IGCP project 714: 3GEO – Geoclimbing & Geotrekking in Geoparks, aiming at strengthening the potential of geoparks, and other promising areas, by offering innovative tools for geoscience communication through geoclimbing and geotrekking (Fig. 1). The aim of the 3GEO project is to create a network of iconic geoheritage trails and sites, already used for climbing and trekking in different countries, developing 3D models of specific sites as well as related multimedia

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educational and information materials that can be used by diverse users including schools and the general public. The ultimate goal is to improve geoheritage and geoscience communication techniques and content by pooling expertise of geoscientists in different countries, where needs vary according to sites and communities features, and where established or aspiring geoparks are present. The development of a common set of methodologies, through planning of workshops, field surveys and training initiatives addressed to young researchers, will lead to the creation and sharing of tools for detecting, analyzing, characterizing sites through innovative techniques (i.e. 3D reconstruction of sites), and finally showing the geoheritage properties along specific trails and in specific sites. A web-based space where virtual reality products can be shared, allows (i) the preservation of natural sites in the framework of sustainable development; (ii) more diverse audiences including people with disabilities or limited mobility, to explore these kinds of georesources; and (iii) to overcome issues of accessibility and global travel restrictions. The virtual approach will also lead to the development of a sustainable framework for subsequent activities in the field. The areas included in the UNESCO Global Geopark Network, or aspiring areas and national geoparks projects, where sustainable management strategies are ongoing, represent hotspots of both geodiversity and geoheritage, focused on geotourism and on developing the user experience. Hence, in such ideal areas, the project could help in enhancing specific resources like climbing sites and trekking routes.

Fig. 1. The key elements of the 3GEO project

References Bollati I.M., Fossati, M., Zanoletti, E., Zucali, M., Magagna, A. & Pelfini, M. (2016) A methodological proposal for the assessment of cliffs equipped for climbing as a component of geoheritage and tools for Earth Science education: the case of the Verbano-Cusio-Ossola (Western Italian Alps). J Virtual Expl, Elect Ed 49(1):1-23 http://virtualexplorer.com.au/journal/2016/49 García-Rodríguez M, Fernández-Escalante E. (2017) Geo-Climbing and environmental education: The Value of la Pedriza granite massif in the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, Spain. Geoheritage 9:141–151. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-016-0187-y Garlick, S. (2009). Flakes, Jugs, and Splitters: A Rock Climber's Guide to Geology. guides, 224 pp. Ruban D.A., Ermolaev A.V. (2020) Unique Geology and Climbing: A Literature Review. Geoscience 10:259, doi:10.3390/geoscience10070259.

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Education and outreach strategies in the Aspiring UNESCO Global Geopark Oeste (Portugal) Bruno Claro Pereira1, 2, Nuno Pimentel3, 1, Miguel Reis Silva1 & Rute Torres1

1 Associação Geoparque Oeste, R. Raúl Gomes Ferreira 1/A, R/c Drt., Loja 4, 2530-103 Lourinhã, Portugal. e-mail: [email protected] 2 Museu da Lourinhã, Rua João Luís de Moura, nº 95, 2530-108 Lourinhã, Portugal 3 Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa. 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Oeste Aspiring Geopark; Education; Geotourism; Lourinhã; Outreach.

Introduction

Geosciences are frequently difficult to be perceived by the general public (Libarkin and Kurdziel, 2006). Often taken as an unappealing topic, different strategies can be used to convey certain geological messages, where dinosaurs often work as a way to grab the public attention. The society is globally aware of the dinosaur topic, especially after the first airing of the Jurassic Park Movie, in 1993. Although part of the world’s population still does not believe they existed, the size and look that dinosaurs had baffles everyone, in a mixture of amaze and fear. One of the educational strategies of the Oeste Aspiring Geopark (OAG) to captivate the public towards the Geosciences is the so-called “dinosaur factor”. The OAG comprises the municipalities of Bombarral, Cadaval, Caldas da Rainha, Lourinhã, Peniche and Torres Vedras (central West of Portugal), an area of about 1154 km2. The Pliensbachian/Toarcian GSPP recognized by The International Commission on Stratigraphy of IUGS, and the Upper Jurassic dinosaur fossils are two internationally relevant geological features in this area (Mateus et al. 2018; Pimentel et al. 2019). The Lourinhã Formation is a geological unit internationally known for the occurrence of dinosaur fossils, such as bones, footprints, and nests. Dated from the (about 150 Ma), more than 10 dinosaur’s species were identified in this geological unit, where most of their holotypes (specimens used to erect new species) were found in the area. Beside the dinosaur findings, it is also frequent to find fossils of other animals, such as crocodiles, turtles, and , and plants. The quantity, quality, and relevance of these fossils makes this geologic formation internationally important for its scientific value. With a population of around 212000 inhabitants, the importance of this geological heritage attracts around 200000 visitors, per year to our territory (numbers prior to the COVID-19 pandemic). Most are students from outside the OAG area, but families are also important and increased significantly after the opening of Dino Parque Lourinhã, a dinosaur (and other extinct animals) theme park. Within the OAG, local associations have been working for the preservation and conservation of local cultural and natural heritage, such as Associação de Defesa do Património Cultural do Cconcelho do Bombarral, Arméria, Grupo de Etnologia e Arqueologia da Lourinhã, GEOTA – Grupo de Estudos de Ordenamento do Território e Ambiente é uma Organização Não-Governamental de Ambiente, Associação de Defesa do Paul da Tornada, Patrimonium, Sociedade de História Natural. They have developed different educational programs associated with the Geosciences, permanent or sporadic, aiming two main target audiences, schools, and general public. Since 1984, the Museum of Lourinhã is one of the oldest institutions offering such programs and is here used as an example of the strategies that this aspiring UNESCO Global Geopark, to convey the importance of the geological heritage of the area.

Schools visiting the OAG

On a normal year, schools search the OAG area and specially the Museum of Lourinhã, for its educational programs. From all around the country, teachers search for outreach programs, to serve as complement to subjects lectured in classes and as an on-site example of those thematises. The school audiences mostly seek the program associating the museum’s guided tour to an outdoor visit to the cliffs where fossils are found. In this kind of visit, students experience both a more formal, indoor,

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and a more non-formal, relaxed, in touch with Nature, approaches to geologic aspects of the area and, of course, often using fossils and dinosaurs as ways to grab their attention. This way, dense topics such as stratigraphy principles, tectonic, and erosion risks, etc., may be taught and, most importantly, exemplified in a simple and light approach. More recently and especially for younger students, teachers have been looking for the option where they can benefit from the visit to the Dino Parque Lourinhã. This new component gives the opportunity to visit one more site in the territory, where often the students do not have the chance to return, also making the whole visit lighter.

Visits for the general audience

Differently from school audiences, the general public that normally visits the OAG searches for pleasant ways to spend their free time. While the beach tourism is irrefutably a huge attractor of the region, there is a steady growth of the interest in enjoying nature related outdoor activities. The audience that looks for geological themed activities are often family groups, composed by parents, children and, sometimes, the grandparents. The main drivers of these groups towards Geology themed activities are the children, frequently looking forward to seeing and interact with dinosaurs. Therefore, these groups’ main objective is to visit sites where they can see dinosaur fossils and experience the sensation of finding them. Building programs for these groups poses several challenges. The age range in each group is broad, extending from the toddlers to seniors. This is a huge difference in perception and language ranges and locomotion agility. Therefore, programs for this kind of audience need to be planned taking in consideration these prior conditions and be adaptable to each group. Also, the volume of information provided is significantly less and explained with simpler and more basic approaches, when compared with students, and subjects are provided in a storyteller or narrative-building mode. Again, dinosaurs are used to engage with the public and convey the information. For these groups, the visit also includes a guided tour to the museum and is complemented with the outdoors tour, which preferably is on the seashore with a sand beach, a perfect environment for children to enjoy. With the COVID-19 pandemic and the travelling restrictions, the number of visitors that seeks this territory decreased significantly. Nevertheless, online activities associated to the dinosaur thematic served as an excellent way to have all family members engaged in activities.

Conclusion

Although teaching Geology and related Geoscience themes can be uninteresting to most audiences, using certain elusive tactics can captivate the visitor’s interest and make them learn more. Dinosaurs are the perfect attraction to engage large scale audiences, attested by the large number of visitors that come to our aspiring geopark just to see them. While teaching about them, let us take this opportunity to include a variety of other geological topics which normally the public is not so keen to learn.

References Libarkin JC, Kurdziel JP (2006). Ontology and the teaching of Earth Science. Journal of Geoscience Education, 54: 3: 408-413. Mateus O, Pereira B, Rocha R, Kullberg, JC (2018). Aspiring Geopark Oeste in Portugal: Scientific Highlights and Importance. 8th International Conference on UNESCO Global Geoparks abstract book, Italy, 171. Pimentel, N, Gonçalves, L, Serra, J (2019). “Jurassic Land”: Towards an Integrative Approach for an Aspiring Geopark in West-Central Portugal. 15th European Geoparks Network Conference abstracts book, Seville, 29.

166 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Small communities, a challenge in Hateg Country UGG strategy. How to be a pioneer Dan Horațiu Popa1, Adina – Maria Popa1& Alexandru Andrășanu1

1 Hateg Country UNESCO Global Geopark – University of Bucharest, Libertatii str., No.9A, Hateg, Hunedoara County Romania, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Geopark, Local values, Pilot project, Romania, Small communities.

Geopark’s activities related to geoconservation research, education, tourism and local development in a well-defined territory are linked based on a good relationship with local communities. In Hateg Country UNESCO Global Geopark (Hateg Country UGG) as in most geoparks, the local communities are mainly rural, with different levels of social and economic development. There are various types of local communities. To extremes, on the one hand, there are prosperous communities. They have some characteristics as open, accessible, with different types of resources easily available for social and economic development. In most cases, this kind of community usually has a significant number of inhabitants. On the other hand, there are small communities, the opposite of the thriving ones. The small communities in the geoparks can be seen as social structures with the following characteristics:  Small groups of rural inhabitants with a reduced number of members in comparison with Geopark’s population, but no more than 100 individuals;  The community members have shared values, inherited – that may differ by the other communities from the geopark territory – less permissive with outside influences;  The inhabitants live in officially recognized administrative structures, in isolated areas, that are difficult to access;  The social and economic infrastructure is poor, missing or insufficient basics elements for everyday life – health services, schools, local public transport, jobs;  The main economic local activity is represented by subsistence farming.  The natural resources the community was built around, during decades or centuries, having at least two of the following characteristics: - They still exist in a small quantity, and there are not fully exhausted; - If there are exhausted, some elements related to various types of use there are still present even though inoperative; - Over time, they have generated standards and values relating to the operation which have passed down from one generation to another becoming part of local traditions and influencing daily living.

The Geoparks ’relationship with these communities cannot have a unitary approach. It differs depending on the type of community and is necessary to be customized. In its relationship with the local community’s strategy, for Hateg Country UGG the small communities are really challenging. A pilot program was initiated with the aim of strengthening the confidence of small communities in the values of Geopark concept. Based on the definition of small communities from geoparks, previously presented, Peștera village, Sălașu de Sus commune from the territory of Hateg Country UGG is a study case example. The concept proposed by a part of Hateg Country UGG technical team was built, taking into account some well-defined steps:

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. Identification of natural resources and local tradition elements which may represent the core of sustainable development project – in this specific case, a thematic trail with visiting and educational role, meant to promote the importance of geodiversity and biodiversity conservation; . Identification of potential funding sources for this kind of project; . Finding a local NGO from Sălașu de Sus commune interested in project management and various institutional partners, including local administration; . Geopark’s support in writing the application form, . Official and informal meetings with the members of the small community from Peștera village in order to present the local development project; . Technical and human support and help in implementing the project, over six months, . Constant networking with the the small community members from Pestera village, with the members of applicant NGO and with the institutional partners.

At the project completion and the end of works to the thematic trail, the first tourists arrived – groups of students and families with children – the results of the impact have emerged in the community. Four members of the community expressed their intention to provide local products to the visitors, in the new tourists’ season. To better involve small communities’ inhabitants in local development projects, in concordance with Geopark s strategy, there are several stages in changing their attitude:

. Accepting the project idea only after the official involvement of local administration . Lack of confidence in the project objectives and results because there was no overlapping of their daily concerns . Lack of interest and involvement in arranging thematic path works . Involvement of one of the community members who had a personal relationship with the Geopark administration . Gradual involvement of other community members including support with their own materials and tools . Acceptance of the project at the level of the entire community . Positive feedback given by community members in their contact with students, tourists, and mass-media representatives interested in the project . Community assuming of the thematic trail as a factor of local development that can generate benefits based on local activities and products.

Conclusions

The pilot program dedicated to the relationship with the small communities implemented by the Geopark revealed that several factors are necessary to be achieved to consolidate the locals' trust in Geopark concept and activities. An adequate strategy, opening to the local values, institutional involvement, personal involvement, constantly networking (formal and informal), trust and patience are part of the success approach of the Geoparks’ small communities.

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A multidisciplinary GIS-database for a holistic local management of the Courel Mountains UNESCO Global Geopark (Spain) Daniel Ballesteros1,2, Pablo Caldevilla1,3, Ramón Vila1,4, Xosé Carlos Barros1, Laura Rodríguez- Rodríguez5, Manuel García-Ávila1,6, Elvira Sahuquillo7, Miguel Llorente8, José Bienvenido Diez1,6, Mercedes Fuertes-Fuente9, Susana M. Timón-Sánchez10, Arturo de Lombera-Hermida1,11, Iván Álvarez1, Irene Pérez-Cáceres12, Manuel Acebo13, Pilar Orche Amaré14 & Martín Alemparte1,15

1 Courel Mountains UNESCO Global Geopark, Rúa do Courel 21, 27320 Quiroga, Spain. 2 Departamento de Geodinámica, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain. e-mail: [email protected] 3 Escuela Superior y Técnica de Ingenieros de Minas, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain. e- mail: [email protected] 4 Museo Xeolóxico de Quiroga. Rúa do Courel 21, 27320 Quiroga, Spain. e-mail: [email protected] 5 Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Cantabria. Avenida de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain. e-mail: [email protected] 6 Departamento de Xeociencias Mariñas e Ordenación do Territorio / Asociación Paleontolóxica Galega, Universidad de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas - Marcosende, 36310 Vigo. e-mail: [email protected] 7 Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Campus da Zapateira, Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain. e-mail: [email protected] 8 Centro Nacional Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (CSIC). c/ Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain. e-mail: [email protected] 9 Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Oviedo. c/ Jesús Arias de Velasco s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain. e-mail: [email protected] 10 Unidad de Salamanca Centro Nacional Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (CSIC). Plaza de la Constitución 1, 3º, 37001 Salamanca, Spain. e-mail: [email protected] 11 Grupo de Estudos para a Prehistoria do Noroeste Ibérico-Arqueoloxía, Antigüidade e Territorio (GEPN-AAT). Departamento de Historia. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Praza da Universidade 1, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. e-mail: [email protected] 12 Geosciences Barcelona (GEO3BCN-CSIC). c/ Lluís Solé i Sabaris s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] 13 Pizarras de Villarbacú, S.L. and Pizarras de Quiroga, S.A (PIQUISA). Carretera de Vegamolinos, 156, 32300 O Barco de Valdeorras. e-mail: [email protected] 14 Servicio de Minas. Secretaría General de Industria y Minas. Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades, c/ Johannes Kepler, 1. 41.092 Isla de la Cartuja – Sevilla. Sociedad Española para la Defensa del Patrimonio Geológico y Minero (SEDPGYM). e-mail: [email protected] 15 Grupo de Desenvolvemento Rural Ribeira Sacra-Courel, Rúa Doctor López Lallana 6, 1ºD, 27340 Bóveda, Spain. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Courel Mountains UGGp, geoheritage, GIS, holistic approach, management.

Introduction

The management of a UNESCO Global Geopark (UGGp) is a challenge that involves many different actors, including managers, regional to local public administrations, businesspersons, local people, cultural associations and scientists. It also tackles with potential contrasting issues of suitable development, such as economic factors and the conservation of geoheritage, biodiversity and cultural heritage. Hence managing the UGGp, requires a vast wealth of miscellaneous scientific knowledge to be integrated in the planning, operation and decision-making processes of the Geoparks. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are suitable tools to manage the required scientific knowledge, where spatial distribution is essential. Here we show how the application of a GIS-database assists in the governance of the Courel Mountains UGGp as declared in Northwest Spain in 2019 (Figure 1). The GIS-database was developed by a multidisciplinary team of geographers, geologists, archaeologists, biologists, engineers and managers from universities, research councils, public administrations, a local action group and the quarrying industry.

169 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Figure 1. Location of the Courel Mountains UGGp in north-western Iberian Peninsula.

Structure of the GIS-database

The database is structured in 66 coverages (vector data file), each compiled from publicly available sources, from the Spanish Geological Survey database (Centro Nacional Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, CSIC) and from previous scientific and technical studies, or after conventional mapping (combining fieldwork and photointerpretation) and GIS analyses. Data was homogenized, synthetized, validated and archived in independent coverages of technical and scientific information, which can be easily updated at any time. Technical data (37 coverages) contains topography, administrative boundaries, infrastructures, land use and facilities of the UGGp while the geoscientific knowledge (18 coverages) spans from the Palaeozoic bedrock to the Quaternary sciences, related to the geology, geomorphology, metallogeny, hydrogeology, palaeontology and geoheritage. The high biodiversity of the UGGp (three coverages) gathers information on vegetation and forestry maps, as well as a non- exhaustive list of flora, fauna and fungi species. Finally, cultural heritage data (8 coverages) includes archaeological sites (prior to the Industrial Revolution; 19th century) ethnographic constructions and past and ongoing industries.

Application of the GIS-database for the management

The database allows us to design a broad range of thematic maps showing specific subjects, highlighting the interacting relationships between Earth processes, biodiversity and human history. Maps were developed with all audiences in mind, hence maps and legends were developed accordingly, covering from the general public to specialists. The GIS coverages contain the available knowledge for a successful development of educational, tourism and geoconservation programmes of the UGGp, representing also a useful support for scientific research. Thematic maps edited via GIS constitute easy- to-understand resources employed in outreach activities, interpretation centres, scholarly projects and training workshops for guides. The GIS database is used for planning and technical design of tourist resources, such as trails, activities, tourist documentation and interpretation centres. In particular, GIS- maps show the spatial distribution of tourist resources in the UGGp, providing guidance towards new geotouristic resources, such as trails and viewpoints with interpretation panels. The GIS dataset also assists geoconservation actions, mainly considering protected areas, land uses, geological hazards and the overlap of natural and cultural heritage. The spatial analyses allow identification of potential impacts on geoheritage in order to prevent or mitigate such effects. Finally, the GIS-database is a valuable tool for scientific research in the UGGp, which will provide feedback to the database. As a concluding remark, the GIS-database reveals itself as a useful tool for the management of a UGGp, providing a comprehensive overview of the territory and supplying technical and scientific assistance based on homogeneous, revised and structured scientific knowledge. Moreover, the GIS-maps reinforce the territorial unity, contributing towards its visibility, its corporate identity, and encouraging cooperation between managers, scientists, local administrations and the public.

170 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Kefalonia and Ithaca aspiring Geopark Elena Zoumpouli1, Nicolina Bourli2, Maria Kolendrianou3, Maria Tsoni 4 & Michael Xanthakis 5

1University of Patras, Department of Geology, Laboratory of Sedimentology, 26500, Patras, Greece, [email protected] 2University of Patras, Department of Geology, Laboratory of Sedimentology, 26500, Patras, Greece, [email protected] 3University of Patras, Department of Geology, Laboratory of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, 26500, Patras, Greece, [email protected] 4University of Patras, Department of Geology, Laboratory of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, 26500, Patras, Greece, [email protected] 5Management Body of Aenos, 28100, Kefalonia, Greece, [email protected]

Keywords: Karst, caves, geotourism, sustainable development.

Introduction

The Islands of Kefalonia and Ithaca, located in the at the western borders of Greece, constitute an aspiring Unesco Global Geopark. Their rich geological heritage and geodiversity, is characterised by significant geomorphological diversity with an impressive landscape, unique geological phenomena and a great diversity of flora and fauna. This new geopark through geotouristic activities is expected to play a significant role in the sustainable development of the two islands.

Kefalonia – Ithaca Geopark

The 50 designated geosites of Kefalonia and Ithaca Geopark consist of several unique geomorphosites and rock formations such as karstic geomorphs, geotectonic geomorphs, palaeontological sites, as well as and other areas with environmental importance. The most important geological feature of Kefalonia and Ithaca Geopark is their karstic network consisting of caverns, lake caverns (Cenotes) and karstic lakes. The astonishing hydrological phenomenon of the geosite of the Sinkholes of Argostoli is an extremely rare geological phenomenon for the karstic network of Kefalonia (Maurin and Zoetl, 1967; Drogue, 1989). This involves the continuous inflow of sea water in the sinkholes at the north-western coast of Argostoli city. Subsequently, sea water after getting through the carbonate rocks of Mt Aenos is mixed with rain water that precipitates from the mountain and outflows as brackish water in the Eastern coast of the island (at Karavomilos), almost 15 km away, at the area of Sami, after about 15 days. In addition, Kefalonia and Ithaca are situated in the most tectonically active region of Europe. The geodynamic processes in the region are related to the active subduction of the African plate under the Eurasian one; hence, a large number of faults occurs in Kefalonia and Ithaca, several of which are still active. In addition, the islands of Kefalonia and Ithaca are also rich in archaeological and historical monuments, which are connected to the geological heritage of the region. First of all Ithaca is generally identified as 's Ithaca, the home of Odysseus.

Sustainable development

Some of the geosites have been geotouristically developed already. Typical and successful example is the cenote of Melissani (Fig.1), the most famous of the caverns and touristically developed for several decades now, attracting thousands of tourists. To conclude, the best way to promote, protect and conserve our geological heritage is through Geoparks and mild tourist development, with a sustainable development strategy and support from the local people and authorities.

171 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Fig. 1. Panoramic view of the cenote of Melissani from above

References Maurin V, Zoetl J (1967) Salt water encroachment in the low altitude karst water horizons of the island of Kephallinia (Ionian Islands). IAHS Proc. Symposium “Hydrology of fractured rocks”, Dubrovnik, Croatia, Oct. 1965, p. 423–438. Drogue C (1989) Continuous inflow of seawater and outflow of brackish water in the substratum of the karstic island of Cephalonia, Greece. Journal of Hydrology, 106(1-2), 147–153.

172 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

A preliminary evaluation of geotourism potential at the local level: (The upper stream of Devolli River/source area, Albania) Ermiona Braholli1, Dhurata Ndreko2, Edlira Menkshi1 & Robert Damo1

1University of Fan Noli, Rilindasit Avenue, Korçë, Albania, e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2Polytechnic University of Tirana, Dëshmorët e Kombit Avenue 14, Tiranë, Albania, e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Devolli stream, geotourism, landform, hydrologic object, sites, TOWS matrix.

Albania as part of western Balkan Peninsula has high level of geodiversity due to the geological-tectonic settings and climatic factors. The combination of these elements has created numerous geological features with high geotourism potential. The geotourism can be defined as a form of nature tourism focused on landscape and geology (Hose, 1995), but also on the biotic and cultural features linked to the abiotic nature (Dowling, 2013). According to Martini et al (2012), geotourism allows tourists to know the local geology but also to understand that geology is closely related to all the other values of the territory, such as biodiversity, archeological and cultural values, astronomy etc. This study has focused in The Source Area of Devolli River, which presents several unexplored landforms and hydrological sites. The area is located in the Korça region (southeastern of Albania). It has an irregular shape about 88 km2 along the national border with Greece, surrounded by the south part of the Morava range: Badarosha Mountain in the south (2,041 m), Red mountain (Mali i Kuq, 1,878 m) on the west, and the Biglla and Gropa peak on the north (1,708 m) (Qiriazi, 2019). Tectonically, it is part of Mirdita zone and Korça basin composed of Mesozoic and Cenozoic formation (Xhomo et al., 2002). According to Gray (2004) abiotic nature has existence values, research/educational values, cultural values, aesthetic values, economic values and functional values. Based on the geologic map and topographic map of the area and on detailed literature about the area, which take into account abiotic and biotic resources, four geozones which present several potential geosites were presented: Geozone-1. Badarosha peak is a small area with upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic deposits, composed of facies of neritic limestone with thick to massive layers, mainly grey and white grey color (Xhomo, et al., 2002). In this formation due to the karst process we can found flat landform, sinkholes and karst springs (Qiriazi, 2019). The biggest sinkhole is the “Lëndina e Pelave”, modelled by glacial and karst processes. The main springs in this area are Devolli and Çezma me Gozhdë, which has touristic, cultural and economic value for the local people. Geozone-2. Red Mountain, situated in the south part of the western Morava mount, presents an ophiolitic formation of the Middle Jurassic age. In the Llofka peak (1,875 m) is seen a fragment of neogene erosion, that have created a flat surfice. In the height of 1,500 m there are also three glacial lakes surrounded by forest. Due to the high biodiversity of the geozone, a part of the mountain has been declared Protected Landscape. Geozone-3. The main river flow of Devolli start from the Gorge of Përroi i Madh and ends in the Mirasi canyon. In this geozone are found landforms like: the Rock of Korbi, the Rock of Fiance and the Rock of Dobërgora with historical value. According to (Damo & Icka, 2020) this zone also presents a high biodiversity expressed in Important Plant Area (IPA) -Nikolica. Geozone-4. The stream of Sinica, has a subsequent direction flow (Jashiku, 2016) developed along the crosscutting of Sinica (Kumati, et al., 1997). The regressive erosion of the Sinica stream has created several landforms, such as, Gropa Peak and Guri i Vjeshtës mount with geotouristic potential. Along of the Sinica stream are found mineral spring of Uji i Qelbur and the Vala e Vogël and Vala e Madhe waterfalls. These geozones are studied by a qualitative assessment and an extended SWOT analysis (so-called TOWS analysis), which according to Kubalikova (2019) is widely used as a common tool for local development strategies. TOWS analysis (Tab.1) could help in the process of identifying the relationship between the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of a subject, but also to determine the level of quality of the geozones, as well as, the possibilities for the implementation of a geotouristic offer (Antic & Tomic, 2017). According to Wendt (2020), exists a direct relationship between the increase of the economic level of an area and the development of geotourism strategy. Thus, a developing country as ours should encourage the increase of the economical level of the rural environments by the generation of jobs and incomes for local people. In this regard, managers should properly assess and map the landforms and

173 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

the hydrological geosites of The Upper Stream of Devolli River in order to promote and develop geotourism. Specially, when such a destinations do not require large investments.

Table 1. TOWS matrix for The Upper Stream of Devolli River. Internal Condition Strengths Weaknesses SO strategy: maxi-maxi WO strategy: maxi-mini 1. Possibility to establish geotourism actions in the 1. Need to improve the touristic infrastructures landforms and hydrological geozones of the area. to increase the number of local and foreign 2. Possibility to create a geotour featuring landforms tourists.

(rocks of Vjeshta, rock of Neçka, rock of 2. Need to invest in the tourist services using Dobërgora, rock of Corbie and Lëndina e Pelave local geoproducts and preserving the

pit) and hydrological geozones (Vala waterfall, Uji i traditional architecture. Qelbur spring, Devolli spring and Çezma me 3. Need to develop alternatives of sustainable

Opportunities Gozhdë spring). tourism, such as, ski tourism, hiking, 3. Possibility to use traditional cuisine for promoting ecotourism, etc. the local geoheritage. 4. Need to inform local people about the values 4. Possibility to develop geoeducation among of the geozones in order to increase the tourists and local students/pupils. quality of their hospitality. External Condition External ST strategy: maxi-mini WT strategy: mini-mini 1. Need to preserve geoheritage for the future 1. Need to avoid anthropogenic pressure on generations geozones via legal, financial and/or 2. Need to create a developing plan by the local institutional support.

Threats stakeholders to protect and promote the 2. Need to promote geotourism simultaneously with ecotourism, hiking and gastronomy geotouristic resources. tourism.

Reference Antic A, Tomic N (2017) Geoheritage and geotourism potencial of the Homolje area (eastern Serbia). Acta Geoturistica 8(2): 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1515/agta-2017-0007 Damo R, Icka P (2020) A preminilary evaluacion of the endemice and relict flora in Important Plant Area of Drenova-Nikolica, Albania. Scopje, ICSD Dowling RK (2013) Global geotourism-An emerging form of sustainable tourism. Czech J. Tour,2:59-79. https://doi.org/10.2478/cjot-2013-0004 Gray M (2004) Geodiversity, valuing and conserving abiotic nature. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. England Hose AT (1995) Selling the story of Britan's stone. Environmental Interpretation, 10(2): 16-17 Jashiku E (2016) Vlerësimi dhe menaxhimi i risqeve natyrore dhe antropogjene në rrethin e Korçës dhe Devollit. Dissertation, University of Tirana Kubalikova L (2019) Assessing Geotourism Resources on a Local Level: A case Study from Southern Moravia ( Czech Republic). Resources, 8(3):150. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8030150 Kumati L et al (1997) Studim regjional mbi modelin strukturor, biostratigrafik, ambjentin e sedimentimit dhe potencialin gjeokimik të basenit te mbivendosur (gropat e brendshme) Albanido-Mesohelenike në rajonin Burrel- Korçë-Greqi Martini G et al (2012) Reflections about the geotourism concept. Arouca Geopark, Portugal, 11th European Geoparks Conference Qiriazi P (2019) Gjeografia fizike e Shqipërisë. Mediaprint, Tiranë Wendt AJ (2020) Outline of geotourism and geoparks development on Europe. Antwerp, Belgium, International Scientific Conference "Global Challanges- Scientific Solutions II" Xhomo A, Kodra A, Xhafa Z, Shallo M (2002) Gjeologjia e Shqipërisë (Tekst shpjegues i Hartes Gjeologjike 1:200 000 të vitit 2002). Tirane.

174 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Lura National Park values for geotourism development Florina Pazari1 & Ardiana Miçi2

1Barleti University, Department of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, Tirana, Albania. E-mail: [email protected] 2Fan S. Noli University, Department of History and Geography, Korça, Albania. E-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geo-eco-tour, geotourism, geodiversity values, geological values.

Geotourism and Protected area in Albania

Geotourism is a form of tourism focused on geoheritage and natural landscape. In Albania it is a new type of tourism, even though the landscape provides an ideal place to develop geotourism. The extensive system of National Parks and World Heritage Sites are already attracting many local and overseas tourists. In the context of the development of geotourism, National Parks occupy an important place for attracting tourists and influencing the community living there. Natural conditions of Albania (geology, landforms, climate, soils and biodiversity) have defined diversified landscapes. Based on Six Categories of IUCN, 18% of Albania’s surface are declared Protected Areas. About 46% of protected areas surface in Albania are National Park, second category of IUCN. Lura National Park is one of the National Parks that within its territorial boundaries has a diversified geodiversity, with high geological and scientific values.

Lura National Park

Lura National Park is located in northeast of Albania, in municipality of Dibra. It has been declared a National Forest Park since 1966, by decision of the Council of Ministers of that time. On 2018, by the decision of the Council of Ministers in Albania, Lura National Park is expanded on 202.42 km2 by encompassing the entire section of Kunora e Lurës, former Zall-Gjocaj National Park, and Dejë Mountain. Lura Lakes occupy an area of 40 ha and are the basis for geotourism development. They have a glacial origin (Wurm period) with the special hydrogeological importance. In the National Park of Lura there are 14 lakes, where 7 of them are declared hydro-monuments with high geological, hydric, biological, aesthetic and didactic values. Lura is also know for a very rich ecosystem, which is represented by coniferous forests (badly damaged by illegal deforestation), but in recent years are being invested to return to identity. The most common forest species are: beech (Fagus silvatica) at altitudes 900-1200m, black pine (), predominant at altitudes 1600-1700m, red pine (Pinos heldreichi), white pine (Pinus peuce Griseb). At high altitudes are found Alpine pastures, while in the lakes grow hygrophilous plants (Nnymfanea alba L.) that with their large flowers cover the entire surface of the lakes. The park's woods are important because they provide shelter for numerous fauna. Most notable amongst them is the and grey wolf. Other large mammals include lynxes, ’s and birds such as the golden .

Geodiversity and geoheritage of Lura National Park

Lura National Park is build from ultrabasic rocks with amfobilitet in the floor as a rare geological phenomenon. In the Lura mountainous region many traces of glacial activity of the Wurm glacial period are preserved. 12 glacial lakes, several moraines and complex cirques, erosion ridges, passes, gorges and river canyons are registered here. Some of them are: Seta canyon, Kreja tower (2078m), Kunora e Lures pyramid (2121m), Runja Peak (1991m), Bakullia Ridge (1766m) and the Maja e Madhe (1787m) ridges and one tectonic cliff (200-300m high) at the altitude of 1600-1800m. The Lura landscape fashioned by geology of special scientific importance, especially by stratified ultrabasic rocks, amphibolites and regional faults as well as the glacial features listed above, is one of the most interesting national park of virgin ecosystem, offering a unique diversity of natural attraction. As a result of scientific, geological, hydrological, aesthetic values, etc., some of them have been declared Natural Monuments. Based on the origin of their formation they are classified into: Complex geosites (geomorphologic sites of erosion, river erosion, karst, glacial and of neotectonic origins) which includes: Seta gorge, Fushe Lura moraines, “Kunora e Lurës” Cirques and Mare’s field in Lura; Hydro geological

175 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

geosite, where included Glacial Lakes of Lura (Flower lake, Black Lake, Great Lake, Kallaba Lake, Rarasa Lake, Hoti Lake and Kalata Lake).

Conclusion

The geodiversity and ecosystem of Lura Geopark as well as the authentic culture and tradition of the local population have an important potential for the development of geotourism as one of the newest but most interesting forms of . Based on this potential and their values, several geo-eco- tours have been designed which can be included in the tourist guides for the Lura National Park. Actually is working per dixhitalizimin dhe krijimin e gjeoinformacionit (nepermjet teknologjise GIS) per shtigjet turistike pergjate parkut te Lures. Pikat me te rendesishme per tu vizituar jane Cow lake, Tusha lake, Big lake, Rasat lake, Hoti lake, Kunora e Lures (Lura Wreath) cirques, Black lake, Flower lake, Seta canyon, etj. Three of tourist trails that are digitalization and defined on touristic map are: - Fushe Lura village to the Farka Plain, then to the northern group of glacial lakes (Cow lake, Tusha lake, Big lake, Rasat lake) and back to Fushe Lura village. - Fushe Lura village to the Kunore e Lures (“Lura Wreath”) Peak, along the mountain ridge to 2070 m peak, and further to the south, turning to the east to the Hoti glacial lake, then through the Dushka plain and pine forest back to the Fushe Lura village. - Fushe Lura village to the Gurra Lura village, westward to the southern groups of glacial lakes (Dry lake, Black lake and to Flower lake), to the west of the peak 1606 m and to the Horse plain and mountain. On the way back you can watch the Seta canyon. In the National Park of Lura, tourists can practice a series of other activities such as: Kayaking on Lura lakes, Hiking, Cycling, Climbing, Riding, etc.

References European Geopark Network Magazine, (2005), Issue No.2, Austria. http://www.europeangeoparks.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/26308583-EGN-Magazine-Issue-2.pdf Operational Guidelines for National Geopark seeking UNESCO-s assistance, (2004), Global UNESCO Network of Geoparks, Paris, France. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000150332 Geoscientific Significance and Classification of National Geoparks of China (2004), Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) Vol. 78 Nr. 3. Dollma M., (2008), Albanian Regions, Tirana, Albania Qiriazi P. (2018), Trashegimia Natyrore e Shqiperise, Tirana, Albania Serjani A. (2002), Lura Geopark-Albania. ProGEO NEWS, Jannuary 2002. Serjani A. Neziraj A., Hallaçi H., Wimbledon W., Bushati S., Onuzi K. (2003), Geological Heritage Conservation and Geotourism in Albania. (Gjeotrashegimia dhe Gjeoturizmi ne Shqiperi). Tirane, Dhjetor, 2003. Serjani A., Avxhi A., (2003), Geotourist Albania. The geotourist Map (1: 200 000). Tirana, Albania. Serjani A., Avxhi A., Neziraj A. (2004), Geotourist Albania. Presentation to the fifth International Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology. , Greecee: 14 to 20 April 2004. Edited by Chatzipetros A. A. and Pavlides S. B. Volume 1. pp. 419-422.

176 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Assessing the geosites of Chelmos – Vouraikos UNESCO Global Geopark Golfinopoulos Vasilis1 Eleni Koumoutsou2, Zelilidis Avraam3, Zouros Nickolas4 & Fassoulas Charalampos5 & Iliopoulos George6

1 Laboratory of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, Department of Geology, University of Patras, Rio Patras, 26504, Greece. e- mail: [email protected] 2 Chelmos – Vouraikos UNESCO Global Geopark, , 25001, Greece. e-mail: [email protected] 3Laboratory of Sedimentology, Department of Geology, University of Patras, Rio Patras, 26504, Greece. e-mail: [email protected] 4 Laboratory of Applied Geomorphology and Environmental Geology, Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, 81100, Greece. e-mail: [email protected] 5 Natural History Museum of Crete, Iraklion, 71409, Greece. e-mail: [email protected] 6 Laboratory of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, Department of Geology, University of Patras, Rio Patras, 26504, Greece. e- mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Assessment, Chelmos – Vouraikos UGGp, Geosites.

Introduction

Chelmos – Vouraikos is one of the five designated UNESCO Global Geoparks of Greece. The geological heritage of the Geopark is depicted on the 40 designated Geosites which include areas of significant geological, geomorphological, palaeontological, tectonic, petrological, hydrological as well as biological, aesthetic and cultural interest. Despite the unequivocal value of all geosites, their geotouristic value and their need for conservation depend on various factors that affect their status and make each geosite unique and which should be treated separately in order to provide for it adequate protection and promotion. The aim of this study is the quantitative and qualitative assessment of the 40 geosites of Chelmos – Vouraikos UNESCO Global Geopark, according to Fassoulas et al. (2012) methodology, which could be used for the sustainable development and conservation of the geological heritage of the geopark.

Materials & Methods

The methodology of this evaluation is based not only on geological criteria, but also on a wider range of scientific, ecological, cultural, aesthetic, and economic criteria concerning the value of each geotope, compared to other locations at regional or/and national level. Each criterion was scored on a scale ranging from 1 to 10, and then three indexes were estimated, which represent educational, touristic, and the need for the protection of each geosite.

Results

The application of this method at Chelmos – Vouraikos Geopark has produced results, which highlight the value of each geotope as well as ways of its utilization. Furthermore, this methodology is useful for the planning of conservation and protection measures for the geoheritage of the study area, but also to reveal certain priorities for the development of sustainable tourism activities (geotourism and educational tourism) and the proper conservation of geosites. The assessment of the 40 geosites of the geopark indicates that among them those with the highest educational and touristic value are Portes – Triklia (Vouraikos Gorge) and the Cave of the Lakes, characterised as well by high scientific, ecological, aesthetic and economic interest as well, Doxa Lake, with additional high ecological, cultural and aesthetic interest, Lousoi Polje, with additional scientific, cultural and aesthetic interest as well as Mega Spilaio with additional ecological, aesthetic, cultural and economic interest. The assessment has shown that there are more geosites with increased educational and touristic value, such as Ntourntouvana and Mavrolimni at Mt Chelmos, nevertheless as their accessibility is difficult they cannot be used for relevant activities for the time being. The assessment has also indicated that some geosites such as the Tectonic Graben of Kalavryta and the Eroded Conglomerates currently present higher vulnerability to human activities, such as extensive cultivation

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and cattle grazing. These activities can destroy important geological features but also rare endemic . Τhus more intense protection measures need to be taken, for instance, livestock and respective facilities should be removed, as well as restrictions on crop cultivation within these geosites should be applied (Golfinopoulos, 2021).

Conclusions

The proposed methodology as it uses all possible criteria for its impartial application, is considered an appropriate methodology for the assessment of geosites. The application of such evaluation methodologies is considered crucial for the development, protection and promotion of geoparks (Golfinopoulos, 2021).

References Fassoulas, C., Mouriki, D., Dimitriou-Nikolakis, P., & Iliopoulos, G. (2012). Quantitative Assessment of Geosites as an Effective Tool for Geoheritage Management. Geoheritage, 4(3), 177–193. doi:10.1007/s12371-011-0046-9 Golfinopoulos, V., (2021). Geological structure and assessment of the geosites of Chelmos – Vouraikos UNESCO Global Geopark, Master Thesis, University of Patras, Dep. of Geology, Patras (in Greek).

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Science and Education for Sustainable Development Networks in UGGp Hugo Gomes1, Emanuel de Castro2, Emmaline Rosado González3 & Jeanne Sidrim4

1Associação Geopark Estrela, Portugal. [email protected] 2Associação Geopark Estrela , Portugal. [email protected] 3Mixteca Alta UNESCO Global Geopark, México. [email protected] 4University Regional of Cariri, Geopark Araripe, Brazil. [email protected]

Keywords: UNESCO Global Geoparks, Sustainable development, Citizen Science, Networking.

Introduction

The new IGCP project 736: “Science and Education for Sustainable Development Networks in UGGp” approved in 2021, seeks to support and foster scientific research applied to UGGp territories, contributing to the resolution of the real problems of society, making it more informed and aware, capable of achieving its development. Also, it aims to promote a better involvement of communities with its Geoparks by participating in the research and its promotion, through formal and non-formal education. This connection between science and Education can be a catalyst for territorial development, contributing to more aware and participant citizens. The promotion of research for peace and sustainable development through scientific knowledge and science has been one of UNESCO's major objectives since its foundation. Thus, as territories classified by this organization, it is imperative that Geoparks contribute to this objective, as natural laboratories for the production and communication of Geosciences knowledge.

Figure 12 - SESDNet logo

SESDNet project

This project will serve as a catalyst for a new generation of scientists, allowing the sharing and exchange of knowledge and experiences between different countries (Portugal, Brazil and Mexico), and supporting all areas of scientific research, including the natural, exact, social, humanities and sports sciences. SESDNet is a wide network that allows initiatives in any field of knowledge that can be applied to the territories. It aims to make research in UGGp more fluid, dynamic and inclusive. In this sense this network base their principles on the North-South and South-South transversal cooperation between the countries involved, who will take part in all stages, from planning to final execution. It already includes collaborators from Portugal and from two developing countries, Brazil and Mexico, who will take part in all stages, from planning to final execution. The project seeks to support and foster scientific research applied to UGGp territories, contributing to the resolution of the real problems of society, making it more informed and aware, capable of achieving

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its development. Also, it aims to promote a better involvement of communities with its Geoparks by participating in the research and its promotion, through formal and non-formal education. The work plan includes online and on site meeting, internships, connecting sustainability networks, exchange of researchers from different locations, promotion of a Summer University, organizing an International Meeting on Managing Geoparks and Geoheritage and organizing diverse initiatives and events. SESDNet aims to create synergies between these territories and promote collaborative projects with a special emphasis on the benefit to society, capacity-building and involvement (Open Science and Citizen Science Strategy), and the advancement and sharing of knowledge between scientists and local communities.

180 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Promoting volcanic and mining geoheritage in the Racoş Geological Complex (Perșani Mountains, Romania) Ildikó Soós1, 2, Szabolcs Harangi1, 2, Cătălin Cantor3 & Károly Németh4

1Department of Petrology and Geochemistry, Eötvös University H-1117 Budapest, Hungary, [email protected] 2MTA-ELTE Volcanology Research Group, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, Hungary 3Asociaţia Carpaterra, 500086, Brașov, Romania 4School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.

Keywords: education, geopark, geotourism, mining heritage, volcanic geoheritage.

The Perşani Mountain is located in the inner part of the Carpathian Bend Area, at the north-western margin of Braşov County, Romania (Fig. 1). The most known geological heritage here is the >176 km2 Perșani Volcanic Field (PVF) with 21 identified moderately eroded volcanoes, formed at 1.2-0.6 Ma representing the youngest monogenetic volcanic fields in the Carpathian-Pannonian Region (CPR) (Seghedi et al. 2016; Harangi et al., 2015).

Fig. 1. Location of the Perşani Volcanic Field with its key geosites

There are several national protected areas at the Perşani Mountains, among them, the most eye-catching, mostly volcanic geosites are located next to Racoş village, in the Racoş Geological Complex (Fig. 1). This is a Nature Reserve (IUCN category IV) since 2006 and includes three former aggregate quarries. Here, a set of spectacular volcanological features can be observed that cover the wide variety of basalt volcanism. One of the most striking phenomena is the columnar jointed basalt recognized for their geoheritage value in 1962, when it was declared as a natural monument (Racoş Basalt Columns). The ~10-12 m high hexagonal and pentagonal, grey basalt columns offer a unique view. Next to it, an abandoned basalt quarry is filled now by the ‘Emerald Lake’, which formed by accumulation of rainwater, snowmelt and supply from a spring at the bottom of the former quarry pit. The lake is surrounded by a complex pyroclastic series cross-cut by several fault structures. Below it, a platy jointed basaltic lava intrusion (sill) is found. At the contact with the fine-grained pyroclastics, mm to cm-sized columnar jointed red “baked sediment” zone is recognized that is a rare feature worldwide. The third geosite is called by the visitors as the ’extinct volcano’. It is an erosional remnant of a scoria cone partially excavated during quarrying. The visitor can observe diverse pyroclastic layers exhibiting variations of grain sizes due to changing explosive eruptive conditions and distance from the vents. In this “Martian landscape”, there is a special opportunity to see the structure of the agglutinated spatter

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deposits at the vent area as well as the distal fine-grained scoria fall layers. Hawaiian-type lava fountaining and Strombolian explosive eruption occurred here just like what we can see in the current 2021 Geldingadalir eruption in Iceland. The quarry near Racoș village was opened in 1872 (Schafarzik F. 1904). The extraction, crushing and sorting were performed by manual techniques. After 1937, but especially after the Second World War, a vast campaign was inaugurated to replace the manual operating procedures, by introducing small and medium capacity machines. The workforce was recruited from neighbouring villages and was made up by peasants without any professional qualifications. Skilled workers were initially foreigners (mostly Italians). (http://www.olhib.ro/ro/istoric/). The exploited raw material was used for road and railway constructions. Cubic stones from the Racoș quarries still can be found in some city centres (Brașov, Rupea, Szeged, Budapest, Vienna etc.), roads, but in many places they were replaced finally by asphalt. Many houses from Racoș village are constructed from the local basalts and the pyroclastic rocks. In summary, these abandoned quarries offer key-geosites to develop a geoeducation site, where visitors can have an insight into the inner structure of a basalt volcanic complex and get information how volcanoes work and in addition, they could learn how basalt was used for various purposes. However, there are much more to discover in the Perşani volcanic field, such as maars, variously eroded scoria and spatter cones as well as freshly preserved xenoliths from the both in the pyroclastic deposits and the lava rocks. Locations like the PVF could easily be utilized as knowledge links to people who can’t have an access and first-hand information on current volcanic eruptions. Thus, their volcanic geoheritage value is highly important. The PVF is part of the clustered Miocene to Pleistocene basalt volcanic fields in Europe, such as Vulkaneifel (Germany), Calatrava (Spain), Catalan Volcanic Field (Spain) or Chaîne des Puys (France) and can be interlinked to a pan-European network of protected volcanic landscapes with high conservation values. It could serve as a heart of a new UNESCO Global Geopark. It has some similarities to the main features of the other volcanic fields, but show a couple of particular phenomena, such as the baked contact sediments, the tall columnar jointed basalts, xenoliths and maar deposit structures, which make this area a must-see destination and a global relevance to monogenetic volcanism. In the last years, a major change can be recognized how people react to this geoheritage. The tourism promotion of the region has been enhanced by the Carpaterra Association. This Association was founded in 2009 by 14 active members including the local government of Racoș village. Its motto is “…for the nature and people” represents the organization’s main activity on environmental protection and sustainable development in the Perșani Mountains. The Carpaterra Association was taking care of the protected areas, working together with local governments, schools, museums and with all the interested peoples, while spread knowledge about the natural heritage of the region. In the beginning, people were suspicious of the actions. They needed to get experience for the attractive force of their region upon the visitors. The organized tours, the explanation panels about the extinct volcanoes have helped to attract people and the number of visitors started to increase rapidly. Nowadays, the positive effects of the geotourism are visible for most of the inhabitants. Since 2016, the community of Racoș village (~3000 inhabitants) established their own association (Alsórákosért Egyesület). They take care about the Racoș Geological Complex in collaboration with the local authorities and the Carpaterra Association since the beginning of 2020. All of these efforts in education, geoheritage conservation may lead to make this area one day a part of the UNESCO Global Geopark Network.

References Harangi S, Jankovics MÉ, Sági T, et al (2015) Origin and geodynamic relationships of the Late Miocene to Quaternary alkaline basalt volcanism in the Pannonian basin, eastern–central Europe. Int J Earth Sci 104:2007– 2032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-014-1105-7 Schafarzik Ferencz, (1904) A Magyar Korona országai területén létező kőbányák részletes ismertetése. A Magyar Királyi Földtani Intézet Kiadványa, Budapest, Franklin-Társulat Könyvnyomdája, 413. Seghedi I, Popa RG, Panaiotu CG, et al (2016) Short-lived eruptive episodes during the construction of a Na- alkalic basaltic field (Perşani Mountains, SE Transylvania, Romania). Bull Volcanol 78:69.

182 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geological heritage in the Valleys of Cantabria Geopark project Jaime Bonachea1, Javier Hernández2 & Almudena Leal2

1 Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y Física de la Materia Condensada. Universidad de Cantabria. [email protected] 2 Mancomunidad de Municipios Sostenibles. [email protected]; [email protected]

Keywords: geomorphological features, geosites inventory, geotourism, UNESCO Global Geopark, Valleys of Cantabria aspiring Geopark.

Geographical and geological setting of the aspiring Geopark

The Commonwealth of Sustainable Municipalities (Mancomunidad de Municipios Sostenibles de Cantabria, MMS), under the assistance of the University of Cantabria (UC), is promoting the candidacy, for the UNESCO Geosciences and Geoparks Programme, of Valles de Cantabria in northern Spain since 2018. The territory of the proposed Geopark covers an area of 592.8 km2, including 19 municipalities and about 60.000 inhabitants. It is situated in the eastern part of Cantabria (Fig. 1A), bordering the provinces of Burgos and Vizcaya; the area is characterised by steep slopes, with heights ranging from 0 to 1600 m above sea level, where Miera and Asón rivers shape the landscape of these valleys. From a geological point of view, the aspiring Geopark is located in the eastern sector of the Cantabrian Mountain Range in the Basque-Cantabrian Basin (García-Mondéjar et al., 1996), where rocks from the Mesozoic age (Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous, with ages ranging from 230 to 94 Ma) are overlapped by a wide variety of quaternary deposits (Fig. 1B).

Geological heritage in the aspiring Geopark

In the Valleys of Cantabria aspiring Geopark, the most representative geological context, included in the Global Geosites project (listed in Annex VIII of Law 42/2007 and its modification in Law 33/2015 on natural heritage and biodiversity), are: - Coasts of the Iberian Peninsula. - Carbonate and evaporite karst systems. - Pb-Zn and Fe mineralizations of the Urgonian of the Basque-Cantabrian basin.

Fig. 1. A) The situation of the applicant territory, including municipalities, rivers and main roads. B) Geological map (Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous materials, and Quaternary deposits) with the location of Geosites. Additionally, the most representative geologic units represented in this aspiring Geopark are: - Unique geological structures and formations of the basement, allochthonous units and Meso- Cenozoic cover of the Alpine Mountains.

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- Unique structures and geological formations of the Cenozoic continental and marine basins. - Deposits, edaphic soils and unique modelling forms representative of the action of the current and past climate.

The Asón and Miera valleys show a high-quality landscape, due to the diversity of their geomorphological features. Landforms in the area are the result of the dismantling of pre-existing relief due to erosive agents that have acted in the area during the Quaternary and the combination of tectonic movements. As result, an excellent representation of different geomorphological landscapes (to be highlighted: coastal and wind, fluvial, karst, slope and glaciers), as well as stratigraphic, tectonic, and paleontological features, can be observed in this area. However, this territory is characterized by the presence of glacial processes and forms, and the underground heritage. An extensive network of underground systems, associated to carbonate rocks of Cretaceous age, is developed generating exokarst and endokarst geoforms. On the other hand, the coastal area concentrates a high variety of each of the natural environments typical of mid-latitude coastal areas, which makes it highly representative (Marismas of Santoña is catalogued as Wetlands of International Importance on the Ramsar List, estuarine areas, beaches, dune systems, etc.).

66 Sites of Geological Interest were inventoried in the territory and a worksheet has been completed for each one of these sites according to the methodology proposed by Hilario et al. (2017). These Geosites have been classified according to their geological interest in: geomorphologic, paleoclimatic, structural, hydrogeological, sedimentological, petrological, paleontological, stratigraphic, metallogenic, and cultural; by their relevance, scientific value, main use (scientific, educational, geotourism) or the existence of any protection figure. The total number of Geosites, 45 have had a high or very high evaluation, due to their scientific, educational or geo-tourist value. Moreover, 8 Geosites of international relevance are presented in the area. Miera Glacier valley is attributed to the Marine Isotope Stage MIS2 and MIS3 episodes (Rodríguez et al., 2015), with the Last Glacial Maximun (LGM) established between 44,000 and 29,000 years before the present (B.P.) (Serrano et al., 2013); Iron Mineralization in Peña Cabarga Paleokarst, Matienzo poljé, Hydrogeological System and karren of Mortillano (more than 4,000 cavities are catalogued in the area, León-García, 2010); Liendo Diapir, Sonabia Dunes, Asón and Covalanas Cave (declared in 2008 a UNESCO World Heritage Site, due to the importance of its cave paintings); 13 of national relevance; 15 of regional relevance and 30 of local relevance (MMS, 2020). Some of these geosites require geoconservation actions; other, are suitable for the development of scientific or geotourism activities.

References García-Mondéjar J, Agirrezabala LM, Aramburu A, Fernández-Mendiola PA, Gómez-Pérez I, López-Horgue M, Rosales I (1996) Aptian-Albian tectonic pattern of the Basque-Cantabrian basin (northern Spain). Geological Journal 31:13-45. Hilario A, Carcavilla L, Belmonte A (2017) Propuesta de standard metodológico para la elaboración de inventarios de lugares de interés geológico (LIG) en el ámbito de la red global de geoparques. El caso del geoparque mundial de la UNESCO de costa vasca. Patrimonio geológico, gestionando la parte abiótica del patrimonio natural. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero 21:105-109. León García J (2010) Catálogo de Grandes Cavidades de Cantabria "Cantabria Subterránea 2010. Consejería de Cultura. Santander (Spain). MMS (2020) application dossier for Unesco Global Geopark. Unpublished. Rodríguez-Rodríguez L, Jiménez-Sánchez M, Domínguez-Cuesta MJ, Aranburu A (2015) Research history on glacial geomorphology and geochronology of the , north Iberia (43–42°N/7–2°W). Quaternary International 364:6-21. Serrano E, González-Trueba JJ, González-García M, Gómez-Lende M (2013) Quaternary glacial evolution in the Central Cantabrian Mountains (Northern Spain). Geomorphology 196:65-82.

184 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Interpreting geodiversity: a Geo-trail proposal for Fernando de Noronha Geopark Project, Brazil Jasmine Cardozo Moreira1, Tatiane Ferrari do Vale2, Carolina Reis³, Rafael Azevedo Robles4 & Ricardo Araújo5

¹Ponta Grossa State University (UEPG, Tourism Departament, Central Campus) Santos Andrade Square, 01, 84010-330, Ponta Grossa, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] ²Speleological Research University Group (GUPE). Daily Luiz Wambier St., 2515, 84015-010, Ponta Grossa, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] ³Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM), Ulysses Guimarães Ave., 2862, 41950-470, Salvador, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected] 4Noronha Geoturismo, Major Costa Ave., 247, 53990-000, Fernando de Noronha, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected] 5Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio, Integrated Management Center, Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park), Alameda do Boldró, s/n, 53990-000, Fernando de Noronha, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Trail. Geotourism. Environmental interpretation. Geoparks. Volcanism.

Introduction

Fernando de Noronha is an archipelago located 345 km off the coast of Brazil and protected by two Federal Conservation Units, the Fernando de Noronha National and the Fernando de Noronha, Rocas, São Pedro and São Paulo Environmental Protection Area. Recognized by UNESCO as a Natural Heritage Site, Ramsar Site and Biosphere Reserve, it is the only place in Brazil where it is possible to visit and easily observe one of the last records of volcanic events in the Brazilian territory, which occurred between about 12 and 1.5 Ma (Cordani, 1970). Since 2006, studies and actions have been carried out aiming recognition as a UNESCO Global Geopark (Moreira, 2008; Wildner & Ferreira, 2012; Vale, 2017). The area appears on the list of potential geoparks prepared by the Geological Survey of Brazil (Schobbenhaus & Silva, 2012). Fernando de Noronha is a small archipelago, with 26 km long only, but with 48 recognized geosites. Many of them can be visited, due to their scientific, educational and tourist potential. This study proposes the implantation of a Geo-trail, with the objective of valuing the geological aspects of the archipelago in a proposal that integrates geotourism, geoconservation and geoeducation. The research was based in the study of literature and field visits.

Interpretative trails

Interpretative trails are one of the most efficient means for environmental interpretation. With a trail like this, we can enrich the visitor's experience and his environmental awareness. Local guides have the possibility to use this approach, establishing a respectful relationship between tourists and the places visited. A trail serves as access to most of the natural attractions, and it is an instrument to stimulate connections between man and the environment, minimizing negative impacts.

Atalaia - Pontinha – Pedra Alta trail: Geo-trail as a new focus

The trail “Atalaia - Pontinha – Pedra Alta” already exists and can only be done with a local guide. The trail is 3,7 km long, starting at Vila do Trinta and ending at Caieira Cove and its level of difficulty can be classified from medium to high. Access to the trail is determined by a tide chart and entrance is only allowed during low tide, prior booking is required at the National Marine Park headquarters. Along this trail, it is possible to observe the three geological formations present in the archipelago, their characteristics and their temporal relations between one and the other in a simple and didactic way. It is also possible to observe different landforms and various types of rocks on the trail.

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Figure 1: One of the views from the proposed Geo-Trail

“Atalaia - Pontinha – Pedra Alta” area is one of the most important places for the Geopark Project, due to its unique geological and landscape characteristics, with international relevance and scientific, educational and tourist value. According to Santos et al. (1999) this is one of the best examples of magmatic fractionation in the world. Given the uniqueness of the location, we propose a Geo-trail. For that, it is necessary to identify: (a) vulnerabilities of the location; (b) signals; (c) dangerous zones; (d) interpretive tools and; (e) viewpoints for the observation of the geosites. In relation to guide training and environmental interpretation: (a) creation of interpretive panels; (b) develop a field workbook and; (c) create a course for guides. The expected outcomes are improve the visitor experience, promote interpretation and contribute to the geoconservation of the geological heritage of Fernando de Noronha.

References Cordani UG (1970) Idade do vulcanismo do oceano Atlântico Sul. Boletim IGA. Instituto de Geociências. Universidade de São Paulo, 11970, pp.1-75. Moreira JC (2008) Patrimônio geológico em unidades de conservação: atividades interpretativas, educativas e geoturísticas. Thesis. Santa Catarina Federal University: Florianópolis, p.428. Santos A, Jodar, JM, Menor, EA (1999). The Fernando de Noronha Archipelago: Presentation of the geological heritage. Prospects. In: Barretino D, Vallejo M, Gallego E (eds). Towards the balanced management and Conservation of the geological heritage in the new millenium. Madrid, Sociedad Geológica de España., pp 214- 218. Schobbenhaus, C., & da Silva, C. R (2012) Geoparques do Brasil. Serviço Geológico do Brasil-CPRM: Brasília, Brazil, 1, p.745. Available online at: https://rigeo.cprm.gov.br/xmlui/handle/doc/1209?show=full. Vale TF (2017) A gestão do território e os benefícios de um geopark: ações visando a implantação do Projeto Geopark Fernando de Noronha. Dissertation, Ponta Grossa State University: Ponta Grossa, p.189. Wildner W, Ferreira RV (2012) Geoparque Fernando de Noronha (PE): proposta. In: Schobbenhaus C, Silva CR (org.). Geoparques do Brasil: propostas. Serviço Geológico do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, pp 318-360. Available online at: http://rigeo.cprm.gov.br/jspui/handle/doc/1209.

186 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

UNESCO Global Geoparks: Heritage and Geodiversity as educational engines for sustainability Jesús Enrique Martínez Martín1

1Facultad de Educación, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, Calle Castillo de Alarcón, 49, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid. Email: [email protected]

Keywords: Education, Geoparks, Sustainability, Heritage, Development.

Abstract

Natural heritage protection has become one of the central axes of the current sustainability concept. The idea of caring for the planet to create a future in which natural environment and society complement each other completely is in the crosshairs of institutions, governments, centers and entities that works actively to ensure this objective (Zouros & Mc Keever, 2004). UNESCO World Geoparks use geotourism and geoscience education with the aim of showing the message behind the landscape and raising awareness about the importance of geology for territorial and cultural development (Carcavilla & García, 2014). Merging science, society and heritage, they are consolidated as true educational engines that promote a sustainable, adapted and accessible future for all (Eder & Patzak, 2004). This contribution shows the state of art and analyzes the support from UNESCO Global Geoparks to the sustainable development concept.

References Carcavilla, L & García, A (2014) Geoparques. Significado y funcionamiento. IGME, https://www.igme.es/patrimonio/Geoparques-IGME2014-1.pdf Accessed 5 March 2021. Eder, FW, & Patzak, M (2004) Geoparks—geological attractions: a tool for public education, recreation and sustainable economic development. Episodes Journal of International Geoscience, 27(3), 162-164. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2004/v27i3/001 Zouros, N, & Mc Keever, P (2004) The European geoparks network: Geological heritage protection and local development. Episodes, 27(3), 165-171. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2004/v27i3/002

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Moving towards a Geopark project in Southwest of the Salamanca Province (Castilla y León, Spain) José Luis Goy1, Antonio Martínez-Graña1, José-Ángel González-Delgado1, Juan Carlos Gonzalo1, Isabela Rufato-Machado1, Daniel Barreña1 & Paulo Legoinha2

1 Geology Department, Sciences Faculty, Plaza de los caídos s/n- University of Salamanca, 37008-Salamanca, Spain 2 Geobiotec, Department of Earth Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, P-2829-516 Caparica, Portugal e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] [email protected]

Keywords: Geological Heritage, Geopark, Salamanca, Spain.

In the Southwest of Salamanca Province (Spain) we are preparing a proposal for a new Unesco Global Geopark (UGGp), named “Geoparque de las 3 sierras y 3 ríos de Salamanca” (Gata, Francia-Quilamas and Béjar Mountains, and Tormes, Duero and Águeda Rivers) (Fig. 1). The project has a geographical surface of 3,362 km2, comprising 103 municipalities (the largest number of municipalities of the current Spanish Geoparks). It is located in an area between the Courel Mountains UGGp to the North (Galicia, NW Spain), and the Ibores-Jara UGGp to the South (Extremadura, SW Spain). It would be the second UGGp in Castilla y León, which is the European region with the largest geographical extension. The geological context includes the spectacular Arribes del Duero area (Fig. 1A-B), a deep canyon carved by the Duero River, with a descending steep slope of 550 m in 2 km on igneous and metamorphic rocks from the Lower Paleozoic. Also El Rebollar in the Mountain of Gata, with its peneplain intersected by the Ciudad Rodrigo trench, and the Sierra de Francia-Quilamas (Fig. 1C, inverted reliefs, folding and faulting in blocks), and the processes of Quaternary glacierism (Fig. 1D) of the Béjar Mountain (Martínez-Graña et al., 2019). The region contains variety of areas of geological interest (geosites), which have been studied and evaluated using the Spanish Geological Service (IGME) methodology (https://www.igme.es/patrimonio/descargas/METODOLOGIA%20IELIG%20V16%20actualizaci%C3 %B3n%202018.pdf). Several doctoral theses, end-of-Degree and Master's Thesis as well as national and international publications in recent years have been produced. These studies will serve as a geological basis for the proposal (Martínez- Graña et al., 2019, with references). Some of these geosites are recognized in international projects on geological heritage (Global Geosites Project no. 219). The UGGp contains several Protected Natural Spaces: Arribes, El Rebollar, Sierra de Francia-Quilamas and Candelario-Béjar, as well as a large archaeological and cultural heritage (the Prehistoric Rock Art site of Siega Verde is listed since 2010 as Cultural World Heritage). Also, already has several explanatory facilities for learning its natural heritage (House of the Arribes del Duero Park El Torreón de Sobradillo, House of the Las Batuecas-Sierra de Francia Park, Interpretation Center of the Ancient Seas of Monsagro), as well as its rich historical-cultural and landscape aspects (Martinez-Graña et al., 2017). In the proposed area, geoconservation and divulgation initiatives have already been carried out, and its rich geological heritage has a great educational value, which has been used for more than 30 years in field trips for primary and secondary education, practical classes in fieldwork of undergraduate students of geology, geological engineering, biology, environmental science, and of 5 postgraduate degrees. Field trips have been carried out included in educational innovation projects for secondary school teachers. This Geopark proyect is based on geoconservation strategies and sustainable development, and it intend the socio-economic and cultural development of the area (i.e. Simón-Porcar et al., 2020). The area is fully nestled in what is known as “Emptied Spain” due to its very low population density. With funding from the “Diputación de Salamanca”, a project is being developed: proposal for the “Geopark of the three mountains and the three rivers of Salamanca”, for understanding the geoheritage values and enhancing it for the geotourism. This project intends to work on the social promotion and dissemination of the proposal, highlighting its geological heritage, collecting information on strategies for its sustainable development, holding workshops and explanatory meetings in different municipalities,

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which include scientists, experts in geological heritage management, local, provincial and regional authorities, as well as the Local Action Groups that work in the area.

Figure. 1. Location of the Geopark project (in red), in the Salamanca province. A-B: Arribes del Duero River incision and geoforms (A) and episienitic inselberg (B). C: Inverted relief in the Mountain of Francia-Quilamas. D: Morraines in the Mountain of Béjar.

Acknowledgments Financial support of Tourism area of “Diputación de Salamanca” (VB8C/463AC06 project)

References Simón-Porcar G, Martínez-Graña A, Simón JL, González-Delgado JA and Legoinha P (2020) Ordovician ichnofossils and popular architecture in Monsagro (Salamanca, Spain): ethno-paleontology in the service of rural development. Geoheritage 12:76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-020-00506 Martínez-Graña A, Goy JL, González-Delgado JA, Cruz R, Sanz J, Bustamante I (2019) 3D Virtual itinerary in the Geological Heritage from Natural Parks in Salamanca-Ávila-Cáceres, Spain. Sustainability, 11 (1), 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010144 Martínez-Graña AM, Goy JL, Zazo C, Silva PG, Santos-Francés F (2017) Configuration and evolution of the landscape from the geomorphological map in the Natural Parks Batuecas-Quilamas (Central System, SW Salamanca, Spain). Sustainability 9: 1458. https://doi: 10.3390/su9081458 Martínez-Graña AM, González-Delgado JA, Pallarés S, Goy JL, Civis J (2014) 3D Virtual Itinerary for Education Using Google Earth as a Tool for the Recovery of the Geological Heritage of Natural Areas: Application in the “Las Batuecas Valley” Nature Park (Salamanca, Spain). Sustainability 6: 8567-8591

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Costões e Lagunas Geopark Project in RJ (Brazil) and the Sustainable Development Goals: contribution to gender equality Kátia Leite Mansur1, Felipe Abrahão Monteiro1, Tatiane Ferrari do Vale2 & Letícia Oliveira Rocha3

1 Department of Geology, Institute of Geosciences (IGEO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Speleological Research University Group (GUPE), Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Geography and Environment, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Geotourism, Socio economic development, Women, Change model, Impact business.

Introduction

The Costões e Lagunas of RJ Geopark Project (GpCL-RJ) is an initiative that was first developed in 2010, in an area with rare, beauty and extremely high geological scientific value. This territory comprises 16 municipalities on the east and north coast of the State of Rio Janeiro, which is characterized by the existence of a geological record of 2 billion years, highlighted by the presence of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, dune fields, sandbanks, cliffs, coastal ridges areas, deltas and mangroves (Mansur et al. 2012). It emphasizes the existence of geosites with international scientific relevance, such as the evidence of the Cambrian Búzios orogeny (Schmitt et al. 2004) and the Holocene stromatolites of Lagoa Salgada and Lagoon System of Araruama (Mansur et al. 2011, Silva et al. 2018). Being a coastal region, sea-level variations and the Quaternary palaeogeographic records are subjects of special importance, as they allow the reconstruction of environmental and predictive models. In this sense, the Project “Analysis of the past to think about the future: variations in the relative sea level in the territory of Cliffs and Lagoons (Costões e Lagunas) Geopark of Rio de Janeiro State” is being conducted, which has as one of its premises to work with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), namely: SDG 4 - Quality Education; SDG 5 - Gender Equality; SDG 13 - Climate Action; and SDG 14 - Life Below Water. One of the concerns of the proposal is the inclusion of local communities, especially to provide tools that enable social and environmental changes.

Methodological proposal for the application of the SDGs

The first SDG selected to take concrete action was Gender Equality (SDG 5), which will seek to include fisherwomen, artists, quilombolas (descendants and remnants of communities formed by enslaved people), shellfish gatherers, rural workers and poor communities. The goal is to increase female empowerment through instruments of education, communication and financial emancipation. To develop a methodology to guide strategic planning, the approach called Theory of Change (Weiss, 1995), whose synthesis can be seen in figure 1, was used. It considers the objective, problem context, audience/focus of the impact, interventions (strategies), products (outputs), medium and long-term results and the impact vision. Considering the COVID-19 pandemic, which worsened the situation of women in vulnerability, especially concerning aspects of public health, unemployment and domestic violence, it is essential to provide tools that improve the quality of life by mitigating socioeconomic impacts. In this regard, training on business with socioenvironmental impacts will be carried out to create new economic opportunities related to the GpCL-RJ. Thus, it is expected to transform the social and environmental context to promote financial emancipation, focusing on geoconservation. Examples of our actions in this line were the elaboration of interpretative panels for touristic project and defense of threatened geosite linked to the quilombolas of Baía Formosa and Rasa, respectively. The construction and strengthening of the GpCL-RJ is done through people, where the search for gender equality is a fundamental step to consolidate the premise of geoparks. The union between the potential of women’s groups tied to the territory and their creative links strengthens both parties.

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Figure 1. Methodological proposal for the application of the SDGs. Source: Adapted from Branco et al. (n.d)

References Branco ANC, Ufer A, Ribeiro A, Daniel B (n.d). Modelo #changemodel. http://ice.org.br/wp- content/uploads/2018/10/Guia_Modelo_C.01.pdf. Accessed 18 Fev 2021. Mansur KL, Guedes E, Alves MG, Nascimento V, Pressi LF, Costa Junior N, Pessanha A, Nascimento LH, Vasconcelos GF (2012) Costões e Lagunas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (RJ). In: Schobbenhaus C, da Silva CR (org.) Geoparques do Brasil: Propostas. 1rd edn. CPRM, Rio de Janeiro, pp 687-745. Mansur KL, Schmitt RS, Guedes E, Nascimento V (2011) Disclosure of Gondwana as a strategy for Geoconservation in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In: Gondwana 14, Abstracts, 1, pp 263. Silva DR, Mansur KL, Borghi L (2018) Evaluation of the scientific value of Lagoa Salgada (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil): characterization as geological heritage, threats and strategies for geoconservation. Journal of the Geological Survey of Brazil. 1:69-80. https://doi.org/10.29396/jgsb.2018.v1.n2.2 Schmitt RS, Trouw RAJ, Van Schmus WR, Pimentel MM (2004) Late amalgamation in the central part of West Gondwana: new geochronological data and the characterization of a Cambrian orogeny in the Ribeira Belt - SE Brazil. Precambrian Research, 133(1-2):29-61. Weiss C (1995) Nothing as Practical as Good Theory: Exploring Theory-Based Evaluation for Comprehensive Community Initiatives for Children and Families in ‘New Approaches to Evaluating Community Initiatives’. Aspen Institute.

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Condition Monitoring of geoconservation sites: Experiences from the English Riviera UNESCO Global Geopark, Devon(-ian), England Kevin N Page1

1 Geodiversity & Heritage, Thornedges, Sandford, Devon EX17 4BR, UK / Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK). Email: [email protected]

Keyword: Monitoring, Geopark, Torbay, Devonian, Geoconservation

The selection and legal designation of any protected site is only the beginning of the process of conservation, the aim of which should be, as a minimum, to maintain the features of interest of the site in a similar condition to that at the time of designation (i.e. taking their condition at that point as a ‘baseline’ for future reference), but normally also to improve or enhance their condition. Crucial to these aims is the process of monitoring, through which changes through time at any site are quantified and their effects on the condition of the features of interest of the site assessed. From this assessment, conservation priorities can be derived, in particular whether intervention is required to return the site to its original ‘baseline’ condition, or otherwise enhance its ‘value’, for instance for educational use. Surprisingly, however, although the geological heritage literature is full of descriptions of site selection procedures and guidance on producing site inventories, there is relatively little published on this essential, ongoing commitment. Nevertheless, as monitoring helps ensure that the site retains the features for which it was original selected and designated, if it does not take place, the site may deteriorate beyond a ‘threshold’ that could make any linked or envisaged educational or touristic virtually impossible, and even its importance for future scientific use could be lost. In May-June 2019, as part of the preparations for the four-yearly ‘revalidation’ process required by UNESCO, the English Riviera UNESCO Global Geopark (ERUGG) in SW England (www.englishrivierageopark.org.uk), commissioned such an assessment of its protected geosites. Previously in England, where nationally designated sites are present such as SSSIs (Sites of Special Scientific Interest) or local selected sites such as RIGS (Regionally Important Geological Sites), it would have been expected that the national conservation organisation, Natural England (NE) (https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/natural-england) and the local NGO, Devon RIGS Group (www.devonrigs.org.uk), would have carried out any such monitoring. However, with changing government priorities for the former, and a virtual absence of funding for the latter, the Geopark itself took the lead to ensure that a review of the condition of its included geosites was available to inform future conservation and site-use strategies. Crucial to this process was the establishment of a monitoring ‘baseline’, comprehensively illustrated photographically, against which to assess change, as well as the development of an appropriate methodology through which both SSSI and RIGS (known as ‘County Geological Sites’ – or CGS – in Devon) sites could be assessed and compared. For nationally selected and protected SSSIs, no such baseline was established when the majority of sites were first legally designated, a process extending from the 1950s to the 1980s. However, English Nature, the predecessor agency to Natural England, commissioned a series of illustrated ‘Site Management Briefs’, or ‘SMBs, from around 1991 to 1995, which can provide such a baseline. Although the first tranche of RIGS listings in 1995, often provided notes on the condition of the selected sites at the time, no supporting photographs are available, and hence the 2019 survey represents the first time that these sites have been systematically documented. The second tranche of RIGS sites, however, initially identified as part of the process of developing the proposal for a European Geopark in Torbay, were fully documented where accessible in 2009, and hence a baseline was already established. As part of a process of standardising site condition assessment of SSSIs nationally across the former UK, the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) , in collaboration with the country agencies, then English Nature, Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) and Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH), developed a concept of Common Standards Monitoring (CSM) from 1998 (http://archive.jncc.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=2199). As a nationally agreed process and to provide comparability against different conservation site networks, the CSM scheme was applied to the suite of

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RIGS/CGS Geosites in Torbay, in preference to several RIGS-specific schemes which have also been proposed, but which are more suited to initial site inventory and selection, rather than ongoing monitoring of change. The CSM process recommended that four fundamental aspects of the quality of an ‘Earth Science’ site (i.e. geological heritage site), including its component geographically-defined sub-units, were assessed, specifically the ‘Visibility’, ‘Quality / Physical Integrity’, ‘Extent’ and ‘Process dynamics’ appropriate for its designated features. Assessment these four features leads to one of the following reporting categories: ‘Favourable-maintained’, ‘Favourable-recovered’, ‘Unfavourable-recovering’, ‘Unfavourable-no change’, ‘Unfavourable-declining’, ‘Partially destroyed’ or ‘Destroyed’. To apply this process, however, conservation sites first need to be subdivided into a series of ‘monitoring units’, related to either scientific interests or features, for instance ‘Vertebrate Palaeontology’ or ‘Marine Devonian stratigraphy’, and then into a series of ‘habitat’ types, for instance as defined by English Nature / Natural England’s ESCC (Earth Science Classification for Conservation), such ‘Disused Quarries and Pits’ or ‘Coastal Cliff and Foreshore’. For each ESCC category, simple checklists have been developed by Natural England to aid monitoring, although in practice monitoring units for different interest categories (i.e. interest features) may overlap or several may be necessary to cover the same interest feature. Indeed, as SSSI/CGS sites often overlap due their different selection criteria, it was found that such sites were best combined into appropriate geographical defined monitoring ‘blocks’. Crucially, however, as the monitoring process was designed to inform future management, clear Recommendations and Action Points, were derived and summarised for each site or monitoring ‘block’. The results of the survey revealed that the majority of the designated geosites within the ERUGG (11 SSSIs with 16 separately identified designated interest features and 15 RIGS) remained in favourable condition, although intervention was locally recommended. Key themes identified included: Clearance of vegetation to re-expose geological features, monitoring of development activity, including coastal defence works, access to privately-owned sites and issues associated with mineral and fossil collecting. Of a total of 65 monitoring units across these 25 designated sites, 40 (62%) were in ‘Favourable’ condition, with only 4 (6%) recorded as being ‘Part-destroyed’ or ‘Destroyed’ - all as a result of activities which had taken place or were being developed prior to the ERUGG being declared as a Global Geopark in 2007. Of the remaining 21 monitoring units, most in ‘Unfavourable’ condition, recommendations for improvements were made and none were considered to be ‘un-restorable’. Experience gained in establishing and implementing the national UK system demonstrated that it has potential for wider application. However, the establishment of a comprehensive management baseline is essential, against which to monitor change. Whereas subsequent monitoring should be possible by any suitable trained warden or volunteer, such a baseline can only be established by a suitable specialist, with both scientific and conservation management knowledge and experience.

194 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Participatory Planning of Geotourism Interpretation for Rural Community Development in an Aspiring Geopark, Taiwan: An Ecosystem Services Framework Kuang-Chung Lee1,2, Jin-Ya Jian1, Ling-Chi Wang1 & Paulina G. Karimova1

1 National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan 2 Corresponding Author, E-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: ecosystem services, participatory planning, aspiring geopark, geotourism, interpretation.

Background

The island of Taiwan is located in the active arc-continent collision region between the Eurasian plate and the Philippine Sea plate. With several mountain ranges being its backbones and major river systems its blood vessels, the terrain of Taiwan starts from mountains as high as 3000 to 4000 meters descending to shallow hills, plains and coasts (Lee, 2020). The number of rural villages, towns and cities with their various land uses increases as rivers descend downstream. Therefore, in order to obtain benefits from ecosystem services (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005), promote integrity and connectivity among forests, rivers, human settlements and seas in natural, rural and urban areas of Taiwan, there needs to be an integrated landscape approach to conservation, revitalization and sustainability. It is likely to enhance the reciprocal exchange between rural and urban areas as well as restore the key role of rural areas in linking natural and urban areas in Taiwan (Lee, 2019).

Research questions and framework

In 2018-2019, the authors conducted a participatory action research in an aspiring geopark in Fengnan village, Hualien County located in the River watershed of the eastern Coastal Range, Taiwan. The following two questions were explored together with the local people. (1) What ecosystem services (provisioning, regulating and cultural) were being provided by the Turtle River watershed to the local communities located in its middle and lower reaches? (2) How to promote sustainable rural community development through collaborative planning of local green economies such as geotourism and environmental interpretation based on making a good use of the ecosystem services? To explore the above questions, the authors developed a four-step ‘Strategic Framework for Community Participation in Rural Landscape Conservation,’ including: identification of landscape resources and resilience (Lee & Yan, 2019), identification of community development needs, strategic planning of community development, and carrying out community development action plans (Figure 1).

Findings and conclusions

Firstly, the research team conducted one local workshop on ‘SWOT analysis’ and four workshops on ‘ecosystem services identification’ (Gray, 2013). By working together with local people and local authorities, we identified community development issues and needs, made an inventory of provisioning, regulating and cultural ecosystem services in the Turtle River aspiring geopark, and selected attraction points for tourist visits and environmental interpretation. The participants, in general, agreed that the ecosystem approach provided a comprehensive framework for reviewing landscape resources and development issues. It was also found that local people had more knowledge of provisioning and cultural services in the aspiring geopark than of the regulating ones. Then, a series of four outdoor workshops on geotourism ‘tour planning’ and ‘tour interpretation exercise’ guided by the local people was held for the first time. It brought together potential local tour guides, representatives from local authorities, local schools, and NGOs. In spite of the difficulties in learning and interpreting geological expert knowledge, local people could successfully conduct the tours with their abundant local knowledge and skills stemming from Amis, Hakka and Hokkien multi-ethnic background, which included various ways of oral interpretation and cultural practice. There is an

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aspiration to set up a multi-stakeholder platform for geotourism development and geopark planning, which is currently underway.

Fig. 1. A Strategic Framework for Community Participation in Rural Landscape Conservation.

References Gray M, Gordon JE, Brown EJ (2013) Geodiversity and the ecosystem approach: the contribution of geoscience in delivering integrated environmental management. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 124(4): 659– 673. Lee KC (2019) Weaving Traditional Ecological Knowledge into Indigenous Youth Education: A Case Study in an Indigenous Rice Paddy Cultural Landscape, Taiwan. In: Zandvliet DB (ed) Culture and Environment: Weaving New Connections, Brill, Leiden, Netherlands, pp 425-443 Lee KC, Yan SY (2019) Participatory planning and monitoring of protected landscapes: A case study of an indigenous rice paddy cultural landscape in Taiwan. Paddy Water Environment 17: 539–548. Lee KC (2020) Enhancing Community-School-University Partnership for Rural Landscape Conservation: A Case Study in Taiwan. Geoheritage 12(9). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-020-00443-w Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and Human Well Being Synthesis. Island Press, Washington DC.

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Geotourism potential of Përmeti municipality (Albania) Merita Dollma1

1 University of Tirana, Faculty of History and Philology, Department of Geography, Albania - [email protected]

Keywords: Geosite, geomorphology, geoinformation, promotion, geotourism.

The territory of Përmet municipality, in Albania, has diverse landforms such as deep canyons, thermal water springs, river valleys and many karstic caves, making the area very attractive for hikers, rafters, climbers, and cavers. The area is also significant for its biodiversity represented in the Bredhi i Hotovës- Dangëlli National Park. Due to rich natural heritage and interesting landscapes this area is increasingly being frequented by native and foreign visitors. However, the geodiversity of this area is still unknown to the admirers of these landforms, due to poor promotion, lack of information and infrastructure to reach them. On the other side there is an increasing request from tourists to visit this area and the travel agencies need to provide their tours with geological, geomorphological and biological knowledge, in order to raise the visitors’ understanding of the area. This research project, undertaken in the scope of the heritage study and promotion, intends the recognition and popularization of the Përmeti Municipality geosites. The geoinformation of the geosites is a digital database of each site, created using the software ArcGIS10, where general and specific data about geology, geomorphology, biodiversity, state of preservation, management, etc., are provided. An inventory card of each site containing pictures and descriptions divided in sections was also created. The general data of the site is presented in the first section; pictures and text in the second, education values and curiosities in the third section, and state of preservation and risks in the last one.

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Geo-hiking in the Karawanken/Karavanke UNESCO Global Geopark: opportunities, advantages and challenges Mojca Bedjanič1, Darja Komar2, Aljoša Šafran1, Lenka Stermecki1, Gerald Hartmann2, Danijela Modrej2 & Milan Piko3

1 Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature Conservation, Regional Unit Maribor, Pobreška cesta 20, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; 2 Karawanken/Karavanke UNESCO Global Geopark, Hauptplatz 7, 9135 Bad Eisenkappel/Železna Kapla, Austria; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 3 Društvo kulturni dom Pliberk/Bleiburg, Völkermarkter Str. 10, 9150 Bleiburg/Pliberk, Austria; [email protected]

Keywords: Karawanken/Karavanke UNESCO Global Geopark, geo-hiking, geo-programs, interpretation, geological features.

The cross-border Karawanken/Karavanke UNESCO Global Geopark (hereinafter referred to as ‘the Geopark’) is a transnational Geopark, named after the mountain range connecting the regions on both sides of the border of Slovenia and Austria. It covers an area of 1,067 km² and integrates nine Austrian and five Slovenian municipalities (https://www.geopark-karawanken.at/slo/vstopna-stran.html). Since March 2013, the Geopark has been a member of the European (EGN) and Global (GGN) Geoparks and in November 2015 it became UNESCO Global Geopark. This area with exceptional geological heritage (Periadriatic lineament, famous minerals wulfenite and dravite, rich deposits of Carnian crinoids and other fossils, particular mineralization type of lead-zinc ore deposits, etc.) also presents a historical mining tradition, well-preserved biodiversity and rich cultural heritage. The Geopark is managed by the EGTC (European Groupings of Territorial Cooperation) ‘Geopark Karawanken-Karavanke’, which was founded as the first such association between Austria and Slovenia. With the aim of raising awareness and informing the public, two information centres have been established in recent years: ‘Podzemlje Pece’ in Mežica, Slovenia and ‘World of geology’ in Bad Eisenkappel, Austria. Several interpretation points and equipped hiking trails have also been established. An event called GEOfestival is organized annually with numerous activities such as lectures, workshops, guided tours, sport events and choir performances to raise awareness among all target groups, including the local population, as popularization and education are among our main goals. In the last ten years, we have also organized annual teacher training courses based on an applied geo heritage theme, thus actively involving the Geopark in the education system. In setting the vision and objectives of the Geopark, we have taken into account the advantages and special features of the area. The exceptional geoheritage, biodiversity, rich folk tradition and mountainous landscape offer numerous challenges and opportunities (Piko et al., 2020a). We made a consensual decision to link up the features to a long-distance geo- trail, to bring geoheritage closer to small groups and individual visitors who want to experience nature in an authentic way. The design of an alternative experiential tourism program proved to be even more purposeful under the given 'COVID -19' circumstances. The aim of the Geopark is to become a geotourism destination that preserves geoheritage through sustainable development and develops new tourism products (e.g. Geo-hiking) that use an interactive interpretive approach. The long-distance geotrail extends over a length of approx. 300 km and is divided into thirteen stages with different degrees of difficulty. It integrates geoheritage and biodiversity spots as well as cultural and ethnological sites. We carried out trainings and lectures about geo-interpretation for Geopark guides as a part of the ‘NaKult’ project, implemented within the Cooperation Program Interreg V-A Slovenia- Austria 2014 – 2020 (Piko et al., 2020b). In addition, program content is tailored to individual visitors, depending on their interest, stamina and time. The newly established long-distance geo-trail also integrates existing interpretive sites and trails with programs and activities. Additionally, we have also integrated newly equipped interpretive sites, established in the frame of the ‘NaKult’, ‘NatureGame’, ‘Danube GeoTour’ and ‘Ruritage’ projects, which present geo-heritage and raise awareness for the conservation of geological and other natural features.

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Figure 1. The hiking tours are led by trained geo- Figure 2. Interpretive centre in Koprivna, Slovenia, interpreters, and the programs are tailored to wishes promotes astronomy (Photo by: Urosh Grabner, and needs of visitors (Photo by: Urosh Grabner, Archive of the Geopark). Archive of the Geopark).

Generally, attractive interpretive sites are located in places with high concentrations of tourists (e.g. mountain huts and museums). We mostly dedicate interpretation along the trail (Figure 1) to the description of geological features as well as fauna and flora. The presence of the latter is closely linked to the specific geological environment. In addition to the educational and interpretive role, we have newly placed the points into cultural heritage facilities managed by the local community. We have also added themes related to the Geopark (e.g. geology, biodiversity, folk tradition) to the existing content and programs. In cooperation with local communities, we have introduced new themes and activities to facilities that have ceased, such as abandoned schools. As a result, these have been given both a new mission and new management. Consequently, we have newly established several centers: an administrative center of the Geopark in Tichoja, Austria; both a center for the revival of traditional crafts and a small center for the promotion of astronomy in Koprivna, Slovenia (Figure 2); and a center for the promotion of past ‘peasant’ literary activities in Strojna, Slovenia. In cooperation with local communities, the Geopark offers themed and seasonally adapted (now also due to COVID-19 measures) guided hikes (full moon hike), adventures (‘Olimpline’ i.e. zipline in Črna na Koroškem, Slovenia; ‘Podzemlje Pece’ mine tour by bike or kayak; flow trail on Peca Mountain) and family excursions (snowshoe hiking; visits to Obir Caves in Bad Eisenkappel, Austria, and interpretive points ‘Extinct Giant’ and ‘Are you in Africa or Europe?’). In Lavamünd, Austria, and Koprivna, Slovenia, we organize geo-camps for the youngest visitors of the Geopark, while introducing them to the geological and natural heritage of the Geopark. Additionally, the aim of the geo-camps is also learning in nature through various activities in a "It is fun, it is educational and no chore" way, which is the motto of all the Geopark’s educational programs. All these activities raise awareness and build a respectful attitude towards nature. Due to the current worldwide pandemic situation, we have reconsidered and reevaluated our ambitious goals. Fortunately, the exceptional geological, biological and cultural heritage of the area provide an excellent basis for the continuation of set objectives and for the revival of geo-hiking in the Geopark.

References https://www.geopark-karawanken.at/slo/vstopna-stran.html (23.02.2021). Piko M. et al. (2020a) Expert foundations for the experiences of the Karawanken/Karavanke Geopark. Karawanken/Karavanke UNESCO Global Geopark, Bleiburg/Pliberk. Piko M. et al. (2020b) Contents for the interpretation of geoheritage - training program for geointerpreters. Karawanken/Karavanke UNESCO Global Geopark, Bleiburg/Pliberk.

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North Jura Geopark - protection and promotion of the natural heritage of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland Monika Krzeczyńska1, Marlena Świło2 & Paweł Woźniak3

1 Polish Geological Institute- National Research Institute, 4, Rakowiecka Street, 00-975 Warsaw, Poland. e-mail: [email protected] 2 Polish Geological Institute- National Research Institute, 4, Rakowiecka Street, 00-975 Warsaw, Poland. e-mail: [email protected] 3 Polish Geological Institute- National Research Institute, Upper Silesian Branch in Sosnowiec, 1, Królowej Jadwigi Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: geoeducation, geotourism, geodiversity protection, geopark.

Abstract

The northern part of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland in Poland is an excellent example of the Jurassic rocks exposure area that shows the geology and geological history of the region. The morphological diversity of the area determines its attractiveness for tourists and makes it a perfect place for educational activities (Woźniak, 2011). A large accumulation of geological sites of interestin a relatively small area resulted in the decision to establish a national Geopark. The oldest sediments of the planned North Jura Geopark were formed in the Late Jurassic. At that time, carbonate deposits accumulated in the deep shelf sea stretching along the northern border of Tetys Ocean. Today, they are represented mainly by rocky limestones and bedded limestones of the Polish Jura, which reach considerable thickness. These limestones occur along the entire European continent from southern Portugal and Spain to the northern slopes of the Caucasus (Antczak et al., 2014). The morphologically and lithographically different areas present throughout the Polish Jurassic correspond to the former reef knolls, now represented by rocky limestones, as well as areas of former interbiohermic basins where carbonate silt sedimentation took place, leading to the formation of bedded limestone and sometimes marls. The altitude difference between the peaks of the reef knolls peaks and the depressions of the basins, reaching up to 200 m, reflects the ancient topography of the Jurassic sea floor. These carbonate complexes determine the morphology and the present-day character of the proposed geopark area, mainly due to their different resistance to weathering. Their present form is the result of the processes that followed the withdrawal of the sea from this area at the end of the Cretaceous period. When the Cretaceous sediments were almost completely removed, selective weathering and erosion took place. It affected the thick-bedded limestones the most, leaving the exposed inselbergs of more resistant rocky limestones. The intense karstification, that was active since Paleogene, gave them their fanciful shapes and formed inside them one of the natural phenomena of the Geopark: caves. In the municipality of Olsztyn, there is the Sokole Góry conservation area, which is characterized by the largest concentration of caves in a small area in Poland (Zygmunt, 2013). The caves were formed in the hard rocky limestones. In brittle and prone to cracking thick-bedded limestones, the most common karst forms are sinkholes, uvalas and karst lakes, as well as karst springs and ponors, that indicate to the presence of an underground canal karstic network Later in Pleistocene, although the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland was not covered by the ice, the Scandinavian ice sheets left tills full of Scandinavian erratic boulders on its outskirts. We can observe them in the nearby Lipówka quarry. The Upland was also shaped by the waters flowing from the melting ice sheet. These waters were transporting large amounts of sand that today can be found in lower areas, between Jurassic rocks. Numerous limestone quarries are no longer in use, however, they allow us to "look under the Earth surface” (Wierzbowski et al., 2017). They are often accompanied by old lime kilns and together are relics of the past mining and limestone industry and, as objects of natural and cultural heritage, they should be protected within the framework of the planned Geopark.

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Other important elements of the cultural landscape of the area, that show the connections between the geology of the region and human activity, are numerous medieval castles and strongholds known today as ' Nests. They were built on a solid foundation of rocky limestones crowning the highest Jurassic hills. The North Jury Geopark is planned as a national geopark. It covers the area of 6 municipalities, ca. 550 km2. The geopark is currently at the design stage, although some elements of its infrastructure will be implemented in the field this year (2021). These include information boards in six municipalities where the geopark is located, as well as signs and boards for three geotourist paths. The design stage will be completed with the publication of a geotouristic guide and map of the planned geopark as well as educational and recreational development projects for two quarries. Part of the design stage includes the guidelines for municipalities regarding the forms of protection of the geopark sites.

References Antczak J, Krzeczyńska M, Wierzbowski A, Woźniak P (2014) Rewitalizacja kamieniołomu skał jurajskich w Wieluniu w celu wykorzystania jego walorów geologicznych, geoturystycznych i rekreacyjnych. PRACE KOMISJI KRAJOBRAZU KULTUROWEGO NR 26/2014: 37-43 Wierzbowski A, Krzeczyńska M, Woźniak P (2017) Ochrona starych kamieniołomów jako obiektów przyrodniczych o walorach naukowych, edukacyjnych i geoturystycznych – teoria a praktyka.. Hereditas Minariorum, 4: 135−151 Woźniak, P (2011) Geoturystyka – nauka, edukacja i rekreacja. Przyroda Górnego Śląska, Biuletyn Centrum Dziedzictwa Przyrody Górnego Śląska 64: 18-20 Zygmunt J (2013) Jaskinie okolic Olsztyna. ZHU KONTUR, Częstochowa.

202 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geosites – Geoparks in Greece: the management of Geoheritage as a tool for sustainable development and alternative tourism Moraiti Evgenia1, Barsaki Vasiliki1 & Zananiri Irene1

1 Hellenic Survey of Geology and Mineral Exploration (HSGME), 1 Spirou Loui str., 13677 Acharnae, Attica, Greece. e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Geoheritage, geoparks, geosites, geotourism, GIS.

Geosites can be considered as the “book of the Earth”, enclosing the geological history of each region, therefore their preservation and promotion is fundamental. However, during a geosite’s study, geoscientists have to deal with the crucial question “which are the elements that can characterize a site as a geosite (Sturm 1994, Wiedenbein 1994)”, comprising a key element of the “Geoheritage”. It is noteworthy that the characterization, evaluation and interpretation of geotopes is a dynamic concept, and, apart from their conservation and management, educational and informative issues have to be taken into account. Greece, located in the convergence space of two tectonic plates, is characterized by an active tectonic regime and a complex geological structure, exhibiting a variety of geological formations, landforms, geological processes (past or emerging), that are of particular scientific or educational interest, while many of those have high cultural, aesthetic and touristic value (Fig. 1). Thus, the need for detailed recording of those sites is imminent, in order to preserve their scientific, educational and environmental value; moreover, towards promotion of the Hellenic Geoheritage, areas which fulfill the necessary conditions and potential must be highlighted and specific tasks may be designed: geotrail mapping, thematic networks of geosites, geo-tourism promotion, and establishment of geoparks.

Fig. 1. Geosites in prominent touristic areas (Skiathos & Milos islands) in Greece. Characteristic coastal (e.g. erosion, caves), volcanic (e.g. volcanic bombs, andesitic lavas) and tectonic sites (microfaults) are shown.

Geosites – geotrails and UNESCO Global Geoparks in Greece

A first attempt to record the “monuments of nature” was made in 1982 by the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (now Hellenic Survey of Geology & Mineral Exploration-HSGME). The recording and promotion of the Hellenic geosites continued more systematically from 1995 until today, with the elaboration of several projects (2nd CSF, 3rd CSF, NSRF 2007-2013), carried out by the Department of Geology and Geological Mapping (Drandaki 2009, Moraiti 2016 and references therein). In this context more than 1400 sites have been recorded in the Greek territory, many of which have been classified as of "National Importance" and form the basis of the relevant national registry compiled by the Working Group of the Ministry of Environment and Energy. Moreover, geotrails have been thoroughly mapped

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in 9 areas, while several more are planned. To promote geotourism as an alternative form of vacation in Greece, for both native and foreign audience, various products were produced in Greek and English (Fig. 2, Fig. 3). Today, through the ongoing “GEOINFRA” project (funding NSRF, 2019-2023) the aforementioned work is being complemented and new products following current trends (e.g. Android applications, drone videos, e-books etc) are designed in order to call attention of visitors and provide them with handy tools for exploration of the geological world. Furthermore, special material for kids is created, as a means of introduction of the younger audience to Geoheritage.

Fig. 2. Various products designed by HSGME for the promotion of geotourism in Greece (www.igme.gr).

Areas of high scientific value that fulfilled the criteria were nominated as Global Geoparks by UNESCO; finally the Lavreotiki area is under evaluation while work has begun to explore the possibility of a geopark designation in the marine Argosaronikos area.

Fig. 3. Browsing the geotrails of Lavrion through an online interface (Moraiti & Staridas 2015; www.igme.gr).

References Drandaki I (2009). 3rd C.S.F. Project: Geosites – Geoparks, contribution to sustainable development. IGME Publications (in Greek), pp 40 Moraiti E & Staridas S (2015) Thematic geotrails of the Lavreotiki geopark: planning and aspirations. Abstract and oral presentation – Workshop for the Lavreotiki geopark 10/06/2015, IGME Publications (in Greek), pp 61 Moraiti E (2016) A thorough report on the IGME database of geosites – geoparks. IGME Publ. (in Greek), pp 166 Sturm B (1994) The geotope concept: geological nature conservation by town and country planning. In: O’Halloran D, Green C, Harley M, Sanley M & Knill J (eds). Geological and Landscape Conservation. Geological Society London 27-31. Wiedenbein FW (1994) Origin and use of the term “geotope” in German–speaking countries. In: O’Halloran D, Green C, Harley M, Sanley M & Knill J (eds). Geological and Landscape Conservation. Geological Society London 117–120.

204 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Landscapes and Geoheritage – examples from the aspiring Geoparque Oeste (Portugal) Nuno Pimentel1,2, Miguel Silva2 & Bruno Pereira2

1 Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa. 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal. e-mail: [email protected] 2 AGEO - Aspiring Geoparque Oeste, Portugal. Morada. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Geopark; Geotourism; Landscape; Outreach.

Introduction

Landscape is a difficult term to define or even to characterize, when we are looking at it. Different people would suggest different definitions and, facing a particular landscape, those same people would describe apparently different characteristics. Besides this personal heterogeneity, also historical, cultural and knowledge issues, clearly affect the idea we may have of a landscape. However, when we approach some location, whatever our objectives and aims may be, landscape is the first and most striking aspect of heritage calling our attention (Telles, 2003). Therefore, landscape should be considered a front feature or item to be addressed when we think about Geoheritage. This should be particularly true when addressing a geopark, which by definition is a unified territory, in which multiple geological features are dispersed, thus integrating or composing an ensemble that gives place to a particular landscape (Reynard & Panizza, 2006). This presentation deals with the landscapes of the Aspiring Geopark Oeste, located 30 to 60 km North of Lisbon (Portugal), and its potential as an attractor for present-day and future visitors of different kinds (students, families, nature lovers, etc.).

Aspiring Geoparque Oeste

The Aspiring Geoparque Oeste (AGO) is a medium-sized territory, located around 1 hour driving North of Lisbon. It includes 6 Municipalities (Torres Vedras, Lourinhã, Peniche, Bombarral, Cadaval and Caldas da Raínha), with a total areal extent over 1.000 km2, which are home for around 200.000 inhabitants and as many visitors staying there for Summer holidays. The economy is based mainly in small-scale agriculture (including grapes/wine, fruits, and vegetables), besides local industry and services. The AGO is located in West-Central Portugal, with a mixed sandy and rocky coast extending around 70 km and facing the North Atlantic. Along the cliffs, two main internationally relevant geological features support the aspiration to become a Geopark (Pimentel et al., 2019): i) the abundant and important Late Jurassic dinosaur remains, including unique species and some well-preserved egg nests, with over two hundred sites; ii) the presence of an international Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Toarcian stage (ICS, 2014).

Landscapes

The territory of the AGO-TJ presents different landscapes, related resulting from the geological diversity (namely Late Triassic evaporites, Lower-Middle Jurassic carbonates, Late Jurassic sandy clays) but also from the tectonic deformation related both to the diapiric intrusions and the alpine compression. Besides these natural factors, also the human agricultural intervention (namely the installation of vineyards and orchards) is noticeable and should be considered in this diversity. Five main kinds of landscapes may be defined: L1 - Coastal cliffs: facing the Atlantic and exposing 40-50 meters of gently dipping Jurassic layers (containing abundant dinosaur fossils), with adjacent coastal plains occupied mainly by medium-scale vegetable gardens, e.g., Consolação, Paimogo, Atalaia, Porto Dinheiro, Cambelas; L2 - Restricted hills and valleys: highly deformed Middle-Jurassic carbonates, related to large salt-walls or piercing diapirs, bordering deep valleys with agricultural or thermal importance, e.g. Maceira, Cucos, Bolhos, Cesaredas, Bouro, Montejunto;

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L3 - Smooth hills: Late Jurassic fine-grained siliciclastics, with important presence of vineyards (mostly for wine) and orchards (mostly apple and pear); e.g., Bombarral, Reguengo Grande, Sobral; L4 - Inland highs: Late Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous sands, with some forestry (pine trees and eucalyptus); e.g., Campelos-Maxial, Monte Redondo, Serra do Socorro; L5 - Alluvial valleys: related with small rivers (< 100 km long) draining westward into the Atlantic, with frequent flooding and important agriculture, e.g., Tornada, Arnóia e Real, Alcabrichel, Rio Grande, Sizandro.

Geotourism, Outreach and Education

These landscapes may be used, regardless of being (or not) considered geomorphological heritage, as useful tools to promote different kind of activities for different groups of people. Geotourism may be implemented by taking visitors to scenic key-viewpoints representative of these landscapes, and then making them become aware of its geological, geomorphological and (agri)cultural evolution. The same approach may be followed for Outreach activities, but using more detailed explanations, focusing on the sedimentary units acting as lithological substrate, on the morphogenetic erosional processes and on the specific soil/landscape for each kind of natural or agricultural vegetation (namely different grape or fruit varieties), Finally, Educational activities may be developed on landscapes that the students already now, but eventually never thought about it, to address geology, geomorphology, geography, land management, sustainability, etc. Considering the 5 kinds of landscapes previously defined, different themes may be explored. L1: Coastal erosion, Geological time, Paleogeography, Paleontology. L2: Tectonics, Geomorphology, Hydrogeology. L3: Sedimentology, Geomorphology, Pedology and Agronomics. L4: Geomorphology and Land Management. L5: Fluvial geomorphology, Glaciations; Climate changes.

Conclusions

Landscape by itself is a useful tool for different kinds of activities developed by a Geopark on its territory. Regardless of its intrinsic geomorphological value as representative of a specific category (such as karstic, volcanic, glacial, etc.) the landscape, integrating both geological and anthropogenic signs and features, should be integrated with Geoheritage and explored to address very different kinds of themes and issues. The development of such a strategy should be part of a Geopark, even (or specially?) when the geomorphological features are not one of the most striking aspects of it.

References Pimentel N, Gonçalves L, Serra J (2019) Jurassic Land, an integrative approach for an Aspiring Geopark in West- Central Portugal. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336140507. Acessed 29 February 2020. Reynard E, Panizza M (2006) Geomorphosites: definition, assessment and mapping. Géomorphologie: relief, processus, environnement, 11 (3): 177-180. Telles R (2003) Que planeamento urbano temos em Portugal? Al-Madan II (12): 95:102. https://patriculaelementar.wordpress.com/2018/12/15/. Acessed 29 February 2020.

206 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Estrela UNESCO Global Geopark as a Sustainable development strategy Patrícia Azevedo1, Fábio Loureiro1, Emanuel de Castro1,2 & Hugo Gomes1,3

1- Associação Geopark Estrela, Av. Francisco Sá Carneiro, n.º50, 6300-559 - Guarda, Portugal. [email protected] ;[email protected];[email protected];hugogomes@geop arkestrela.pt 2- Centro de Estudos Geográficos de Coimbra (CEGC), Coimbra, Portugal. 3- Geosciences Center - CGEO (UiD_73). Univ. Coimbra, Portugal

Keywords: Estrela Geopark, Geoconservation, Geoheritage, Sustainable development, Tourism.

With a unique Geological Heritage, encompassing metasediments with more than 650 million years, a unique granitic morphology and above all, landforms left by the last glaciation, Estrela is the most important Mountain in Portugal, not only from a geological or geographic point of view, but also for its identity strongly shaped by a history of adaptation to the territory. Since 1881, year in which the scientific expedition to Serra da Estrela, organized by the Lisbon Geographic Society took place, studies have been continuous in order to demonstrate the relevance of this territory and its heritage (Daveau 1969; Vieira, 2004; Ferreira 2005). Aware of the scientific, educational and cultural value of this territory, work for the application of Estrela to become a UNESCO Global Geopark began in 2014, leading to the formalization of the application in 2017, and its approval by the Global Geoparks Council in 2019. The main focus of this Geopark is based on four main ideas: the valorisation and conservation of its 124 places of geological interest; the development of a scientific and educational strategy that promotes the knowledge and the dissemination of the resources of this territory; the construction of new tourist approaches based on new products, more sustainable and aligned with its endogenous potential and, finally, the promotion of a new way of communicating the territory, based on the UNESCO Global Geopark brand, capable of creating a new approach for this territory. However, these four isolated ideas are not sufficient for the mentioned classification (AGE, 2017). A UNESCO Global Geopark only makes sense if in fact, it constitutes a holistic strategy for territorial development, bringing together different resources, identity, history and communities, the last condition for this classification. That said, the main objective of the classification of Estrela as a UNESCO Global Geopark is that this recognition constitutes a new paradigm of sustainable development for an area with 2,216 km2 and almost 150 thousand inhabitants that reside in this Geopark, thus creating an instrument to influence local and regional development strategies. As such, over the past 5 years, the Estrela Geopark has sought to build a new development paradigm, through partners, the strong involvement of its 9 municipalities, educational institutions and communities, having in its heritage the starting point for this huge challenge. Through a sustainable vision of its resources, different areas of development have been worked on, such as geoconservation, education, science, tourism, circular economy and sustainability. As such, through this holistic approach and the UNESCO classification, there can be an effective contribution to the sustainable development of a territory that seeks new development paths, changing the current paradigm and reinforcing the creation of wealth and added value for its communities, inverting a process of depopulation and low density that Estrela has witnessed since the beginning of the second half of the 20th century, believing that this will be the great development strategy for this century.

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References AGE, (2017). Aspiring Geopark Estrela Application Dossier for UNESCO Global Geopark. Associação Geopark Estrela, Portugal. Unpublished manuscript. Daveau S (1969) Structure et relief de la Serra da Estrela. Finisterra. 4. 33-197. 10.18055/Finis2482. Ferreira AB (2005) O Ambiente Físico. In: Medeiros C.A (coord.) Vol1. Geografia de Portugal, Círculo de Leitores, Lisboa, pp 417-482. Vieira G (2004) Geomorfologia dos planaltos e altos vales da Serra da Estrela. Ambientes frios do Plistocénico Superior e dinâmica atual. PhD Dissertation, University of Lisboa.

208 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Challenges in the Development of the Appalachian Geopark - USA Robert Clyde Burns1 & Jasmine Cardozo Moreira2

1 West Virginia University, 322 Percival Hall, Morgantown United States. [email protected] 2 Ponta Grossa State University, Praça Santos Andrade, Ponta Grossa, Brazil. [email protected]

Keywords: Appalachian. Coal Heritage. Geopark Project. West Virginia.

The Appalachian Geopark project, initiated in 2015, will encompass three West Virginia (US) counties (Fayette, Raleigh and Greenbrier), covering nearly 6000 km2, with a total population of 160,000 (Burns et al. 2016). (Figure 1). Three large rural towns (Fayetteville, Beckley, and Lewisburg), as well as numerous smaller communities, are included within the boundaries of the Appalachian Geopark. The project is named for the in which it is situated, as well as the Appalachian culture that it highlights. West Virginia, the “Mountain State” is totally encompassed within , the only state that is situated completely within Appalachia. (Appalachian Regional Commission, 2021). Figure 1. Location of the proposed Appalachian Geopark in West Virginia. Source: Nakarmi, G. 2021.

Following the initiation of the Geopark project, in 2017, the US Geoheritage and Geoparks Advisory Group visited the area. The purpose of the visit was to receive an “on the ground” understanding of the over 30 potential geosites within the Geopark. The geosites list is composed by panoramic views, waterfalls, caves, historical buildings linked with the coal history, entire historical communities, and the newly designated New River Gorge National Park and Preserve. The National Park has modern visitor centers, an Appalachian railroad “whistle-stop” ghost town, African-American and Native American history, and the New River, one of the oldest rivers on the continent. Geologic interpretation of the rocks and geological phenomenon associated with the gorge indicate that the New River could be as young as three million years or as old as 320 million years ( 1986, and National Park Service, 2009). The area is also an important place for traditional Appalachian art products, and boasts a local geofood called pepperoni roll. The pepperoni roll is a traditional coal miners lunch snack. A spicy pepperoni wrapped in a hard crust—a delicacy that would not spoil in the miners’ lunch boxes during their 12-hour work shifts. A national geoheritage meeting was scheduled to be held at West Virginia University’s Beckley campus, in the center of the Appalachian Geopark, however that meeting was moved to an online format based on the ongoing pandemic. Why create a Geopark in the area? First of all, to stimulate much needed economic development in the region and to further develop and enrich the communities through this extremely innovative and contemporary opportunity. Also, this is an opportunity to elevate – and celebrate – the state’s geology, coal heritage, rail heritage, caverns and caves, springs, the historical Greenbrier Resort, the New River

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Gorge, the Gauley River, Thurmond, and many more attributes and landmarks that help define West Virginia (Burns and Moreira, 2019). The Geopark project also includes the New River Gorge National Park and Preserve and the Bechtel Summit Reserve (a national scouting setting with capacity of over 50,000 scouts during jamborees) (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Bechtel Summit Reserve Scouting Complex (Sustainability Education Treehouse). Photo: Robert C. Burns.

References Appalachian Regional Commission. (2021) About the Appalachian Regional Commission. https://www.arc.gov/about-the-appalachian-region/ (assessed March 22, 2021). Burns R.C., Moreira J. C., Robinson D, Kicklighter T. (2016) Appalachian Geopark Proposal: Heritage and hopeful future in the mountain state of West Virginia, USA. In: Abstract Book. 7th International Conference on UNESCO Global Geoparks. English Riviera Geopark. Burns R.C. and Moreira J. C. (2019) Tourism aspects in the Appalachian Geopark Project in West Virginia, USA: Preliminary Notes. Terra Plural. https://doi.org/ 10.5212/TerraPlural.v.13i2.0011 National Park Service. (2009) General Management Plan New River Gorge National River: Environmental Impact Statement (Draft). Glen Jean, West Virginia.

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Virtual tour through Seridó Aspiring Geopark geosites’: Google StreetView© as a geotouristic and geoeducational tool Silas Samuel dos Santos Costa1, Marcos Antonio Leite do Nascimento2, Matheus Lisboa Nobre da Silva3, Marília Cristina Santos Souza Dias1 & Janaína Luciana de Medeiros4

1 BSc Geology, Federal Univerisity of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil, e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Departament of Geology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil, e-mail: [email protected] 3 Graduate Program in Geology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, e-mail:[email protected] 4 Executive Director, Seridó Geopark Consortium, Currais Novos, Brazil, e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Geoeducation, Geotourism, Landscape observation, Seridó Aspiring Geopark, Virtual geotour.

Introduction

The approach of people to geoheritage and their associated landscapes in a territory is certainly a possible way to make scenarios more perceptible, even in a simple car trip or on virtual tours based on digital maps. In Seridó Aspiring Geopark (SAG), Rio Grande do Norte state, Northeastern Brazil, the use of digital tools can expand the use and improve landscapes knowledge found at the 21 geosites of the territory (Nascimento et al., 2021) formed by six municipalities: Acari, Carnaúba dos Dantas, Cerro Corá, Currais Novos, Lagoa Nova and Parelhas. Fast technological development, the need to bring population closer to geoheritage and access restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, appear to be central proposals for the development of virtual geo-routes, as seen in Martin et al. (2014), Ghiraldi et al. (2014) and Pica et al. (2018). This work aims to present an interactive map and a virtual route using the Google Maps©, Google Earth© and Google StreetView© platforms digital environments, allowing visualization and understanding of landscapes associated with the SAG geosites’ for potential touristic and educational uses, just at home or when visiting the geopark territory.

Methodology

This work was carried out by identifying landscape viewpoints (VPs) associated with the SAG geosites’ in the Google StreetView© tool of the Google Earth Pro©. These VPs were marked and used to compose an interactive map created in the MyMaps tool and made available online on Google Maps©, with interpretations of each landscape being viewed. On this platform it is possible to download KML format interactive content for use in Google Earth© and VPs visualization in virtual reality on StreetView. The methodological tools proposed here are similar to those described by Martin et al. (2014) and Pica et al. (2018), with the intention of creating an interactive map with geological information superimposed to geomorphology, in addition to ecological and cultural interesting sites.

Results

25 VPs were recognized on Google StreetView©, most of them on federal and state highways, and some on streets in the urban limits of the SAG municipalities’. These VPs compose a geo-route with a suggested starting point at the Cerro Corá municipality, in the territory northern portion, and an ending one in the Parelhas municipality, in the extreme south, thus covering 14 of the 21 SAG geosites’. VPs can be classified according to their proximity to the geosite to optimize or take advantage of the virtual geo-route for different purposes. For example, VP 13 is very close to the Açude Gargalheiras geosite, favoring rock identification among other geological features (Fig. 1), while VPs 3 and 5, more distant, allow geomorphological reconnaissance features.

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Fig. 1. Example of Viewpoint at Google Maps© plataform.

Throughout the virtual tour, the VPs highlights geomorphological features such as mountains, plateaus, escarpments and inselbergs, as well as smaller features such as boulders, tafonis and fractures, distributed at Cruzeiro de Cerro Corá, Pico do Totoró, Cânions dos Apertados, Açude Gargalheiras, Serra da Rajada and Açude Boqueirão geosites. The VP in the Lagoa Nova municipality, although not close to geosites, represents features seen in the Mirante de Santa Rita and Tanque dos Poscianos geosites (sandstones escarpments and granitic basement with boulders). Other geosites are contemplated with characteristics more associated with mining activity (Mina Brejuí), cultural or religious features (Morro do Cruzeiro and Monte do Galo) and also historical heritage (Xiquexique).

Discussion and conclusions

The proposed virtual geo-route can be the basis for publicizing geotouristic destinations as well as for teaching geosciences at various educational degrees, with the VPs presenting, e.g., geomorphological processes and products. Several of these VPs can also be indicated as locations for totems implementation, panels with QRCode containing informative or interpretive content, as proposed in Martínez-Graña et al. (2013). The Google Tour Creator© tool can be used to enable the 360º visualization of the various geosites (Jitmahantakul & Chenrai, 2019) and alleviate StreetView's limitations in registering virtual realities on only highways, avenues and streets.

References Ghiraldi, L, Giordano, E, Perotti, L, Giardino, M (2014) Digital tools for collection, promotion and visualisation of geoscientific data: Case study of Seguret Valley (Piemonte, NW Italy). Geoheritage, 6(2), 103-112. Jitmahantakul, S, Chenrai, P (2019) Applying virtual reality technology to geoscience classrooms. Review of International Geographical Education Online, 9(3), 577-590. Martin, S, Reynard, E, Ondicol, RP, Ghiraldi, L (2014) Multi-scale web mapping for geoheritage visualisation and promotion. Geoheritage, 6(2), 141-148. Martínez-Graña, AM, Goy, JL, Cimarra, CA (2013) A virtual tour of geological heritage: Valourising geodiversity using Google Earth and QR code. Computers & Geosciences, 61, 83-93. Nascimento, MAL, Silva, MLN., Almeida, MC, Costa, SSS (2021) Evaluation of Typologies, Use Values, Degradation Risk, and Relevance of the Seridó Aspiring UNESCO Geopark Geosites, Northeast Brazil. Geoheritage, 13(2), 1-17. Pica, A, Reynard, E, Grangier, L, Kaiser, C, Ghiraldi, L, Perotti, L, Del Monte, M (2018) GeoGuides, urban geotourism offer powered by mobile application technology. Geoheritage, 10(2), 311-326.

212 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Proposal for Establishing the Ingermanlandia Geopark Yu.S. Lyakhnitsky1, O.V. Petrov 2 & А.V. Brodskii3

Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Sredny pr., 74, St. Petersburg, Russia, e-mails: [email protected], 2 [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Geoparks, geotourism, geological heritage sites, Russia, St. Petersburg.

Ingermanlandia Geopark territory - the Baltic-Ladoga Glint and 26 nature sites suitable for tourism are confined to it. Thirteen of them are protected areas (including six geosites) and two are geological heritage sites which have no status. Geologists of the Russian Geological Research Institute VSEGEI have proposed establishing the Ingermanlandia Geopark there. This was the name of the first governorate of Russia established by Peter the Great. The geopark is being created including the area of two districts of St. Petersburg (Pushkinsky and Krasnoselsky) and five districts of the Leningrad Region (Volkhov, Tosno, Gatchina, Lomonosov, Kingisepp), from the state border with Estonia in the west to the Volkhov and Syas rivers in the east (about 300 km). In latitude, it stretches for about 10 to 20 km. Its area will be about 4.5 thousand km2. Geology of the area allows tracing its evolution from the Cambrian to the Recent (over 500 Ma). The main structure in the proposed geopark is the Baltic-Ladoga Glint, a site of international significance and complex genesis. It emerged either during the isostatic uplift of the area in the postglacial period as a steeping coast of the ancient sea, or, perhaps, during the breakthrough of the ancient Glacial Baltic Lake. It extends from the Swedish island of Öland through the bottom of the Baltic Sea to Estonia and Russia to the eastern shore of Lake Ladoga. Numerous Cambrian and Ordovician outcrops are confined to it. These sites are of great scientific, educational and tourist importance. Complex stratigraphic and geomorphological sites prevail, but there are also hydrological, karst and speleological sites. There are Cambrian and Ordovician reference and stratotype outcrops; lithological features, facies transitions, contacts of rocks of different ages are clearly visible, quite a lot of deep wells were drilled. Numerous sites of mining activities, mining works, including ancient ones can be found there. In some of the forty old underground miningworks, “artificial caves” (Sablino, Staraya Ladoga), guided tours have been arranged. Abundant Devonian fauna (trilobites, endoceras, brachiopods, bryozoans, etc.) can be found in dozens of open pits and natural outcrops. Underground quarries for limestone mining near the village of Telyazi, passed by Ingermanlanders (Finns) in the 15th and 19th centuries, are of interest from a historical point of view. The area of St. Petersburg/Leningrad region is one of the most studied in the Russian Federation. It is covered by detailed surveys (State Geological Map O-35-1V, O-36-11, O-36- 111, O-35-X11, O-35-XV111, O-36-V11, etc.) and described in thousands of publications. It has a rich history of studies, starting from Michail Lomonosov and William Thomas Horner Fox-Strangways (1795-1865). Domestic geology and paleontology originated there and the most prominent domestic geologists worked in the region (P.V. Wittenburg, V.A. Mironov, Ya.S. Edelstein, A.V. Fersman; M.M. Tetyaev, A.V. Potulova, etc.). VSEGEI (former Geolkom, established in 1882), Mining University (former LGI, established in 1773) - one of the oldest geological universities in the world with the richest libraries and geological museums, the Russian Mineralogical Society (since 1817), etc. are located there. The geopark area includes picturesque canyon-like valleys of the Tosna, Sablinka, Lava, Koporka Rivers, beautiful views of the sea cliffs on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland near the Krasnaya Gorka Fort and the Lebyazhye village. There are beautiful landscape parks of Petrodvorets, Pushkin, Pavlovsk, and in the eastern part of the area there are vast forests. The history of these places dates back to the Stone Age, it reflects the most important stage in the formation of Russia as a state, the settlement of these places by the and their interaction with the Finno-Ugric autochthonous ethnos, as well as with the Normans. Interesting finds were made by A.A. Inostrantsev in the 19th century, when the Ladoga Canal was dug. A rich section with cultural layers from the Neolithic era to the recent time has been studied, including Lutetia (in the Okhta Cape), Swedish, Novgorod, Varangian, Slavic, Finnish (Ingermandlandian) settlements and burial mounds. The mounds in Staraya Ladoga are of particular interest. The history of Peter's time, the Northern War, the creation of St. Petersburg as the capital of the Russian Empire and a cultural center of world importance is very rich. Global-rank museums (the

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Hermitage, the Russian Museum, the Ethnographic Museum, the museums-palaces of Petrodvorets, Pushkin, Gatchina, etc.) are located in its territory. Geological museums at VSEGEI and Mining University are worthy to be mentioned. The local history museum in Ulyanovka (Sablino) is of interest. The area of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region has a well-developed road network; the Ring Highway and the Western High-Speed Diameter have been built. All tourist sites are connected to the center by modern roads. St. Petersburg is connected with Helsinki and Moscow by high-speed rail service. The center of St. Petersburg is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The tallest building in Europe, the Gazprom Tower, has been built in St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg is the largest port. It can receive several cruise liners at the same time. About 8 million foreign tourists visit St. Petersburg every year. For successful operation, a program for the design and arrangement of ecological paths and museums in nature is being implemented. Routes through specially protected natural areas have been arranged: Sablino, Duderhof Heights, Lopukhinka. Projects of ecological paths have been developed for protected areas: Staraya Ladoga, Lava River Canyon, Swan Coast. In the near future, it is planned to arrange the ecological paths in Staraya Ladoga and the Lava River Canyon. In this area students of many universities of St. Petersburg undergo practical training and guided trips for schoolchildren are arranged. The Club of Young Geologists operates in the Youth Creativity Palace. Thus, the proposed project of the Ingermanlandia Geopark is aimed at the development of geotourism in the Leningrad Region and St. Petersburg and more active work in educational, social and commercial areas. It meets all the requirements for geoparks and, after being established as a national one, can be approved as a UNESCO Global Network Geopark.

References Red Data Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region. Volume 1. Protected Areas. Chief editor Yu.V. Fokin. SPb. 1999. 350 p. Lyakhnitsky Yu.S., Natalin N.A. et al. Sablino: An Unknown Country. Unique Nature Monuments of Russia. SPb. “Liki Rossii”, 2007. 200 p. Protected Areas of the Leningrad Region. Committee for Natural Resources of the Leningrad Region. Editors K.V. Ostrikov et al. 2014. 91 p.

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GEOCONSERVATION IN PROTECTED AREAS

X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geodiversity as an integral component of a conservation project: Recovery Plan for La Chimba National Reserve (Antofagasta Region, Chile) Álvaro Sarmiento1, Mauricio Mora-Carreño2, Kevin Quinzacara1, Sofía Navas1& Gerson Venegas1

1Núcleo Geológico Norte, Antofagasta Region, Chile 2FIC-R Project Recovery Plan for La Chimba National Reserve, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile

Keywords: Chile, Coastal Cordillera, education, geodiversity, national reserve, protected area.

Introduction

La Chimba National Reserve (LCNR) is a protected area administered by the National Forestry Corporation (CONAF), located 15 km northeast of the city of Antofagasta, Chile. The creation of LCNR in 1988 seeks to safeguard and restore the vegetation formation known as the Tocopilla Coastal (Gajardo 1994, CONAF 1995), where very particular climatic and geographical conditions allow the establishment of a considerable diversity of floral species, providing a valuable habitat for an important diversity of lichens, arthropods and vertebrates, among other native and endemic species that manage to survive amidst the challenging environmental conditions of one of the most arid of the planet (Mora-Carreño 2020). In addition to its rich biodiversity, the place has a remarkable scenic beauty which attracts a large number of visitors, underpinned by a complex geological environment. The geology of the area is characterized mainly by the intermediate volcanic rocks of the Coastal Cordillera and the evidence of erosion processes. Unfortunately, since the last century, different anthropic impacts have caused serious environmental damage in the protected area and neighboring sectors due to the introduction of goat cattle, small-scale mining activities, removal of plants for ornamental purposes, industrial pollution, the bad practices of some visitors and the nearby presence of the La Chimba Landfill. Considering this negative scenario, the project “Recovery Plan for La Chimba National Reserve” (2019-2020), developed through the governmental Innovation Fund for Regional Competitiveness (FIC-R) and implemented by the Universidad Católica del Norte in collaboration with CONAF, has sought to achieve important goals that significantly contribute to the recovery of the protected area through infrastructure improvement, social innovation, business model proposal, promotion of ecotourism, research and environmental education. In order to develop a more holistic approach, a partnership was established between the FIC- R Project and Núcleo Geológico Norte (NGN), an NGO focused on the assessment and interpretation of local geodiversity and the promotion of Earth Sciences knowledge with the local community.

Methodology

The research work developed by the NGN about LCNR’s geodiversity included: 1) Bibliographic review: Considering studies involving geological aspects of the Chilean Coastal Range of Northern Chile (geology books, peer-reviewed publications and governmental information). 2) Field trips: It consisted of two visits to the study area on December 7, 2019, and January 3, 2020, where the two main ravines of the LCNR were studied. 3) Technical report: Written to compile all the collected information. This report included a resume of the regional geological context, descriptions of the general geotectonic framework, local geomorphology and the first qualitative assessment of the main geological features of the area, including representativeness, integrity, scientific knowledge, degradation risk and educative potential.

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Results

Summary of the geological assessment of LCNR The main and best represented geological unit observed in LCNR is the Jurassic volcanic deposits of the La Negra Formation. This unit was intruded by dacitic dykes and the strata is tilted or showing a sub-vertical inclination in some places, with remarkable scenic value. Secondly, the rocks of the place are also affected by active erosional processes, evidenced by tafone cavities, joints (extensional fractures) and colluvial and alluvial sediments due the development of two main drainages across LCNR: La Chimba and Guanaco ravines, both presenting touristic and educational value. Finally, some water springs sites can be observed and highlighted. Previous studies have suggested that a significant fraction of the recharge of this water occurred 3,000-5,000 years ago, based on its 14C content (Herrera et al. 2014); therefore, these water springs can be considered scientifically relevant. Main geographical sites were identified in terms of good representativeness and accessibility of these geological features.

Educational products prepared to promote the geodiversity of LCNR After the geological assessment, a synthesis process was conducted with the FIC-R Project collaborators, in order to identify relevant features and sites from an educational and touristic perspective. Subsequently, two main educational outreach products were developed, with the aim of facilitating a better understanding about the geodiversity for the visitors of the protected area: a. Interpretative signage: Two of the five interpretative panels installed in LCNR included geological information about the most relevant elements of geodiversity observed in the protected area, such as volcanic rocks, joints, dikes, tafone erosion and water springs. These panels were placed on the two trekking routes formalized through the infrastructure improvements of the FIC-R Project, and were designed to be self-explanatory, describing the main geological processes of the protected area. b. Educational videos: Two videos of 12 minutes each were developed in collaboration with an audiovisual production company, highlighting the main geological processes and some general concepts of geology related with LCNR. The target audiences of these videos were children above 12 years old from local schools, and adults who attended the “Environmental Instructor of LCNR” online course, available for free in the website of the FIC-R Project (https://www.recuperemoslachimba.cl).

Conclusion

Through the collaborative work between the FIC-R Project and the NGN, it was possible to study and develop a qualitative assessment, interpretation and promotion of LCNR’s geodiversity, allowing a more comprehensive enhancement of the protected area. In this way, it was possible to generate educational products that made geoheritage knowledge available for the local community. Through this experience, we encourage to incorporate the study of geodiversity as an integral part of initiatives that promote the conservation of protected areas in Chile and overseas.

References CONAF (1995) Plan de Manejo Reserva Nacional La Chimba. Documento de Trabajo No 210. Programa Patrimonio Silvestre. Gajardo R (1994) La vegetación natural de Chile. Clasificación y distribución geográfica. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago de Chile, 165 pp. Herrera C & Custorio E (2014) Origen de las aguas de pequeños manantiales de la costa del norte de Chile, en las cercanías de Antofagasta. Andean Geology, 41(2), pp: 314-341. Mora-Carreño M (Ed) (2020) Boletín de Investigación Proyecto FIC-R UCN 2019-2020: Plan de Recuperación Reserva Nacional La Chimba (Cód. BIP 30488878-0). Antofagasta, Chile, 32 pp.

218 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geoheritage tourism value in the Peneda-Gerês National Park (Portugal): quantitative assessment and popularisation proposals Andreia Afonso1 & Paulo Pereira 1

1 Earth Sciences Institute, Pole of the University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal, e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Keywords: Assessment; Geoheritage; Geosites; Peneda-Gerês National Park; Tourism Value.

The geoheritage tourism value of the Peneda-Gerês National Park (PNPG) was assessed, with the goal of proposing measures for the touristic management of geosites. The most important protected area in Portugal covers most of the Peneda, Amarela and Gerês mountains in an area of 709.2 km2, where geodiversity elements are the main support of a natural landscape that attracts more and more visitors (Pereira & Pereira, 2020). The geoheritage of the PNPG is mainly of the geomorphological type, with relevance to the tors, castle kopje and bornhardt landforms occurring in the hercinian granites that cover the majority of the park’s area. Also, the vestiges of Pleistocene glacial processes, such as U-shaped valleys, polished and striated granitic surfaces, moraines and subglacial till deposits have been recognised as geosites of national and international relevance (Brilha & Pereira, 2020). As a starting point, all the geosites of the PNPG inventoried in previous works were identified. Other sites were added, considering tourists attractivity by elements of geodiversity. 168 geosites were therefore assessed following the criteria "present use by visitors", "internet promotion", "existence of promotion by the municipalities and interpretative centres” and "aesthetics". 18 geosites were selected as having potential tourism value (Afonso & Pereira, 2018) and were subject to a more detailed quantitative assessment in the field according to "availability", "use", "logistics" and "senses" (that includes aesthetics and understanding of the site contents by the visitors) main criteria and associated sub-criteria in order to give them a score, according to Pereira & Pereira, (2012). It was concluded that the geosite with the highest tourism value in the PNPG is the Miradouro da Pedra Bela, with a 76.7% score. Sete Lagoas geosite was the least scored, with 42%. The remaining geosites scored between 50 and 75%, having a moderate tourism value. It was found that the criterion "logistics" was the least scored, which can be justified by the fact that tourism support equipment is not a priority in protected areas. Taking into account the results and the specificities of each geosite and each criterion used in the assessment, management measures were proposed (Afonso, 2019), which seek to establish better conditions for visitation and popularisation of geoheritage, without putting at risk the natural values of the PNPG.

References Afonso A (2019) Avaliação do valor turístico do património geológico do Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês. MSc Thesis, Universidade do Minho. Afonso A, Pereira P (2018) Assessment of the geological heritage tourism value in the Peneda-Gerês National Park (Northern Portugal): a site selection. In: Głowniak E, Wasiłowska A, Leonowicz P (eds) Geoheritage and Conservation: Modern Approaches and Applications Towards the 2030 Agenda. 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, pp 143-144. Brilha J, Pereira P (2020) Geoconservation in Portugal with Emphasis on the Geomorphological Heritage. In: Vieira G, Zêzere J, Mora C (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Portugal, Springer, pp 307-314. Pereira P, Pereira DI (2012) Assessment of geosites tourism value in geoparks: the example of Arouca Geopark (Portugal). Proceedings of the 11th European Geoparks Conference, Arouca, pp 231-232. Pereira P, Pereira DI (2020) The Granite and Glacial Landscapes of the Peneda-Gerês National Park. In: Vieira G, Zêzere J, Mora C (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Portugal, Springer, pp 127-137.

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X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Importance of Geosite Concept in Protected areas: an example from Spil Mountain National Park, Turkey Hülya İnaner1,2, Ökmen Sümer1 & Mehmet Akbulut1

1Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geological Engineering, 35160 Buca, İzmir, Turkey, 2JEMİRKO- The Turkish Association for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage, 06570, Ankara, Turkey e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Keywords: Geosites Candidates, Spil Mountain National Park, Protected areas, Western Anatolia, Turkey.

In this study we try to exemplify the importance and cons of ignoring inclusion of evaluations for the potential geosites during the initial stage efforts for declaration of natural protection areas with an example from a national park from Western Anatolia. The Spil Mountain National Park (SMNP) is founded in 1968 with the approval of the ministry board of the Republic of Turkey according to the article 25 of the Forestry Law 6831. Its total surface area is 68 km2. Although this national park is already a protected area, no geosite inventory study had been conducted yet. Spill Mountain is located in the Mediterranean part of the Alpine-Himalayan Orogenic Belt, in the West Anatolian Extensional Provence (WAEP), which is back-arc related extension region, associated to the Aegean-Cyprian Trench. The first geological studies in the region were carried out in the mid-19th and early 20th century. However the first detailed study including the national park area was completed by Oğuz (1966). Additional studies on the stratigraphy, palaeontology, structural geology, geomorphology and paleoseismology of the region continue to date (eg. Erdoğan, 1990; Kaya et al., 2004; Bozkurt & Sözbilir, 2006; Özkaymak & Sözbilir, 2008 and 2012; Özkaymak et al., 2011; Solak et al., 2015). The oldest stratigraphic unit in the area is Cretaceous Kurudağ Limestone, which is found as a block within the Bornova Mélange. The other important feature is the matrix of the Bornova Mélange, which records a deep marine clastic-carbonate sedimentary sequence and some sub-marine volcanic rocks. This mélange is overlain by Sabuncubeli and Çiçekli formations of Miocene age, which are respectively composed of coarse grained sedimentary rocks and fine grained carbonate rocks. Late Pleistocene – early Holocene Emlakdere Formation that comprises mainly colluvial deposits covers these Miocene units with an angular unconformity. All of these units are unconformably overlain by modern alluvium of the Manisa Basin. The most important structural elements in the region are: The Manisa Fault, which has a dip-slip normal fault character and presents one of the clearest fault planes in the western Anatolia (eg. Bozkurt & Sözbilir, 2006; Özkaymak & Sözbilir, 2008), the Çörçörtepe Fault (Güngör, 1986), and the Güvercinkayası Fault that lies a structural border between Miocene units. The other important structural elements are the ductile to semi-ductile deformational structures observed in the matrix of the Bornova Mélange. In this study, we provide 10 locations of the above-summarized geological features in this national park and in its immediate vicinity (Table 1) and classify these in the framework category according to the proposal of Kazancı et al. (2015). Thus, the locations 1 and 2 are classified in the Group A2; the location 3 in Group B; locations 4, 5 and 6 in Group C; and the remaining four locations (potential geosites 7, 8, 9 and 10) are classified within the Group E. As the region also has plenty of cultural heritages (Table 1), they are also given here for an insight on the possible combined evaluation of the potential geoheritage and cultural assets. Some of these geosite candidates suggested in this work fall outside the immediate boundaries of the national park exemplifying clearly that an initial evaluation for potential geosite candidates is necessary and should be included in the national park evaluation steps in the future work.

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Geosite Framework Category (cf. Potential Geosites Introduced in this Study Location No Kazancı et al. 2015) 1 Geological section of Kurudağ Limestone Along the Aladağ Strait Angular unconformity between Miocene GROUP A2 Stratigraphic group 2 Çiçekli Formation and upper Cretaceous 38°33'12.41"N/ 27°25'58.50"E Phanerozoic Kurudağ Limestone Rudist-bearing facies of the Kurudağ GROUP B 3 38°33'12.32"N/ 27°23'4.97"E Limestone Palaeoenvironmental records Sedimentary structures of the Kurudağ 4 38°33'31.81"N / 27°24'12.36"E Limestone GROUP C Sedimentary structures of the Çiçekli Sedimentary and volcanic 5 38°34'51.71"N/ 27°24'31.38"E Formation structures 6 Pillow lavas of Bornova Flysch Zone 38°35'29.49"N/ 27°25'1.16"E 7 Manisa Fault 38°35'18.31"N / 27°30'52.49"E 8 Çörçörtepe Fault 38°34'0.05"N / 27°23'35.52"E GROUP E 9 Güvercinkayası Fault 38°34'31.88"N / 27°24'28.10"E Structural features Ductile to semi-ductile deformational 10 38°35'8.92"N / 27°24'43.66"E structures of Bornova Flysch Zone Other Cultural Heritage Sites Located in Study Area and Surroundings Marks Description Location Magnesia ad Sipylum Ancient City (Hometown of MS Pausanias) Manisa City (City governed by the Sultan's possible Lots of Ottoman buildings (madrasah mosque successor son during the Ottoman Imperial Dynasty Era) M palace fountain) in Manisa City centre A Akpınar Rock Monument 38°35'56.07"N / 27°30'1.67"E T Tomb of Tantalus 38°35'47.47"N / 27°30'21.50"E P Pelops Throne 38°35'18.86"N / 27°29'55.42"E N Niobe (Weeping Rock) 38°36'19.26"N / 27°25'26.74"E KZC/A Kızılbel, Ayvacık and Küçük (Yarikkaya) Canyons C/KC Within the Spil Mountain National Park PC/NC Paşaini and Nurkadın Caves S Sülüklü Lake 38°34'17.05"N / 27°30'1.46"E HT/CT Hamamtepe and Çoban Dede Tumulus Near of the Spil Mountain National Park Folk hero who lived at - Manisa Tarzan (Ahmet Bedevi) intangible heritage Spil Mountain Table 2. Potential Geosites and Cultural Heritages of SMNP and surroundings

References Bozkurt E, Sözbilir H (2006) Evolution of the large-scale active Manisa Fault, Southwest Turkey: implications on fault development and regional tectonics. Geo Acta 19:427–453 Erdogan B (1990) Zmir-Ankara Zonu'nun, İzmir ile Seferihisar Arasındaki Bölgede Stratigrafi Özellikleri ve Tektonik Evrimi. TPDJ Bul 2:1–20 Güngör T (1986) Manisa Güneyinin Jeolojisi. Dissertation, Dokuz Eylül University Kaya O, Ünay E, Saraç G et al (2004) Halitpaşa transpressive zone: implications for an Early Pliocene compressional phase in central western Anatolia, Turkey. T J of Earth Sci 13:1–13 Kazancı N, Şaroğlu F, Suludere Y (2015) Geological heritage and framework list of the geosites in Turkey. Bull Min Res Exp 151:259–268 Oğuz M (1966) Manisa Dağının Kuzey ve Kuzeybatısının Jeolojisi. Ege Üni Fen Fak İlmi Rap 33:3–20 Özkaymak Ç, Sözbilir H (2008) Stratigraphic and structural evidence for fault reactivation: the active Manisa fault zone, western Anatolia. T J of Earth Sci 17:615–635 Özkaymak Ç, Sözbilir H (2012) Tectonic geomorphology of the Spildağı high ranges, western Anatolia. Geomorphology 173:128–140 Özkaymak Ç, Sözbı̇ lı̇ r H, Uzel B, Akyüz HS (2011) Geological and palaeoseismological evidence for late Pleistocene− Holocene activity on the Manisa Fault Zone, western Anatolia. T J of Earth Sci 20:449–474 Solak C, Taslı K, Sarı B (2015) Stratigraphy and depositional history of the Cretaceous carbonate successions in the Spil Mountain (Manisa, W Turkey). Creta Res 53:1–18

222 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

The Role of Geodiversity within the Management of Protected Landscapes: A Case Study from the UK A Case Study from the UK’s Arnside and Silverdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), a European Regional Nature Park and an International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Management Category V Protected Area Jane Poole1, Dr Alan Thompson2, Sue Hunter3 & Lucy Barron3

1 Idris Consulting Limited, UK, [email protected] 2 Cuesta Consulting Limited, UK: [email protected] 3Arnside and Silverdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Partnership, UK: [email protected] and [email protected]

Keywords: Geodiversity, Landscape, Natural Beauty, Geological Framework, Ecosystem Services, Conserving Nature’s Stage.

Introduction

European Regional Nature Parks are working, living landscapes combining nature conservation alongside a commitment to a thriving rural economy and according to the principles of sustainable development (Denkinger et al, 2017). Within the UK, it is the 46 designated Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB)1 that contribute in number to the almost 900 identified Regional Nature Parks in Europe. Whilst ‘natural beauty’ is not specifically defined in UK legislation, it is understood to include not only the holistic ‘look of the landscape’ but also the interplay of the specific elements including the underlying geology and ongoing geomorphological processes, landform, biodiversity, specific landscape features and the rich history of human settlement. The Arnside and Silverdale AONB is often described as an intricate, close-knit landscape mosaic2 due to the sheer variety of diverse features found within a relatively small area of 75km2. We would assert that this fascinating landscape mosaic is underpinned by an influential, distinctive geological jigsaw.

Research

Whilst a clear link between landscape and geology was recognised by the Arnside and Silverdale AONB management team, gathering a detailed evidence base of the geodiversity of the area was initiated to inform monitoring of landscape change and a review of the AONB management plan. A geological audit provided the basis for describing a geological framework of the Arnside and Silverdale AONB, identifying what is unique or distinctive and how this influences the area’s landscape and seascape character, soils, biodiversity, built environment, industrial heritage, economy, and culture (Thompson & Poole, 2019a). The audit therefore included consideration of the emerging concept in conservation planning of ‘conserving nature’s stage’ (Anderson & Ferree, 2010, Gordon et al, 2018a, Gordon et al, 2018b) recognising that geodiversity creates the backdrop - ‘the stage’- for the wealth of biodiversity – the ‘actors’- that are found. The geological framework informed an evaluation of the geodiversity as a natural capital asset within an ecosystem services assessment. Each of the various geological formations, sediments and geomorphological processes were considered individually regarding their contribution to the different ecosystem services. A geological story (Thompson & Poole, 2019b) was written to promote wider understanding, initial suggestions for activities at individual sites were identified to inform the initiation

1AONBs are protected through UK legislation, initially through the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act (1949), with additional powers given through the Countryside and Rights of Way Act (2000). More information about AONBs can be found at: https://landscapesforlife.org.uk/ 2See, for example, the Arnside and Silverdale Management Plan (2019-2014), pp 15,16, 20, 48 & 53 at: https://www.arnsidesilverdaleaonb.org.uk/

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of a geodiversity action plan and key indicators for monitoring the geodiversity aspects of landscape change were identified, drawing on earlier research work (Poole et al, 2010).

Findings

Whilst the rocks of the Arnside and Silverdale AONB are predominantly limestone, the detailed evidence they provide regarding past environments and the intricate variety of structures, features, landforms and superimposed Quaternary sediments, which have been created over time through the action of natural processes is extremely varied. This is reflected in a wealth of environmental designations and in a sustained interest in the area by local geological societies and universities. Key elements of the geodiversity include limestone hills, open and wooded limestone pavements, distinctive limestone scarps and slacks, one active and many disused limestone quarries, locally complex geological structures, low coastal cliffs, shingle bays, saltmarshes, tidal flats, wetlands comprising former areas of lowland raised bog and on the fringes of the area, shapely rounded drumlin hills. Other distinctive features include mineralisation and particular assemblages of fossils associated with the different limestone formations, erratics within fields and the limestone pavements, slopes, a number of natural springs or ‘wells’, karst features variously described as dolines, uvalas or poljes, together with caves and speleothems, lacustrine carbonate deposits with a sensitive palaeo- environmental record and slag deposits from historical ironworks which replicate cooling features observed within extrusive volcanic lava flows. Each element of the geodiversity has the potential to contribute to ecosystem services, most significantly to provisioning and cultural services. However, the limestone formations and ongoing coastal geomorphological processes provide the greatest supporting and regulating services due to their basis for the wealth of biodiversity found and their ability to alleviate flooding. There is the potential for additional regulating services in areas of lowland fen, by enabling water conditions suitable for reinitiating the growth of ombrotrophic bog, which would both recreate habitat in decline and boost carbon sequestration. This case study promotes one example where the geodiversity of a protected landscape area is being realised as providing benefits for people and nature.

References Anderson, M.G. & Ferree, C.E. (2010) Conserving the Stage: Climate Change and the Geophysical Underpinnings of Species Diversity, PLoS ONE 5(7): e11554. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011554. Denkinger, K. Losem. B. and Steinbach, L. (eds) (2017) Living Landscapes: Europe’s Nature, Regional and Landscape Parks, Model Regions for the Sustainable Development of Rural Areas, Verband Deutscher Naturparke, 168pp. Gordon, J.E., Crofts, R., and Díaz-Martínez, E. (2018a) Geoheritage Conservation and Environmental Policies: Retrospect and Prospect. In: Emmanuel Reynard and José Brilha (eds), Geoheritage. Chennai: Elsevier, pp. 213- 236. ISBN: 978-0-12-809531-7. Gordon, J.E., Crofts, R., Díaz-Martínez, E. and Sik Woo, K. (2018b) Enhancing the role of Geoconservation in protected area management and nature conservation. Geoheritage 10: 191-203 DOI 10.1007/s12371-017-0240- 5 Poole, J. S., Higgs, J., Harris, K. and Birch, J.L. (2010) Geodiversity Action Plans: The use of indicators in progress reporting. Natural England Commissioned Reports, Number 051. Thompson, A and Poole, J.S. (2019a): Arnside & Silverdale AONB Landscape Monitoring Project - Geology Audit and Assessment: Final Report. Cuesta Consulting Limited, East Lambrook, 152pp + Appendices. Thompson, A and Poole, J.S. (2019b): The Geological Story of the Arnside & Silverdale AONB. Cuesta Consulting Limited, East Lambrook, 42pp.

224 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

How protected are geosites in protected areas? An analysis from the geoheritage of the state of São Paulo, Brazil Maria da Glória Garcia1, Lígia Maria de Almeida Ribeiro1,2 & Karina Kawai Higa1

1Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo, Centre for Research Support on Geological Heritage and Geotourism, e- mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; 2Geological Survey of Brazil, e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Geoconservation, Geodiversity, Geosite, OECMs, Public policies.

Introduction

Conserving geoheritage is a mission related in the first place to the conservation of geosites. Once selected, a diagnosis on the specific needs regarding conservation should consider potential use, physical and setting characteristics and sort of possible threats (Prosser et al. 2018). In this sense, criteria such as statutory protection and proximity to potentially damaging areas are often used to quantify the risk of degradation (Brilha 2016, García-Cortés and Carcavilla-Urquí 2009). In protected areas (PA), conceived to be key pieces of nature conservation strategies, these indicators seem to reach the most satisfactory conditions concerning the maintenance of the relevant elements of geodiversity that legitimise the geosite. But, is this really true? Protected areas are well recognised tools to achieve the conservation of nature. Several international PA designations exist, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the World Heritage and Ramsar conventions and UNESCO's programmes Man and the Biosphere and Global Geoparks. Besides these global strategies, regional and local programmes, sometimes integrated as networks, exist all around the world. The recent concept of Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures (OECMs, Maxwell et al. 2020) is an approach to be also considered. In Brazil, there are 3.202 protected areas at both international and regional contexts and terrestrial and marine environments (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2021). In the state of São Paulo, the inventory of geoheritage identified 137 geosites within 8 geological frameworks, many of them potential candidates for the national inventory (Garcia et al. 2018, Ribeiro et al. 2021). About half of these sites are located in areas without any statutory protection (Higa 2019). This study aims to answer the following questions: 1) What proportion of geosites are included in one or more protected areas? 2) To what extent do these designations ensure the conservation of the geosites?

Methods and results

The geosites were analysed according to the following programmes: 1) International initiatives - UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme - MAB (Biosphere Reserves), Global Geoparks and World Heritage List, the Ramsar Sites; 2) National and local initiatives - the National System of Protected Areas (SNUC, Federal Law 9985/2000); the Forestry Code (Federal Law 12.651/12); the Protected Heritage (Decree Law 25/1937); the Indigenous areas (1988 Constitution, Federal Law 6001/73, Decree 1775/96) and the State Geological Monuments (Resolution 64/2011). We also analysed their inclusion in Geopark Projects, linked to the Geological Survey of Brazil (SGB-CPRM) and in the list of the Brazilian Commission of Geological and Paleobiological Sites (SIGEP, in Portuguese). Our results show that more than 70% of the geosites are located in public spaces. About half of them present at least one statutory figure, either international (Fig. 1A) or national/regional (Fig. 1B), but nearly 20% of them are included in more than four superposed PA. Additionally, from the 137 geosites, 21 are published in both geoparks projects and SIGEP.

225 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Fig. 1. Situation of the geosites of the inventory of geoheritage of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, regarding their location in International PA (A) and National PA (B). Note that many sites are included in more than one PA. *Sites included in geoparks projects, which are not Global Geoparks (only as reference).

Discussion and conclusions

About 90% of the terrestrial protected areas in the state of São Paulo are located along a 100 to 150 km- wide zone by the coast, which are coincident with the oldest geological units, represented by Precambrian rocks. The majority of the area (about 70%) is composed of sedimentary and volcanic sequences, associated with highly damaging agribusiness activities in the countryside. Even when protected by any statutory criteria, some geosites may be very vulnerable, being subjected to several anthropic threats. In the case of the SNUC, the PA are classified as strictly protected and sustainable use, being the effectiveness of the protection greater in the former, with a significant impact on the risk of degradation of specific geosites, especially considering the vulnerability factor. One example is the geosite "Jaraguá Gold Excavations", located within two biosphere reserves and a local heritage site. Being settled in an area extremely threatened by uncontrolled occupation in the city of São Paulo, most of their remnants were already destroyed. However, apart from some particular examples, the location of a geosite regarding protected areas doesn't seem to have a significant impact on its risk of degradation, which is related mainly to its fragility and to specific laws, such as the Forestry Code. This brings attention to the role of the PA in the conservation of geosites and moreover, on the institutionalisation of these areas as efficient instruments to be used in environmental public policies.

References Brilha J (2016) Inventory and quantitative assessment of geosites and geodiversity sites: a review. Geoheritage 8(2):119–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-014-0139-3. Garcia MGM, Brilha J et al. (2018). The inventory of geological heritage of the State of São Paulo, Brazil: methodological basis, results and perspectives. Geoheritage 10(2):239-258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-016- 0215-y García-Cortés A., Carcavilla Urquí L., (2009). Documento metodológico para la elaboración del inventario español de lugares de interés geológico (IELIG). Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid, v. 12, 61 p. Higa KK. 2019. Geoconservação no estado de São Paulo: panorama geral e diagnóstico de uso e proteção dos geossítios do inventário do patrimônio geológico. MSc Dissertation, IGc/USP. Maxwell SL, Cazalis V, Dudley N. et al. (2020). Area-based conservation in the twenty-first century. Nature 586:217–227. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2773-z Prosser CD, Díaz-Martínez E, Larwood JGH (2018) Conservation of geosites: principles and practice. In: Reynard E, Brilha J (ed) Geoheritage: assessment, protection, and management. Elsevier, pp 193-212. Ribeiro LMLA, Garcia MGM, Higa K. (2021). The geological heritage of the state of São Paulo: potential geosites as a contribution to the Brazilian national inventory. Journal of the Geological Survey of Brazil 4(SI 1). https://doi.org/10.29396/jgsb.2021.v4.SI1.5 UNEP-WCMC and IUCN (2021). Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) and World Database on Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (WD-OECM) [Online], April 2021, Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net.

226 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

The karst geoheritage of Tara National Park (Serbia) and its potential use in geotourism 1 2 3 4 5 Tamás Telbisz , Jelena Ćalić , Jelena Kovačević-Majkić , Ranko Milanović , Jovana Brankov & Jasna Micić6

1 Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Physical Geography, Budapest, Hungary, [email protected] 2 Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić” Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia, [email protected] 3 Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić” Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia, [email protected] 4 PE “Tara National Park”, Bajina Basta, Serbia, [email protected] 5 Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić” Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia and South Ural State University, Institute of Sports, Tourism and Service, Chelyabinsk, Russia, [email protected] 6 Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić” Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia, [email protected]

Keywords: visitors, karst, ophiolite, questionnaire survey, Drina River.

Introduction

Through the example of Tara National Park (NP), we present how geoheritage can and should be presented in a NP where the primary role is played by biology (rich flora and fauna with endemic species, such as the Serbian spruce and the largest brown bear population in Serbia). Nevertheless, the geological heritage of the area is also rich, and the most important elements of it are related to karstification, but the ophiolites are also important. The viewpoints, which are by their very nature geomorphologic objects, are the most popular localities in the NP. However, the presentation of the geological heritage has so far received relatively little attention in the NP. In addition to biological and geological heritage, cultural heritage is not negligible either. We do not dispute the importance of the value of biological protection in connection with the Tara NP, but we would like to highlight the fact that it would also be important to simultaneously emphasize the geological heritage, and we believe that this could also be useful for geotourism. Furthermore, we would like to draw the attention of international experts interested in geological heritage to the significant geodiversity of this area.

Methodology

Our methodology includes field observations, GIS-based morphometric analysis of karst features, and the examination of attitudes and views of local people and visitors towards geotourism and karst with the help of a questionnaire survey.

Results

First, we briefly present the geological settings of the Tara NP and its neighbourhood. Second, we present the karst morphology of the area (Fig. 1). It includes dolines, which are mostly found on karst plateaus, uvalas, dry valleys, smaller and larger gorges, such as the 1000-meter-deep Drina Gorge, or the Zvijezda Gorge, which is the highest gradient canyon in Serbia (Fig. 1), springs and travertine deposits. Third, hydrology is closely related to human activities as a large hydro-energetic system with two reservoir lakes (Perućac, Zaovine) was built in the area. Fourth, the geological context of the local ophiolites is also briefly presented. These facts demonstrate the high geodiversity of the area. Thereafter, we present the results of the questionnaire survey, which examined the views and knowledge of local people and visitors about karst and geotourism. The results show that local residents support the further development of tourism, but geotourism is a rather new concept for them. On the contrary, tourists are more familiar with geotourism. Among the development perspectives, tourists support those that involve only minor environmental changes, which is in agreement with NP policy.

227 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Fig. 1. Karst landforms in the study area. Numbers 1-4 mark the locations of the planned thematic paths. Letters refer to gorges, BR: Beli Rzav, B: Brusnički , De: Derventa, D: Dolovi, M: Matića Potok (Zvijezda), N: Neveljski Potok, R: Rača.

Fig. 7. Gorges in Tara NP. Left: Beli Rzav, centre: Drina, right: Matića Potok/Zvijezda. Photos by Milanović (A, B) and Vucković (C).

Taking into account the above results, we formulate some suggestions about geotourism development in the area. Namely, we outline some plans for new geo-educational trails and viewpoints and highlight the possibility to increase the geo-content of some already existing programs (e.g. boat tours). In addition, we emphasize that geotourism of Tara should be connected to neighbouring areas. This might be realized in the framework of a new geopark, which is now under planning and would include the area of the Tara NP as well. The development of geotourism may bring new opportunities for local people, but some additional infrastructural developments may also contribute to the survival of these communities. An important message from the COVID epidemic is that sites built on domestic visitors are less vulnerable. This is a favourable situation for the Tara NP, as its tourism is largely built on domestic visitors. Finally, we believe that the two suggested directions of geotourism developments, i.e. including the geoheritage of the wider area, and the creation of complex packages connected with cultural attractions can also be a useful approach for other protected areas with similar settings.

228 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Environmental interpretation and geoheritage in Brazilian protected areas: analysis of the Itatiaia National Park Vanessa Costa Mucivuna1, Maria da Glória Motta Garcia1, Beatriz Nascimento Gomes2, Emmanuel Reynard3, Elisabete Hulgado Holanda4 & Celia Maria Cerantola de Mattos5

1 Centre for Research Support on Geological Heritage and Geotourism (GeoHereditas), University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio), Ipanema National Forest, Iperó, SP Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 3Institute of Geography and Sustainability and Interdisciplinary Centre for Mountain Research, University of Lausanne, Ch. de l’Institut 18, CH-1967 Bramois, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] 4 Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio), Itatiaia National Park, Estrada do Parque Nacional, km 8.5, Itatiaia, RJ, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 5 Dom Bosco Educational Association (AEDB), Avenida Coronel Professor Esteves, 1, Resende, RJ, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Geoconservation, geoscience education, geotourism, environmental interpretation, SNUC.

Introduction

Since the 1970s, environmental interpretation has been included in the planning and management of Brazilian protected areas. From that point, several initiatives have been developed to integrate it into the regulations of national parks, management plans, the objectives of the National System of Protected Areas (SNUC – in Portuguese), guidelines for visiting protected areas, and institutional publications (Caetano et al., 2018). Brazil has about 30 % of its territory covered by protected areas, so environmental interpretation is a crucial tool for management and conservation, as it builds connections between these areas and their visitors (Vasconcelos, 2006). Despite their importance, the number of interpretative plans in protected areas is still scarce, highlighting those elaborated by the Tapajós National Forest, Anavilhanas National Park, Abrolhos Marine National Park, and Brasília National Forest. On abiotic aspects of nature, the number of geoheritage inventories in protected areas has grown in recent years (Meira et al., 2018); however, there are still no interpretative plans and projects focused on geodiversity or geoheritage within these areas. Whereas the abiotic elements are part of nature and are the basis for the development of organisms and ecosystems, the inclusion of geodiversity elements is of utmost importance for an integrated interpretation of nature. Based on these facts and on the new guidelines for the integration of geoconservation in protected areas (Crofts et al., 2020), this work aims to discuss how geoheritage can be integrated into interpretative activities in Itatiaia National Park, Brazil and the possibilities and challenges of these actions in other Brazilian protected areas.

Methodological procedures

The discussions presented in this work are based on the outcomes of the following research: (i) Review of the literature about (a) interpretation in Federal protected areas, and (b) geoconservation research in the Brazilian National Parks; (ii) Diagnosis of the Itatiaia National Park geoheritage and its interpretative potential based on educational and tourism uses.

Results and discussion

Research on environmental interpretation is still scarce in Brazilian protected areas. The existing projects and programmes are focused on the biotic and cultural aspects of these areas. Besides that, many national parks have research developed or in progress about their geoheritage.

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Itatiaia National Park stands out as the first protected area created in Brazil, in 1937, and for its geological and geomorphological features. The inventory covering 17 geosites (scientific value), 7 geodiversity sites and 3 viewpoints (educational and tourism potentials) was carried out considering 6 geological frameworks. The analysis of the interpretative potential of these sites was carried out based on the assessment of the educational and touristic values and the frameworks defined in the inventory. The outcomes revealed that all geological frameworks have illustrative sites with potential to be integrated into interpretative programmes and/or projects, as they reached great values in the evaluation of the educational and touristic potential. In this perspective, the Quaternary deposits framework can exemplify the most recent processes taking place on the slopes and valleys. The Cenozoic tectonism framework can illustrate records through the existing structures on the sites. The frameworks associated with the intrusion of alkaline rocks can illustrate the processes related to old volcanism processes. Lastly, the Proterozoic igneous and metamorphic rocks framework can be used to interpret the oldest processes in the study area linked to the Trans-Amazonian Orogenic Cycle and the Brasiliano Pan-African Cycle. Based on that, many possibilities and challenges have emerged for integrating geoheritage into interpretation activities. Thus, resolving these issues could collaborate with one of the aims of the interpretation, which is to increase the appreciation of the protected area as a whole. Possibilities: - Integration of the geoheritage in public use activities; - Integrated interpretation of nature through biotic and abiotic aspects; - Increase visitor understanding and general appreciation of the protected area; - Training of environmental monitors on abiotic content to act as multipliers; - Preparation of interpretative products such as folders, interpretative panels, website content and exhibitions in visitor centres, virtual products, etc. Challenges: - The difficulty for the public to understand geoscientific terms; - Translate technical terms on a more straightforward approach; - Lack of geoscience staff at protected areas to select and evaluate geoheritage; - Management focused on biotic, historical and cultural aspects; - Lack of geodiversity elements in management plans, strategic planning and interpretative activities.

References Caetano AC, Gomes BN, Jesus JS, Garcia LM, Reis ST (2018) Interpretação ambiental nas Unidades de Conservação Federais. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Brasília. Crofts R, Gordon JE, Brilha J, Gray M, Gunn J, Larwood J, Santucci VL, Tormey D, Worboys GL (2020). Guidelines for geoconservation in protected and conserved areas. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 31. IUCN, Gland. Meira SA, Nascimento MAL, Silva EV (2018) Unidades de Conservação e geodiversidade: uma breve discussão. Terr@ Plural. https://doi.org/10.5212/TerraPlural.v.12i2.0002. Vasconcelos JMO (2006) Educação e Interpretação Ambiental em Unidades de Conservação. Fundação O Boticário de Proteção à Natureza, Curitiba.

230 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Orígens Geopark inventory and fieldwork good-practice-protocol as tools for geoconservation Xavier Mir Pellicer1& Joan Poch1,2

1 Geoparc Orígens, Plaça de la Creu, 1 25620 Tremp, Lleida. [email protected] 1 Departament de Geologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain

Keywords: fieldwork, good-practice-protocol, geoconservation, outcrop, vulnerability.

Introduction

Located in the southern sector of the Catalan Pyrenees, the Orígens UNESCO Global Geopark is a territory with an exceptional geological heritage. Some of the outcrops in Orígens Geopark are considered as type localities for geological formations (e.g. Castissent Formation in Mas de Faro), or have special scientific-educational and aesthetical value. The area, designated as a Global Geopark in 2018, has been the focus of intense research on the fields of structural geology, oil exploration, vertebrate paleontology, hydrogeology, geomorphology, and geological hazards. As a result, a significant number of groups have organized fieldtrips in the area. Often, these visits are concentrated on a reduced number of sites with particularly remarkable interest. Such outcrops require appropriate management to safeguard them from potentially damaging and destructive activities, such as the use of hammers or drilling tools for sampling. Production and dissemination of codes of conduct and protection mechanisms are essential to preserve these valuable sites. In this context, the Orígens Geopark, have produced an inventory of eighty sites of geological importance comprising qualitative and quantitative data to describe the heritage values, the potential for public use, the state of conservation and the site vulnerability with two objectives: contributing to the decision-making process for the site management and collecting data to facilitate including these sites to the Government official inventory. In parallel, the Geopark requested the Catalan College of Geologists to produce a fieldwork good-practice-protocol aimed at implementing a protocol of good scientific practices for visits of scientific and educational groups, which would establish the procedures to prevent destruction of geological outcrops by visitors and provide guidelines for sample collection for scientific and educational purposes.

Methods

The Orígens Geopark geological inventory was based on previous work by García-Cortés & Carcavilla (2009) and Brilha (2016) and is similar to that of other geoparks (e.g., Costa Vasca, Catalunya Central) to enable comparative analysis. The inventory methodology included: (1) producing a data collection form; (2) review of publications and inventories; (3) consultation with the scientific experts to identify new areas of interest; (4) designation of sites; (5) site characterization including geological descriptions and geoconservation status, both comprising qualitative and quantitative data; (6) review and validation of the inventory. Quantitative data (Table 1) was calculated following García-Cortés and Carcavilla (2009) methodology. Analysis of quantitative data allowed identifying and classifying sites with high scientific value based on their representativeness, scientific relevance, and degree of conservation. Public use potential was evaluated from the site ease of understanding, aesthetic value of the site or the surrounding landscape, accessibility and associated infrastructure and services. Geotouristic potential was defined as the mean of scientific value and public use potential. The geoconservation of the site was considered from two perspectives: (1) the degree of conservation, referring to the features lost from natural or anthropogenic processes; and (2) the vulnerability, defined by the site intrinsic vulnerability (natural fragility), the current or potential threats due to public use, and the risk of spoliation. On the other hand, the production of the good practice protocol involved the literature review including the proceedings of a Geoconservation symposium held in the Geopark in 2016. This was followed by fieldwork campaigns in the territory aimed at identifying and defining existing issues in geological, paleontological and mining sites. The resulting work and recommendations were then synthesized in a

231 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

document, that also incorporated a sample collection and visitor form, to help monitoring sample collection and to collect information on the groups visiting the area.

Results and conclusions

The values obtained from the inventory analysis permitted making objective decisions on the sites where the impact of the installation of information panels regarding geoconservation would be more valuable by scoring different factors that characterize the site public use potential and geoconservation (Table 1). Furthermore, the synthesized version of the fieldwork Good Practice Protocol is available from the Geopark website (https://www.geoparcorigens.cat/en/) and distributed via email to scientists visiting the area. This document includes, rules and regulations, recommendations, and safety advice during fieldwork and a visitor form designed to collect data on the groups visiting the area, and a sample collection form, which is required to be filled in by scientists working in the Geopark planning to collect samples for research or educational purposes. Furthermore, geoconservation information panels installed in relevant outcrops (Table 1) provide recommendations on fieldwork good-practice and give access through QR codes to the visitor and sample collection forms. These tools put together aim firstly to preserve the sites so that they keep an optimal state of conservation and, therefore, retain their scientific and educational interest for future generations; and secondly to provide the visitor with safety advice to prevent potential accidents.

Table 1. Quantitative scores recorded in sites where actions of geoconservation were implemented. Scores are recorded in field sheets designed following the methodology by García-Cortés and Carcavilla (2009) and range from 1 (minimum) to 4 (maximum). Geotourism potential is calculated from the mean between scientific value (representativeness, singularity, relevance, and state of conservation) and public use (aesthetic value, conditions of observation, accessibility, infrastructure…). The site vulnerability is estimated on site from intrinsic vulnerability (the geosite natural fragility), current or potential threats (infrastructures) and risk of spoliation and indicates the degree of geoconservation.

Scientific Public Geotourism Site Name Vulnerability Action value use potential Mirador del Cretaci 3.79 3.68 3.72 2.86 Including geoconservation to panels Rivert 2.21 3.52 2.84 3.09 Including geoconservation to panels La Règola 3.79 2.26 3.02 2.06 Geoconservation panel Claret 3.62 2.20 2.95 2.10 Geoconservation panel Mas de Faro 2.89 2.84 2.85 2.10 Geoconservation panel La plataforma de 3.61 3.30 3.44 2.18 Geoconservation panel Vilanoveta Aramunt - Sant 3.61 3.30 3.44 2.18 Geoconservation panel Corneli Llau de Xiroi 3.22 2.64 2.95 2.47 Geoconservation panel

References Brilha, J (2016) Inventory and quantitative assessment of geosites and geodiversity sites: A review. Geoheritage, 8, 119-134. doi: 10.1007/s12371-014-0139-3. García-Cortés Á, Carcavilla L (2009) Documento metodológico para la elaboración del Inventario Español de lugares de interés geológico (IELIG), 2, 1–164. Madrid: Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME).

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MOVEABLE GEOHERITAGE

X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Trading of fossils in Spain: current state and problems Graciela Delvene1, Silvia Menéndez1& Juana Vegas1

1 Centro Nacional Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME-CSIC), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain. e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Customs, ethics, legislation, moveable palaeontological heritage, regulation.

Introduction

In Spain, the trading of fossils has several issues according to consider national or international moveable palaeontological heritage. It is often carried out from stores, e-commerce, auctions and local markets. Delvene et al. (2018) made a SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) of fossil trading, and among “user groups” related to moveable palaeontological heritage, recognized two kinds of dealers. On one hand, there are companies that declare their activity and pay taxes. On the other hand, there are “dealers” who trade fossils illegally. In recent times, and especially since the current coronavirus pandemic, trading (legal and illegal) on internet platforms have proliferated. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly difficult to detect fraudulent sales because descriptions of fossil material are intentionally ambiguous or inaccurate.

Offer and demand: Trading of fossils in Spain

A shallow review of Spanish fossil shops, especially on online platforms, reveals a large amount of foreign material on selling, compared to the Spanish one. Most stores sell both on the own local or online platforms. Its main products are jewellery, decoration items, and high-quality fossils for selected people (collectors, institutions and museums). Fossils from all over the world are freely offered, at prices ranging from very cheap (a few euros) to exorbitant (thousands of them). All continents are represented (Table 1) by many countries and fossils from a wide range of geological periods are sold, especially the Cambrian, Ordovician, Cretaceous and Neogene. Table 1. Main continents and countries of origin of fossils sold in Spain. Africa Tunisia, , , Sahara, Togo, Egypt, Mali, Niger, Mauritania, Algeria

Europe Austria, , Russia, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Spain, Czech Republic, Portugal, Romania, Italy, Netherlands, Ukraine, Poland, Greece, Switzerland, , Hungary

America United States, Canada, Argentina, Bolivia, Mexico, Brazil, , Dominican Republic, Colombia

Asia Lebanon, Jordan, Oman, United Arab Emirates, India, China, Russia

Oceania Australia, New Zealand

The sale of material from protected sites, such as the Santana fish site in Brazil, or the exceptionally well-preserved site (Fossil-Lagerstätte) at Solnhofen in Germany, is striking. Fossils are treated as mere objects and slogans such as "offer for having been faithful during pandemic" or "30% discount until the end of the month" suggest that people are not valuing the palaeontological heritage that seems to be an inexhaustible resource, but is not. This suggests that regulatory measures are insufficient and that there is a need to raise awareness of a policy for the protection of palaeontological heritage at all levels of education. In Spain, national and regional legislation, whether related to historical heritage or natural one, regulates the collection of fossils but does not refer to the sale of them. This legal vacuum makes it difficult to prevent the sale of Spanish fossil material of Spanish palaeontological sites. It seems obvious, something that cannot be collected, cannot be sold. However, the problem is more complex, and the fact is that dealers sell Spanish fossils arguing that they were collected before the Spanish Historical Heritage Law, Act 16/1985 of 25 June 1985. In fact, we have found dealers on internet platforms that camouflage the

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information by indicating on the labels "old fossil collection from 1979" or “South of Europe”. With regard to foreign material, the main questions are: how are fossils introduced into our country? and, who brings the fossils into Spain for sale? The customs administration belonging to the Spanish government's tax agency, together with the National Police and the Civil Guard have been involved in numerous operations intercepting illegal fossil trading. Several recent examples show this control by Spanish authorities and cooperation with foreign authorities. One of Spain's biggest trading partners is Morocco. This country is well known for its fossil trading, but recently the Moroccan government has taken measures to protect its palaeontological heritage (Decree 2.18.968 of Morocco in application of Article 116 of Law No. 33-13 of the Mining Code, Ministry of Energy, Mines, Water and Environment). For example, in January 2020, the Civil Guard agents seized at “Rosalía de Castro” airport (Santiago de Compostela, Spain) a total of seven fossil pieces that came from Morocco and that lacked the relevant documentation and had not been previously declared (Galici@PRESS, 2020). On the other side of the border, customs officials in Casablanca-Settat, advised by experts in mining services, prevented the export of 200 kg of vertebrate fossils in January (El faro de Ceuta, 2021). What is known is that the fossils were perfectly hidden in packages containing, in particular, legally declared works of stone. A very noticeable case has been the confiscation of 4,000 fossils from Argentina last October 2020. The Tax Agency, together with the National Police, blocked in the Port of Valencia (East of Spain) an illegal import of fossils of great palaeontological value from the Argentinean region of Rio Negro. As mentioned in Delvene et al. (2019), in Argentina, by law, all fossils found in its territory are an integral part of the nation's Cultural Heritage. Act 25743/03 on "Protection of Archaeological and Palaeontological Heritage" regulates all activities related to palaeontological heritage and the Argentine Museum of Natural Sciences “Bernardino Rivadavia” is the competent national institution for it. Its competencies include, among others, authorizing the transfer of fossils abroad and managing the repatriation of Argentine paleontological heritage abroad. This international operation involved Interpol that which works to detect cultural heritage crimes (https://www.interpol.int/es/Delitos/Delitos-contra-el-patrimonio-cultural). It is a fact that countries are developing new regulations to protect their palaeontological moveable heritage and to prevent the illegal export of fossils to other countries, including Spain. Recently, Peru has been one of the last countries to introduce a law in this respect. The promotion of procedures to regulate international trading and the restriction of the illicit sale of moveable paleontological heritage should be a priority for all the countries involved. The starting point for the analysis and solution of this problem must be in each country, regulating with its own laws and monitoring the illegal trade of palaeontological heritage as part of the natural heritage. In this sense, it is crucial to establish explicitly in the legislation the sanctions for the illegal sale of fossils. It is also necessary to involve security agents assigned to customs, through specific training on geological heritage and in the specific legislation of each country. It is essential that an international institution draw up a list of countries that prohibit the sale of their palaeontological material.

References Delvene G, Vegas J, Jiménez R, Rábano I, Menéndez S (2018) From the field to the museum: Analysis of groups- purposes-locations in relation to Spain’s moveable palaeontological heritage. Geoheritage 10-3, 451-462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-018-0290-3. Delvene G, Menéndez S, Vegas J (2019) La necesidad de promover la cooperación internacional para la regulación del comercio internacional de elementos muebles del patrimonio paleontológico. XXXV Jornadas de Paleontología. Libro de resúmenes: 99-102. Baza (Granada). https://www.agenciatributaria.es/AEAT.internet/Inicio/La_Agencia_Tributaria/Sala_de_prensa/Notas_de_prensa /2020/Frustrada_en_el_Puerto_de_Valencia_la_importacion_ilegal_de_mas_de_4_000_fosiles_argentinos_de_g ran_valor_paleontologico.shtml https://elfarodeceuta.es/aduanas-decomisa-fosiles-exportados/ https://www.galiciapress.es/texto-diario/mostrar/1675333/guardia-civil-incauta-siete-fosiles-procedentes- marruecos-aeropuerto-santiago https://www.interpol.int/es/Delitos/Delitos-contra-el-patrimonio-cultural

236 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

The Oligocene and Miocene palaeontological collection of the Natural Sciences Museum Piatra-Neamţ, Romania – a scientific and national heritage Ionuț Grădianu1, Mihai Niculiță2 & Dorin-Sorin Baciu3

1 Natural Sciences Museum, Piatra-Neamţ, Petru Rareş No. 26, 610119, Romania. e-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Geology, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, Carol I, 20A, 700505 Iaşi, Romania. e-mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Geology, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, Carol I, 20A, 700505 Iaşi, Romania. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Fish fossils, Museum collections, Oligocene, Piatra-Neamț, Romania

Oligocene fishes (34 - 23 Ma) from the Paratethys Sea (a chain of inland seas extending from the Alps to the Caspian area with various temporary connections to the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Indo-Pacific realms - for details see, e.g., Popov et al. 2004) are found in localities of Iran, Caucasus, Romania, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Switzerland, Germany, and France. These palaeofauna and localities are well representative for different developmental stages of the Paratethys, ranging from the Early Oligocene to the Middle Miocene (34 – 16 Ma). The most significant Oligocene - Early Miocene (34 - 20 mya) ichthyofauna from Romania has been collected starting with the 19th century from the Eastern Carpathians (Gura Humorului, Piatra-Neamț) and Southern Carpathians (Suslănești-Muscel). Numerous type specimens and additional materials from this regions are mainly housed in the Natural Sciences Museum of Piatra-Neamț paleontological collection; the Early Oligocene collection to date containing specimens of more than 50 species representing about 20 families, a.o., sardines, bristlemouths, hachetfishes, lightfishes, lanternfishes, codlets, squirrelfishes, dories, boarfishes, shrimpfishes, bigeyes, sharksuckers, jacks and pompanos, pomfrets, mackerels, cutlassfishes, mackerels, and tunas, driftfishes, lefteye flunders, triplespines;

Fig. 1. †Auxides cernegurae (Ciobanu, 1970), No. 158, Early Oligocene, Bituminous Marls Formation, Cernegura Mountain- Paleontological collection of the Natural Sciences Museum Piatra-Neamţ. besides, the collection includes Oligocene taxa of plants, mollusks, isopods, crabs and birds (for details see Cosmovici 1887; Simionescu 1904; Paucă 1934; Ciobanu 1977; Baciu 2001, Baciu & Chanet 2002,

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Baciu & Bannikov 2003, 2004, Baciu et al. 2005; Grădianu 2010; Grădianu et al. 2017, 2019, 2020; Přikryl et al. 2014, 2018). These exceptionally well-preserved specimens of Oligocene fishes from the paleontological collection of Natural Sciences Museum of Piatra-Neamț are part of the Romanian National Movable Cultural Heritage. They are highly relevant for the scientific community, being de-facto crucial for understanding the morphology, taxonomy, and phylogenetic relationships of extinct and extant ichthyofauna.

References Baciu DS (2001) Studiul ihtiofaunei fosile din Oligocenul și Miocenul inferior al Pânzelor de Tarcău și Vrancea- sectorul central și nordic. Ph.D. thesis, University “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” of Iași, Romania. Baciu DS, Bruno C (2002) Les Poissons plats fossiles (Teleostei: Pleuronectiformes) de l'Oligocène de Piatra Neamt (Roumanie). Oryctos 4:17-38. Baciu DS, Bannikov AF (2003) Paucaichthys neamtensis gen. et sp. nova – the first discovery of sea breams (Bramidae) in the Oligocene of Romania. Journal of Ichthyology 43(8):598-602. Baciu DS, Bannikov AF (2004) New stromateoid fishes (Perciformes, Stromateoidei) from the Lower Oligocene of Romania. Journal of Ichthyology 44(3):199-207. Baciu DS, Bannikov AF, Tyler JC (2005) Revision of the fossil fishes of the family Caproidae (Acanthomorpha). Miscellanea paleontologica no. 8. Studi e ricerche sui giacimenti terziari di Bolca 11:7-74. Cosmovici LC (1887) Les couches à poissons des Monts Petricica et Cozla, District de Neamtz, Ville de Peatra. Buletinul Societății de medici și naturaliști din Iași 1:96–105. Ciobanu M (1977) Fauna fosilă din Oligocenul de la Piatra Neamţ. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, București. Grădianu I (2010) Studiul peștilor fosili din flișul terțiar dintre valea Moldovei și valea Sucevei (Carpații Orientali). Ph.D. thesis, University “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” of Iași, Romania. Grădianu I, Přikryl T, Gregorová R, Harold AS (2017) †Gonostoma dracula sp. nov. (Teleostei, Gonostomatidae) from the Oligocene deposits of the Central Paratethys (Romania): earliest occurrence of the modern bristlemouths. Bulletin of Geosciences 92(3):323-336. https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1683 Grădianu I, Přikryl T, Baciu DS, Carnevale G (2019) A new pearleye (Teleostei, Aulopiformes) species from the Oligocene of Romania. Annales de Paléontologie, 105(1):75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annpal.2019.01.001 Grădianu I, Přikryl T, Gregorová R (2020) Revision of the genera Vinciguerria and †Eovinciguerria from the Oligocene of Romania (Central Paratethys) – comments on selected characters. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie 298(3):251–267. https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2020/0947 Paucă M (1934) Die fossile Fauna und Flora aus dem Oligozan von Suslănesti Muscel in Rumanien. Eine systematische und palaobiologische Studie. Anuarul Institutului Geologic al României 16:575–668 Popov SV, Rogl F, Rozanov AY, Steininger F R, Shcherba IG, Kovac M (2004) Lithological-Paleogeographic maps of Paratethys (10 Maps Late Eocene to Pliocene). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 250:1–46. Přikryl T, Bannikov AF, Grădianu I, Kania I, Krzemiński W (2014) Revision of the family Propercarinidae (Perciformes, Stromateoidei) with description of a new species from the Oligocene of the Carpathians. Comptes Rendus Palevol 13:691–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2014.07.001 Přikryl T, Grădianu I, Georgescu V, Carnevale G (2018) A toadfish (Batrachoidiformes) from the Oligocene of the Eastern Carpathians (Piatra Neamt, Romania). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie–Abhandlungen 287(2): 241–248. https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1683 Simionescu IT (1904) Asupra câtorva pesci fosili din Teriarul Românesc. Academia Română, Publicaţiile Fondului Adamachi XII: 205–222.

238 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

The moveable geological heritage of the National University of Tucumán, Argentina Laura Bellos1, Lucia Aráoz1 & Guillermo Aceñolaza1

1 INSUGEO – CONICET - Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e I.M.L. – U.N.T. Miguel Lillo 205, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: heritage, invertebrate, microfossils, rocks, vertebrate.

Introduction

Even though the Geological Heritage is the undervalued element of any conservation policy, it is the basic component of Natural Heritage when carrying out any analysis of a territorial nature. In this sense, the conservation of geological heritage requires not only a correct identification, classification and adequate valuation, but also an efficient management and conservation towards its subsistence. In this framework, moveable heritage is an outstanding part of geology, being made up of collections that include notorious rock samples, fossils of different nature and microscopic preparations that are generally housed in museums or specialized sites, protected and maintained mostly for use in research or educational purposes. In Argentina, the ownership of the Geological Heritage, its management and protection is enforced by the state through laws and regulations (National Law Nr 25743/03), which desing and regulate the legal handling of heritage pieces. Regardless of the numerous observations that can be done over the law - due to inconsistencies and somehow its inapplicability-, it represents the path to follow from a regulatory point of view. Moveable geological heritage must recover, classify, value and preserve objects of a unique type, contributing to the knowledge of nature, promoting its responsible protection in pursuit of the generation of social awareness and scientific knowledge, as an essential resource for the development of a nation. This work refers particularly to the moveable geological heritage included in the geological and paleontological collections deposited at the Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT, Argentina), which are represented by paleontological material of vertebrates and invertebrates (macro and microscopic), rock samples (hand samples and thin sections), as well as paleobotanical preparations housed in various dependencies belonging or linked to the UNT (Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica and Fundación Miguel Lillo).

The Geological Collections of the Universidad Nacional de Tucumán

The Universidad Nacional de Tucumán is the most important higher education center in Northwest Argentina, with an enrollment of over 75.000 students; it has a rich regional history since it was the origin of other academic units, such as the national universities of Salta, Catamarca and Jujuy.In this framework, natural sciences were important in its early development, as part of the discoverers of remarkable mineral deposits in the region, leading it to become one of the owners of the most important gold mine in northern Argentina (Farallón Negro mining district). The geological and naturalistic imprint of the University is reflected by the presence and generation of remarkable geological institutes (Instituto de Geología y Mineríade Jujuy, Instituto Miguel Lillo, Instituto Superior de CorrelaciónGeológica and Fundación Miguel Lillo).It is in this area where the collections of Paleontology (vertebrates, invertebrates and microfossils), Paleobotany and Petrology have been preserved, with a significant number of samples that establish them as reference collections in the whole region and country. . Among the Paleontological collections, the “Lillo Invertebrate Paleontology Collection” (acronym PIL) started out in 1969 with Gilberto Aceñolaza, and consists of almost 6000 specimens from the Cordillera Oriental, Puna and Famatina System. The collection was complemented with additional material from . Paleozoic specimens predominate, represented by traces fossils, trilobites,

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graptolites, echinoderms and mollusks, some of which represent type species (Lech and Tortello, 1995). . The “Lillo Vertebrate Paleontology Collection” (acronym PVL) had its beginnings with materials collected from the provinces of Catamarca and Tucumán in the 1930´s and 1940´s, including late Miocene and Pliocene mammals. In 1958, Osvaldo Reig began with the formal catalog of the fossil material, followed by José Bonaparte who was in charge of it from 1959 to 1979. Currently the PVL has 7680 specimens, with 120 holotypes that includes Mesozoic, Tertiary and Quaternary vertebrates from northwestern Argentina and Patagonia, and is a must-see for scientists around the world. . The “Paleobotanical Collection of the Fundación Miguel Lillo” was created by Sergio Archangelsky in 1955 (acronym LIL-Pb), mostly including Carboniferous, Permian, Mesozoic and Tertiary samples from western Argentina and Patagonia, and later enriched with British material. The LIL- Pb is composed mainly of compressions, impressions and molds of some vegetative plant organs, megaspores, fruits and seeds preserved as rock fragments, that are associated to the “Microscopic Preparations of the Instituto Miguel Lillo” (acronym LIL-PB-Pm). This collection had its beginnings in the 1950s, was initially managed by Rafael Herbst, being followed by Maríadel Milagro Vergel as the curator and researcher in the subject. Late Paleozoic, Cretaceous, Tertiary from different areas of Argentina that included subsurface cores are represented in this group. Starting in the 90´s, Cambrian and Ordovician aged material was added to it, including Bolivian and Peruvian samples from the Cordillera Oriental and the Subandean Region of South America. The palynological collection as a whole (Fundación Miguel Lillo and INSUGEO) includes more than 600 preparations, each one having several montages of a same level. This collection is a part of a wider South American RESCEPP network (RedeSul-Americana de Coleções e EnsinoemPaleobotânica e Palinologia). . The “Lillo Microvertebrate Collection-Conodonts” was created in 2011 as the first collection of this group in the region (acronym CML-C). It is mainly formed by samples from Cordillera Oriental, Puna and Famatina System. Associated to the latter, it shall be mentioned the Egagrophil material with CEI acronyms. . On the other hand, rock samples and thin sections collections must also be mentioned, represented by an outstanding set of samples compiled by Alejandro Toselli over 30 years as Professor of Petrology of UNT and CONICET researcher. The collection was enriched with the valuable contribution of latter colleagues. This collection was recently donated by A. Toselli to the Fundación Miguel Lillo. The thin sections are numbered from 1 to 2245 and were first published in Aceñolaza (1971). The collection includes a wide variety of rocks, from the most common such as granitoids, vulcanites and metamorphic samples, some sedimentary material and some exceptional samples such as eclogites, lamprophyres, and shonkinites. These rocks were collected in different places throughout Argentina, including La Rioja, San Juan, Salta, Jujuy, Tucumán, Catamarca, Santiago del Estero, San Luis and Córdoba provinces. International samples donated by different colleagues from Germany, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, USA, South Africa, Italy, Madagascar and the are included. Some of them deserve to be highlighted, either for their rarity or for their representativeness, such as basalt from the Igneous Province of Karoo (South Africa), leucitophyre from Pompeii and basalt from Deception Island, among others. . The importance of the collections presented here is due to the historical significance of the geological/paleontological materials and of those who constituted the first geological schools in the northern region of Argentina, currently with international prestige.

References Aceñolaza F (1971) Geología estratigráfica de la zona comprendida entre Punta del Agua y Rincón Blanco, Departamento General Lamadrid, La Rioja, con especial referencia a la posición estratigráfica de los niveles fosilíferos del Carbonífero marino. Acta Geológica Lilloana 11(7): 128-148. Lech RR, Tortello MF (1995) Catálogo de invertebrados fósiles publicados, 1970-1993. Colección Paleontología Invertebrados Lillo. INSUGEO, Miscelánea 1: 70 pp.

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GEOHERITAGE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE

X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

«Ancient Lukomorye» of the Volga and Siberia Paleogene as a system of natural objects of Geoheritage and a complex of exhibits of a geoscientific museum A.V. Ivanov1,2, I.A. Yashkov3, I.N. Zubova4 & A.M. Gaevskiy5

1 Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetniy lane, 29, 119017, Moscow, Russia, [email protected]; 2 Tambov State Technical University, Sovetskaya street, 106, 392000, Tambov, Russia, [email protected]; 3 Museum of Geology, Oil and Gas, street, 9, 628011, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia, [email protected]; 4 Museum of Geology, Oil and Gas, Chekhov street, 9, 628011, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia, [email protected]; 5 Museum of Geology, Oil and Gas, Chekhov street, 9, 628011, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia, [email protected].

Аuthors interpret the meaning of the term «Ancient Lukomorye» from the points of view of modern geosciences: geography and historical geology. Geographically Lukomorye is a derivative of one of the broad concepts of «luka» and is interpreted by the authors as a seashore, the border of the sea and land (island and water). The aesthetic image of this term is given by the forested nature of the coastline. The historical and geological component determines the history of the organic world development in the Lukomorye region as a result of which today the locations of the ancient fauna and flora are formed on the site of the former marine basins. In recent years authors have been studying sections of Paleogene sediments of the southeast of the East European Platform and the west of the West Siberian Platform comprehensively. Layer-by-layer collecting of fossil from more than 30 locations made it possible to form an extensive collection of coastal and marine macrofauna and island flora, as well as fragments of orictocenosis from coastal and marine sediments of the Paleocene, reflecting paleoecological and taphonomic features. As a working result a number of new geoheritage objects were identified, during the interdisciplinary study the status of «natural monument» of regional importance (the Yeremeyevka section (51.550096, 45.785226), the location of the Privolskaya paleoflora (52.045978, 47.387290) in the Lower Volga region, etc.) was given to them with good reason. Stratigraphic-paleontological, landscape-geomorphological and other features of most studied objects let use them effectively in the educational process during student training field periods of the corresponding specialties, as well as for organizing geotouristic routes and, in the future, geoparks with additional justification. The accumulation of extensive collections containing a significant number of unique demonstrative artifacts helped implement a number of projects on the theme «Ancient Lukomorye» in the museum space. Separate series of exhibits are presented at exhibitions at the Earth Sciences Museum of Moscow State University (Moscow, Russia), the Museum of the World Ocean (Kaliningrad, Russia), the Museum of Tambov State Technical University (Tambov, Russia). The most extensive exposition was created at the Natural History Museum of the Yuri Gagarin technical University of Saratov (exposition «Stone forest» with additions to coastal and marine orictocenosis). The experience of previous museum developments has now let propose a more comprehensive project of a special museum exposition «Ancient Lukomorye» at the Museum of Geology, Oil and Gas in the city of Khanty-Mansiysk. The concept of the exposition is based on the synthetic embodiment of a number of basic natural images realized in the museum hall prepared for this. 1. The image «Coast» reflects the essence of the coastal zone as a set of biogeocenosis, the most complex geomorphosystem, the ecotone «lithosphere-hydrosphere-atmosphere». It is expressed in the museum space by a graphic image of a transverse profile in the way of artistic reconstruction of the paleogeographic situation of the Paleogene time along the wall and covering adjacent part of the ceiling and podium space. According to the logic of the profile, exhibits are distributed on the podiums and the wall. These are mainly fragments of Paleogene orictocenosis: respectively from remains of land plants to lateral cenosis (silicious coastal clusters of diverse plant detritus, shell bridges, clusters of young sea urchins, prehistoric graves of fish remains, etc.). In addition to the Paleogene samples, as a comparative material unique sediments of a different age (The Permian, the Jurassic, the Cretaceous) are exhibited. The biocenotic situation is harmoniously supplemented by remains of «underwater soils» («hard graund» is formations such as «hard bottom»), traces of sea ripple. There are also artifacts representing

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«Lukomorye» as zones of active hydrodynamics and exogenous geodynamics - clusters of tubular and subconical bodies - fluid transport channels in sediments, fluid discharge, etc. 2. The image «Island» emphasizes the general paleogeographic situation of the Paleocene time on the territory of the East European and West Siberian platforms where there is the dominance of epicontinental seas with many island archipelagos and straits system. The island land section is decorated in the central part of the museum hall, separated from the «coast» by art imitation of the strait. The complex of exhibits is joined with that of the «coast» logically. Also the base of the central exhibit of the entire «Ancient Lukomorye» – «Tree is a world axis» – is spatially located here. 3. The image «Tree is a world axis» expresses the views of ancient Slavs and later philosophical ideas about the sacred and ecosystem role of a tree and forest up to modern concepts about the interaction of the planet geospheres. At the same time a tree trunk as well as fractal systems of branching and root formations represent non-linear general planetary evolutionary dynamics, in particular, the mechanism of transgeospheric exchange of matter and energy in geological time and space. To implement the image and form a visual exposure kernel, a set of remains of an individual woody plant is mounted on a specially designed vertical steel structure. It is a series of silicious fragments of a tree trunk and a root system (the total height of the exhibit is about 10 m). For giving a completed view branch fragments of other plants of the same species recovered during the excavation at the same location are used to create additional elements of the tree crown. As the concept and the image of «Ancient Lukomorye» which are sung by poets and artists and became famous due to the well-known works of A.S. Pushkin embedded in the mental features through cultural traditions of many Russian ethnic groups, we considered to reflect this aspect in the exposition. In addition, «Lukomorye» is known as a real toponym which was distinguished in different historical eras on the territory of and Siberia and was captured respectively on a variety of cartographic materials. Such a historical and geographical moment is also reflected in the exposition through cartographic rarities and archival documents. It is noteworthy that one of the areas where «Lukomorye» was designated long time is the territory of the current Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous okrug – Yugra, where the described museum exhibition is being created. Thus, the theme of «Ancient Lukomorye» can be an example of a potential interdisciplinary direction of research and philosophical reflection. Collection materials and information obtained during the study of a series of relevant geo-heritage objects are allowed to show various aspects of the topic in the space of the geoscientific museum and to ensure a significant increase in the geotouristic effect. The material for this work was obtained during the scientific and educational expedition «Flotilla of Floating Universities» (2016-2020). The work was carried out within the implementation of the state program of the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous okrug – Yugra «Cultural Space for 2019-2025 and until 2030» and the development plan of the Museum of Geology, Oil and Gas in Khanty-Mansiysk, according to the theme of the State assignment of the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow) 0148-2019-0007 «Assessment of physiographic, hydrological and biotic changes in the environment and their outcomes for creating the basis of sustainable environmental management». The opening of the exhibition «Ancient Lukomorye» in the central hall of the Museum of Geology, Oil and Gas in the city of Khanty-Mansiysk is scheduled to the end of 2021.

244 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

The volcanic region of Central Anatolia (Turkey): A future geopark in Cappadocia? Ahmet Serdar Aytaç1 & Tuncer Demir2

1Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harran University, 0758 Şanlıurfa, Turkey. e-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Geography, Faculty of Letters, Akdeniz University, 0758 Antalya, Turkey. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Cappadocia, Central Anatolia, Geoheritage, Geopark, Turkey.

Cappadocia is located in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. The oldest rock units in this region termed geologically the Cappadocia Volcanic Region are metamorphites dating from the Paleozoic age of the Niğde-Kırşehir massif. These Mesozoic units are mainly composed of submarine volcanics intersected by granites. Strong calc-alkaline volcanism occurred throughout the Upper Tertiary and Quaternary as a result of the collision of the Arabian-Anatolian plates in the region. During this time period, andesitic lava flows and domes, widespread ignimbrites, basaltic lava flows, riolitic domes and Quaternary strato-volcanic cones were formed. The youngest rock units in the region are the Quaternary aged travertines and alluviums. The Cappadocia region, which has been visited by many travelers and scientists from antiquity to the present day and was a subject to their publications, is today one of Turkey’s most popular touristic destinations. The area is visited by approximately 4.5 million people each year. The fairy chimneys developed on ignimbrite and the underground cities and churches carved into the ignimbrites form in terms of tourism the most important of the natural and cultural resources of the region. However, the customary tourism activities in the area mainly take the form of classical tourism for recreation and most of these activities are unrelated to geotourism. The aim of this study has been to investigate the potential for geotourism and the geopark potential of the Cappadocia region. The preliminary findings reveals that the area includes important evidence of the geological - geomorphological evolution of the earth's history dating from the Paleozoic to the present, and therefore it has a great potential to become a geopark. The finds also reveal existence of more than 70 geosites consisting of various stratigraphic units, geological-geomorphological structures, fossil bed and geoarchaeological-geoheritage sites in the area. It is thought that there will be significant increases in the number of geosites that are important in terms of earth sciences, if further studies are carried out in this region.

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Criteria and indicators of urban geoheritage assessment for geoturistic use: the cultural value importance of geoheritage in Rome (Italy) Alessia Pica1 & Maurizio Del Monte1

1 Earth Sciences Department of Sapienza University of Rome, P.zzle Aldo Moro, 5 - 00185 Rome (Italy). E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Keywords: cultural value, geoheritage assessment, geoturism, Rome, urban geoheritage.

Introduction

The scientific research on geodiversity in the last 30 years produced a large number of studies about assessment, protection and management of sites and elements representative of the abiotic nature. Reynard & Brilha (2018) tried to review all kinds of issues explored and to give scientific community guidelines for a common approach. Brilha (2016) reviewed geodiversity concepts underlying the difference between geosites, geoheritage elements, geodiversity sites and elements. In this framework, a review of the sites and elements of Rome (Italy) geodiversity, is presented according to the new concepts. The geotourist use of Rome urban geosites was the aim of the inventory and assessment in Pica et al. (2016). Considering the high tourist attraction of the Aeterna Urbs, geotourism can be the sustainable alternative to the mass tourism characterizing a capital city. As Prosser et al. (2018) said "numerical assessment are an important tool to support a proper site management, that is a crucial step of any geoconservation action plan" and for geotourism development. These set of reasons encouraged our studies pursuing the aim of giving to the urban geomorphoheritage assessment method in Pica et al. (2017) quantitative criteria and indicators, composing the urban Value of a Site for Geoturism index (uVSG). What emerged is the importance of the cultural value of sites in urban geotouristic assessment. In Reynard & Brilha (2018) a common approach is proposed for the evaluation of the geoheritage, in order to eliminate the trivialization that emerged in 30 years of proposed methods. Believing this to be shared, we compared our assessment method with Brilha (2016, 2018), Kubalikova et al. (2020) and Vegas & Diez-Herrero (2021), focusing on the cultural value importance in geoheritage assessment.

Study area and geosites review

Rome is the Italian capital city, known worldwide for its cultural, historical and religious heritage. The city landscape is fluvial, the geomorphological framework has conditioned the first settlement choice and consequently the city cultural and economic development over the time. Although the area is heavily urbanized, many geological and geomorphological features are recognizable. Starting from the work by Heiken et al.(2005), the geo-scientific community in Rome was inspired and in the last 15 years several studies have been carried analysing the geological heritage, actually consisting of elements from several inventories. The Rome urban geomorphological analysis performed in the last 5 years (Del Monte et al., 2016; Vergari et al., 2020) allowed to add geomorphosites to the geoheritage inventory. This study presents a review of Rome urban geoheritage, inventored for geotoruristic use and actually consisting of 25 urban geosites. The geosites are reinterpreted in view of the Brilha (2016) definition of geosites and geodiversity sites.

Reflection on the assessment methods.

In the past, several studies underlined the importance of the cultural value of geosites. In the inventory and assessment for geotouristic purposes, cultural values cannot be overlooked, since geotourism is based on the mix of nature and culture (Arouca Declaration, 2011; UNESCO, 2015). The urban environment can appeal to every type of tourist. Here the multidisciplinary nature of the tourist opportunities and the geocultural itineraries are a winning card, especially in a sustainable

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development perspective. The method Pica et al. (2017) criteria and indicators reflect the unique aspects of the urban environment, in which geosites interact with urbanization in various ways. The cultural value is not assessed as a criteria itself, but it is signified by the indicators in 3 of 5 criteria. In the method proposed by Brilha (2016, 2018) in case criteria and indicators are defined for the evaluation of the Potential Touristic Use (PTU), the geosite cultural value is quantified combined with other values of the site. The different criteria are weighted in the evaluation and the weight given to the cultural aspect is only 5%. Kubalikova et al. (2020), one of the few assessment methods specific for urban geoheritage, is an effective tentative to bridge general and urban geoheritage assessment. Anyway, the method takes into account the geosite cultural value just as an added value. Neither Vegas & Diez-Herrero (2021) highlight the cultural value significance of urban geosites, even though their evaluation is made in Segovia city, UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Results

The cultural value importance of geoheritage in Rome is shown by some geosites description, focusing on how the geological features and landforms contribute to the city identity, the significance of sites for the landscape geohistorical reconstruction and on their touristic attractiveness. These cultural based criteria tell about the urban Earth's history and are fundamental for urban geoheritage valorization.

References Arouca Declaration (2011) Declaration made at the International Congress of Geotourism at Arouca Geopark, Portugal, 9-13 November, 2011. http://www.europeangeoparks.org/?p=223&lang=it (accessed 21.05.21) Brilha J (2016) Inventory and quantitative assessment of geosites and geodiversity sites: a review. Geoheritage 8 (2), 119_134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-014-0139-3 Brilha J (2018) Geoheritage: inventories and evaluation. In: Reynard E, Brilha J (Eds) Geoheritage: Assessment, Protection, and Management. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 69_86. Del Monte M, D’Orefice M, Luberti GM, Marini R, Pica A, Vergari F (2016) Geomorphological classification of urban landscapes: the case study of Rome (Italy). Journal of Maps. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2016.1187977 Heiken G., Funiciello R, De Rita D (2005) The Seven Hills of Rome: A Geological Tour of the Eternal City, Princeton University Press, pp. 1–245. ISBN 9780691130385 Kubalíková L, Drápela E, Kirchner K, Bajer A, Balková M, Kuda F (2021) Urban geotourism development and geoconservation: Is it possible to find a balance? Environmental Science & Policy, Volume 121, pp.1-10, ISSN 1462-9011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.03.016. Pica A, Vergari F, Fredi P, Del Monte M (2016) The Aeterna Urbs Geomorphological Heritage (Rome, Italy). Geoheritage 8:31–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-015-0150-3 Pica A, Luberti GM, Vergari F et al. (2017) Contribution for an urban geomorphoheritage assessment method: Proposal from three geomorphosites in Rome (Italy). Quaestiones Geographicae 36(3): 21–36. Prosser C, D´ıaz-Mart´ınez E, Larwood JG (2018) The conservation of geosites: principles and practice. In:Reynard E, Brilha J. (Eds.) Geoheritage: Assessment, Protection, and Management. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Reynard E, Brilha J (2018) Geoheritage Assessment, Protection, and Management. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Vegas J, Díez-Herrero A.(2021) An Assessment Method for Urban Geoheritage as a Model for Environmental Awareness and Geotourism (Segovia, Spain). Geoheritage 13, 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-021-00548-w Vergari F, Luberti GM, Pica A, Del Monte M (2020) Geomorphology of the ancient historic centre of the Urbs (Rome, Italy). Journal of Maps. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2020.1761465 UNESCO (2015) Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. UNESCO, Paris.

248 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Palaeolithic sites of Podillya (Ukraine) as complex monuments of nature and society and main aspects of their protection Anastasiia Shevtsova1

1Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Universytetska 1, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: archaeological heritage, geological heritage, certification, geoconservation, Palaeolithic site, Ukraine.

Palaeolithic sites on the territory of Ukraine have been studied for over 100 years. The Podillya region is located in the southwest of the East European Plain and is especially rich in Palaeolithic sites, most of which are also valuable geological monuments. There are also world-famous multi-layered Palaeolithic sites of the Middle Dnister region (Molodovo I, Molodovo V, Korman, Ketrosy, etc.), a number of sites of the Northern Podillya (Kulychivka in Kremenets, Bugliv V near Lanivtsi, Vanzhuliv, etc.), a number of sites near (Pronyatyn, Velykyi Hlybochok, etc.), on the Khmelnytsky plateau, numerous sites of the Dnister region in the transition zone to the Forecarpathians (Yezupil I-X, Mezhyhirtsi, Halych I, II, etc.). Some of them are well studied and published, and some still need further study. Historically, human activity has often been concentrated in certain places, and where it has been particularly active, numerous material traces of this activity have remained. Areas that have not undergone significant external changes for a long time have always been landmarks for human movement on the earth's surface, shelter from unfavoured natural processes and phenomena, hunting grounds, as well as areas where it is easier to farm and build housing. That is why a thorough analysis of the landforms and geological structure of Palaeolithic sites is an extremely important part of their study. The landforms and geological structure of the sites have a significant influence on the state of artifact preservation (Bogucki et al., 2020). Thus, natural and cultural components are associated here. Palaeolithic sites are objects of both historical and natural value as they contain artifacts and are often confined to the loess-palaeosol sequences, studied by scientists comprehensively, archaeology and stratigraphy are described in detail. Cultural horizons are in fact important stratigraphic benchmarks, their importance for the development and refinement of stratigraphic schemes is difficult to overestimate. Very important and weakly studied are the processes of deluvial-solifluction redeposition of artifacts, the assessment of the role of palaeocryogenesis in these processes (Bogucki et al., 2012, 2020). Pleistocene deposits of the Palaeolithic sites of Podillya have a complex geological structure and are highly variable by section and laterally. Cases of deluvial-solifluction redeposition of sediments are common that could affect the condition of archaeological materials. The stratigraphy of deposits is mostly quite complex due to climate change during the Quaternary, on the one hand, and due to the geomorphological situation on the other one. Stratigraphic features of Palaeolithic sites are valuable sources of palaeoecological information about the natural conditions of the periglacial loess-palaeosol sequence formation. It is worth noticing of geological significance of Palaeolithic sites. For instance, the Middle Palaeolithic artifacts of Velykyi Hlybochok site have occurred on the surface of the lower (older) palaeosol of the Korshiv palaeosol complex (MIS 7). Besides the fact in situ position of the Middle Palaeolithic artifacts within this horizon, a highly important palaeogeographic task can be solved by studying the sediments of this section – MIS 7 is an interstadial or interglacial stage. The character of deluvial-solifluction deformations of the humus horizon of the Horokhiv palaeosol complex (MIS 5) at the Ihrovytsia I site is of great scientific and educational importance. These palaeocryogenic processes led to the redeposition of Palaeolithic artifacts of the cultural layer I. Unravelling of the development of palaeocryogenic processes within the site will allow reconstruction of the settlement stages of this area. The section of the Medzhybizh site is located in the River valley and interesting as a geosite because of fauna remains in the interglacial horizons (MIS 9–11). It allows reconstructing the

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process of river valley forming during this interglacial. Palaeolithic artifacts of the Medzhybizh site are the oldest in the plain part of Ukraine. Palaeolithic sites in Ukraine are natural and cultural heritage sites and are protected by law. Nevertheless, most sites are on the verge of complete or partial destruction and require a careful reorganization of the protection and preservation processes. One of the key stages in ensuring the proper protection of monuments is their inventory (Shevtsova, 2018, 2019), the selection of the most interesting natural and historical phenomena and the development of rational measures for their protection (Chernets, 2012). This requires a significant amount of field expedition work, development of documentation for the recognition of Palaeolithic sites as complex monuments of nature and history of local and national importance. Palaeolithic sites as complex monuments of nature and society need their proper protection and preservation because natural and cultural heritage is a national value for every state. The activity in the field of organization of natural, cultural (including geological and archaeological) monuments' protection is an actual direction of modern scientific researches in Ukraine and other countries (Shevtsova, Tomeniuk, 2020; Sisto et al., 2020; Niculiţă, Mărgărint, 2018). Under conditions of insufficient protection and preservation, intensive anthropogenic activities and natural processes can lead to the gradual loss of valuable geosites and archaeosites. In turn, it can cause the loss of momentous evidence of human and geological history containing in the Palaeolithic sites – an important part of the Earth history.

Acknowledgments This study partially was supported by the project of National Research Foundation of Ukraine “Development of palaeocryogenic processes in the Pleistocene loess-palaeosol sequences of Ukraine: engineering-geological, soil, climatic, and environmental protection aspects” (project number 2020.02/0165).

References Bogucki A, Łanczont M, Tomeniuk O, Sytnyk O (2012) Delluvial-solifluctional processes and problems of redeposition and dating of Palaeolithic cultural horizons. Materials and Studies on Archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian Area 16:55-64 (In Ukrainian) Bogucki A, Tomeniuk O, Sytnyk O, Koropetskyi R (2020) Main problems of the research on the Palaeolithic of Halych-Dnister region (Ukraine). Open Geosciences 12(1):791-803. https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0029 Chernets I (2012) Marker profiles of the loess-soil series as complex geological monuments. Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography 40(2):217–223. http://doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2012.40.2112 (In Ukrainian) Niculiţă M, Mărgărint MC (2018) Landslides and Fortified Settlements as Valuable Cultural Geomorphosites and Geoheritage Sites in the Moldavian Plateau, North-Eastern Romania. Geoheritage 10:613–634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-017-0261-0 Shevtsova A (2019) Legal aspects of Palaeolithic sites protection in Ukraine. Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography 53:315–321. http://doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2019.53.10681 (In Ukrainian) Shevtsova A (2018) The main features, problems and world experience of Palaeolithic sites protection. Proceedings of the XIX student scientific conference Realities, problems and prospects of development of geography in Ukraine (Lviv, May 16, 2018). Lviv University Publ., Lviv, pp 144–153 (In Ukrainian) Shevtsova A, Tomeniuk O (2020) Morphometric analysis of landforms of the vicinity of Bugliv Palaeolithic sites in Podillya and prospects for their protection. Problems of Geomorphology and Paleogeography of the Ukrainian Carpathians and adjacent areas 11(1):250–266. https://doi.org/10.30970/gpc.2020.1.3211 (In Ukrainian) Sisto M, Di Lisio A, Russo F (2020) The Mefite in the Ansanto Valley (Southern Italy): a Geoarchaeosite to Promote the Geotourism and Geoconservation of the Irpinian Cultural Landscape. Geoheritage 12:29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-020-00450-x

250 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Key sections of the periglacial loess-palaeosol sequences of Volhyn-Podillya (Ukraine) as geoheritage sites Andriy Bogucki1 & Olena Tomeniuk1,2

1 Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Universytetska 1, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine. e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 2 I. Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies (National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine), Vynnychenko St. 24, 79008 Lviv, Ukraine

Keywords: geoheritage, loess-palaeosol sequences, periglacial, Quaternary, Volhynian-Podolian Upland.

In the Volhynian-Podolian Upland, which is located in the western part of Ukraine, loess-palaeosol sequences are widespread. They cover watersheds, watershed slopes, high river terraces with a mantle up to 50 m thick. They are associated with almost all types of human economic activity. Chernozems, the most fertile soils of Ukraine, are formed on the loess. The loess of Volhyn-Podillya have more than a century of study history. Here P. Tutkovsky formed the hypothesis about the aeolian origin of loess, according to which loess horizons were accumulated in the cold environment and chronologically correspond to the epochs of glaciations (Tutkovsky 1899). In cold conditions, a number of fossil palaeocryogenic structures were also formed, in particular, pseudomorphs after polygonal-ice wedges, spots-medallions, cryoturbations and others. Here the doctrine of the periglacial was initiated (Łoziński 1909). In Volhyn-Podillya, a famous Ukrainian researcher Yu. Polanski developed the doctrine of "loesses and terraces". According to it in the geological structure of high terraces of the Dnister River it is necessary to distinguish alluvial and cover strata. The cover layers have loess and palaeosol horizons in their structure. The older the terrace, the more different age loess and palaeosol horizons can be identified in its structure. This fact may be used to determine the age of the river terraces (Polanski 1929, Tomeniuk 2010). Many world-famous Palaeolithic sites in Ukraine such as Molodovo I, V, Velykyi Hlybochok, Pronyatyn, Ihrovytsia, Halych and others are associated with the loess-palaeosol sequences of the Volhyn-Podolian Upland (Bogucki et al. 2020, Ivanova, Tseitlin (ed) 1987, Łanczont et al. 2014a, 2014b, 2015). The key sections, which are the most complete, most characteristic and the best studied using a set of modern analytical methods, are of great importance for the study of the Quaternary loess-palaeosol sequences. Among them are Korshiv, Boyanychi, Rivne on the Volhynian Upland (Fedorowicz et al. 2013, Kusiak et al. 2012, Nawrocki et al., 2018), , Molodovo V, Velykyi Hlybochok, Pronyatyn and others on the Podolian Upland (Fedorowicz et al. 2018), Halych on the border of Podillya and Forecarpathians. Why do key sections deserve to be considered as geoheritage sites? 1. They recorded the cyclical evolution of nature during the Quaternary, which manifested itself in the development of distinct loess, palaeocryogenic (corresponding to cold environments) and palaeosol (corresponding to warm environments) horizons. The study of this cyclicality is an important element for long-term forecasts of climate change in the future. Key sections of the loess-palaeosol sequences are a reliable source of relevant information. 2. Genetic profiles of various palaeosols, characteristics of specific palaeocryogenic phenomena as well as fossil Pleistocene fauna and flora have considerable palaeogeographic significance. The same regards to the revealed Palaeolithic cultural horizons, which demonstrate imprints of the presence of ancient humans here. 3. Key sections often serve as paradigmatic examples at international scientific conferences, seminars, workshops, student practices, i.e., they are of great scientific and educational value.

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In recent years, interest in geological heritage has grown significantly in Ukraine. We have considerable achievements in the study of loess-palaeosol sequences. Thus, we will recommend some key sections as natural monuments for inclusion in the state inventories of geological heritage. Undoubtedly, the key sections of the Quaternary periglacial loess-palaeosol sequences need further studies, inventories and its inclusion in the state registers of geoheritage sites. Also this sites should be most carefully protected not only in Ukraine but also in the world. Acknowledgments This study partially was supported by the project of National Research Foundation of Ukraine “Development of palaeocryogenic processes in the Pleistocene loess-palaeosol sequences of Ukraine: engineering-geological, soil, climatic, and environmental protection aspects” (project number 2020.02/0165).

References Bogucki A, Tomeniuk O, Sytnyk O, Koropetskyi R (2020) Main problems of the research on the Palaeolithic of Halych-Dnister region (Ukraine). Open Geosciences 12(1):791-803. https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0029 Fedorowicz S, Łanczont M, Bogucki A, Kusiak J, Mroczek P, Adamiec G, Bluszcz A, Moska P, Tracz M (2013) Loess-paleosol sequence at Korshiv (Ukraine): Chronology based on complementary and parallel dating (TL, OSL), and litho-pedosedimentary analyses. Quaternary International 296:117-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.06.001 Fedorowicz S, Łanczont M, Mroczek P, Bogucki A, Standzikowski K, Moska P, Kusiak J, Bluszcz A (2018) Luminescence dating of the Volochysk section – a key Podolian loess site (Ukraine). Geological Quarterly 62(3):729-744. https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1436 Ivanova I, Tseitlin S (ed) (1987) The multilayered Paleolithic site Molodova V. The stone age men and environment. Nauka, Moscow. (In Russian) Kusiak J, Łanczont M, Bogucki A (2012) New exposure of loess deposits in Boyanychi (Ukraine) – results of thermoluminescence analyses. Geochronometria 39(1):84-100. https://doi.org/10.2478/s13386-011-0054-1 Łanczont M, Madeyska T, Bogucki A, Sytnyk O, Kusiak J, Frankowski Z, Komar M, Nawrocki J, Żogała B (2014a) Stratigraphic position and natural environment of the oldest Middle Palaeolithic in central , Ukraine: New data from the Velykyi Glybochok site. Quaternary International 326-327:191-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.08.045 Łanczont M, Madeyska T, Sytnyk O, Bogucki A, Komar M, Nawrocki J, Hołub B, Mroczek P (2015) Natural environment of MIS 5 and soil catena sequence along a loess slope in the Seret River valley: Evidence from the Pronyatyn Palaeolithic site (Ukraine). Quaternary International 365:74-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.05.035 Łanczont M, Sytnyk O, Bogucki A, Madeyska T, Krajcarz M, Krajcarz MT, Koropeckyj R, Zogała B, Tomek T, Kusiak J (2014b) Character and chronology of natural events modifying the Palaeolithic settlement records in the Ihrovytsia site (Podolia, the Ukraine). Quaternary International 326-327:213-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.09.027 Łoziński W (1909) Über die mechanische Verwitterung der Sandsteine im gemäßigten Klima. Bulletin international de l'Academie des Sciences de Cracovie, Classe des Sciences Mathémathiques et Naturelles 1:1-25 Nawrocki J, Bogucki A, Łanczont M, Werner T, Standzikowski K, Pańczyk M (2018) The Hilina Pali palaeomagnetic excursion and possible self‐reversal in the loess from western Ukraine. Boreas 47(3):954-966. https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12305 Polanski Yu (1929) Podolien studies: terraces, loesses and morphology of the Galician Podillya on the Dnister. Zbirnyk matematychno-pryrodopysno-likarskoi sektsii NTSh 20:1-191. (In Ukrainian) Tomeniuk O (2010) Yuriy Polianskyi as a researcher of terraces of Dniester River. Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography 38:340-356. (In Ukrainian) Tutkovsky PA (1899) On the question of the way of loess formation. Zemlevedenie 1-2:213-311. (In Russian)

252 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Salt-related geological and cultural heritage in Romania Antoneta Seghedi1, Silviu Rădan2 & Mihaela Melinte-Dobrinescu3

National Institute of Marine Geology and Geocology - GeoEcoMar, D. Onciul St. 23-25, Bucharest, Romania 1 e-mail: [email protected], 2 e-mail: [email protected], 3 e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: archaeological site, halotherapy, nature reserve, salt lake, salt mine, salt spring

In Romania, one of the richest countries in salt deposits in the world, mostly Miocene salt was exploited through time, starting with the Neolithic. Whether exposed or concealed by younger sediments, the salt reveals its presence through saline areas with halophile plants, salt springs, salt ponds, salty muds and salt water fountains, saline crusts and efflorescences. Due to la large number of salt deposits (over 50 in the East Carpathians and more than 60 in Transylvania), as well as salt water sources, exploited since prehistory, toponyms based on salt-derived terms are abundant. More than 40 salt mines were active in the Carpathian-Danubian space, with largest salt reserves estimated in the Transylvanian basin. Through time, mine galleries have collapsed, the salt lakes formed in their places often becoming modern spas. There are still 6 active salt mining areas in Romania, with abandoned mines open to the public for tourism and halotherapy. Among them, the Slănic Prahova mine is the largest salt mine in Europe, with 14 galleries 55-60 m high. Currently, the salt mines host churches (Praid, Ocnele Mari), museums (Slănic Prahova), exhibitions (Turda), sculptures, icons and bas-reliefs in salt, etc. Through law 5/2000, 7 geological reserves were declared in salt deposits. The Turda salt mine, within the nature reserve, is also on the list of historical monuments of Cluj county since 2010. With its modern facilities, it is the most visited tourist landmark in the country.

Geological reserves on salt

In the East Carpathians, the salt is protected in two nature monuments (IUCN category III) and a Natura 2000 site (IUCN category IV). The Salt of Buzău is a surface with salt springs, saline efflorescences and halophile vegetation, which indicate the presence of a salt massif at depth (a faulted diapir). Meledic Plateau is a natural reserve of mixed type (IV IUCN category) (geological, speleological, botanical and zoological). The plateau is the apex of a salt diapir, exposing salt in amphitheaters and canyons. With a large variety of exo- and endokarst features, as well as landforms resulted through salt dissolution, the plateau is host of about 50 caves with a total length of over 4500m. One of the longest salt caves in the world was discovered here, and a remarkable biodiversity develops on the salt. Both geological reserves are part of the Buzău Land Aspiring Geopark (Melinte et al, 2016). Slănic Prahova Salt Mountain was formed through the collapse of a salt exploitation gallery, which triggered a landslide exposing the mountain. The nature monument included the Salt Mountain (a Lower Miocene diapir), the Bride’s Grotto and the saline lakes in the center of the salt massif. Unfortunately, in the last years this site was destroyed by landslides. Four of the salt occurences in the Transylvanian Basin are protected, two as nature monuments and two as Natura 2000 sites. The Praid Salt Mountain, part of the most important salt deposit in Transylvania, and one of the largest in Europe, is a good example of exploitation and capitalization of salt and salt waters. Various forms of saline karst are present in the spectacular, steep white salt cliffs of the nature monument. Currently, a 2 km long educational trail was organized by the administration of the geological reserve, with 7 stops and explanatory pannels in three languages. The Sărăţel Salt Massif, a geologic and floristic nature monument, is a salt diapir largely concealed by alluvial deposits. The presence of salt is indicated by saline efflorescences, salt springs and ponds, as well as by halophile plants, and the salt is locally exposed. Unfortunately, this reserve shows an advanced state of degradation, due to former and current tourist development works (Chintăuan et al, 2004). The 34 m deep Ocna Sibiului Bottomless Lake has formed through the collapse of the former Francisc salt mine. This is one of the 14 heliothermal salt lakes at Ocna Sibiului, formed by inundation of collapsed saltworks, the other 13 of them belonging to an important resort and spa. Turda salt marshes and the Old Salt Mine is a wetland including lakes, salt marshes, pastures and , formed as result of salt exploitation at surface and underground. Along with two salt related habitats, the natural reserve

253 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

includes 10 anthroposaline lakes in various evolutionary stages, formed through the collapse of the old, Roman and medieval salt exploitations.

Salt and cultural heritage

There is evidence that salt was extracted in the extra- and intracarpathian areas since the early Neolithic (5th millenium BC) and such salt springs have been proposed for the World Heritage List (Alexianu et al., 2015). Recent ethnoarchaeological studies have shown that salt had been exploited since prehistory in the form of natural brine coming from salt water springs. Wooden and objects, necessary in the extraction, storage, manipulation and use of salt waters were found in archeological sites next to salt water springs, indicating the continuity in the use of this traditional water supply. It was also inferred that in these areas, salt and salt waters were used as traditional halotherapeutic practices since prehistory (Sandu et al, 2010). Wodden troughs and tools, dated as Middle-Late Bronze Age and Dacian Iron Age were recovered at Băile Figa in NE Transylvania (Cavruc & Harding, 2010) and salt water fountains are still found in many places (Chintăuan et al, 2019). Archaeological and epigraphic remains, as well as written sources from antiquity, indicate that in Dacia, the most important salt exploitations were at Potaissa (Turda), Salinae (Ocna Mureş), Ocna Dejului, Ocna Sibiului, Sovata, Praid, Sânpaul, etc. (Cavruc & Harding, 2010) and three of them are now geological sites. In these and other localities, evidence of wooden, stone and metal tools and objects, as well as of various extraction methods were found. Dacian fortresses, built in strategic locations close to salt resources, enabled the control of salt roads, as salt from the Carpathian-Danubian space was used in the trade with Hellenistic states and Rome. A Roman votive altar (2nd century AD) at Sărăţel is the first epigraphic monument attesting salt extraction here in Roman times (Chintăuan et al, 2004). Roman fortifications were built close to salt deposits, like the Roman camp Potaissa, which defended the salt exploitations from Turda (Wollmann, 1996). Salt had a great role in shaping history, communities and traditions, while salt extraction by humans greatly changed the landscape. Most objects related to salt extraction are hosted in museums, some sites with relevant cultural heritage became nature reserves (Turda, Ocna Sibiului, Praid, Sărăţel), but other relevant sites still need to be declared protected as natural reserves. Acknowledgments. This research was supported by project PN 19 20 05 02, contract 13N/2019, funded by the Ministry of Research.

References Alexianu M, Curcă R-G, Caliniuc Ş (2015) Salt springs from Romania exploited during early archaeological times: a new candidate for World Heritage. Proceedings of the II Internacional Conference on Best Practices in World Heritage: People and Communities, 250-264 Cavruc V, Harding A (2010) Research on salt exploitation in north-east Transylvania (2006-2010). Preliminary report (in Romanian). Angvstia 14: 165-243 Chintăuan I, Lehaci A, Marquier IC (2019) Transylvania. Salt waters – forgotten waters. Saline manifestations (in Romanian). Născut Liber, Bistriţa Chintăuan I, Ştefan V, Marquier I, Coldea G (2004) Protected areas in Bistriţa-Năsăud (in Romanian). Supergraph, Cluj –Napoca Melinte-Dobrinescu M C, Brustur T, Jipa D, Macaleţ R, Ion G, Ion E, Popa A, Stănescu I, Briceag A (2017) The Geological and Palaeontological Heritage of the Buzău Land Geopark (Carpathians, Romania). Geoheritage 9, 225-236 Sandu I, Poruciuc A, Alexianu M, Curcă R-G, Weller O (2010) Salt and Human Health: Science, Archaeology, Ancient Texts and Traditional Practices of Eastern Romania. The Mankind Quaterly L, 3: 225-256 Wollmann V (1996) Ore mining, salt extraction and stone quarries in Roman Dacia (in Romanian). Museum of National History of Transylvania, Cluj-Napoca

254 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Ciechocinek Spa – the Biggest Health Resort in the Polish Lowland in Terms of Geotourism Arkadiusz Krawiec 1 & Izabela Jamorska 1

1 Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Ciechocinek Spa, geotourism, graduation towers, salt works, therapeutic waters.

Ciechocinek is situated in Central Poland, on the left bank of the Vistula River Valley (Fig. 1). The history of Ciechocinek is closely connected with the town of Słońsk, where salt was already refined from brine springs in the 13th century. The edification of the salt works and graduation towers was commenced in Ciechocinek in 1824. These constructions were designed by Jakub Graff – Professor of the University of Mining in Kielce. The first two graduation towers had been built by 1828 and they were put in operation in 1832. The third graduation tower was completed in 1859 (Raczyński 1935). After the salt works and graduation towers had been constructed, Ciechocinek rapidly became a popular holiday destination and since 1836 the town has been a well-known health resort. The graduation towers of Ciechocinek are the biggest wooden constructions in Poland which are used in the technological process of brine evaporation. The height of the towers is about 15.8 m, and the length of all of them exceeds 1741.5 m. In the graduation towers the concentration of salt brine takes place as a part of salt production process. The salt production technology has not changed over the period of 190 years - it includes the heating of the concentrated salt brine. The characteristic feature of this process is also the production of natural aerosol with healing properties. Inside the graduation towers there is specific microclimate, natural and curative inhaler. The area of Ciechocinek belongs to the Kuyavian part of the Central Poland anticlinorium, where the undulating Mesozoic layers are elevated. The easternmost part is made up of the Jurassic brach-anticline of Ciechocinek. The thickness of the Pleistocene and Holocene layers in the area under study varies and ranges from several meters in the centre of Ciechocinek to a few dozen metres in the N and NW directions (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Location of the study area and hydrogeological cross-section in the vicinity of Ciechocinek.

Geothermal aquifers are found in the Jurassic sandstones. In the area there are three boreholes (Fig.1). The brine is pumped to the graduation towers from the well no. 11, which is commonly called the Grzybek” Fountain (Fig. 2). Thermal brines of Na–Cl, J type, from the borehole no. 14 (Terma 14, depth of 1300 m) and borehole no. 16 (Terma 16, depth of 1380 m) are used for Ciechocinek Spa mineral water supply. These boreholes are screened in the Dogger and Lias sandstones. The waters in Terma 14 have the mineralization (TDS)

255 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

of 43,5 g/L and their temperature on the bore-hole outflow is 280C. The water from Terma 16 intake has the mineralization (TDS) of 53,4 g/L. It is thermal water and its temperature on the bore-hole outflow reaches 320C. The therapeutic thermal water in the boreholes of Ciechocinek is located on considerable depth and its resources are very slowly renewable (Krawiec 1999; Ciężkowski et al. 2010).

Fig. 2. Ciechocinek Spa - (A) graduation towers, (B) the "Grzybek" fountain (well no 11).

The therapeutic qualities of Ciechocinek springs are directed toward curing cardiovascular, respiratory, orthopedic, traumatic, rheumatic, nervous system and women's diseases. Ciechocinek health resort is a producer of mineral waters "Krystynka", gustatory waters, table salt, curative lye and sludge, famous for their perfect quality. In Ciechocinek there is also a museum with exhibits related to salt works as well as spa activities. Particularly noteworthy are apparatuses for therapeutic gymnastics from the early twentieth century. The inventors of these constructions were the Swedish precursors of rehabilitation treatments - Henrik Ling and Gustaf Wilhelm Zander. In 2017, the graduation towers and salt works, together with the “Tężniowy and Zdrojowy Parks,” were recognized as a historical monument. The municipality of Ciechocinek, where traditional applications of curative brines and thermal waters have been cultivated for over 200 years, constitutes across the country a unique area of substantial historical, scientific and geotourist value.

References Ciężkowski W, Chowaniec J, Górecki W, Krawiec A, Rajchel L, Zuber A (2010) Mineral and thermal waters of Poland. Przegląd Geologiczny, vol. 58, nr 9/1: 762-773 Krawiec A (1999) New results of the isotope and hydrochemical investigations of therapeutical waters of Ciechocinek Spa. Przegląd Geologiczny, vol. 47 (3): 255-260 Raczyński M (1935) Materiały do historii Ciechocinka. Warszawa.

256 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geotourism in volcanic areas, the case of Nyiragongo, DRC Kambale Kavyavu Wisdom1 & Kanyere Muyayalo Divine 2

1 Université de Goma RDC, [email protected], 2 Université de Conservation de la Nature et de Developpment de Kasugho, [email protected]

Keywords: volcano, cone, lake, magma

Geoscience data are at the heart of every resource discovery and at the center of every resource development (Margaretha Scott et Malcolm Jones, 2014). The East African Rift System (EARS) is an extending plate boundary that exhibits several stages of extension, from rift initiation in the cratonic lithosphere () to oceanic accretion in Afar. In Northern side of Tanzania, magmatism and tectonic processes are involved in the continental break (Céline Baudouin, 2016). Throughout the rift, subsidence is accompanied by geomorphological constructions that reshape the relief. As everywhere else, the rift is developed due to the distensive system and rarely by compression processes. Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is one of the countries bordering the African Rift in its Western Branch. In all cases of the mini-plate African dislocation, the volcanic fields in both branches are a trace of African active tectonics. The landforms resulting from volcanic activity accentuate the tourist quality and qualities of the regions. The province of Kivu in a case in the DRC. The cities of the volcanic region are unique places in the world due to their roughness, the volcanic places are localizable and are specific. The city of Goma is the only one in the country to have basaltic lithology. The landforms from flow lova and pyroclatics eruptions are the joyces. The phreatomagatism products along the Kivu lake (Mont Goma, CCLK Cone, Buhimba, Lac Vert, Kinyogote, Nzulo) are actually rich of volacanic brecias. These brecias are reactiong with HCl due to the Calcitic composition. Some of these sites are targeted to serve as quarry of materials of naturel construction of the city of Goma. The dimenstions are variying point to point, in some of them some silt are at the top of the cross section and blocs or volcanic bombs are in the depth, the case of lac vert (Green Lake) is attesting. In some ancient cones, the stagnation of water is due to the impermeabilization of the bottom is a result of erosional thin clays. The color of this clay can dictate the color of water, the case of lac noir (Black lake) and some time the color is due to the plantonic rich in water lac vert (Green lake). Near the principal crater, cones are mostly youngs and are showing the chronological stratigraphy of lava flows. Some secondary forests are growing up the ancient cones giving green places in the volcanic area. They are touristy following the volcanic constructions that accompanied the eruption (Kambale Kavyavu. W, Kambale Simisi. B, 2019). The city of Goma is recognized as the tourist capital of the country due to its geomorphological and / or geosite assets. Thus, for Lake Kivu, in its northern part, the bays justify the existence of beaches in areas suitable for recreations (. Kambale Kavyavu. W, Kambale Simisi. B, 2019). The inventory and research of geoparks in the context of this paper is geographically located according to the map in Figure N°1. Apart some springs around Goma city, the presence of cones wallpapered the city. This mood is the highly accent to consider Goma a Geopark. Fig 1. Location of the work area in the great African lakes

The Nyiragongo volcano is of the multiple types, it emits all kinds of dimensional materials (blocs, bombs, scoria, cender). Basalts are differently composed, some of are rich of and others in , however others are rich of all both. These rocks are for that cause spotted. Under this volcanism, the conical constructions are visible and are of two types, some from lava while others are from phreatomagmatic volcanism. The first are directly at the periferies of the crater and are of an almost basaltic lithology with cedar, slag, bombs and volcanic blocks. The second type, being far to the south of the crater, forms a chain along Lake Kivu, the region's gas lake. This chain is more pyroclastic with

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effervescent conglomerates following the carbonate nodules produced by lake salts. For cones in basalt lithology, hydrolysis leads to latearitization, to the opposite in the other face, the under base hardens and becomes compact, for its part, attests to the town planning space management. In this same region, some ancient cones are occupied by lakes whose colour is dictated by plankton, green lake and or lithology, black lake; Fig 2b. The active geoturistic site of the region is the principal crater of the Nyiragongo volcano. The basalt unities are in Pahoehoe and "aa". The most and important view of basaltic rocks of this area is to have crystalized pyroxenes and olivine minerals. The case of Green Lake and Rusayo cone attests, this shows a differaciation of the volcanic chamber. Going in the northern sides of the area, at Matebe-Rangira-Rwanguba lava crystals are moreover disseminated in the basalts. The presence of volcanic Lake lave in the chamber is the easiest targetd of the management of the eruption, it’s loss is a sad situation by flowing in the tunnels. Fig 2. Volcanic constructions, in the middle of the city of Goma and town planning, respectively the mount, tunnel, basalt in alteration, Green Lake and Black Lake

In the same region, for cultural and sport reasons, the stadiums are being built in the extinguished cones under Chinese experts, fig 3. Works are done with no peins as the hills have the needed geometry. The historical eruption of the region is responsible of some landforms, the Kivu and Edaurd was in link before, the construction of volcanic and cones changed the orientation of flows, the Lake Kivu elevated on 1460m was in direction of North, 900m of elevation in Eduard Lake but actually flows to Tanganyika this mean that eruption profiled some topographies. Fig 3. Construction site of the Mugunga national football stadium project, city of Goma

Conclusion The city of Goma, capital of the North Kivu province is considered to be the touristic capital of the country due to its touristic unities. Most of them are natural. Being in the rift basin, it’s a joinction of the water cahctments, of Ruzizi and Semuliki rivers. These flow directions are due to the volcanical eruptions and landforms generated. The city has more cones dictating the area to be a sweet zone to be visited. Besides, these cones are victims of the destruction because no quarries around the town in building. The roles of geologists, geoenvironementalists are to be imposed. Additioning to this, the local government could mind to protect these geosites uniques in the country.

References Margaretha Scott et Malcolm Jones (2014) Gestion des données géoscientifiques publiques, rapport. Kambale Kavyavu. W, Kambale Simisi. B (2019) comparative study of the management of kivucian lacustrine coast, case of the city of Goma (DRC) and Gisenyi () (IJARBAS.COM) ISSN: 2664- 7354, 145-163 http://DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3365711. Céline Baudouin (2016) Volcanisme alcalin associé à l’initiation de la rupture continentale: Rift Est Africain, Tanzanie, bassin de Manyara, Dissertation, Université Montpellier, France.

258 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Red Ereño limestone geosite: Why is it red? Laura Damas Mollá1, Arantza Aranburu1, Juan José Villalain2, Francisco García-Garmilla1, Jesus Ángel Uriarte1, Ane Zabaleta1, Arantxa Bodego1, Tomás Morales1, Manu Monge- Ganuzas3 & Iñaki Antiguedad1

1 Dpt. Geology. University of Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain. e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Dpt. Physics. Higher Polytechnic School. University of Burgos, Avda. de Cantabria s/n, 09006 Burgos, Spain. e-mail: [email protected] 3Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve Service. Dpt. Natural Heritage and Climate Change. Basque Government, Madariaga dorretxea, San Bartolome 34-36, 48350 Busturia, Spain. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Red Ereño, Geoheritage, Cultural Heritage, colour, paleomagnetism

Ornamental and construction stones are an intrinsic part of certain natural and cultural heritage (Brocx and Semeniuk, 2019). Studies to characterise their features and sources or their conservation are essential in order to undertake actions for their conservation and/or the restoration of emblematic buildings (Pereira y Marker, 2015). Moreover, to attribute unique identities to these rocks, particularly, to the ones considered geoheritage, is a priority for the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) (Pereira y Marker, 2016). One of the most outstanding aspects of ornamental stones is their colour. Numerous intrinsic factors as well as external processes determine this physical parameter. Some of them are the nature of the sculpting, its external finishing and various weathering or pollution processes (Damas Mollá et al., 2018). There are several studies about the colour of the ornamental stones due to accelerated ageing processes (Grossi and Benavente, 2016) but there are still scarce studies focused on the origin of their colour. Santimamiñe limestone Unit (Late Cretaceous shallow marine micritic limestone with abundant rudists, Chondrodonta sp. and corals), have been historically exploited for ornamental purposes and traded as Red Ereño from the Roman times (1st century) to the end of the 20th century. During this period, humans extracted the red limestone from small to medium sized quarries situated at Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve (Biscay, Spain) (Fig.1a). The principal of them is the Kantera Gorria geosite, inventoried at national and local scale (geosite PV015, IELIG-Spanish Geological Survey; geosite 15, Basque Autonomous Community inventory; geosite 35, Urdaibai BR inventory). Furthermore, we can say that Red Ereño generated an international commercial activity because in addition to being present in many buildings in Spain, it is also found in other globally known buildings such as San Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican (Italy) (Fig. 1b) (Damas Mollá et al, 2021). The presence of abundant white-coloured fossils (mainly rudists) embedded in an intense pigmented red matrix gives to this rock its ornamental character (Fig. 1b) (Damas Mollá et al., 2021). However, in the quarry its matrix shows a variable colour ranging from intense red to rose-coloured or even grey. Locally, the red colour is concentrated on stiylioliths or limited to them.Mineralogical studies have been carried out on 18 samples of the red rock based on X-ray diffraction, observations on scanning electron microscope (SEM) and semi-quantitative analysis done by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. As a result, the presence of haematite minerals in the micritic matrix of the red rock is observed (Fig. 1c). However, despite the intense red colour of the initial samples, surprisingly, only three of the analysed samples presented enough haematite content to be detected (mean value <1%). Moreover, a characterisation of the magnetic mineralogy of the red rock by using different rock magnetic techniques: 1. Alternating field demagnetization of natural remanent magnetization (NRM), 2. Thermal demagnetization of the NRM. 3. Progressive acquisition of isothermal remanent magnetisation (IRM). 4. Thermal demagnetization of three orthogonal IRM components. 5. hysteresis loops. 6. Thermomagnetic curves. These experiments have shown that the main ferromagnetic (s.l.) mineral present in red samples is hematite, while magnetite dominates in grey samples. As an example, the thermomagnetic curves in figure 1d are presented, the red heating curve in red matrix samples shows a sharp drop at 680°C, which is indicative of the presence of haematite. In the case of grey matrix samples outside the mineralised band, the drop is recorded at the Curie 580ºC, consistent with the magnetite Curie temperature (Fig. 1d). We also investigated the magnetic mineralogy of the rudist shells that indicates their diamagnetic character. Therefore, petrological and geochemical

259 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

characterisation of the fossil bivalve shells (rudists and Chondrodonta sp.), indicates that their microstructure was shielded by early diagenetic processes from the influx of iron-bearing diagenetic fluids that reddened the matrix. (Fig.1b). The high iron concentration in the pressure solution areas of stiylioliths of the matrix also evidenced this process. Moreover, the characteristic paleomagnetic direction carried by hematite in the red limestones does not fit with the Aptian-Albian expected directions (the period when the limestones were formed) nor after nor before tectonic correction, indicating a secondary chemical magnetization (Villalaín et al., 2003). All these data agree with the diagenetic origin of the mineralisation (epigenetic haematite). In sum, it can be stated that its entrance in the system occurred prior to the Alpine orogeny when the tilting of the sedimentary succession had occurred and the microstructure of fossil shells were already closed by diagenetic processes but the compaction efforts that gave rise to the stylolites were not over. In other words, the iron input occurred during an intermediate diagenesis stage (Damas Mollá, 2011). The communication here presented explains the origin and nature of the colour of this ornamental stone and highlights its importance as natural and cultural geoheritage. In addition, it can serve as a starting point to arrange studies about its response under different weathering conditions and the possibilities for building restoration.

Fig. 1. a) Geographical location of Red Ereño outcrop. b) Polished slab of Red Ereño at the entrance of St Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican (Italy). Transverse cut of rudists. c) SEM image of haematite in the matrix of Red Ereño. d) Curie thermomagnetic curves obtained with a variable field translation balance in red and grey matrix, respectively (Tª (ºC); J: magnetisation (Am2/Kg); red line: heating; blue line: cooling).

References Brocx M, Semeniuk V (2019) Building Stones Can Be of Geoheritage Significance. Geoheritage 11:133-149. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-017-0274-8 Damas Mollá L (2011) Las Calizas rojas de Ereño: facies, paleoambiente, mineralización y diagénesis. Patrimonio geológico-histórico de Bizkaia. PhD Thesis, University of the Basque Country Damas Mollá L, Uriarte JA, Araburu A, Balciscueta U, García Garmilla P, Antiguedad I, Morales T (2018) Systematic alteration survey and stone provenance for restoring heritage buildings: Punta Begoña Galleries (Basque Country, Spain). Eng Geol 247:12–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.10.009 Damas Mollá L, Uriarte JA, Zabaleta A, Aranburu A, García Garmilla F, Sagarna M, Bodego A, Clemente JA, Morales T, Antiguedad I (2021) Red Ereño: an Ornamental and Construction Limestone of International Significance from the Basque Country (northern Spain). Geoheritage 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-020- 00529-5 Grossi CM and Benavente D (2016) Colour changes by laser irradiation of reddish building limestones. Applied Surface Science 384:525-529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.05.031 Pereira D and Marker B (2015) The Value of Original Natural Stone in the Context of Architectural Heritage. Geosciences 6, 13. http://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences6010013 Pereira D and Marker B (2016) Heritage Stone 1. Repair and Maintenance of Natural Stone In Historical Structures: The Potencial Role of IUGS Global Heritage Stone Initiative. Geoscience Canada 43:5-12. http://www.dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2016.43.085 Villalaín JJ, Fernández González G, Casas AM, Gil Imaz A (2003) Evidence of a Cretaceous remagnetization in the Cameros Basin (North Spain): implications for basin geometry. Tectonophysics 377:101-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2003.08.024

260 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geo-cultural aspects of the construction materials extracted within the Brno City (Czech Republic): A bridge between natural and cultural heritage Lucie Kubalíková1

1Institute of Geonics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Drobného 28, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: building stone, Crinoidea limestone, loess, Old Red conglomerate, quarries.

High lithological diversity of Brno

The Brno City (southeastern part of the Czech Republic) is situated on the contact of the two large geological units – Bohemian Massif and Carpathian Foredeep, so its geology is quite complex and varied. Neoproterozoic Brno Massif (composed of metabasalts, diorites and granodiorites), Palaeozoic cover (represented by Devonian clastic sediments and limestones), Mesozoic limestones of Jurassic age and Cenozoic sediments (Neogene sediments of the Carpathian Foredeep, e.g. Ottnangian gravels, Badenian calcareous clays and Quaternary sediments, e.g. loess, fluvial deposits and anthropogenic deposits) are represented here (Müller and Novák 2000).

Fig 13. Two iconic building materials for the Brno medieval architecture - Old Red conglomerate and sandstone and Crinoidea limestone: (a) Old Red conglomerate outcrop at Žlutý kopec Hill, (b) use of conglomerate and sandstone on the terrace walls of Denisovy Sady Park, (c) Crinoidea limestone extraction site at Stránská skála Rock, (d) use of Crinoidea limestone on Parnas Fountain on Zelný Trh Square, (e) an example of decoration of demolished municipal gateways made from Crinoidea limestone (deposited in municipal museum).

261 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Mining history

As a result of the high lithological diversity, Brno is very rich in building stone resources, especially construction materials. The mining history of the city and its surroundings is very old – the first evidence about the use of the stone comes from Stránská skála Rock where the flints were used for simple tools during the Palaeolithic. The common building stone was extracted already in the prehistoric times, however, a real boom in quarrying was noted in the Middle Ages (Mrázek 1993). Old Red conglomerate was extracted on Červený kopec (Red Hill) and Žlutý kopec (Yellow Hill) and used for the basements of the oldest and most important buildings in Brno (Petrov Cathedral’s Crypt, Špilberk Castle, municipal ramparts). Today, this reddish to violet conglomerate and sandstone can be found in numerous walls at the city centre. Another iconic material for the Brno medieval architecture is represented by the white Crinoidea limestone which was quarried at Stránská skála Rock. Due to its excellent quality, it had become favourite material both for common buildings and for statues or sculptural decoration. The metabasalts were extracted in small quarries in the city centre and were also used as a traditional and easily accessible construction material. Similarly, the limestones and coral “marbles” from nearby locations can be found in different monuments. It is common that on the walls of older buildings, one can find different construction materials from different geological periods and different locations. Thus, these walls can serve as an unconventional presentation of geological history. Neogene sands and clays were also extracted, especially on the south of the city, Quaternary loess was acquired within numerous loess pits and used as a material for bricks and other products. Until now, this is recorded in toponyms (e.g. Písečník – Sandpit, Cihlářská – a place where the bricks were produced). Some large loess pits were functioning until the beginning of the 20th Century and they considerably changed the face of the city and its terrain.

Importance of research on construction materials

Research on the construction materials of our city has several implications: 1) it is an excellent resource for geotourism and geoeducation as it describes the geological history, the history of mining and human influence on the relief, 2) some materials can be related to the city identity (the colours of the most used materials in the Middle Ages – red conglomerate and white limestone are also the colours of the city), 3) it enables both locals and visitors to look at the monuments and buildings from a different point of view and 4) it represents an inseparable part of the urban heritage – a bridge between natural and cultural heritage.

References Mrázek I (1993) Kamenná tvář Brna. Moravské zemské muzeum, Brno Müller P, Novák Z (2000) Geologie Brna a okolí. Český geologický ústav, Praha

262 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geoheritage and Cultural Heritage The voices of Sound Resonances in Waterfalls (´Cántara da Moura´, NW Spain) Mª Celia Adrián Rodríguez1, Martín López González2 & Elena De Uña-Álvarez3

1 GEAAT Group, University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain. e-mail: [email protected] 2 Independent Researcher, Sáenz Díez 33, 32004 Ourense, Spain. e-mail:[email protected] 3 GEAAT Group, University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Cultural Heritage, Geoconservation, Geoheritage, Sound resonance, Waterfall.

Introduction

Waterfalls are distinctive components of Geoheritage. In this context the study of their scientific, aesthetic, functional and educational values take place. Besides natural beauty and interest for science or education, waterfalls play an important role in the human experiences from contemplation and enjoyment (Plumb, 1993; Hudson, 2012). The inventory, classification and assessment of those values guides the research for geoconservation and management of waterfalls (e. g. Ortega et al., 2013; Phuong et al., 2017; Ortega-Becerril et al., 2019). Nevertheless, little attention is paid to sound, although it is a key element for the sensory and emotional communication in the human-environment relationships (Truax, 1984; Augoyard and Torgue, 1995; Gallagher, 2015; Prior, 2017). Sound vibrations and echoes in waterfalls affect human perception and experience, underlying its condition as Cultural Heritage. Sound resonances are both informative and affective features, which can be recorded and recreated. The main objective of this work is to carry out an exploratory study on sound resonances in waterfalls, building connections for geoconservation, scientific dissemination and public outreach. The research is developed through a case study in the NW of Iberian Peninsula (Spain).

Exploration and analysis of water sound resonances

The sound perception of the same cascade varies depending on environmental, physical and also the listener's own factors. But there are issues that make the intensity, amplitude, timbre and frequency of the water fall change, including the arrangement and composition of the rocks in the waterfall. The ´Cántara da Moura´ cascade is located in the bedrock channel of the Corzos River (Galicia, NW Spain) between granitic boulders (914.94 m a.s.l.); the water falls along a chain of potholes. The field work took place on a clear day, without wind, the temperature ranged between 1ºC-2ºC and relative humidity was 71% (February 22th, 2020). Three records of sound were taken at three different resonant cavities: more closed at the top and semi-open laterally (R1), more open at the top and laterally (R2) and closed with small holes both at the top and side (R3), using the sound recorder Sony PCM D- 100 (48 KHz-24 bit). Key detector of Sonic Visualizer (version 4), from Queen Mary (London University), Audacity 2.1.1 and Cubase 5 were used for study and estimate the tonic pitch and the frequency of water records (Tables 1 and 2). The expanded waveform of sounds, spectral images, distributions of the harmonic-to-noise ratio value (measured over all voiced regions), and long-term average spectrum of the whole speech signal were analyzed.

Table 3. Tonic pitch of water records (Tonic of the estimated key from C 1 to B 12). Tuning frequency 440Hz Sampling High Medium Low Record n.1 B12 Bb11, A10, D3 C#2 Record n.2 A10 Ab9, F#7, Eb4, D3 C1 Record n 3 F#7 F6, Eb4, D3 Db2

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Table 2. Frequency Analysis Sampling Fx Mean (Hz) Fx Mode (Hz) LTS slope (dB/kHz) Record n.1 263 198 -2.58 Record n.2 243 165 -3.57 Record n 3 260 205 -3.07

Concluding remarks

Some conclusions can be drawn from the results obtained: i) the more open the resonant cavity, the lower the intensity or volume of the water; ii) the more closed the cavity, our sound perception puts the serious tones in the foreground, regardless of the frequency and amplitude of tones; iii) the more open the cavity, the better the high frequencies of the raindrops hitting the rocks are perceived. This assessment, including the resonance records, can improve the understanding of waterfalls as geoheritage. At the same time, the knowledge of sound resonances can contribute, through their integration in the assessment of waterfalls values, to their protection regarding the role of intangible and cultural values in geoconservation strategies. Lastly, the properties of sound resonances that are generated from the fall of the water can provide significant information, connecting nature with human awareness, appreciation and wellness towards a sustainable management. This connection arises from an emotional and experiential communication, linking the sound of water to human sensory stimuli and well-being.

References Augoyard JF, Torgue H (1995) A l’écoute de l’environement. Parenthèses, Marseille. Gallagher M (2015) Field recording and the sounding of spaces. Environ Plann D 33: 560-576. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775815594310 Hudson BJ (2012) Waterfall: Nature and Culture. Reaktion Books, London. Ortega JA, Wohl E, Livers B (2013) Waterfalls on the eastern side of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. Geomorphology 198: 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.05.010 Ortega-Becerril JA, Polo I, Belmonte A (2019) Waterfalls as Geological Value for Geotourism: the Case of Ordesa and Monte Perdido National Park. Geoheritage 11:1199-1219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-019-00366-1 Phuong TH, Duong NT, Hai TQ, Dong BV (2017) Evaluation of the geological heritage of the Dray Nur and Dray Sap waterfalls in the Central Highlands of . Geoheritage 9: 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-016- 0176-1 Plumb GA (1993) A scale for comparing the visual magnitude of waterfalls. Earth Sci Rev 34 (4): 261-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(93)90059-G Prior J (2017) Sonic environmental aesthetics and landscape research. Landscape Res 42: 6-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2016.1243235 Truax B (1984) Acoustic Communication. Ablex Publishing, Norwood, .

264 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Interconnection between cultural and geological heritage at four Croatian historic mining sites Marta Mileusnić1, Ana Maričić1 & Michaela Hruškova Hasan1

1 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Keywords: geological heritage, Radoboj, Rude, Sovinjak, Trgovska gora

Introduction

Historic mining sites represent a mining heritage that can be classified as a subset of industrial heritage, as well as historical heritage. Thus, they are a part of cultural heritage. On the other hand, they are interconnected with geodiversity. Although mining activities have negative impacts on geodiversity, they also bring to light inaccessible earth materials, geological forms and traces of geological processes. Consequently, historic mining sites are valuable places for geotourism and should be protected not only as cultural heritage but also as geological heritage. This presentation considers four existing/potential mine heritage sites in Croatia (Radoboj, Rude, Sovinjak and Trgovska gora), which are valuable both as cultural and geological heritage and discusses the exigency for their appropriate geoconservation.

Case studies

Radoboj The sulfur mine in Radoboj, which was active in the 19th century, is no longer available for restoration. Nevertheless, thanks to the local community, the Radboa Museum was opened four years ago, presenting a rich geological, archeological and mining heritage. The world famous Radoboj machine, invented to purify sulfur, is the most important cultural heritage associated with mining, preserved only as a scheme and description in an old mineralogical textbook. Due to sulfur mining, a large amount of fossilized flora and fauna of the middle Miocene was found and attracted many famous paleontologists who collected specimens that are now found in many European natural history museums. Collections of fossilized insects are world famous. These specimens have educational, as well as scientific value in the field of paleontology and paleoecology. Neither the mining- nor geological heritage of Radoboj are officially protected. Rude The copper and iron mine in Rude has a long history from the Middle Ages (probably even from Roman times) to the 20th century. It was located on the copper route and its "golden times" were in the 16th century. Recently, local community made great efforts and opened a part of the mine for visitors. Now the mine is even officially protected as cultural heritage site. As Croatia is not rich in ore deposits, the example of Permian siderite-polysulfide-baryte mineralization formed during rifting along the passive Gondwana margin visible in the mine has a great value for education in the field of economic geology. Therefore, it would be important to protect this deposit as geological heritage site as well. Sovinjak The pyritized bauxite mine Minjera near Sovinjak is the first bauxite mine in the world. The grey bauxite was mined from more than 400 years ago to the second half of the 19th century. Sulfuric acid, alum, vitriol and Berlin blue were obtained from pyritized bauxite. Descriptions and schemes of the then very modern and advanced factory are a valuable mining heritage. The geological significance lies in the fact that bauxite from the Minjera mine was first mined, analysed (in 1780) and described in the scientific articles (1808). All of these had happened before bauxite from Le Baux was described. Unfortunately, due to unsettled ownership, the Minjera mine did not receive adequate protection for the site of such importance, neither cultural, nor geological.

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Trgovska gora Mining in Trgovska gora dates even back to ancient times. Intensive mining of silver, copper and other metals was introduced by the noble family Zrinski in the Middle Ages during the constant threat of Ottoman Empire. Mining, metallurgy and minting in this area are an important historical heritage. Today, only the fortress and a blast furnace remain and represent an already protected cultural heritage. In the area of Trgovska gora, within the ore-bearing area (16 km long and 7 km wide), several mineralization zones can be distinguished: (1) iron-rich zone with quartz-siderite veins and metasomatic ankerite; (2) copper-rich zone with quartz-siderite-chalcopyrite veins; (3) lead-rich zone with quartz- siderite veins containing galena and sphalerite; (4) siderite zone with sulfides and sulfosalts of copper, lead, cobalt and nickel; (5) barite zone. Thanks to the work in the “MineHeritage” project, the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development recognized the importance of Trgovska gora as geological heritage and proposed to extend the boundaries of the future Zrinska gora Regional Park to include the area of the historical mines of Trgovska gora.

Conclusion

The preservation of geological heritage within the mining heritage context in Croatia is fundamental to promote proper protection, valorization and use as geotourism destinations. The four presented historical mining sites are examples of possible geotourism destinations with high potential. Tourism is an important economic sector in Croatia, therefore additional geotourism destinations would contribute to the diversity of the tourism offer. In addition, these sites have a great educational significance for Croatian students as they represent geological phenomena that are not widespread in Croatia.

Acknowledgments This contribution is supported by the project “MineHeritage: Historical Mining – Tracing and Learning from Ancient Materials and Mining Technology” funded by the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT), a body of European Union, under the Horizon 2020, the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation.

266 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Cultural service associated with geoheritage in Seridó Aspiring UNESCO Geopark, Northeast Brazil Matheus Lisboa Nobre da Silva1, Marcos Antonio Leite do Nascimento2, Silas Samuel dos Santos Costa3 & Janaína Luciana de Medeiros4

1 Graduate Program in Geology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Geology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] 3 BSc in Geology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] 4 Executive Director, Seridó Geopark Consortium, Currais Novos, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Brazil, Cultural Service, Ecosystem Services, Geoheritage, Seridó Aspiring Geopark.

Introduction

Geological heritage, as well as all geodiversity, is an important component of the planet's natural diversity. Its importance for the stability of ecosystems and the development of life on Earth is already clear in the literature (Gray, 2018). A prominent relationship between local communities and their environment occurs mainly through different cultural expressions that make reference to nature and its components, abiotic and/or biotic. Music, paintings, legends, poems, among others, reflect the magnitude of geodiversity under the eyes of the artist and the people. Thus, a look at how the culture of a place portrays its natural heritage is fundamental to understand the environment itself, something that can be translated through ecosystem services. The work presented here aims to point out the relation between geoheritage and different cultural expressions in the territory of Seridó Aspiring UNESCO Geopark, through the identification of cultural service.

Study Area

The Seridó Aspiring Geopark territory is located in the countryside of the Rio Grande do Norte state, far Northeast Brazil, 180 kilometers away from the capital, Natal. The territory comprises 2.802,504 km², divided into six municipalities, north to south: Acari, Carnaúba dos Dantas, Cerro Corá, Currais Novos, Lagoa Nova, and Parelhas, with 21 inventoried geosites (Nascimento et al., 2021).

Ecosystem Services

Brilha et al. (2018) point out that the ecosystem services approach is currently a fundamental key in decision-making involving sustainable development, especially in the definition for qualitative and quantitative values. It is conceptualized as a wide range of direct and indirect, monetary and non- monetary, benefits that humans obtain as a result of being involved within an active, native or modified ecosystem (Ruppert and Duncan, 2017). Gray (2013) defined five ecosystem services of geodiversity with 25 associated goods and processes. Among these, the cultural service is relate to the social or community meanings of some aspects of the physical environment, which have been common in human societies since prehistory, by its identification with the environment.

Cultural Service in Seridó Aspiring UNESCO Geopark

Chronologically, the first cultural expression recorded in the territory are the rock paintings and lithographs, found in the Serra Verde, Lagoa do Santo, Poço do Arroz, Cânions dos Apertados, Marmitas do Rio Carnaúba, Xiquexique, Cachoeira dos Fundões, and Mirador Geosites. Through this expression, ancient peoples, from 10,000 years ago, registered their customs on rock “screens”, mainly granites, quartzites and metaconglomerates. Then, the geological heritage becomes the guardian of this memory, to which the cultural service of geodiversity is associated, with historical significance.

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The Mina Brejuí Geosite, despite being associated with the intense mineral exploration of scheelite in the 1940s, allowed for a strong economic development of Currais Novos city. Associated with this, the memory of mining was intertwined with the local culture, as in the name of Tungsten Hotel, in the sculptures of the squares, street names, such as Molybdenum Street and Quartz Street, in the festivities (Carnaxelita) and in the religious missionary sectors (Beryl, Scheelite, Tantalite Sectors). The lines of the Serra das Queimadas, part of the Açude Boqueirão Geosite, infer the resemblance to the silhouette of a lying woman, interpreted in local legends as the “Sleeping Princess”. In addition to this, other geosites are represented in music, paintings and poems, such as the Pico do Totoró and Morro do Cruzeiro Geosites, highlighted in the Anthem of the Currais Novos municipality. At the Açude Gargalheiras Geosite, the practice of sports, such as rappelling and stand up paddle, associates the importance of the region's geodiversity for the leisure of the population, which is also described as one of the cultural service's goods. It is also worth mentioning the numerous geosites that have their geoheritage intimately connected with the Catholic faith, such as: Açude Boqueirão, Cruzeiro de Acari, Cruzeiro de Cerro Corá, Lagoa do Santo, Morro do Cruzeiro, and Monte do Galo. These places are true meeting points for pilgrimage and religious festivities in the region. The cultural service, in essence, represents the relationship of local communities with their surroundings, being an essential factor for the establishment of a geopark. In the case of Seridó Aspiring UNESCO Geopark, culture expresses the environment in which its people settled and, therefore, the geological heritage is also present. Culture, as a conservative activity of the memory of a society, thus has a relevant role of practice that can be turned to geoconservation.

References Brilha J, Gray M, Pereira DI, Pereira P (2018) Geodiversity: An integrative review as a contribution to the sustainable management of the whole of nature. Environ Sci and Pol. 86, 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.05.001 Gray M (2013) Geodiversity: valuing and conserving abiotic nature, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. Gray M (2018) Geodiversity: the backbone of geoheritage and geoconservation. In: Reynard E, Brilha J (ed) Geoheritage: Assessment, Protection, and Management. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 13-25. Nascimento MAL, Silva MLN, Almeida MC, Costa SSS (2021) Evaluation of Typologies, Use Values, Degradation Risk, and Relevance of the Seridó Aspiring UNESCO Geopark Geosites, Northeast Brazil. Geoheritage, 13:25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-021-00542-2 Ruppert J, Duncan RG (2017) Defining and Characterizing Ecosystem Services for Education: A Delphi Study. Jour of Res in Sci Teac. 54:737-763. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21384

268 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geoscientific basis of Heritage Stones in Turkey Alper Gürbüz1,2 & Nizamettin Kazancı2,3

1Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniv. Jeoloji Müh. Böl., 51240 Niğde, Turkey ([email protected]), 2 JEMİRKO-Jeolojik Mirası Koruma Derneği, Onur Street 57/2, 06570 Anıttepe, Ankara, Turkey ([email protected]) 3Ankara Üniv. Jeoloji Müh. Böl, 06830 Gölbaşı, Ankara, Turkey ([email protected]),

Keywords: Heritage Stones, Lületaşı, Göbeklitepe, Anatolia, Turkey

According to the online database of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkey, the number of registered unmovable cultural properties throughout the country was 113,137 at end of the year 2019. This number did not include 20,146 of archaeological, historical, urban and mixed sites which 18 of them have been included in the World Heritage List. At least two-third of these properties and almost all sites have been produced and/or constructed by large blocks of natural stones. However, so far, geologists in Turkey have not paid enough attention to geoscientific side of the cultural properties. However, petrographic and geotechnical characteristics of the relevant stones had been considered by architects, art historians or archaeologists, and the latter have communicated with geoscientists only when a problem arose in restoration works. In addition, inscribing of the natural stones and also the concept of heritage stones are requested by the national and international commercial producers. It is worthy to note the traders and rock miners have ignored geological names of the stones. All polishable rocks, even though lithologically they are travertines, granites, limestones or phyllites are called as ‘marble’. Thus, there are hundreds of “marble brand” currently presenting “heritage stone” in Turkey. The heritage stone working group of JEMİRKO (the Turkish Association for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage) started to prepare an inventory of the natural stones used in historical and archaeological sites in Turkey in collaboration with relevant institutions (NGOs and UNESCO). One of the goals of this project is to form a link between the Geosite Framework List and the cultural heritage of Turkey. Due to high altitudes of the Pontic and Taurus mountain ranges in the north and south of Turkey, respectively, ancient and historical settlements were concentrated in western, central and southeastern part of Anatolia, where landscapes and climate were more suitable for living between the altitudes of 100 m and 1000 m. From the Göbeklitepe society of Palaeolithic times to modern Turkish Republic, tens of cultures (i.e., Hittites, Phrygians, Assyrians, Lydian, Urartu, Miletus, Ephesus, Rome, Byzantine, Seljuks, Ottomans and their subgroups) settled there. In addition, the position of the Anatolian Peninsula as a geographic bridge between the continents Asia, Africa and Europe made the region favourite itinerary of the historical Silk Road and thus many archaeological and historical settlements and structures were constructed along the routes from east to west. Together with some exceptions, all ancient and historical monuments had been built by using local natural geological sources. As examples, old and relatively new parts of cities Kars, Kayseri, Niğde, Konya, Ankara, Afyon in central and eastern Anatolia are made by blocks of volcanic rocks, mostly andesite, rhyolite, trachyte, and ignimbritic tuff, while Göbeklitepe, Şanlıurfa, Mardin, Malatya, Antalya, Aphrodisias, Miletus, Ephesus and some others are constructed from limestones or marbles. This is not surprising since the Pontides and Taurides, and two parts of Alp- orogenic system in Anatolia mainly consist of platform carbonates of Mesozoic age, but also the continental Neogene volcanics which were the products of the subduction of African-Arabian plate beneath the Eurasian plate now widespread in central and eastern Anatolia. Therefore, heritage stones of Turkey could be categorized as volcanics (andesite, basalt and ignimbritic tuff), marble, limestone, and travertine. Unfortunately, resources of marble have nearly come to end, while others have not depleted yet, in spite of excessive mining. The nationally famous heritage stones of Turkey could be listed in alphabetic order as follows; Stone-ignimbrite, Ankara Stone–andesite, Bayburt Stone-tuffite, Denizli Stone–travertine, Elazığ Cherry- red marble, İstanbul Stone-limestone, Lületaşı–magnesium-rich clay, Midyat/Mardin Stone–Eocene limestone, Nevşehir Stone–ignimbritic tuff, Oltu Stone–high caloriphic lignite, Pileki Stone–basalt, Sille Stone–andesitic tuff, Somaki-Afyon marble, Trabzon’s Grey-gabroporphyre. Each stone mentioned is characterized and classified into subgroups or brands according to colour, texture and mining place. Within the heritage stones, marble

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is special, and numbers of brands are not less than fifty. As result, heritage stones are one of the most significant topics in Earth Sciences due to their critical roles on cultural heritage, particularly in Turkey.

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New Potential Geoheritage Assets Surrounded with the Cultural Heritage from Dikili and Madra Mountain (Western Anatolia, Izmir Turkey) Ökmen Sümer 1, Mehmet Akbulut1, Cüneyt Akal1 & Hülya İnaner1,2

1Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geological Engineering, 35160 Buca, İzmir, Turkey, 2JEMİRKO- The Turkish Association for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage, 06570, Ankara, Turkey e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Keywords: Geosites Candidates, Dikili, Madra Mountain, Western Anatolia, Turkey.

Dikili region and the Madra Mountain to its northeast is located in the Karakaya continent, at the border of the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture between the Sakarya Zone and the Bornova Mélange belonging to the Tethyan Ocean. The oldest geological formation in the region is the Karakaya Complex. This lithodemic complex consists of Nilüfer and Hodul units that are separated by a structural discontinuity (Okay, 2000). The Lower-Middle Triassic Nilüfer Unit mostly comprises meta-clastics, marble and mafic tuff intercalations and lenses of ultramafic rocks and . The Upper Triassic Hodul Unit on the contrary, consists of quartzo-feldspathic sandstone, black shale and siltstone and concordant limestone lenses at the bottom. Many stratigraphic, paleontological, petrological and geochronological studies targeting this complex has been conducted (e.g. Bingöl et al., 1975; Akyürek and Soysal, 1981- 1982; Okay, 2000). Another important geological formation in the region is the Oligo-Miocene Kozak Granitoid which is one of the largest and most important plutons in the Western Anatolia, comprising the main body of the Madra Mountain. The dominant rocks of the unit are granodiorites and granites, minor quartz-diorites and quartz . The first comprehensive study on the unit was led by İzdar (1968). Later studies mostly focus on petrology and geochronology (e.g. Ataman, 1975; Boztuğ et al., 2009). Another important rise in the region is the Yuntdağı Volcanics, which especially extensively outcrops in the Dikili Peninsula and the Madra Mountain foothills. The magma chemistry of these extrusive ranges from basic to character and includes various volcanic facies such as debris-flow, domes and dike complexes. Geochronological studies from different levels and rocks of this unit yields an age range between 13-18.5 Ma (e.g. Borsi et al., 1972; Aldanmaz et al., 2000). The Yuntdağı Volcanics are horizontally and vertically interpenetrated with the Burdigalian-Serravallian age Zeytindağı Formation, which was first described in detail by Kaya (1979). Generally formed of fine- grained clastic and carbonate rocks, the unit is dominantly made of terrestrial fluvio-deltaic and lacustrine deposits. Lateral eastern outcrops of this unit are known as Soma Formation and include coals seams that are exploited economically. The youngest geological unit in the region is the Quaternary Alluvium. In this study, we propose twenty-five possible geosite localities within or at the contacts of the above summarized geological setting (Table 1). The first fifteen of these are grouped in the Group C (volcanic structures) category of the framework suggested by Kazancı et al. (2015). The locations 16 to 23 are related with the erosional and depositional processes and categorized in Group F. The final suggestions are the ancient quarries scattered around the Madra Mountain (Group J, historical quarries). In combination with the Pergamon (an accredited UNESCO World Heritage Site), various other ancient settling areas, historical structures (churches, forts etc.) and thermal springs (Table 1), these suggested geosites has an important potential for Geotourism. Table 4. Potential Geosites and Cultural Heritages of Dikili and Madra Mountain Framework Geosite Category Potential Geosites Introduced in this Study Coordinates (Long/Lat) No * (cf. Kazancı et al. 2015) Intrusive contact between Kozak Granitoid and Hodul 39°12'30.04"N / 27° 8'32.91"E 1 Unit of the Karakaya Complex 2 Aplites in Kozak Granitoid 39°12'1.85"N / 27° 8'39.07"E 3 Lamprophyre dyke in Kozak Granitoid 39°13'9.66"N / 27° 8'26.95"E 4 Roof Pendant of Madra Mountain 39°14'38.41"N / 27° 5'17.81"E 5 Kapakaya Volcanic Neck 39° 9'55.38"N / 27° 8'35.96"E GROUP C 6 Eğrigöl (Kocatepe) Volcanic Dome 39° 3'35.26"N / 27° 6'44.28"E 7 Kalarga (Eskitepe) Volcanic Dome 39° 2'57.77"N / 27° 3'25.35"E 8 Kanlıkaya (Üçtaştepe) Pinnacle Dykes 39° 9'36.78"N / 26°55'24.74"E 9 Kılıçkaya Dyke 39°10'49.36"N / 26°56'50.90"E 10 Asarkaya Lamproite Dyke 39° 9'58.88"N / 26°54'52.54"E

271 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Scattered within the Bergama plain especially Pamuktepe (Öküztepe) Dome Complex 11 Pamuktepe 12 Mushroom structures of Yundağı Pyroclastics 39° 0'59.48"N / 26°54'34.23"E 13 Co-Ignimbrites of Yundağı Pyroclastics 38°58'16.24"N / 26°50'54.22"E 14 Syn-volcanic gravity faulting in Yundağı Pyroclastics 38°58'14.75"N / 26°50'54.56"E 15 Karagöl Caldera Lake 38°57'30.76"N / 26°50'54.90"E 16 39°12'56.98"N / 27° 8'21.08"E 17 Arenaceous granite in Kozak Granitoid 39°14'9.88"N / 27° 8'16.01"E 18 39°14'21.52"N / 27° 7'55.35"E 39°16'1.31"N / 26°59'47.23"E 19 GROUP F 39°16'27.13"N / 27° 0'10.89"E 20 Tor structures on Kozak Granitoid 21 39°17'13.36"N / 26°59'5.73"E 22 39°15'27.28"N / 26°59'44.27"E 23 Caretta Caretta Rock (Tafoni) 39° 9'57.31"N / 26°55'18.21"E Ancient quarries of Pergamon 39° 7'51.26"N / 27°10'31.68"E 24 GROUP J 25 Ancient/Modern quarries of Madra Mountain Scattered on Madra Mountain Cultural and Other Natural Heritages Located in Study Area and Surroundings Marks* Cultural and Other Heritages Description Location P Pergamon (UNESCO World Heritage Centre) 1 km north of the modern Bergama city centre R Roman Aqueducts From the Pergamon on the way to Madra Mountain A Aterneus Ancient City Top of the Kale Hill PT Pitane Ancient City 38°56'24.30”N/ 26°56'3.60”E TP Theodosiopolis (Perperene) Ancient City 39°15'58.22”N/ 26°58'24.88”E T Trarion Ancient City 39°15'15.83"N / 27° 2'9.68"E CC Çandarlı Castle (Tentative Lists in UNESCO) 38°56'1.62”N/ 26°56'1.28”E AC Aya Nikola Church 39° 1'17.02”N/ 26°47'0.90”E NF/NC Nebiler Falls and Caves Close to Nebiler village (please see text and map) OF Ovadere Fall 39°13'37.00"N / 27° 8'1.23"E Kocaoba, Ilıca termal spring fields and Especially located Madra Mountain and Dikili Penninsula and K/I/B Bademli wetland cost of the Bademli N-S trending island in the Agean Sea adjacent with Dikili KL/M Kalem and Mardaliç ıslands Peninsula

References Akyürek B, Soysal Y (1981-1982). Biga yarımadası güneyinin (Savastepe-Kırkagac-Bergama-Ayvalık) temel jeoloji özellikleri. Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey 95:1–12 Aldanmaz E, Pearce JA, Thirlwall MF, Mitchell JG (2000) Petrogenetic evolution of late Cenozoic, post collision volcanism in western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 102:67–95 Ataman MG (1975) Plutonisme calco-alcalin d'age alpin Anatolie du Nordouest. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des sciences Série D 280:2065–2068 Bingöl E, Akyürek B, Korkmazer B (1975) Biga Yarımadasının jeolojisi ve Karakaya formasyonunun bazı özellikleri. Cumhuriyetin 50. Yılı Yerbilimleri Kongresi Tebliğleri, MTA Publ, 70–77 Borsi S, Ferrara G, Innocenti F, Mazzuoli R (1972) Geochronology and petrology of recent volcanics in the Eastern Aegean Sea (West Anatolia and Lesvos Island). Bulletin Volcanologique 36: 473–496 Boztuğ D, Harlavan Y, Jonckheere R, Can İ, Sari R (2009) Geochemistry and K‐Ar cooling ages of the Ilıca, Çataldağ (Balıkesir) and Kozak (İzmir) granitoids, west Anatolia, Turkey. Geological Journal 44:79–103 İzdar E (1968) Kozak intruzif masifi petrolojisi ve Paleozoik çevre kayaçları ile jeolojik baglantıları. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 11:140–179 Kaya O (1979) Ortadoğu Ege çöküntüsünün (Neojen) stratigrafisi ve tekniği. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 22: 35–58 Kazancı N, Şaroğlu F, Suludere Y (2015) Geological heritage and framework list of the geosites in Turkey. Bull Min Res Exp 151:259–268 Okay AI (2000) Was the Late Triassic orogeny in Turkey caused by the collision of an oceanic plateau? Geological Society, London, Special Publications 173:25–41

272 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Valorisation of the Geological Values (Future Geosite Candidates) around the UNESCO World Heritage Asset of Hittite Capital Ḫattuša Ökmen Sümer1, Mehmet Akbulut1, Nizamettin Kazancı2, Mahmut Göktuğ Drahor3, Meriç Aziz Berge3, Atilla Ongar3, Andreas Schachner4, Hülya İnaner1,2, Yaşar Suludere2, Yavuz Hakyemez2, Necip Sabri Mülazımoğlu2, Sonay Boyraz-Arslan2, Hamdi Mengi2 & Sevim Tuzcu2

1Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geological Engineering, 35160, Buca, İzmir, Turkey 2JEMİRKO- The Turkish Association for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage, 06570, Ankara, Turkey 3Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geophysical Engineering, 35160, Buca, İzmir, Turkey 4Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Gümüssuyu, İstanbul e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Central Anatolia, geosite candidates, geotourism, geological values, Ḫattuša.

The ancient city of Ḫattuša, which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, is one of the most important cultural tourism spots in the central Anatolian landmass. The city is located in the Boğazkale district of the Çorum province and is one of the most important settlements in the Hittite history. Ḫattuša had served as the capital of the Hittites for 400 years starting from the old kingdom period. Oldest archaeological findings in this ancient city starts from the Chalcolithic Age and extends to the Byzantine period, however the city reached its golden ages during the reign of the Hittite Empire, especially the construction of the monumental scale structures has started during the old Hittite Kingdom, in the mid- 16th century B.C (Schachner 2019). The city is geologically located at the border of the ancient İzmir- Ankara-Erzincan Suture Belt, in-between the Sakarya Continent and Kırşehir Block. In the neotectonic structural sense, it is located in the Amasya Shear Zone, a south-cleaving branch from the middle segment of one of the most active strike-slip fault systems of the world, the Northern Anatolia Fault Zone. The modern geological studies from this central segment of Anatolian landmass have started at the end of the 19th century, and many extensive studies had been conducted in and around the study area starting from the 1970’s (e.g. Norman 1972; Ergun 1977; Şenalp 1974; Erdoğan et al 1996; Şen et al 1998; Kaymakçı 2000; Varol et al 2002; Kazancı et al 2008; Kaymakçı et al 2009; Sümer et al 2019). There are five main geological packages in the study area and these are divided by structural and/or stratigraphic unconformities. These packages may be summarized from oldest to youngest as: (1) the lower-middle Triassic Deveci Mélange which is the eastern counterpart of the Karakaya Complex of the Sakarya Continent, (2) the upper Creataceous- Paleocene Ankara Mélange, (3) the Eocene Sungurlu Group which is made of fine clastic marine deposits and the laterally accompanying Bayat volcanics that are dominantly made of basaltic and andesitic lavas, breccias and tuffs, (4) the Miocene Kızılırmak formation that is dominantly made of terrestrial clastic sedimentary rocks and (5) the unconformably overlying Quaternary Alluvium. In this study, we propose 12 locations based on their geological value considered in the framework categories suggested by Kazancı et al. (2015) (Table 1). The locations 1 and 2 are classified under Group A2 (Stratigraphic group, A2- Phanerozoic subgroup); the location 3, 4 and 5 under Group C (Volcanic structures); the locations 6 to 11 under Group E (Structural features), and the last one (location 12), the Kesikkaya ancient quarries in Group J (Historical quarries). Especially the six of these locations are already located within the archaeological protection area and have an important potential to be registered as future geosites. It should be noted that the region has an important geotourism potential that can accompany its currently world-famous cultural tourism attractions.

Table 5. Geological values (Geosite Candidates for future) and Cultural Heritages of Ḫattuša (Boğazkale) and surroundings (marked with blue color have already within the protected archaeological site)

Geological Framework Category (cf. values Potential Geosites Introduced in this Study Coordinates (Long/Lat) Kazancı et al. 2015) No 1 Olistolites of Ankara Mélange Located in the Ḫattuša Geological section of Şahinkaya, ophiolitic GROUP A2 2 40° 0'23.48"N / 34°38'33.64"E mélange section of Ankara Mélange 3 Pillow lavas of Ankara Mélange 40° 0'23.14"N / 34°38'40.78"E GROUP C

273 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

4 Gabbro knobs in Ankara Mélange 39°59'43.80"N / 34°35'33.05"E Sedimentary structures of the Sungurlu Group 5 39°57'25.06"N / 34°41'22.22"E (Cevherli Formation) 6 Nişantaşı Fault 40° 0'46.79"N / 34°37'3.28"E 7 Derbent Thrust 39°59'14.43"N / 34°39'2.53"E 8 Emirler Thrust 40° 4'15.16"N / 34°38'3.74"E 9 Sarıkale Positive Flower Structure 40° 0'45.22"N / 34°36'53.51"E GROUP E 10 Büyükkaya Reverse Faults 40° 1'13.41"N / 34°37'10.83"E Archeoseismological features of the Great 11 40° 1'11.61"N / 34°36'55.56"E Temple of Ḫattuša 12 Kesikkaya antique stone quarries 40° 1'1.38"N / 34°36'48.96"E GROUP J Marks Other Cultural Heritage Description Location Ḫattuša, Hittite Capital (UNESCO World H Heritage Centre) GT Great Temple, magazines and nephrite block LG Lions Gate (west fortification gate of the city) Boğazkale town and surroundings, mostly located in Ḫattuša Y Yerkapı (southern potern of the city) KG King’s Gate (east fortification gate of the city) BK Büyükkale (Kingdom palace) YK Yazılıkaya (sanctuary of the Hittite period) Approximately 2 km eastern part of the Boğazkale town BKC Büyükkaya Canyon Northern termination of the Ḫattuša EK Evciköy serpentinite quarry Western part of the Evciköy town

References Erdoğan B, Akay E, Uğur MS (1996) Geology of the Yozgat region and evolution of the collisional Çankırı basin. International Geology Review 38:788–806. Ergun ON (1977) Sedimentology of Tertiary Evaporites, Uğurludağ area, Çankırı - Çorum Basin, Turkey. Dissertation, University of London. Kaymakçı N (2000) Tectono-stratigraphical evolution of the Çankırı Basin (Central Anatolia, Turkey). Dissertation, Universiteit Utrecht. Kaymakçı N, Özçelik Y, White SH, Van Dijk PM (2009) Tectono-stratigraphy of the Çankırı Basin: late Cretaceous to early Miocene evolution of the Neotethyan suture zone in Turkey. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 311:67–106. Kazancı N, Suludere Y, Mülazımoğlu NS, Tuzcu S, Mengi H, Hakyemez Y (2008) Milli Parklarda Jeolojik Miras 4. Boğazköy – Alacahöyük (Çorum) Tarihi Milli Parkı ve Çevresi Jeositleri. Lider Matbaacılık, Çorum. Kazancı N, Şaroğlu F, Suludere Y (2015) Geological heritage and framework list of the geosites in Turkey. Bull Min Res Exp 151:259–268. Norman T (1972) Ankara doğusunda.Yahsihan Bölgesinde üst Kretase - alt Tersiyer yaşlı arazinin jeolojisi. Dissertation, Middle East Technical University. Schachner A (2019) Efsanevi Hitit İmparatorluğu’nun İzinde. Homer, İstanbul. Sümer Ö, Drahor MG, Berge MA, Ongar A, Schachner A (2019) Geoarchaeological and Archaeoseismological Observations in Ḫattuša: First Evidence of Earthquake Traces from the Hittite Capital. Archäologischer Anzeiger 1:90–96. Şen S, Seyitoğlu G, Karadenizli L, Kazancı N, Varol B, Araz H (1998) Mammalian biochronology of Neogene deposits and its correlation with the lithostratigraphy in the Çankırı-Çorum Basin, central Anatolia, Turkey. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 91:307–320. Şenalp M (1974) Tertiary sedimentation in part of the Çankırı-Çorum Basin, Central Anatolia. Dissertation, University of London. Varol B, Araz H, Karadenizli L, Kazancı N, Seyitoğlu G, Şen S (2002) Sedimentology of the Miocene evaporitic succession in the north of Çankırı-Çorum basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Carbonates and Evaporites 17:197– 209.

274 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Translating Geoarchaeology into Geo-educational Itineraries in the Molina and Alto Tajo UNESCO Global Geopark Rowena Y. Banerjea1, Guillermo García-Contreras Ruiz 2 Manolo Monasterio3 & Aleks Pluskowski1

1 Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, UK. e-mail: [email protected] 2Dpto. de Historia Medieval y Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas Universidad de Granada, Spain. e-mail: [email protected] 3 Geoparque de la Comarca de Molina de Aragón-Alto Tajo and Museos de Molina, Molina de Aragón, Spain. e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Castle, Cultural heritage, Geoarchaeology, Landscape archaeology, Tourist trails.

Introduction

Cultural routes and trails are increasingly commonplace tourism products (MacLeod 2017) and important aspects of tourism in Geoparks, National Parks, the Council of Europe's Cultural Routes programme and regional branding such as Le Pays Cathare (or Cathar Country) in France (Pluskowski et al. 2021). Trails are multi-faceted constructs (MacLeod 2017), and this paper proposes to enhance them by using geoarchaeological and other environmental data to educate visitors as to how the historical landscape looked at a specific time. This paper provides ways to translate the important role that geoarchaeology plays in understanding past landscapes into heritage and tourist trails using the case study of the Castle of Molina de Aragón, and its medieval frontier landscape, located in the Molina and Alto Tajo UNESCO Global Geopark, Guadalajara, Spain. Here, geoarchaeology—the application of earth science techniques to archaeological research questions —creates synergies between the monument and its landscape and between cultural and geo-heritage. Soils and sediments are the backbone of the archaeological record and provide information about the changing form and function of spaces within castles and concerning the links between these spaces and activities in their hinterlands.

The Molina de Aragón ‘Castlescape’

The abstract concept of ‘castlescape’ (Banerjea et al. 2021) is not a physical dimension that could be measured in basic cartesian terms, but rather represents an effort to situate fortified sites within the context of their broader landscapes and environments, not only in terms of visual space or their economic catchment area but also in relation to their role in the reconfiguration of territories, land-use and settlement patterns both in the past and present. The ‘castlescape’ is a particular type of ‘heritagescape’, often with many buildings, such as towers, associated with the castle, with a range of spaces within the castle each with their own complex biographies, and with extensive territories beyond the castle, such as agricultural systems. The boundaries of hinterlands, and frontiers around the castle, can be fluid and so the presentation and management of the castle landscape should accommodate this. At Molina de Aragón, this involves creating links between the standing remains of the castle, associated towers and other buildings in the territory, the activities within the castle that are revealed in the buried archaeological soils and sediments, and other related sites and features in the landscape such as associated agricultural terraces and irrigation systems.

Creating geo-educational itineraries

Nature-culture entanglements (Bartolini 2020) concerning land-use history, cultural history and current environmental issues can be integrated and translated into geo-educational itineraries (Brandolini et al. 2019) for visitors to heritage sites. Where possible, and in consultation with the local community, heritage trails could retrace routeways of the past. Geoarchaeological and palaeoenvironmental research from surrounding palynology studies add colour not only to stories within the soil history about archaeological sites and their landscapes (Banerjea et al. 2021), but also to other aspects of cultural identity such as food and wine tourism, where soils play a fundamental role in past, present and future production. The creation of these trails will enhance the presentation of the geodiversity within the Geopark. Geo-educational itineraries within the Molina ‘castlescape’ will be created by with a GIS

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platform by drawing ideas from eno-tourism, where soil profiles are regularly presented in vineyards and museums, information boards with QR codes, and an app to view visualisations such as augmented reality informed by 3D photogrammetry and landscapes reconstructions (Unger & Kvetina 2017) based on geoscientific data, but also to showcase the scientific data collection and analysis.

References Banerjea, R Y, García-Contreras Ruiz, G, et al. (2021) Geoarchaeology and Castlescapes: Heritage management case studies in Spain and the eastern Baltic. Landscapes 20 (2), 178-201 Bartolini, N (2020) Fixing naturecultures: Spatial and temporal strategies for managing heritage transformation and entanglement. In R, Harrison, C. DeSilvey, C. et al. (eds), Heritage Futures: comparative approaches to natural and cultural heritage practices, London, UCL press, pp. 375-395 Brandolini, F, Cremaschi, M and Pelfini, M (2019) Estimating the potential of archaeo-historical data in the definition of geomorphosites and geo-educational itineraries in the Central Po Plain (N Italy). Geoheritage 11, 1371–1139 MacLeod, N (2017) The role of trails in the creation of tourist space. Journal of Heritage Tourism 12 (5), 423-430 Pluskowski, A, Banerjea, R and García-Contreras Ruiz, G (2021) Forgotten Castle Landscapes: Connecting Monuments and Landscapes through Heritage and Research. Landscapes 20 (2), 89-97 Unger, J and Kvetina, P (2017) An On-Site Presentation of Invisible Prehistoric Landscapes, Internet Archaeology 43. https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.43.13

276 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Cambrian archaeocyathan limestones in monuments of the Spanish historical cultural heritage Silvia Menéndez1, Antonio Perejón2, Elena Moreno-Eiris2 & Marta Rodríguez-Martínez2

1 Museo Geominero. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME, Spanish Geological Survey), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain. [email protected] 2 Departamento de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/José Antonio Nováis, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Keywords: Archaeology, Architectonic Heritage, Cultural Heritage, Fossils, Geological Heritage.

Introduction

Scientific interest in stone materials used in the historical architecture of monuments and buildings of the Spanish cultural heritage has increased in recent decades. Basically it is a concern to preserve them, therefore the knowledge and study of the decay processes are essential. Also from a historical point of view, it is important to document the provenance of these materials. In many cases, the location of the historic quarries from which the material was extracted is difficult because the mining labors have stopped long ago, or because a lack of record keeping. Among the stone materials used in the monuments and buildings of the Spanish architectural historical heritage are some of early Cambrian limestone with archaeocyaths. Its use as building or ornamental material dates back to several centuries ago from more current times. They can be both seen in the archaeological heritage of Roman times and in Christian cathedrals. The main objective of this study is to recognize previously unknown early Cambrian limestone with archaeocyaths in the architectural elements of Spanish cultural heritage and identify the Cambrian geological unit and the geographical location from which come.

Early Cambrian limestone with archaeocyaths in the Spanish cultural heritage

These limestones have been recognized in some architectural elements of the Roman theatres of Mérida and Regina (Badajoz) and in sculptures of the Royal Palace of Madrid (Menéndez, 2014). Tárraga Baldó (2002) documents the presence of early Cambrian limestone with archaeocyaths in the high altar of the Cathedral of Segovia. Regarding religious architecture, some columns from the Mosque of Córdoba and Cathedral of Toledo were built with limestones with archaeocyaths. In the cases of the Royal Palace of Madrid and Cathedral of Segovia, it was possible to identify the original quarries from which the stones were extracted. Historical and lapidary archives guarantee that these materials came from Consuegra (Toledo) and Córdoba (Tárraga Baldó, 1992, 2002, 2009). Recently, early Cambrian limestone with archaeocyaths have been identified in a chapel known as “Hornito de Santa Eulalia”, next to the Basilica of Santa Eulalia (Mérida, Badajoz). The building preserves in its atrium several remains of the Temple of Mars from Roman times that were reused in its construction. Among them, two columns are stand out for the presence of easily recognizable skeletal elements of archaeocyathan cups. Cambrian marbles with archaeocyaths have also been recognized in the columns of the Roman Theatre of Regina (Badajoz) (Fig. 1).

277 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Fig. 1. Detail of a column in the Roman Theatre of Regina (Badajoz).

Conclusions

In the historical and lapidary archives that are still preserved, different sources and information about Cambrian materials used in heritage monuments of Spain were collected. Unfortunately, in other cases there are no such records making it harder to achieve the objectives of this study. Until now, early Cambrian limestone with archaeocyaths have been recognize in a no numerous group of the architectural elements of Spanish cultural heritage. Therefore, all of the cultural heritage that could have incorporated this kind of limestone in its construction or decoration has not yet been explored. Furthermore, to identify the geological unit and the geographical location from which come is very interesting, because of they can be used in the restoration of the monument.

References Menéndez S (2014) El registro de arqueociatos del Cámbrico en los (España). Cuadernos del Museo Geominero 17: 1-203 Tárraga Baldó ML (1992) Giovan Domenico Olivieri y el taller de escultura del Palacio Real. CSIC, 3 vols. Tárraga Baldó ML (2002) Rocas ornamentales para el retablo mayor de la Catedral de Segovia. Roc Maquina 74: 66-72 Tárraga Baldó ML (2009) Mármoles y rocas ornamentales en la decoración del Palacio Real de Madrid. Archivo Español de Arte, 82(328): 367-392

278 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Drystone Walls: Interface between Geological and Cultural Heritage? Stefan Rosendahl1 & Marta Marçal Gonçalves2

1 Instituto Superior Dom Dinis, Av. 1 de Maio nº 164, 2430-211 Marinha Grande, Portugal, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Universidade do Algarve, Campus da Penha, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal, e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: Cultural heritage, drystone walls, geological heritage.

Introduction

The aim of this work is to show the existence of interfaces between various types of heritage and the benefits of these heritage’s crossing. Qualitative non-interventionist methodologies were used, and bibliographic, cartographic, and field visits were carried out. Visits guided by the authors and discussions with specialists and non-specialists were a priceless support of the realization of the study. The interaction with the local population was an important part of the methodology to understand the territories in question. The deductive method was also used.

Drystone Walls as Geological and Cultural Heritage

Drystone walls, i.e. walls made of stone without mortar, are common in regions where slopes prevail. In the authors’ opinion, they represent an interface between natural-geological and cultural vernacular heritage (Rosendahl & Gonçalves, 2019). They belong to the natural geological heritage because  they are made of local stones,  they are helpful for the geological mapping of a region, because their stones were collected from the fields aside,  the geological setting of an area determines if such a wall is necessary or not,  they interfere with the surface and subsurface water flows,  they slow down erosional processes like soil creeping or landslides,  they shape typical landscapes (fig. 1 A), and  they create a lot of ecological niches and habitats for animals and plants.

Their role in cultural vernacular heritage is that, for instance:  they are made by man to make agriculture possible in slopes creating plane areas,  they retain surface and subsurface water e.g. for the plantation and protection against wildfires,  they protect agricultural areas in lower places against falling rocks and erosion by torrents,  by the removal of their building stones the fields are being cleaned and can be better ploughed.

Drystone Walls in Algarve

The region of Algarve (southern Portugal) is built up, from north to south, by carboniferous schists and greywackes, deformed by the variscan orogeny, with a massiv of nepheline syenitic rocks which intruded during the Upper Cretaceous, a narrow west-east striking strip of Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic sandstones, clays and volcanic rocks, a wide outcrop of Jurassic limestone and marls, and finally sediments of Cretaceous, Neogene, Paleogene and Quaternary ages. The drystone walls reflect the local geological setting of the place where they were built. The different types of rocks used in the walls give them a typical look which changes when we come to another area. This look is created due to the colour, origin, kind of deposition, weathering forms and other characteristics of the rocks (fig. 1 B-H). The drystone walls can be built on the soil or use the outcrop of geological formations as their base, joining the geological and cultural heritage in one place (fig.1H).

279 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Fig. 1. A – Landscape with drystone walls, Cerro de São Miguel, Algarve; B – Drystone wall made of carboniferous schists and greywackes, Malhão, Algarve; C – Drystone wall made of nepheline syenite blocks, Maçarotal, Algarve; D – Drystone wall made of red triassic sandstone, S. Gregório, Algarve; E – Drystone wall made of Lower Jurassic basalt blocks, Almarjão, Algarve; F – Drystone wall made of Lower Jurassic dolomite blocks, Salir, Algarve; G – Drystone wall made of Upper Jurassic limestone blocks, Cerro de São Miguel, Algarve; H - Drystone wall made of middle Jurassic well layered limestone, settled on an outcropping limestone layer, Torre, Batalha, Portugal. All photos: Authors.

Unfortunately, a great part of the drystone walls is decaying due to the negligence of the owners. As they belong to the vernacular cultural heritage, which is still considered by many people as a “minor heritage”, there is little knowledge about their history and advantages, particularly at a local level. When this knowledge increases, major changes will rise, particularly in favour of their protection and appreciation (Gonçalves, Prates, & Rosendahl, 2018). For this reason, the authors proposed to highlight the local drystone walls in the emerging Geopark “Terra Algarvensis” in Southern Portugal. Consequently, a sense of belonging of the place, which identifies people and traditions, may be created, and the attitude of the public will enhance as people will recognize that the stone walls, as well as the geosites, are precious places worth to be estimated. These aspects are capable to improve the quality of life, particularly that of the local inhabitants (Rosendahl & Gonçalves, 2019).

Final Considerations

Stone wall terraces are an expression of the history and the culture of the local people and present environmental, social and economic benefits (Gonçalves, Pérez Cano, & Prates, 2020). The walls offer touristic opportunities: they may be included in geotouristical (or other) tours as it is planned by the authors, or workshops (how to build them, how to restore them, for instance) may be organised, contributing to their renewal and survival. As the drystone walls represent an interface between geological and cultural heritage, and still have functions which are necessary for the landscape’s preservation, their protection and maintenance should take place in a similar way to a geosite.

References Gonçalves MM, Pérez Cano MT, Prates G (2020) Engineering without Engineers, Architecture without Architects: Dry Stone Walls. In: Marin Casanova JA, González Vallés JE, Navas Carrillo D (eds.) Contenidos de humanismo para el siglo XXI, 1st ed, Pirámide, Madrid, pp forthcoming Gonçalves MM, Prates G, Rosendahl S. (2018) Renewing terraces and drystone walls of Algarvian Barrocal. Cultural and touristic values. In: Mortal A et al. (eds.) INCREaSE2017, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 13-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70272-8_2 Rosendahl S, Gonçalves MM (2019) Joining geotourism with cultural tourism: a good blend. Journal of Tourism and Heritage Research 2(3): 252–275

280 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Urban Geosites in Lviv (Western Ukraine) – a review Ulyana Bornyak1, Antonina Ivanina1 & Halina Hotsanyuk1

1Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Faculty of Geology, Hrushevskij Str., 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine. e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Lviv. Natural and tangible heritage. Urban geosites. Western Ukraine.

Introduction

Lviv is the largest city of Western Ukraine with centuries-old history. The architectural complex of Lviv downtown with an area of about 120 hectares and a buffer zone (2441 hectares) has been on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1998. In addition to architectural heritage within the city there is a unique natural heritage - natural landscapes with a great natural diversity, morpho-structural landforms, numerous outcrops of Cretaceous, Neogene and Quaternary sedimentary rocks, springs, streams with picturesque valleys, etc. All these objects can be used for geotourism.

Geological settings

Lviv has a unique geological and geomorphological position. It is located at the junction of two big geomorphological regions: Podilskyi and Volyn-Malopoliskyi. Tectonically, these units correspond to tectonic blocks: the Busk lowered block (Volyn-Malopoliskyi region) and two raised blocks (within Podilskyi region) - the Rostsotskyi and the Lviv (Derzhavna geologichna karta Ukrainy, 2004). Lowered and raised blocks are separated from each other by a sharp and steep ledge. The modern natural- landscape structure of Lviv is determined not only by the peculiarities of the deep tectonic structure but also by the consequences of human intervention. Due to human activity, natural landscapes have undergone major changes. Throughout the territory, there are anthropogenic landforms - former stone quarries, which were formed during the extraction of sands, sandstones, gypsum deposits, marls, and limestones in opencast mining. The history of the founding and functioning of Lviv, like most other cities, relates to the geomorphological features of the territory and its geological structure. It is due to the fact the erection of any historical city depends primarily on the availability and types of natural stone, building materials (natural geological resources) and defense capabilities (geomorphological conditions).

Aim and Results

The purpose of the research is a review and short characteristic of urban geosites in Lviv. All urban geosites of Lviv are divided into two groups: natural (geological) and anthropogenic (arising from human activity). The geological objects in Lviv are numerous. Among them, there are four geological landmarks with an official status in the state register of protected areas. These are the hills: Gora Vysokiy Zamok, Gora Leva, Kortumova Gora and Gora Ratyn with Medova (‘Honey’) cave (Bezvinnyj et al., 2006). The geomorphological and stratigraphical-geological site Gora Leva is an erosional remnant chain on the slopes of which is the Neogene standard sequence (Ivanina et al., 2018; Ivanina, Bornyak, 2018). The complex stratigraphic, geomorphological and speleological site Gora Ratyn is an erosional remnant with the only one section of Ratyn limestones of Neogene in the Western Ukraine and also is well-known for the horizontal cave (Honey Cave) of karst origin. Kortumova Gora is an erosive remnant (geomorphological category) and the best Neogene section of the Rostsotskyi tectonic block (stratigraphic category). Gora Vysokiy Zamok is an erosional remnant with an outcrop of the Neogene and is a favorite vacation spot of Lviv residents and city visitors. The other geosites are located in the Regional Landscape Park Znesinnya. They are stratigraphic (typical and standard sequences of the Neogene and Cretaceous), paleontological (the unique site with numerous and different inhabitants in situ of the Miocene sea, described in Ivanina et al. (2016, 2018) and hydrogeological (watercourses) categories.

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Anthropogenic sites of Lviv include walls stone of churches and other buildings, a natural stone of monuments, street cobblestones, former sand quarries, etc. The buildings in the central part of Lviv, which were built at different times, indicate the trends of the use of stone materials which were changing at certain historical periods. Local stone was used first, because mining and transportation were cheaper. It was mainly a limestone, which we can see in the form of broken stones and hewn blocks in the remains of the walls of Lviv. These limestone blocks of various lithological types are the main building material of the city center. Here we can see sculptures, religious and residential buildings that were built exclusively from it or in combination with other materials, particularly brick. There are limestones of three lithotypes identified by the peculiarities of the structure, composition and structural and textural features. They are detrital arenaceous, oncolytic lithotomic, detrital limestones; formed in the Neogene. Sandstone is somewhat less used than limestone. During a short walk to the city center, we can see the main types of limestone and sandstone mined in Lviv and its surroundings, their structural and texture features, faunal remnants, the direction of destruction and characteristic weathering forms, and mineral formation on them. The interior decoration of these buildings is much richer, although dominantly there is the alabaster of different colors, Devonian black limestone known as ‘dębnik’, red-colored Devonian sandstones and marble. The use of igneous rocks has become a hallmark of modern alterations and decorations. Granite and are dominant among them. Other objects where you can see this material are modern monuments or their items and memorial plaques. Particular attention deserves the Lviv cobblestone pavement. The tradition of laying a street cobblestone was introduced in Lviv at the same time as the start of stone construction. The material used to cover is the most varied. Certainly, the first to be used was a sandstone quarried near Lviv. Lychakivsky Necropolis is a special place where a unique collection of different rocks can be observed in a small limited area. Here, you can track the trend in the use of one or another material depending on the preferences and capabilities of the customer, to assess the stability of natural stone in open-air conditions and track the main causes and directions of the destruction of various materials. This is a source of historical information, as well as a unique, very specific gallery of works of art, both famous artists and unknown masters, which makes it an extremely attractive tourist destination.

Conclusion

All of the above indicates that Lviv, the tourist mecca of Ukraine, is also a geotourist cluster, a city with significant natural potential and many interesting and diverse urban geosites, representing a natural and cultural heritage. These places indicate the connections between geology, geomorphology and urban development, and are interesting objects for geotourism. But at present, the study of the territory of Lviv for the needs of geotourism has only just begun.

References Bezvinnyj V. P., Biletskyj S. V., Bobrov O. B. ta in. (2006). Geologichni pamyatky Ukrainy [Geological landmarks of Ukraine: In 4 volumes]. : Dia (in Ukrainian). Derzhavna geologichna karta Ukrainy (2004). Mashtab 1: 200 000, arkush М-34XVIII (Rava-Ryska), М-35-XIII (Chervonograd), М-35-XIX (Lviv). [State geological map of Ukraine, scale 1: 200 000, sheets М-34XVIII (Rava- Ryska), М-35-XIII (Chervonograd), М-35-XIX (Lviv)]. Kyiv: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Ivanina A., Bornyak U. (2018). Potenciyni obekty miskogo turyzmu Lvova [Potential objects of Lviv city geotourism]. Geotourism: practice and experience: 46-49 (in Ukrainian). Ivanina A., Hotsanyuk H., Spilnyk H., Pidlisna O. (2018). Systematizacia i characteristica geoturystychnych obektiv regionalnogo landschaftnogo parku Znesinnya (m. Lviv) [Systematization and characteristics of geo- touristic objects of the Regional landscape park “Znesinnia” (Lviv)]. Dniprop. Univer. bulletin. Geology, geography. 269(1): 50-63 (in Ukrainian). Doi: 10.15421/111806 Ivanina A., Hotsanyuk H., Spilnyk H. ta in. (2016). Characteristica unikalnoi paleontologichnoi pamyatky – misce znaxodzhennya miocenovoi bioty v centri Lvova [Characteristic of unique paleontological miocene biota location sights in the center of Lviv]. Visn. of the Lviv Univ. Geol. Ser. 30: 149–158 (in Ukrainian)

282 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Geological and Cultural Heritage Inventory and Other Research in Nemrut-Süphan Aspiring Geopark (Bitlis, Turkey) Yahya Çiftçi1 & Yıldırım Güngör2

1 Ankara-Turkey, [email protected]; İstanbul University Cerrahpaia, Turkey, [email protected]

Keywords: Aspiring Nemrut-Süphan Geopark, Bitlis, Inventory, Research, Turkey.

The Aspiring Nemrut-Süphan geopark area is located between Muş-Ağrı-Bitlis triangle and it covers the western part of , in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey (Fig. 1). This area consists of two stratovolcanoes Nemrut and Süphan: the first one is still active, and the second one is the second peak of Turkey with 4058 meters high. The geopark area exhibits extraordinary geodiversity, ranging from Cadomian metagranites in the Bitlis metamorphic basement to the Recent Tufa formations located close to the western shoreline of Lake Van. Remnants of the Neo-Tethys Ocean are also recorded (Elmas and Yılmaz, 2003) thrusted over the metamorphic basement in the southern and in the middle part of the geopark. All types of volcanic rocks (intrusions, lava flows, dykes and swarms of acidic-intermediate- basic rocks) and sediments (pyroclastic fall/flow/surge deposits) are presented in these two stratovolcanoes (Özdemir and Güleç, 2014). The youngest basaltic lava flows erupted in 1453 AC and is located close to the Nemrut Caldera (Karaoğlu et al., 2005). Miocene sedimentary rocks with huge fossil content, and Plio-Quaternary Lake and Fluvial sediments, including travertines, also outcrop in the geopark area.

Fig. 1. Boundaries, geosites, cultural heritage sites and other natural heritage sites related with 5 georoutes of Nemrut-Süphan Aspiring Geopark (Bitlis, Turkey)

This area has been studied with the guidance of academic studies with the purpose of creating a geopark dominated by volcanic rocks (Çiftçi and Güngör, 2021). Inventory studies were conducted both for geosites and cultural heritage along five georoutes. Other natural heritage such as lakes, wetlands (Adızel et al., 1995), fauna and flora, stratomatolites in the bottom of Lake Van were listed carefully

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using standardized forms (Çiftçi and Güngör, 2016) and associated with other geosites and cultural heritage sites. Finally, out-door activities both for summer and winter time like mountain bike, mountaineering, rock climbing, skiing, camping, canoe riding and trekking in several different georoutes have been represented in the geopark map (Table 1). Final report was prepared and presented to the local authorities, including other information like the proposed locations for the geopark visitor center, museum, scenic terrace and other geopark facilities. Short suggestions about administration and managing of this geopark and the checklist for applying to the UNESCO Global Geoparks Program were also presented, thus contributing to achieve a second UNESCO Global Geopark in Turkey.

Table 1. Short inventory chart of geosites, cultural and natural heritage sites, and outdoor activities of the Aspiring geopark (* ProGEO 98 classification). Geosites Type* Cultural Heritage Natural Heritage Outdoor Activities (1-10) (Routs) 45 JS-1: 7 Museum (1) Lake Van (Soda) Trekking (8) Exhibition (1) Lake Arin (Soda) Bicycle (4) JS-2: 1 Tombs (8) Sky tours (4) JS-3 32 Castles (5) Nemrut Crater Lake Canoes (3) JS-5: 2 Mosques (4) Aygır Maar Lake Climbing (2) JS-6: 4 Madrasas (6) JS-9: 1 Ahlat Reed (wetland) JS-10: 2 Hans/Caravanserails (5) Bridges; SPA’s (2; 8) Curch, Monastry (2) Handycrafts (10)

References Adızel, Ö., Tepe, I., Alp, Ş., Kul, A. R, 1995. Van Gölü havzası sulak alanları, önemi ve karşılaştıkları problemler. Sulak Alanların Korunması Uluslar Arası Toplantısı, 27 Eylül- 01 Ekim 1995, Nevşehir, 10p. Çiftçi, Y., Güngör, Y., 2016. Proposals For The Standard Presentation Of Elements Of Natural And Cultural Heritage Within The Scope Of Geopark Projects. Bull. Min. Res. Exp. (2016) 153:223-238. Çiftçi, Y., Güngör, Y., 2021. Natural and cultural heritage integration and geoconservation recommendatory of the Nemrut-Süphan proposed geopark area, Bitlis-Turkey. Bull. Min. Res. Exp. (2021) 165-? Elmas, A., Yılmaz, Y., 2003. Development of an Oblique Subduction Zone—Tectonic Evolution of the Tethys Suture Zone in Southeast Turkey. International Geology Review, Volume. 45, 2003, pp.827–840. Karaoğlu, Ö. Özdemir, Y., Tolluoğlu, A.Ü., Karabıyıkoğlu, M., Köse, O., Froger, J.L., 2005. Stratigraphy of the volcanic products around Nemrut Caldera: implications for reconstruction of the caldera formation. Turkish Journal of Earth Science 14, pp.123 –143. Özdemir, Y., Güleç, N., 2014. Geological and geochemical evolution of the Quaternary Süphan stratovolcano, eastern Anatolia, Turkey: evidence for the lithosphere-asthenosphere interaction in post collisional volcanism. J Petrol 55: pp.37–62 Pro Geo Group. 1998. A first attemt at a geosites framework for European lUGS initiative to Support recognition of World heritage and European geodiversity. Geologica Balcanica 28, 5-32.

284 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

Assessment of cultural landscape geodiversity, a case study of Tokaj mts, Hungary Zsuzsanna Ésik1,2, János Szepesi2,3 László Sütő4 & Tibor József Novák5

1 Department of Mineralogy and Geology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4010 Egyetem Tér 1. [email protected] 2 Isotope and Environmental Research Centre (ICER), Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary 3 MTA-ELTE Volcanology Research Group Budapest H-1117 Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/c, Hungary, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 4 Institute of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Eszterházy Károly University, 6-8 Leányka u. Eger, Hungary [email protected]> 5 University of Debrecen Department of Landscape Protection and Environmental Geography, Debrecen H-4010 Egyetem Tér 1. [email protected]

Keywords: assessment, cultural landscape, geodiversity, regional inventory, volcanic geoheritage.

Introduction

Cultural landscapes were developed as a result of continuous interaction between nature and human culture. During their evolution, the geodiversity was also considerably influenced by human activities. Recently, geoheritage studies have become more sensitive towards man-made cultural landmarks. Systematic site inventories are based on scientific, aesthetic, protection and touristic relevance of geoheritage elements. Despite the fact that these studies deal with geosite inventory and assessment, too little attention has been paid to the evaluation of cultural landscape diversity as yet (Coratza et al. 2016;). Here we explore a complex methodology to compile and evaluate a regional inventory for a volcanic cultural landscape with remarkable geological, volcanological, viticulture and mining heritage. The evaluated database of the natural and cultural heritage contribute to define geotourism, geoeducation and specific conservation management priorities.

Study area and methods

Our study was conducted in the Tokaj Mountains (TM) which are located in the northeastern part of Hungary as the last member of a medium height mountain zone along the Hungarian-Slovakian border, covering approximately 1100 km2 and 71 settlements. The southern part of TM is composed of the Tokaj Wine Region Historic Cultural Landscape, an agricultural area on gentle sloping hills which was declared as UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2002 (Szepesi et al. 2017). In contrast, the northern part is a mountainous area with forestry and historical industry (gold-silver mining, glassworks, Szepesi et al 2020). The whole mountain is mainly built up by Miocene volcanic rocks. In recent years, a comprehensive geoheritage database has been built using regional inventories (Szepesi et al. 2020). A major aim of the current evaluation procedure was to identify and evaluate potential geosites, geocultural and geodiversity sites from this database using different geosite assessment methods (Brilha 2016, Vujičić et al. 2011: geosite assessment method-GAM). These methods are suitable to measure aesthetic, educational, touristic potential of sites and define degradation risk and possible protection initiatives.

Results and discussion

The processing of database regarding the detailed geological maps (1:25000, outcrops, quarries), cultural landscape inventory (Hungarian unique landscape cadastre, MSZ 20381:2009) and mineral collecting records resulted in an aggregated GIS database containing 2000 objects. Qualitative criteria sets of Brilha 2016 (representativeness, integrity, rarity, scientific knowledge) were applied to establish a potential object list from the preinventory. The further quantitative evaluation procedure focused on the selected 400 geodiversity related object. Geodiversity objects have a high value for scientific knowledge (scientific scores Brilha 250<, GAM 2<) and they are marked as geosites where a thematic grouping used defining primary volcanological, geomorphological, historical mining and panoramic viewpoint interest. From this group, geocultural sites were identified as special places where geoheritage features interact with cultural elements. The most important objects from this group are the UNESCO

285 X International Online ProGEO Symposium, Spain, 7-10th June, 2021

World Heritage cellars (Hercegkút, Tolcsva, Sárospatak, Sátoraljaújhely). The sites have moderate scientific values but represent other interests (local identity, educational, touristic) defined as geodiversity sites. The lowest scored geodiversity objects (Brilha: <150 GAM: <1) have minor or irrelevant scientific importance. The thematic grouping of the geodiversity sites and objects are identical with geosites. The aesthetic value measured directly in method of Vujičić et al. 2011. Characteristic sites of the mountains are larger erosional volcanic cones with viticulture or medieval fortification. The touristic indicators are measured quantitatively in both methods. The higher values (above 50%) are represent national and cross-border relevance (e.g. Füzér castle) due to its neighboring Slovakian location. The general educational value (79 sites 300<) with didactic and interpretative potential (Brilha 2016) of volcanism, and cultural landscape are high but understanding of hydrothermal process needs solid geological background (e.g. Sárospatak, Megyer Hill, Szepesi & Ésik 2015) The degradation risk of Brilha (2016) measure potential threats of sites (300<) where mineral collecting activities emphasize conflicts between geotourism and geoconservation and underline the importance of site based protection. Finally, we defined geo-touristic hotspot regions where the remarkable geo diversity associated with geosite and geocultural site density. These are iconic volcanic cones of Tokaj Wine Region Historic Cultural Landscape (Tokaj, Sátoraljaújhely) and mining heritage sites (Komlóska, Telkibánya, Füzérradvány) As a conclusion this inventory and evaluation is a preliminary work and essential for understanding the regional cultural landscape heritage but also suitable for defining spatial planning policies and geoconservation strategies.

Acknowledgments This research was supported by the European Union and the State of Hungary, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund in the project of GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00009 ‘ICER’.

References Brilha J (2016) Inventory and Quantitative Assessment of Geosites and Geodiversity Sites: a Review. Geoheritage 8:119–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-014-0139-3 Coratza P, Gauci R, Schembri J, et al (2016) Bridging Natural and Cultural Values of Sites with Outstanding Scenery: Evidence from Gozo, Maltese Islands. Geoheritage 8:91–103. MSZ 20381:2009 (2009) Nature Conservation. Cadastre of unique landscape values. p. 17 Szepesi J, Ésik Z (2015) Megyer Hill: Old Millstone Quarry In: Lóczy D (ed) Landscapes and Landforms of Hungary Springer Science pp 227-235. Szepesi J, Harangi S, Ésik Z, et al (2017) Volcanic Geoheritage and Geotourism Perspectives in Hungary: a Case of an UNESCO World Heritage Site, Tokaj Wine Region Historic Cultural Landscape, Hungary. Geoheritage 9:329–349. Szepesi J., Ésik Zs., Soós I., Németh B, Sütő, L, Novák, TJ, Harangi S, Lukács, R.: (2020) Identification of Geoheritage Elements in a Cultural Landscape: a Case Study from Tokaj Mts, Hungary Geoheritage 12, p. 89. Vujičić MD, Vasiljevic, DE, Markovic et al. (2011): Slankamen Villages Preliminary Geosite Assessment Model (GAM) and its Application on Fruska Gora Mountain, Potential Geotourism Destination of Serbia. Acta Geographica Slovenica, 51(2): 361–377. https://doi.org/10.3986/ags51303

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