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Home , Khorat Group, Kinnareemimus, Phu Kradung Formation

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Acrodontinae 99, 101–102 Buddha’s cortege 245 Actinopterygii 127, 130 burial temperature 63 adocid 143–144, 147, 148 Adocus [turtle] 166, 167 comparison, Basilochelys 155–158, 163–165 calc-alkaline volcanism 61 amber locality 86,88 calcrete 77 Ameghinichthys [fish] 129 Callialisporites [palynomorph] 72, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81 ammonites 48, 52 Carettochelyidae 166, 167 amphibian remains 2–3 Cathaysia Divide 10–12 anhydrite 70 Cathaysialand 8, 9, 15, 20 Anomoeodus [fish] 136 fauna 12–14 Anomoepodidae 264, 265, 266 flora 16 Anomoepus [ichnofossil] 256, 258, 261, 262–264 Ceno-Tethys 8, 12, 19,20 comparison 264, 265–267 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Ao Min, fish locality 98, 99 (France) 190 apatite 63 Champon Formation 50 Appendicisporites [palynomorph] 76,77 Chelomoidea 166, 167 Araucaria [tree] 85, 88, 92, 93 Chelonia 274, 293 [theropod] 237–240 Chelydridae 166, 167 archosaur trackway 247 chert 18, 20 Argoland 12, 13 Chondrichthyes 98–99 Aruacariacites [palynomorph] 74 Chong Chad, oxygen isotope analysis 272, Asteracanthus [elasmobranch] 99–101 274, 275, 276, 277 comparison 101–102 Chong Chat, fish locality 127, 130, 131, 137 Asterodermus [elasmobranch] 107 Chuiella, distribution of 15 Cicatricosisporites [palynomorph] 75, 76, 77, 79 Cimmerian continent 8, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20 Baenidae 166, 167 Cimmerian Event 44, 46, 47, 51, 64 Ban Khok Sanam locality 272, 274, 276 cladistic analysis Ban Na Khrai, sauropod site 189, 190, 192, 195–214 actinopterygians 130 Ban Na Krai, turtle locality 144 crocodyliforms 183, 184, 185 Ban Nong Mek, sauropod site 191 sauropods 189 Ban Saphan Hin, crocodyliform locality 175, 176, 177 turtles 167, 168 Event 44 climate 3, 81, 92, 94 basalt, 53, 63 271, 276, 278–280 Basilochelys gen nov [turtle] 154–168 oxygen isotope data 278–280 Basilochelys macrobios sp nov 142, 148, 154–155 cluster analysis 289, 292–294, 297 character definition 166, 168–170 coal 47, 48 comparisons 155–164 230–241 pelvis 161, 164 collision 12, 43, 50, 51, 52 shell measurements 155 timing of 17–18 basins of South East Asia 42 Colobodus [bony fish] 129 Batoidea 105–109 colonial influence in 25–29 Belemnobatis aominensis sp nov [elasmobranch] Concavissimisporites [palynomorph] 75,78 105–109, 110, 111 conifer 85, 92, 93, 94 comparison 105, 107, 109 conodont 15, 16 bioapatite composition 273–277 consensus tree, crocodyliforms 183, 184, 185 biodiversity 286 convergence 7 biogeographical provinces, Gondwana-Tethys 11–12, coral 38, 52 15–17 Corollina [palynomorph] 75 biogeography of vertebrate assemblages 285–298 in correlation 71, 72, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 biomass, forest 93, 94 Counillon, J. B. H. 25–31 2 expedition 27 bivalves 48 Counillon’s dicynodonts 33–34 blocks, South East Asia 43,45–46 crocodile remains 2–3, 98, 99, 125 bone histology, Phuwiangosaurus 217–226 oxygen isotope composition 273–278 methods 218, 220–221 Crocodyliformes 182–185 tissue type 219–220, 221–223 systematic palaeontology 176–182 302 INDEX

Cryptodira 154–168 fish, elasmobranch 97–111 Cupet, P 26, 27,28 morphometric study 118–123 Cyathidites [palynomorph] 72, 74, 77, 78, orientation 120, 122 79, 80 oxygen isotope composition 273–278 fission track analysis 63 floral provinces 15–17 Dan Luang locality 272, 274, 275, 276 footprints, vertebrate 229, 245–253 Dasyatis [elasmobranch] 109 forest canopy 85, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94 Deltoidospora [palynomorph] 74, 76, 77, 80 fossil localities 190, 272 Department of Mineral Resources (Thailand) 190, 191 Ao Min (fish) 98, 99 depositional environment, Khorat Group 44, 46, 63 Ban Na Khrai (sauropod) 189, 190, 192, 195–214 72 Ban Na Krai (turtle) 144 Jurassic 50, 77 Ban Khok Sanam 272, 274, 276 78 Ban Nong Mek (sauropod) 191 Deprat Affair 30 Ban Saphan Hin (crocodyliform) 175, 176, 177 diagenesis Khorat Group 63 Chong Chad, oxygen isotope analysis 272, 274, 275, diamictite 10, 14 276, 277 diamonds, alluvial 13, 14 Chong Chat (fish) 127, 130, 131, 137 Dicheiropollis [palynomorph] 73,77 Dan Luang 272, 274, 275, 276 stratigraphical range 80 Hin Lat Pa Chad (footprints) 248, 257, 258 Dicheiropollis etruscus [palynomorph] 86 Huai Dam Chum (trackways) 250, 251 Dicynodon [reptile] 16,31 Kalasin (sauropods) 191 skull 34–38 Kham Phok (turtle) 153, 154, 155, 156 dicynodont 1, 16, 30, 31 Khao Yai, (footprints) 249 dicynodont fauna 33–39 Khok Kong 144 age 38–39 oxygen isotope 272, 274, 275, 276, 277 morphology 34–38 Khok Pha Suam (fish) 131, 272 diet, 86, 278 oxygen isotope 274, 275, 276 Dinehichnus [ichnofossil] 262 Khok Sanam (fish) 131, 127, 275, 277 dinosaur 1, 2, 3, 86 Khon Kaen (sauropods) 190–191 correlation 72, 78, 127, 137 Lam Pao Dam (fish) 131, 132 oxygen isotope composition 273–278 Mab Chin (fish) 131 Dinosauria Mab Ching (fish) 125, 130, 135 histology 217–226 Muong Phalane (trackways) 252 Sauropoda 189–214 Phu Dam Kaeng (fish) 131 Therapoda 229–240 Phu Faek (footprints) 249 Dracochelys [turtle] 157, 166 Phu Hin Rong Kla (footprints) 249–250 dropstone 14 Phu Kao (footprints) 249 Phu Kum Khao 132, 143, 189, 190, 191 Phu Mai Paw 131, 133, 134, 144 ecological conditions and tree shape 88, 92 Phu Nam Jun (fish) 116, 131, 130 ecology and oxygen isotope composition 273, oxygen isotope 272, 274, 275, 276, 277 277–278, 280 Phu Noi (fish) 137 elasmobranch fauna, Mid Jurassic 97 Phu Phan Thong 131, 132, 136, 144 systematic palaeontology 98–110 Phu Phan Wiang 131, 190 Elasmobranchii Bonoparte 109–110 Phu Phok 132, 133, 134, 144 enameloid microstructure 105, 107, 110 oxygen isotope 272, 274, 277 endemism 38, 97, 285, 289, 297, 298 Phu Wat (turtle) 143 Engaibatis [elasmobranch] 107 Phu Wiang () 195, 208, 229, 230 erosion, rate of 63 oxygen isotope 274, 275, 276, 277 Eucryptodira 154–168 Tad Huai Nam Yai (footprints) 246, 247 Eurasia plate 8 Tha Song Khon (footprints) 247, 248 Eusuchia 180, 183, 184–185 Wan Din So (fish) 129, 131 evaporites 41, 50 Wat Sak Kawan (sauropod) 189, 191 Exesipollenites [palynomorph] 71, 72, 76 freemasonry 26, 30 French influence in Laos 25–29 French Telegraph Company 25 faunachron 286, 298 faunal assemblage analysis 289 faunal provinces 15–17 Gagau Group 48, 51 Ferganoceratodus [fish] 137 ganoine analysis 275, 277 fish 2–3 [theropod] 237–240 Actinopterygii 125–138 geochemical analysis, phosphatic tissue 275 Semionotidae 115–123 geochemistry, Khorat Group 60–62,63 INDEX 303

Glen Rose form, crocodyliform 184, 185 Khok Sanam, fish locality 131, 127, 275, 277 Gondwana 11–12, 15–17, 298 Khon Kaen, sauropod site 190–191 terrane dispersion 7–20 Khorat Basin 43, 51–52, 272 granites 50, 51, 52, 63 Khorat Group 1, 2,3,41–64 Granodiscus [palynomorph] 74 climate 271, 276, 278–280 Gre`s Supe´rieurs 47, 48, 49, 79, 146, 148 correlation 49,81 footprints 246, 250–252 crocodyliforms 175–185 Gyrodus [fish] 135–136 faunal assemblages 285, 286, 297 palaeogeography 52–64 70–72, 80–81 habitat use 273 provenance 60,71–73 Halecomorphi 133 stratigraphy 44, 47–48, 71 Himalayan Orogeny 44,61 theropod site 229 Hin Lat Pa Chad, footprint site 248, 257, 258 turtle assemblages 141–149 Hoffet, J. H. 1, 30 Khorat Plateau 1 Holostei 129–133 Khoratosuchus gen nov [crocodyliform] 175–185 Huai Dam Chum, trackway site 250, 251 Khoratosuchus jintasakuli sp nov 176–177 Huai Hin Fon Formation 101 comparison 182–185 Huai Hin Lat Formation 44, 46, 49, 60, 61, 64 cranium dimensions 178, 179–180 footprints 246–247 description 177–182 Hybodus [elasmobranch] 98, 100 phylogenetic characteristics 185 comparison 98–99 systematic palaeontology 176–182 Kinnareemimus gen nov [theropod] 230 Kinnareemimus khonkaenensis sp nov 230–237 ice-house, Cretaceous 278 comparison 240–241 ichnology, systematic palaeontology 262–264 limb bones 232–237 Indochina Block 41, 43, 46, 97 relationship 237–240 Indochina terrane, vertebrates 2 vertebrae 230–231 Indochina, red beds 47–48 Kizylkumemys [turtle] 144, 145, 146, 148 Indochina–Sibumasu suture 61 Kuchinari Group 44,64 Indosinian Block 41, 46 Indosinian Orogeny 44, 51, 52, 64 Indosinias Moyennes 47, 48, 49 Lam Pao Dam, fish locality 131, 132 inversion, Mid-Cretaceous 46, 50 land-vertebrate faunachrons (LVF) 286, 298 Isanemys srisuki [turtle] 143–144, 148 latitude 61, 273, 278 Isanichthys [fish] 130 Le Chiens Aboient 30 Lepidotes [ray-finned fish] 129, 130, 132 and oxygen isotope composition 274 Jintasakul, P 175, 176 Lepidotes buddhabutrensis 130 primary measurements 118, 119 taphonomic study 115–123 Kalasin, sauropod site 191 Leptolepidites [palynomorph] 74,77 K–Ar age 63 Lhasa Block 19, 20, 51 Kham Phok, turtle locality 153, 154, 155, 156 lignite 48, 86 Khao Yai, footprint site 249 log assemblages 86, 87–92 Khlong Min Formation 97, 99, 101, 130 size 89 fossil fish 135–136, 136–137 Lonchidiidae 102–105 Khok Kong locality 144 Lonchidion reesunderwoodi sp nov [elasmobranch] 100, oxygen isotope 272, 274, 275, 276, 277 102–104, 110, 111 1, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49 comparison 104–105 age 52, 63, 125, 127 Lower 44, 46, 47, crocodyliform skulls 175–185 49, 53, 82 faunal assemblages 53, 286, 287, 290, 296, 297 Luang Prabang 25, 26, 28, 29, 33 fish 132–135, 136–137 Luang Prabang Formation 29–31 footprints 246, 250–252, 253 lungfish 125 location 126 LVF see land–vertebrate faunachrons oxygen isotope composition 271, 273–277, Lycoptera [fish] 137 279–280 Lystrosaurus 33–36, 38–39 palaeocurrents 58 palynology 72 provenance 62, 64 Mab Chin, fish locality 131 turtle fauna 146–148 Mab Ching, fish locality 125, 130, 135 Khok Pha Suam, fish locality 131, 272 Macrobaenidae 164–165 oxygen isotope 274, 275, 276 Mae Moei Group 52 304 INDEX

Maha Sarakham Formation 44, 46, 48, 49 palaeomagnetic data, Khorat Group 60–61 palynology 70–72 Palaeonisciformes 127–129 mammal-like reptile 3, 29–30 Palaeontology Museum of Savannakhet 34 Mansuy, H 30 palaeontology, research history 1–3 marine facies, Jurassic 48, 50 palaeontology, systematic marine, Cenomanian 79 Actinopterygii 127–137 Massie, M 26, 27, 28 Crocodyliformes 176–182 McCarthy, J 26, 27 Elasmobranchii 98–110 Meiolaniidae 166, 167 ichnology 262–264 176–185 Sauropoda 194–214 Meso-Tethys 8, 12, 16, 18, 19,20 Trionychoidae 154–168 Mid-Cretaceous Event 44 Palaeo-Pacific 12 Mist Mountain Formation (British Colombia) Palaeo-Tethys 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 259–260, 261, 263, 264, 265 palaeogeography 14–18 molasse 51 Pallegoix, J B 245 monkey-puzzle tree 85, 88, 92, 93 palynology, Khorat Group 70–72, 80–81 Mouhot, H 26, 245 palynomorph 48, 50, 52, 73–76 Muong Phalane, trackway site 252 distribution 72 Muse´um National d’Histoire 33, 34 Pangaea 15, 16, 17, 18,20 Museum of Petrified Wood and Mineral Pavie Mission 25–29, 30 Resources 175, 176, 249 Pavie, A 25, 26, 30 pelvis 161, 164, 212–213 Perinopollenites [palynomorph] 76 Nam Phong Formation 42, 44, 47, 54, 61, 64 petroleum exploration 2 age 52, 69 Pha Nok Khao Formation 44 footprint sites 247–248, 253 Philippine plate 8 palynology 78, 81 phosphatic tissues 273 Nanhsiungchelyidae 165, 166, 167, 168 Phra Wihan Formation 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49 Natural History Museum, Geneva 127 age 63, 69–70, 81, 127 Natural History Museum, London 129 footprints 229, 248–250, 253, 257, 263 Neighbour Joining method (NJ) 289, 290, 292, 293 palaeocurrents 56 Neoanomoepus ichnogen nov 264 palynology 77, 80 locality map 257 provenance 62 measurements 261 Phrabat temple site 245 trackways 259, 260, 263 Phu Dam Kaeng, fish locality 131 Neoanomoepus perigrinatus ichnosp nov 264 Phu Faek, footprint site 249 affinity 265–267 Phu Hin Rong Kla, footprint site 249–250 Neosuchia 176–185 Phu Kao, footprint site 249 NJ see Neighbour Joining method 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49 age 52, 63, 69–70, 81, 82, 127 faunal assemblages 53, 286, 287, 290, 297, 298 ontogeny, Phuwiangosaurus 217–218, 221–223, fish 116, 127–131, 132, 136–137 224, 226 footprint site 250, 253 3, 229–241 location 126 ornithopod track 248, 251, 252, 255–267 log assemblages 86 Osteichthyes 127 oxygen isotope composition 271, 273–277, 279, 280 ostrich dinosaur 3, 229–241 palynology 78, 80–81 oxygen isotope composition, bioapatite 271–280 provenance 55, 61, 62, 64 analytical method and results 273–277 turtle assemblages 141–143, 153–168 climate and ecology 277–280 Phu Kum Khao Dinosaur Research Centre 191 Phu Kum Khao locality 132, 143, 189, 190, 191 Phu Mai Paw locality 131, 133, 134, 144 palaeobotany, J. B. H. Counillon’s work 29 Phu Nam Jun, fish locality 116, 131, 130 palaeoclimate see climate oxygen isotope composition 272, 274, 275, 276, 277 palaeocological indicator 86 Phu Noi, fish locality 137 palaeocurrents, Khorat Group 53–58, 62 Phu Phan Formation 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 253 palaeogeographic interpretation and biogeography 290, age 63, 127 291, 294–298 palaeocurrents 57 maps 294–296 palynology 72 palaeogeography 14–20 provenance 61, 62 Khorat Group 52–64 Phu Phan Thong locality 131, 132, 137, 144 palaeohistology see bone histology Phu Phan Wiang locality 131, 190 palaeolatitude 61, 278 Phu Phok locality 132, 133, 134, 144 and oxygen isotope composition 273 oxygen isotope composition 272, 274, 277 INDEX 305

Phu Tok Formation 44, 46, 49,61 footprints 250, 253 theropod footprints 245 location 126 Phu Wat, turtle locality 143 oxygen isotope composition 271, 273–277, 279–280 Phu Wiang, dinosaur site 195, 208, 229, 230 palynology 77, 80 oxygen isotope 274, 275, 276, 277 sauropods 189, 190, 191, 193, 218 Phuwiangosaurus sirindhornae [sauropod] 192, 193, 194 theropods 229, 230 bone histology 217–226 turtle fauna 143–146 comparison with holotype 208–213 Saraburi Group 44 comparison with other sauropods 226 Sarcopterygii 137 pelvis 212–213 sauropod 3, 94, 99, 125 skull 195–203 Sauropoda 189–214 tooth 203, 211 systematic palaeontology 194–214 vertebrae 203–208, 209–213 Savannakhet Basin 50, 53 dimensions 205, 206, 207, 209 sea-level change 63–64 phytosaur remains 2–3 sedimentation rate, Khorat Group 53 phytosaur tracks 247 seismic data 64 plant remains 1–2, 48 Semionotidae 129–133 see also tree Service ge´ologique de l’Indochine 1 plates 46 sexual dimorphism 37, 109, 146 Plesiochelyidae 166, 167 Shachemys [turtle] 146, 147 plesiosaur 2 Shan Thai terrane 10–12, 97, 125, 130 Pleurodira 166, 167 Shan-Thai Block 2,41 Podicarpus [elasmobranch] 85, 92, 93 shark 2–3, 125 probability funnel 288, 290, 293 shark teeth 78, 153 provenance, Khorat Group 60 Siamamia [fish] 133 provincialism 286, 291 Siamopodus khaoyaiensis [footprint cast] 249 Psittacosaurus 293, 297, 298 Siamosaurus, oxygen isotope values 274, 278, 280 Psittacosaurus–pterosaur faunal complex 286 Sibumasu Block 41, 43,51 pterosaur remains 2–3 Sibumasu terrane 8, 9, 10–12, 13, 15, 18 Ptycholepis [fish] 127–129 vertebrates 2 purple beds, fossils in 33, 34, 35, 37, 38–39 Sibumasu terrane see Shan Thai terrane Pycnodontiformes 135–136 Sichuan Orogenic Basin 62 Sinamiidae 133–135 Sinemydidae 164–165 Qiantang Block 51 Singa Formetion 14 Qinling Orogenic belt 62, 64 Sirindhorn Museum 97, 116, 125, 127, 153, 189, 191, 247 skull radiometric dating 50, 63 crocodyliform 177–182 Raup and Crick’s taxonomic similarity coefficient (RC) dicynodont 34–38 288–290 sauropod 195–203 RC values 288–290, 292–296, 297 turtle 154–168 Reclus, E 245 Song Da Suture 46, 51 red beds 1, 3, 33 Song Ma Suture 15, 51 Khorat Group 41–64, 69–82 Spathobatis [elasmobranch] 107, 109 Red River Fault 60 Srisuk’s House Museum 127 59 and red beds subduction 18 regional faunal assemblages (RFA) 287, 289–297 Sukhothai Island Arc 8, 9, 13,15 Repelin, J 33 Surveying and exploring in Siam 26 reptile remains 29–30, 48, 98 sutures of South East Asia 9, 10, 43,45–46 see RFA regional faunal assemblages systematic palaeontology see palaeontology, systematic Rhinobatiformes 105–109 Rhinobatos [elasmobranch] 107 Rhombopterygia [elasmobranch] 107 Tad Huai Nam Yai, footprint site 246, 247 rift basins 46 taphocoenosis 288 rifting, Gondwana 8–10, 12–14 taphonomic study, fish 115 River Mekong 26, 28 methods 116–118 Royal Geographical Society 26 morphometric study 118–123 preservation state 117, 120 results 119–123 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 56 taphonomy, turtles 148, 153–154 age 69–70, 81, 127 taphonomy, sauropods 193–194 faunal assemblages 53, 97 Taquet, P 33 affinities 285–287, 290, 295, 297, 298 taxonomic analysis 287–292 fish 131–132, 133–134, 136–138 Tebak Formation 48 306 INDEX tectonic model, Khorat basin 51–52 pelvis 164 tectonic plates, South East Asia 8 shell 155, 158, 159–164 teeth 78, 131, 153 skull 156 elasmobranch 98–110 systematic palaeontology 154–168 and oxygen isotope composition 273, 275 turtle assemblages, Khorat Group 141–149, 153–171 sauropod 203, 211 Cretaceous 143–146 theropod 193, 194 Jurassic 136–143 Tembeling Group 51 Jurassic–Cretaceous 153–168 temnospondyls 125 taphonomy 153–154 temperature 278 turtle fauna 2–3, 99, 125 Terrain Rouge 47, 48, 49,79 China 142–143, 144, 145, 148 terranes 45–46 Japan 145, 146, 147 South East Asia 9, 10, 13 Laos 146, 148 terranes, origin of 7–14 Mongolia 142, 145, 148 Testudinoidea 165, 166, 167, 168 Russia 145 Tethys, palaeogeography 16–20 Tha Song Khon, footprint site 247, 248 unconformity Thai vocabulary 190, 191 Jurassic 52 thermal sag basin 43, 51, 52 Mid-Cretaceous 46 theropod footprint 248, 249 Upper Nam Phong Formation 44, 46, 47, 229–241 49, 53, 82 limb bones 233–237 pelvis 231–233 tooth 193, 194 vertebrae vertebrae 230–231 sauropod 203–208, 209–213 thin-skinned thrust 46 theropod 230–231 Thung Yai Group 97 vertebrate 1, 18, 53, 69–70 Titanosauria 194–214 distribution 2, 16–17 bone histology 217–226 footprints 245–253 tooth see teeth vertebrate assemblages, biogeographical analysis trackway, Cretaceous 256–267 data protocol 287 trackway, Jurassic 255–256, 262, 265, 267 method 287–290 trackways 218 palaeogeographic interpretation 290, 294–298 British Columbian specimens 259, 260, 263, taxonomic analysis 291–294 264, 265, 266 Vientiane Basin 48, 50, 53 Spanish specimens 259, 261, 262, 263, 265 volcanism, Khorat Group 63 Thai specimens 257–259, 263 Zimbabwian specimens 261–262, 263 Wan Din So, fish locality 129, 131 Trang Group 48, 86, 97, 125 Wat Sak Kawan, sauropod locality 189, 191 palynology 79–80 West Burma Block 12, 51 tree shape () 85–94 West Sumatra Block 12 tree, size analysis 86–92 wood 47, 86, 87–92 branch 88, 90–92 diameter 87–88 xylological analysis 87 height 88 tridactyl tracks 258 trilobites and Deprat Affair 30 Yunnan Basin 60 Trionychoidae 3 limb bones 164 zircon 63