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Tatar Language Tendencies of Conservation and Development in Polyethnic Society

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Tatar Language Tendencies of Conservation and Development in Polyethnic Society Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 07 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 81 TATAR LANGUAGE: TENDENCIES OF CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN POLYETHNIC SOCIETY (CASE STUDY OF RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN) Dinara S. Sultan 1 Tatiana G. Bochina 2 Atirkul Ye. Agmanova 3 Yevgeniya A. Zhuravleva 4 Abstract: Conservation and identification, related issues of development of minority languages in conservation and using the native countries unique in the ethno-linguistic language and culture by representatives aspect, such as Russia and Kazakhstan, of various ethnic groups living in Russia are highly relevant. Wide linguistic and Kazakhstan, as well as the specifics diversity, on the one hand, and of their interaction and mutual influence dominance of the official Russian in under new geopolitical conditions as the Russia and the official Kazakh and object of the study. Russian languages in the socio- Keywords: ethnos, minority language, communicative system of society in language consciousness, conservation, Kazakhstan, on the other hand, Tatar language, multicultural society, determine the linguistic landscape and Russia, Kazakhstan peculiarities of multilingualism in these states. Research interest in linguistic Introduction contacts of a modern multiethnic society Development of a rational and has determined the choice of the appropriate language policy in a modern processes of linguistic and ethnic multicultural and multilingual 1 Kazan Federal University 2 Kazan Federal University 3 Pavlodar State Pedagogical University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan THE ARTISTIC EMBODIMENT OF THE IMAGE OF ENGLAND IN THE.docx 4 L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. e-mail: [email protected] , 89869028793 Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 07 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 82 societyturns out to be a challenge. One of According to Federal State the main conditions for a successful Statistics Service of the Russian language policy is in-depth Federation, the total population of Russia consideration of two opposing trends: on as of January 1, 2019, is 146,781,095 the one hand, maintaining the official people [1]. As of the 2010 National language, and on the other hand, Census, the number of Tatars is supporting and developing others, 5,310,649 people that is 3.72% of the including languages ofminorities. Russian population. Kazakhstan and Russia are The Republic of Tatarstan is historically multiethnic, multilingual and one of the most multinational regions of multicultural states.The uniqueness of Russia. Its inhabitants are mainly Tatars their ethno-lingual environment is based (over 2 million or 53.2% of the total onwide linguistic diversity: dominance population of the Republic) followed by of the official Kazakh and Russian Russians (over 1.5 million or 39.7%) and languages in the social and Chuvashes (116.2 thousand or 3.1%) [2]. communicative system of Kazakh As of January 1, 2019, the society; dominance of the Russian population of Kazakhstan is 18,395,567 language on the territory of the Russian people, including the following ethnic Federation. groups: Kazakhs who make up the All aforementioned makes quite majority of the population - 12,505,251 obvious the relevance of the case study (67.98%), Russians – 3,553,232 of minority languages interaction in (19.32%), Uzbeks (3. 21%), Ukrainians multicultural societies (Kazakhstan and (1.47%), Uighurs (1.475), Tatars – Russia); identifying factors of language 201,492 (1.10%), etc. [3,13, 14]. conservation and features of functioning, According to the 2009 Census, as well as co-functioning with the 104.2 thousand Tatars (51.1%) indicated dominant languages (Kazakh and Tatar as their mother tongue, about 100 Russian) in social and communicative thousand (48.9%) mentioned other environment of these countries; languages [4,11,12]. These data correlate linguistic and ethnic identification in a with the results of two large-scale studies polyethnic language landscape. conducted under the supervision of Prof. Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 07 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 83 E.D. Suleymenova (INTAS project association experiment and interviewing "New language identity in transforming of various ethnic groups societies: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, representatives). The article presents the Tajikistan and Uzbekistan" (2005) and results of the survey conducted among the project of the Committee on Tatar respondents in the Russian Language Development and Socio- Federation (100 people; Moscow, Political Work of the Ministry of Culture Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod region, etc., and Sport of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2017-2018) and in Kazakhstan (100 “Ethno-Linguistic Landscape in the people; Astana, Almaty, Semey, Republic of Kazakhstan: the Present and Pavlodar, etc., 2016-2017). the Future” (2009)). As follows from the 200 people took part in the projects, comparison of the data obtained survey. Mathematical data processing within a five-year interval (2005 and was performed by SPSS Statistics 2009) demonstrate a correlation between program. the ethnic and linguistic identity of the The survey is aimed at studying Tatar respondents: an ethnic language – the processes of ethnic and linguistic 70% → 40%; the Kazakh language – identification, specific national features 13% → 40%; the Russian language – 9% of the world perception, interaction of → 0%; the ethnic language + Russian – minority languages with Kazakh, 1% → 20%; other languages – 5% → Russian and other languages, 0%. The revealed relation of linguistic engagement and mutual influence of the identity and linguistic competence also language consciousness of ethnic groups indicates the presence of a language shift in a multicultural and multilingual [5, p. 284]. Researchers from Kazan Russian and Kazakh societies. Federal University investigated the language situation in Tatar diasporas of Results and discussion different countries [6-10]. The following statements were used to evaluate passive language skills: Methods b) I understand speech but I cannot The study is based on communicate , c) I understand speech experimental setup (a survey, an and I can produce some basic phrases . Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 07 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 84 The statements to measure the level of option a) I do not have a command of the active proficiency were as follows : d) I language. understand speech, speak and read The obtained results on the fluently but I cannot write; e) I level of language competence of Tatar understand, speak, read and write respondents from Russia and fluently . It was possible to indicate the Kazakhstan are shown in Table 1. ignorance of the language through an Table 1 −Language competence of respondents-Tatars (%) Respondents – Respondents – Kazakhstan Levels of proficiency Russian Federation citizens citizens Tat R Tat Ka R ar language ussian ar language zakh ussian language language language I do not have a 12, – – 6 – command of the language 0 Can understand 14, 23, speech but cannot 2,0 – – 0 0 communicate Can understand 13, 1, 25, 33, 1 speech and can produce basic 0 3 0 0 ,0 phrases Can understand 16, 3, 24, 14, 3 speech; speak and read 0 7 0 0 ,0 fluently; cannot write Can understand 69, 9 25, 24, 9 speech; speak, read and write 0 3,0 0 0 6,0 fluently Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 07 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 85 In general, command of the phrases”): in Russia 99% respondents Tatar language among Tatar respondents have different levels of proficiency in the living in Russia is quite good: the index ethnic language and 96% are fluent in of active proficiency in the ethnic Russian; in Kazakhstan 74% language is 85%; 69% are fluent respondents are proficient in Tatar, 71% speakers. Moreover, the “zero” level respondents have different levels of (ignorance) of the ethnic language proficiency in the official Kazakh among the Tatars from Russia was not language, 93% are fluent in Russian. revealed. Tatar respondents from Distribution of the Tatar Kazakhstan have demonstrated lower language in public communication can results: active command of the ethnic be characterized by identifying the language is 49%; the level of fluency is qualitative level of social functions. 25%. 39% respondents indicated passive Findings on the use of Tatar, Russian and language skills. Ignorance of the ethnic Kazakh languages in various fields of language was also noted (12%). activity by respondents-Tatars living in The findings of the study Russia and Kazakhstan indicate emerge dominance of bilingual Tatars dominance of the Russian language in (as in the case with the threshold index “I almost all spheres of their life (Table 2). can understand speech and produce basic Table 2
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