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Life Science Journal 2014;11(10) http://www.lifesciencesite.com

Variants of /a/ in Tatar lingual areal

Madina Rashidovna Sattarova, Radif Rifkatovich Zamaletdinov, Raushaniya Sagdatzyanovna Nurmukhametova

Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street, 18, , 420008,

Abstract. The results of research of phoneme /a/ on the base specifics in and characteristics of distribution of variants in Tatar lingual space are covered in the . Some facts of the history of Tatar language forming and lingual contacts with representatives of other cultures may explain existence of several forms of phoneme /a/. Territorial isolation of some areals led to preserving more archaic phenomena. There had been also the influence of other languages. Variability of phoneme /a/ usage in central areal is the result of substrate, ethnic variety effect. Studying the nature of phoneme /a/ variants, specifics of distribution of their isoglottic lines in Tatar lingual space has great importance to solve some problems of the history of the people, ethnogeny of . [Sattarova M.R., Zamaletdinov R.R., Nurmukhametova R.S. Variants of phoneme /a/ in Tatar lingual areal. Life Sci 2014;11(10):657-660] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 100

Keywords: areal linguistics, Tatar language, phoneme /a/, isoglottic line, ethnogeny

Introduction According to the character of studied Areal linguistics is independent direction of material we use in the research the complex of linguistics based on the study of special distribution of methods and approaches, such as: descriptive method lingual phenomena [1]. It combines synchronous and that was used in study of phonetic patterns in vowel diachronic dimensions and allows interpreting lingual , reconstruction of facts of Tatars' characteristics of existing dialects promoting deeper history, synchronous linguistic description method understanding of the history of maturing of a certain was used to describe the lexical units in contacting languages and their dialects. languages, analytic method was used for processing of Phonetic layer as the most stable layer of a language field materials. gives the possibility to describe historical conditions Main body of development of language areals. This work is Phonetic system of modern Turkic languages focused on research of one of the units of phonetic has significantly long history of development. New structure chain of Tatar dialect language in particular in Turkic languages have been forming on diversity of phoneme /а/, that reflects complicated the base of internal resources of these languages on history of forming of its dialects and accents. the one hand and as a result of interaction of non- Tatar language is spread over the vast Turkic languages in the other. territory of Russian Federation where Tatars contact The necessity of scientific study of one of the with representatives of numerous kindred and non- most complicated and at the same time interesting kindred languages [2-5]. Besides there are Tatar phenomenon of Tatar language phonetics in particular diasporas outside the country in the USA, , and Turkic languages in general has determined the , Australia and others that are the main areals. choice of phoneme /а/ and characteristics if their Specifics of phonetic system of the language of Tatars isoglottic lines as an object of research. These living in China have been analyzed in the works of languages are connected with Bulgar, Nogai and Mari A.Sh. Usupova, A.N. Denmukhametova, G.R. lingual substrates and contain valuable information of Mugtasimova, G.A. Nabiullina [6, 7]. Finn Tatars linguistic and extra-linguistic character. language features have also been studied [8, 9]. Specifics of Tatar dialect language are Method described in the works of L.Sh.Arslanov, Complex study of phonetic features of Tatar F.S.Bajazitova, N.B.Burganova, L.T.Mahmutova, national language hasn’t yet been an object of special D.B.Ramazanova, .R.Sadykova, D.G.Tumasheva, research. It defines actual character of these topics. T.H.Hajrutdinova, F.Ju.Jusupov and others [10, 11]. The aim of the work is to research specific variants of Works on theoretic and methodological problems of using phoneme /а/ in areals of Tatar language dialectology, lingual geography of such scientists as distribution. M.A.Borodina, N.Z.Gadzhieva, A.B.Dzhuraev, Methods and approaches of areal linguistics V.M.Zhirmunskij, A.M.Shherbak and others were allow deep penetration in the history of lingual space theoretical base of the research [10]. “Atlas of Tatar help to interpret interdialect and interlingual isoglottic people accents of Middle Regions and lines. Results promote revealing more ancient lingual Priuralie” (1989) and “Comments to the Altas of Tatar unities and determining of their genetic proximity, etc. people accents of Middle Volga Regions and

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Priuralie” (1989), results of researches of Tatar Isoglottic lines of moderately labialled dialects of all generations, regional atlases covering variant /ао/. This variant has the characteristic that is individual dialects and accents of Tatar language and close to Tatar literary language in articulatory and materials of dialectological expeditions of the authors acoustic characteristics. It is used in first syllables of were used as source material. Having studied these multisyllable words: low , non-labial works and analyzed materials gathered in sound but it has slightly labial character. dialectological expedition we define the following Isoglottic lines of moderately labialled inventary of variants of phoneme /а/ of Tatar dialect variant /ао/ cover relatively vast territory. /ао/ is typical language: for the group of Zakazanskiy and highland (nagorny) 2. /оа/ – very labialled; accents as well as Laish, , Minzilinsk, 3. /ао/ – moderately labialled; accents. Out of territory this isoglottic 4. /а/ – opened; line covers accents of eastern part of the Republic of /а^/ – very opened; and forms vast zone of vibration that /а*/ – moderately opened [10: 70]. includes accents of South Ural and Over Ural Isoglottic lines of very labialled variant of territories. Besides, in the territory of Orenburg region phoneme /оа/. This variant is not marked by special the variant of moderately labialled /ао/ forms mark in mapping dialectological atlas. This variant isoglottic lines of insular character in Ik, Qargaly, has limited distribution in Tatar lingual space. It is the Buzuluk, Bashkir subaccents of Orenburg Tatars. basin of rivers , Burets, the headstreams of Isoglottic lines of insular character exist also in the rivers and Mesha, i.e. northern parts of territory of Tobolo- accent of Siberian Tatar. Mamadysh and Malmyzh regions. According to In most Bashkirian accents and in Bashkir isoglottic line of the variant /оа/, o-pronouncing literary language labialization of phoneme /а/ may be (okayuschy) Tatars have been contacting for a long explained as a result of bilabial harmony typical for time with representatives of . Like the . This variant is not used in first other Finno-Ugric languages these people use /о/ in syllable because precedence of a syllable with labial first syllable. Turkic-Mari lingual relations have long vowel /о/ is necessary. As a result moderately history. Finno-Ugric tribes had lived on the territory deepened /ао/ in Bashkir language is used only in that was later inhabited by Bulgars. This phonetic second and further syllables. For example, qolaoch – phenomenon may be explained by the unity of lingual sweep, qocaoq – embrace, mogaoyïn – maybe, etc. As processes that had been going on in languages of some Bashkir scholars believe using of moderately Volga- region where Bulgar language played deepened /ао/ is observed only in western accents of important role. Bashkir language that may be explained by the Due to Mari substrate in Bulgar language influence of neighboring accents of Tatar language further labialling of /а/ in first syllables had been [15: 29]. going on. A part of Mari population of Zakazanye had There are different opinions and explanations assimilated under the influence of Bulgar people that of the origin of moderately labialled variant /ао/ in has more developed state system and culture linguistic literature. F. Iskhakov also notes labial comparing with neighbors. Now Mari living on the character of phoneme /а/ in Tatar language and territory of , , , Mamadysh connects it with existence of low back sounds /қ/, /ғ/ regions of Tatarstan becaming Tatars form the in Tatar and Bashkir languages [16: 36]. We believe population of northern parts of Zakazanye. that this opinion is not convincing because low back Toponymy, ethnographic, anthropological and lingual sounds /қ/, /ғ/ exist in many Turkic languages but no materials kept safe until nowadays prove this fact [12: one except for Tatar, Bashkir and Uzbek languages 38]. has labial /ао/. A.M. Scherbak explains forming of Isoglottic line /оа/ of insular character in labialled sound /а/ in Turkic languages by influence of Tatar lingual space appeared in Tobolsk, Tevriz lingual substrate. accent of Tobolo-Irtysh dialect of . But Analysis of these facts reveals sound reasons the origin of very labialled variant of phoneme /оа/ to explain usage of moderately labialled /ао/ in a together with other variants on this territory is certain accents of Tatar language by Bulgar lingual different. Using of very labialled variants /оа/ together substrate. Usage of /ао/ in Tatar language is with soft /аә/ in accents of eastern dialect may be intermediate stage of transition а  о  у. When the explained by the influence of because Volzhskaya Bulgaria was broken up, the separation of they are typical for territories with big share of Bugarian and Chuvash peoples (which had the close Bukhara people [13: 37]. Forming of deepened languages) resulted in different rates of development phoneme /а/ in Uzbek language may in turn be of lingual phenomena in our case transition ао о  explained by Iran substrate [14: 168]. у. This process in Highland is on the

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stage “о” now, and in Lowland Chuvash – on the in development of , Siberian, Kazakh, Krym stage “у”. Mixing Bulgars with Kypchaq tribes which and Kazan khanates. typically used non-labialled /а/ in all positions may Insular isoglottic line of the very open variant effected the process of labialling of phoneme /а/ in of phoneme /а^/ is typical also for accent of Orengurg Zakazanski accents. Tatars. This island includes just a few settlements. Isoglottic lines of open variant /а/ are typical Appearance of this variant on this territory may be for western dialect of Tatar language. This variant of explained by moving here Astrakhan Nogai people in phoneme /а/ has the following characteristic: low back inhabitation of the region in XVIII century. vowel non-labial more back than Russian in Appearance of isoglottic line of Nogai type of articulation that is typical for most Kypchaq phoneme /а^/ on the territory of distribution of Kasim languages [16: 65]. and Bastan accents of middle dialect may also be Isoglottic line of open pure non-subjected to explained by Nogai substrate. labialling in any position /а/ covers relatively vast These facts prove the impact of Nogai territory of Middle Volga and Low Prikamie including language on development of Tatar language. Zakamskiy regions of Tatarstan and south-western Isoglottic lines of moderately open /а*/. In regions of the Republic of Bashkortosan, Ryazan, acoustic and articulatory characteristic moderately Penza, Ul'yanovsk, Tambov, , /а*/ is between /ао/ and /а/. Isoglottic line regions and south-eastern regions of and of /а*/ is a sort of fragment in Tatar lingual areal. respectively the following accents of mishar dialect of Isoglittic lines of this variant may be observed in the the Tatar language: , Drozhzhanovsky, territory of Ural and Zauralie. Further is covers the Mordva-Karatay, Kuznetsk, Temnikov, L‘ambra, territory of distribution of Siberian Tatar dialects Khvalyn, Sergach, Baykibash, Sterlitamak, Sharlyk although isoglottic lines of other variants of phoneme and others. Mishari is not aboriginal nation on this /а/ cover this territory. tremendous territory. Spread of this variant of There are isoglotic lines of two types in the phoneme /а/ in such a way are closely connected with territory of Ural and Zauralie: moderately labialled ethnic and historical facts relating maturing of mishar /а°/ and moderately opened /а/ of kypchaq type. It is ethnos. Tatas-mishars is complex ethnic system that known that kypchaq type of phoneme /а/ was typical had developed mainly before the end of XVI century for Siberian Tatars. Moderately opened variant /а*/ is in the boundaries of Meschera, Mordovia, Nizhni nvergence of these forms. The closer to the east the Novgorod's region of Volga Region. It has very accent is spread the less frequent the labialled /ао/ is ancient Kypchaq layer that forms its base as well as used. This variant is absent in Sibarian accents and madzhar-bortas, together with bolgar and nogay Bashkir language that has additional effect. Forming components. Usage of non-labialled variant of of moderately opened /а*/ in these territories had been phoneme /а/ in mishar dialect may be explained by the going on in original way under the effect of several fact that the base of this group of Tatars consists of accents one may even say languages. It is intermediate ancient Kypach tribes this variant was typical for. accent of Tatar language and dialects of Siberian Isoglottic lines of very open (Nogai type) Tatars, Nogai, Kazakh, Bashkir languages. variant of /а^/ much more open than in mishar dialect. Moderately opened variant /а*/ forms insular Insular type isoglottic lines of this variant has the isoglottic lines in the teritory of Tatarstan. Some sub- following coverage: Zakazansko-Dubyaz, Kasim, accents form isoglottic line of this type: Pakshin, Nagaybak, Noqrat, Bastan accents and also Kukmor , sub-accents of Zakazansky accent; Elabuga, and Tashkirmen sub-accents of Zakazansky accent of Chelny, , Baqaly sub-accents of kryashen of baptized Tatars, Mullin, Shakvin, Sylvin sub-accents Low Kama Region (here in parallel with moderately of Perm Tatars. Nogai type of phoneme /а^/ is opened variant of /а*/ labialled variant /ао/ is used). different from mishar variant: it has more back Using of variant /а*/ in the territory of articulation and resembles respective vowel of Nogai Elabuga, Zainsk, Baqaly sub-accents of kryashen group of Tirkic languages. accent of Low Kama Region may be explained by Origination of Nogai type of vowel /а^/ in mixed character of the population as representatives these regions may be explained by the fact that Kazan of Zakazansky, Minzilinsk accents of the middle Khanate being the state of Muslim Turkic population dialect had been moved here and moderately labialled attracted attention of natives of the same Muslin variant /ао/ is typical for them, and also native Turkic-speaking regions as Crimean, Astrakhan, speakers of mishar dialect of Tatar language whose Siberian, Nogai and other khanates. There are specific feature is using of moderately opened /а/. numerous facts in historical literature which prove the Insular isoglottic lines are localized in the settling of Nogai people in Zakazanye. After breaking territory of Middle Ural and cover a certain sub- up of Nogai tribes actively participated accents of Perm Tatars' accent. Appearance of

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moderately opened /а*/ in these accents may be are logically connected with Turkic languages. It is explained by the participation of ancient Eastern the understandinf of a dialect as lingual unity that had Turkic component and Volga Region Tatars. Opened been formed as a result of complex processes of type of the phoneme /а/ of kypchak type had been historical interaction, as the product of differentiation historically typical for them. There are opinions fixed and integration of local accents due to lingual in historical and ethnographic literature that ethnic communication in the scope of the common language composition of Perm Tatars is the following: Volga for all people. Study of the nature of different variants Region Tatars, Mansi, Ostyaks, Nogai. of phoneme /а/ helps to solvecomplex issues of Using of moderately opened variant /а*/ in ethnogeny of Tatars. these territories may be explained by the fact that accents spread on the territory of Bashkortostan, in Corresponding Author: Ural and Zauralie are transitive between Tatar and Dr. Sattarova Madina Rashidovna Bashkir languages, middle and eastern dialects of Tatar language. Besides Volga Region Tatars in this Kremlevskaya Street, 18, Kazan, 420008, Russia territory are not native speakers of this language but immigrants. References Moderately opened variant /а*/ is close to 1. Enfield N.J., 2005. Areal linguistics and mainland Southeast General Turkic opened /а/ in its character and is Asia. Annual Review of Anthropology. 34: 181-206. 2. Johanson L., 2000. Linguistic convergence in the Volga area. specific feature of transitive accents and dialects of Languages in Contact. Amsterdam – Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, zones of interlingual contacts. pp: 165-178. Conclusion 3. Perry J. R., 2006. Turkic-Iranian contacts and linguistic Characteristic of isoglottic lines of each contacts. Date Views 12.03.2014 www.iranicaonline.org/articles/turkic-iranian-contacts-i- variant of phoneme /а/ allowed revealing common linguistic. features typical for dialects and accents of Tatar 4. Rorlich A.-A., 1986. The : A Profile in National language and define complicated processes going on Resilience. Stanford. in different lingual areals. On the base of defining and 5. Wertheim S., 2002. Language purity and the de- of Tatar. Berkeley. characterizing the isoglottic lines of variants of 6. Yusupova A.S. 2013. Features of the Language of Tatars phoneme /а/ classifying characteristics of dialects and Living in China. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. accents of Tatar language are being clarified. Two 17 (2): 168-172. variants of phoneme /а/ are typical for middle dialect: 7. Denmukhametova I.N. and A.S. Yusupova . 2011. Synonyms in the speech of Tatar diaspora in China. The Family in the moderately labialled variant /а°/ and /а^/ of Nogai Modern World. Helsinki, Unigrafia Oy. pp: 60-63. type. Mishar dialect is characterized by opened /а/. 8. Akhmetova, Ya.M., 2004. Finland Tatars accent in Moderately opened variant /а*/ is typical for Siberial comparative and historical dimendsions, PhD thesis, Kazan. Tatars. Very labialled variant /оа/ has strictly local 9. Ethnic groups and minorities in Finland. Date Views 12.03.2014 character and is just a special system in the scope of www.finland.org/public/default.aspx?nodeid=46121&content middle dialect of Tatar language and Tobolo-Irtysh lan=2&culture=en-US. dialect of Siberian Tatars. 10. Sattarova, M.P. 2008. Areal linguistics: sincronous and diachronic study of lingual phenomena. Kazan. Magarif. pp: 152. Resume 11. Nurmukhametova, R.S. 2007. Trends in the development of Having studied scientific literature on the vocabulary Tatar literary language (first half of the twentieth history and ethnogeny of Turkic people in general and century). Kazan: TDGPU, pp: 177. Tatar people in particular we have revealed the 12. Khalikov, A.Kh. Volga region and Ural region Tatars origin. Kazan. pp: 160. reasons of development of the variants of phoneme /а/ 13. Tumasheva, D.G. 1977. Dialects of Siberian Tatars. Kazan. in the connection with ethnic composition of Tatar pp: 295. people, native speakers of modern accents, the history 14. Scherbak, A.M. 1970. Comparative phonetics of Turkic of modern dialects and accents formation. Any of the languages. Leningrad. pp: 190. 15. Kiekbaef J.G. 1958. Phonetics of the Bashkir language. Ufa, modern dialectological research is not complete if its' pp: 212. results have not get detailed lingual, geographical and 16. Iskhakov, F.G., 1955. Characteristics of some vowels of areal interpretation. The variants of phoneme are today Turkic languages. Researches of comparative grammar analyzed in the scope of dialect system of Tatar of Turkic languages, , pp: 38. language and beyond this scope in this article, as they

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