Everyday English Grammar 6.Indd

Education

Viva ©

Education

Viva ©

Anita Bahadur Sreetilak Sambhanda

New Delhi • Mumbai • Chennai • Kolkata • Bengaluru • Hyderabad • Kochi • Guwahati Education Information contained in this book has been obtained by its authors from sources believed to be reliable and is correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the publisher and its authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or

for any particular use.

Every attempt has been made to trace holders of copyright. Where the publishers have not heard from them at the time of going to press or where, in the absence of completeViva information, it has not been possible to identify the sources of materials used, the publishers would be grateful for any information that would enable them to make appropriate acknowledgements© in future reprints/editions of this book. product in this publication are for educational purposes only. We gratefully acknowledge each individual intellectual property owner.

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New Delhi • Mumbai • Chennai • Kolkata • Bengaluru • Hyderabad • Kochi • Guwahati CopyrightAhmedabad • Indore • Jaipur • Jalandhar • Lucknow • Nagpur • Nashik • Patna • Pune • Ranchi www.vivadigital.in www.vivagroupindia.com Preface

Knowing the grammar of a language helps us communicate confi dently, especially when it is not our mother tongue. Conventional approaches to the teaching and learning of grammar are often so unfriendly that learners start to dislike the subject itself. The challenge for the writers of a grammar textbook is to make grammar interesting without compromising on the rigour that the subject demands. Everyday English Grammar and Composition covers English grammar comprehensively presenting every topic in a clear and learner-friendly style. Each concept is explained and exemplifi ed in detail, also accounting for exceptions to the rules.Education With equal emphasis on the grammatical structures and their application in real-life situations, Everyday English Grammar and Composition aims to give the learner a thorough grounding in English. The exercises in the lessons are designed to test learners with various levels of competence. They range from the easy to the highly challenging, so that every learner in a typical classroom has something of his/her own level. Besides grammar, books of this series also include other components of language learning such as vocabulary, comprehensionViva and writing skills. The vocabulary lessons not only constitute a graded reference section, but also include numerous practice tasks. Stories, passages and poems interspersed© with theoretical lessons break the monotony, as well as develop comprehension. They are accompanied by multiple-choice, short-answer- type and long-answer-type questions. The composition section gives clear guidance on the basic and essential forms of writing used in daily life. The lessons in this section explain the formats, give samples for each format and list practice tasks. Part of the books for classes 6, 7 and 8 is bonus feature – a glossary of grammar terms for instant reference. Each book is complemented by worksheet sets that carry extra exercises for practice, and three tests. The worksheets help learners perfect their understanding of each concept learned in the corresponding chapters. We hope that teachers and learners will fi nd in each book of this series all they want from a textbook of grammar and composition, and that it will prove to be a friendly companion to a challenging subject. Anita Bahadur Copyright Sreetilak Sambhanda Contents

Preface ...... iii 21 Degrees of Comparison: 1 The Sentence ...... 1 Adjectives and Adverbs ...... 119 2 Subject and Predicate ...... 5 22 Sea Fever ...... 123 3 Questions...... 8 Worksheets 10–21 125–142 Test 2 143 4 Nouns ...... 15 5 Number...... 19 23 Direct andEducation Indirect Speech ...... 145 6 Pronouns ...... 23 24 Active and Passive Voice ...... 149 7 Adjectives ...... 36 25 Punctuation ...... 153 8 Articles ...... 41 26 Homonyms ...... 157 9 Cats Big and Small ...... 47 27 Homophones ...... 159 28 Synonyms ...... 161 Worksheets 1–9 50–63 Viva Test 1 64 29 Antonyms ...... 163 10 Verbs ...... © 67 30 Phrasal Verbs...... 166 11 Tenses ...... 72 31 Similes ...... 169 12 Present Tense ...... 75 32 Words Easily Confused ...... 171 13 Past Tense ...... 84 33 Robin Hood and the Butcher ...... 175 14 Future Tense ...... 93 Worksheets 22–30 180–191 Test 3 192 15 Subject–Verb Agreement ...... 99 16 Tag Questions ...... 102 34 Writing Letters and Emails ...... 194 17 Adverbs ...... 104 35 Story-Writing ...... 200 18 Prepositions ...... 107 36 Essay-Writing ...... 203 19 Conjunctions ...... 110 37 Writing a Diary Entry ...... 207 Copyright 20 Phrases ...... 113 Glossary of Grammar Terms ...... 209 The Sentence

In this chapter, learn: 1 the grammatical nature of a sentence to classify sentences based on their structure and meaning to punctuate different types of sentences to turn one type of sentence into another

Education What Is a Sentence? Read the groups of words in the table below and compare those in column A with the ones in column B.

AB Grammar Point 1. Rachna school 1. Sri LankaViva is an island. 2. when the grasshopper 2. Meenu has three T-shirts. The most important word in a sentence 3. Sri Lanka island an is 3.© My brother likes cold coﬀ ee. is the verb. 4. likes brother cold coﬀ ee my 4. Where is Nagaland? Besides the verb, a sentence can have All four groups of words in column A are meaningless. But all the other parts like a groups of words in column B make sense. Th ey are sentences. subject, an object, a complement A sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense. It has a and one or more unity, stands independently and expresses a clear meaning. adverbials. A sentence must contain an action word, or verb. Sentences also contain a subject, or the doer of the action. Some sentences include an object, that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action. subject doer of the action Cheetahs run fast. verb action Cheetahs chase deer. object thing that undergoes CopyrightSentences begin with a capital letter. Th ey end with a full stop (.), a the action question mark (?) or an exclamation mark (!).

1 THE SENTENCE

A Tick the groups of words that are sentences and cross out the ones which are not. 1. Swimming is a good exercise. 6. Is it a sword? 2. Mylapore Chennai is in. 7. Wet and green lawn. EXERCISE 3. Plastic cups. 8. Far away from Neelima’s house. 4. Grace is seventeen years old. 9. Light paperweight! 5. Into the tub. 10. One of Sankuram’s parrots is dead.

B Order the parts to make sentences. Add correct punctuation. 1. A will go to Russia in December B our football coach 2. A the TV B who C turned off EXERCISE 3. A the girl B is Amisha C riding the yellow bicycle Education 4. A the crystal vase B who brought C on the shelf 5. A to fi x the fan B tomorrow C in the bedroom D call the electrician 6. A this statue B four hundred years old C of a dancing woman D is 7. A is B how marvellous C the new sea-bridge 8. A could you B from the bookstoreViva C get me D a school atlas E on Patel Road 9. A the name B pet parrot ©C of your D what is 10. A below 12 B in the magic show C children D not allowed E are

Types of Sentences Th ere are four major types of sentences.

Declarative sentences tell Amazon is a river. something and end with a full stop. Nikita ate three bananas in the morning. Our grandfather lives in Madurai. Charles Dickens was a famous British novelist. Interrogative sentences ask a When is the music festival starting? Copyrightquestion and end with a question Who left the fridge open? mark. How many hundreds are there in one thousand? Was Kapil the captain of their team? 2 THE SENTENCE

Imperative sentences give a Give me the remote. command or an advice, or make a Stop talking. request. They often end with a full Let’s go home. stop, or sometimes, an exclamation Buy seven boxes of chocolate and three bricks of ice cream. mark. Don’t move! Exclamatory sentences show strong What a ﬁ ne necklace Saroj has! feelings and end with an exclamation How amazing the Ellora caves are! mark. They usually begin with the What a genius Ramanujan was! words what or how. How clever the king’s ministers are! Each of these has a special word arrangement. Th eir use depends on the context of speech or writing.

simpler name end punctuation mark declarative sentences statements full stop (.) interrogative sentences questions question mark (?) imperative sentences commands and requests full Educationstop (.)/exclamation mark (!) exclamatory sentences exclamations exclamation mark (!)

C Indicate with tick marks in the table below what type each of the following sentences is. Then add correct end punctuationViva mark to the sentences. One is done for you. Some could have more than one answer.

EXERCISE declarative© interrogative imperative exclamatory Sentence 1  Sentence 2 Sentence 3 Sentence 4 Sentence 5 Sentence 6 Sentence 7 Sentence 8 CopyrightSentence 9 Sentence 10

3 THE SENTENCE

1. How many times have you travelled 7. Sending an email is easier than by sea? writing a letter 2. I was on a ship in 1989 8. Who is the fi rst woman to fl y an 3. What a great experience it was aeroplane 4. Please put away these cartons 9. How cruel it is to make little children work in factories 5. Bring your craft s workbook tomorrow 10. A kingfi sher lays up to ten eggs at a 6. Where is Murshidabad located time

D Write interrogative sentences which would be answered by the given statements. 1. I will pack my bag aft er breakfast. 6. Th is mobile phone is my mother’s. 2. It is one kilometre wide. 7. Th ere are thirteen birds in the picture. EXERCISE 3. Prometheus brought fi re to the earth 8. I went to watch a movie last evening. from heaven. 9. Rafi q’s houseEducation is in Manohar Nagar. 4. I cannot close this window because its 10. Th is train will reach Dehradun at frame has bent. 4 o’clock in the morning. 5. Anshuman Ram is a golfer.

E Write imperative sentences that can be used in each of the following situations. 1. Request Shoaib to turn off the lights Viva 5. Instruction to stick a photograph on in the bedroom. an application form. EXERCISE 2. A warning on an electric iron© that one 6. Sign at a public place asking people to should not touch it with wet hands. throw litter in the dustbin. 3. A website asking you to enter a 7. An emergency helpline number and password to log in. the accompanying message. 4. A coach shouting to his student 8. A line from a recipe note on adding during a running competition. ginger.

F Rewrite the following statements as exclamations. 1. Th e tadpoles are tiny. 5. Th e socks Rohini knits are very fl uff y. 2. It is very silly to paint an ice cube. 6. It is dangerous to play with EXERCISE 3. Th e Grand Canyon in America is an fi recrackers. Copyrightamazing sight. 7. Th e rotten meat is very smelly. 4. Kuldeep Basu is a wonderful fi elder. 8. Rina Naidu is a talented chess player.

4 2 Subject and Predicate 2 In this chapter, learn: how to divide a sentence into subject and predicate the grammatical nature of subject and predicate

Every sentence has two parts: the subject and the predicate. Th e subject is the fi rst part of a sentence. It tells us who or what Educationthe sentence is about. Ajayita is a teacher of German. Ajayita’s school is in Bhubaneswar. Lucky and Saumya play chess every evening. Th e predicate comes aft er the subject and contains a verb. It tells us something about the subject. Viva Ajayita is a teacher of German. Ajayita’s school is in Bhubaneswar©. Lucky and Saumya play chess every evening.

Subject: fi rst part of the sentence; tells us what or who the sentence is about

Jerry’s sisters attend piano classes on weekends.

Predicate: comes aft er the subject; contains a verb; tells something about the subject

Subject: Form and Function CopyrightTh e subject in a sentence is usually a noun or a noun phrase. Other types of words, when they occur as subjects, behave like nouns.

5 SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

Fruits contain vitamins. (noun as subject) Th e exercises in the maths textbook are diffi cult. (noun phrase as subject) Smoking is banned here. (gerund* as subject) Imperative sentences may appear to have no subject. Th at is because the subject in them is you, which is implied, and so it is omitted. (You) Write the heading fi rst. (You) Raise your left leg. (You) Add a little water to the batter. Questions, or interrogative sentences, do not start with the subject. Th e subject in questions comes aft er the verb that starts the sentences. Is Ajayita a teacher of German? Do Lucky and Saumya play chess every evening? Are the maths exercises diffi cult? Th e subject does not come fi rst in exclamatory sentences either.Education How cute the baby is! What a brave eff ort! How great the teachings of Gandhi are!

Predicate: Form and Function Viva Th e predicate must contain a verb. It can also contain other elements like objects, complements or adverbials,© all depending on the nature of the verb. Merin sings. (verb-only predicate) Merin sings a song. (predicate with a verb and object) Neha told us an interesting story. (predicate with a verb and two objects: direct [an interesting story] and indirect [us]) Th is place looks familiar. (predicate with a verb and a complement) Renuka met Merin in the park. (predicate with a verb, an object and an adverbial) Copyright

*A gerund is an -ing noun.

6 SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

A Circle the subjects and underline the predicates in the following sentences. 1. Afsal has bought a wall-mounting bookshelf. 2. Th e wax polish looks like ice cream.

EXERCISE 3. Did you leave the back door open? 4. Baking a cake is not as easy as eating it. 5. Kalyan, Namrata and Madhu have decided to learn yoga. 6. I found a dead rat inside the wardrobe. 7. Are all Samuel’s brothers sailors? 8. Th e trainer is running around the playground. 9. Have you submitted the application form? 10. Don’t open that box. 11. Will you bring that bouquet to the lecture hall? Education 12. Stop the players from leaving the ground.

B Write your own subjects for the following predicates. 1. . . . is an amazing dancer. 2. . . . love to go raft ing in the river.

EXERCISE 3. . . . bought me a watch and a cap. Viva 4. . . . becomes weak with age. 5. . . . are the best engineers we have.© 6. . . . start fi ghting whenever their parents are away. 7. . . . has booked three tickets for the evening show. 8. . . . will not reach here tomorrow.

C Write your own predicates for the following subjects. 1. Nina and I . . . 2. Some of the onions in this bag . . .

EXERCISE 3. Birds . . . 4. Jennifer . . . 5. She . . . Copyright 6. Th is island . . . 7. An actor . . . 8. Th ose who have scored less than 30 . . .

7 Questions

In this chapter, learn: 3 to distinguish different types of questions how to form questions about question tags

English grammar describes three major types of questions: Education 1. Yes–no questions: Th e reply to these questions is yes or no. Have you had lunch? Is there a lizard in the kitchen? Will she go out this evening? 2. Wh-questions: Th ese questions are formed using question words like what, why, when, who, whereViva and how. Th e reply to them is not a simple yes or no, but one from an open range of responses. © question: Where is Nitya’s house? answer: It’s in Lalbagh. question: Why can’t you write down the instructions? answer: Because I don’t have time. question: How do you open this? answer: By turning the knob in the anti-clockwise direction. 3. Alternative questions: Th e reply to alternative questions is one of the options given by the question itself. Would you like to watch TV or chat online? Copyright Is her name Ashwini or Anusha? Will he sing a song or do a magic trick?

8 QUESTIONS

Yes–no Questions Yes–no questions are usually formed by placing the verb before the subject. Your hands are wet. ~ Are your hands wet? Ricardo was playing football. ~ Was Ricardo playing football? Husain is a painter. ~ Is Husain a painter? People should protect trees. ~ Should people protect trees? Adil has returned from China. ~ Has Adil returned from China? When there is a helping verb* in the statement, its question form will have this structure: helping verb + subject + main verb + other parts of the predicate helping verb subject main verb otherEducation parts of the predicate Can Alisha sing well? Should people protect trees? Has Adil returned from China? When there is no helping verb in the statement, as in sentences in the simple present or the simple past, we will need to supply do, does or did as shown in the table below. Viva making questions in© the simple present and simple past tenses singular subject plural subject/subject I, you simple does + subject + base form of the verb + do + subject + base form of the verb + other present other parts of the predicate parts of the predicate Suraj makes tea. ~ Does Suraj make tea? Suraj and Sandhya make tea. ~ Do Suraj and Sandhya make tea? The earth goes around the sun. ~ Does the The planets go around the sun. ~ Do the earth go around the sun? planets go around the sun? An ostrich lays eggs. ~ Does an ostrich Ostriches lay eggs. ~ Do ostriches lay eggs? lay eggs? I jump from here. ~ Do I jump from here? I drive a car. ~ Do you drive a car? Copyright

*See chapter 10

9 QUESTIONS

simple did + subject + base form of the verb + past other parts of the predicate Suraj made tea. ~ Did Suraj make tea? The satellite went around the earth. ~ no change in structure Did the satellite go around the earth? You painted the wall. ~ Did you paint the wall? I fell asleep. ~ Did I fall asleep?

A Rewrite the following statements as yes–no questions. 1. Bamboo is a type of grass. 8. You can enter the house through the 2. Sania is watering the plants. back door. EXERCISE Education 3. Fernandes was the captain of a ship. 9. Dileep, Farhan and Ameya practise for an hour in the evening. 4. She eats three bananas every morning. 10. Reshma disliked chapattis when she 5. Zareena will come home tomorrow. was a kid. 6. Some fi sh can stay out of water for a 11. Jacqueline dreamt that she had long time. Vivabecome a movie star. 7. It would be better to go to the city in 12. You created a fuss about the leaking the morning. © tap yesterday.

Other yes-no questions

Tag questions* and declarative questions have the nature of yes–no Grammar Point questions. A positive statement A tag question is a short question added aft er a statement. A tag will have a negative question expects an agreeing reply from the hearer. tag (ﬁ rst and third example sentences) Monica is a beautician, isn’t she? (Reply: Yes, she is.) and a negative We’re not going to Jaipur again, are we? statement, a (Reply: No, we aren’t.) positive tag (second Copyright Sonia has married Malik, hasn’t she? (Reply: Yes, she has.) example sentence).

*See chapter 16

10 QUESTIONS

A declarative question is a statement that is spoken like a question with a rising tone at the end. You’ve got some money? Daddy is at home? Th e teacher has checked your answer sheet?

B Match the statements with the correct question tags. 1. Minnie runs very fast. can’t she? 2. We’re late. can you? EXERCISE 3. Lizy can swim across the river. hasn’t it? 4. Th e rain has stopped. doesn’t she? 5. You can’t climb a tree. aren’t we?Education

Wh-Questions Wh-questions are formed with the help of the question words what, which, when, where, how, why, who, whom andViva whose. Wh-questions can have a large number of answers, unlike yes–no questions, which have only two possible© answers, yes or no. Yes–no question: Is tomorrow your birthday? (Yes/No) Wh-question: What day is your birthday? (1 April, 23 January, etc.) question word used to ask about example what things or ideas, not people What is the colour of turmeric? which either things/ideas or people Which car is your mother’s? who people Who was the man on the terrace? whom people Whom did Cheeku meet in the jungle? whose people Whose is the kerchief with a red border? when time When will the hunters come back? Copyrightwhere place Where are my headphones? how manner in which something happened How did the prisoner escape? why the reason for something Why did the police oﬃ cer run away?

11 QUESTIONS

C Write the question words missing from the following questions by looking at their answers.

1. question: ______does Mrinalini’s uncle stay?

EXERCISE answer: He stays in the city. 2. question: ______opened the door last night when you came back? answer: It was uncle Prasad. 3. question: ______should I eat this tablet? answer: Eat it aft er dinner. 4. question: ______can I see this fi lm in 3D? answer: You can see it in 3D by wearing these glasses. 5. question: ______do wet clothes dry slower duringEducation the monsoon? answer: Because during rains there is a lot of moisture in the air. 6. question: ______is a baby kangaroo called? answer: It’s called a ‘joey’. 7. question: ______toothbrush is yours? answer: Th e blue one. Viva 8. question: ______salwar-kameez is she wearing? answer: Her sister’s. © 9. question: ______did the principal invite for the building inauguration? answer: He invited the actor Mahesh Kumar. 10. question: ______are you looking happy today? answer: Because my father will take me to the museum in the evening.

D Write wh-questions to get the following answers. 1. We have day and night because the 4. Th e man behind the tree is Vikram earth rotates on its axis. the detective.

EXERCISE 2. Srinivasa Ramanujan was born in 5. I saw Vikram the detective behind the CopyrightErode, Tamil Nadu. tree. 3. A cartographer is a person who makes 6. Vikram was carrying a magnifying maps. glass.

12 QUESTIONS

7. Vikram is running because a dog is 9. Uma’s brother’s name is Sumesh. chasing him. 10. Boil water, add tea leaves, sugar and 8. Th e third switch from the left is the milk. Your tea is ready. one for the fan.

Alternative Questions Alternative questions give a choice between the options contained in the questions themselves. Th e options are connected by or. Are you a policeman or a soldier? Would you like to have tea or coff ee? Who is more popular, Sanjay or Deepika?

Other Types of Questions Education Exclamatory questions express the speaker’s strong feeling. Th ough they have the structure of a question, they end with an exclamation mark. Th ese questions assume that the listener agrees with the speaker. Isn’t he smart! Haven’t they changed! Viva Wasn’t that a great shot! A rhetorical question has the nature© of a strong statement, though it has the form of a question. Th e speaker of a rhetorical question does not expect an answer. Can anyone count the stars? (= No one can count the stars.) Is there a limit to dreaming? (= Dreaming has no limit.) What diff erence does it make? (= It makes no diff erence.) Echo questions repeat a part or the whole of something already said. She is a great pianist. She is a great what? Th e story is about a supernatural event. Copyright Th e story is about a what event? He’s made the mistake again. Who’s made the mistake? 13 QUESTIONS

E Indicate what type each of the following questions is by ticking the correct box in the table below.

1. Ashwapuri is not far, is it? 7. Where are these peasants going?

EXERCISE 2. Did you get a greeting card yesterday? 8. You did not drop that box from the 3. What time will the plane take off ? balcony, did you? 4. You have an extra pen with you? 9. He is a manager, huh? 5. Isn’t that a wonderful painting! 10. Why can’t we see the sun at night? 6. A wonderful what?

yes–no question simple wh- alternative exclamatory rhetorical echo tag declarative yes–no question question question question question question question Education question 1. 2. 3. 4. Viva 5. 6. © 7. 8. 9. 10.

14 NOUNS

Nouns

In this chapter, learn: to classify nouns 4 about proper and common nouns about countable and uncountable nouns about concrete and abstract nouns

Education Nouns are the names of people, things, substances, places, ideas and feelings. Ritesh, computer, salt, park, friendship, victory Th e diagram given below shows the various kinds of nouns.

proper noun Vivacountable noun concrete noun noun common noun © uncountable noun abstract noun

Proper Nouns Proper nouns are the names of specifi c people, places or institutions. specifi c people: Kanika, Sumit, Aman specifi c places: Darjeeling, Coimbatore, Sydney specifi c institutions: All India Radio, Tata, Delhi Public School Th e names of the days of the week, months and festivals are also proper nouns. Friday, August, Ramadan CopyrightProper nouns begin with a capital letter. Th ey do not take articles before them, and they usually do not have plurals. a Mumbai, the Rajesh, Surajs

15 B CopyrightEXERCISE EXERCISE A nouns. common to allcities. and Diwali, Onam, Eid Hyundai, Maruti, Toyota NDTV, CNN, National Geographic Nagpur, Kolkata, Th Justin Trudeau, Angela Merkel, Jinping Xi Yamuna, Amazon, Tapti Colgate, Close-up, Pepsodent Prem, Azhar, Binay A cities. city to refer to any city world. inthe City football (the name of allgames of football) Ahmedabad, Mysuru and Patna are allcities. We can word the use lake name (the of alllakes) fan name (the of allfans) monkey name (the of allmonkeys) A common noun common isthe name of things inaclass. allthe Common Nouns Match theproper nounsincolumnAwithcorrectcommonB. Identify theproper nounsandrewrite themwithproper capitalization. Patna easter poster preeti air india discovery channel discovery thursday shanghai air india denmark jacob preeti island ratan poster ramu airport easter road City are allnames of particular cities. Th istherefore acommon noun. But Ahmedabad iuaataua iruvananthapuram , © Mysuru is the name isthe common to all and Patna and NOUNS 16

VivaAhmedabad ese names are ese not

are proper , Mysuru Education leader toothpaste channel boy B festival river car city NOUNS

Countable and Uncountable Nouns Countable nouns are those which have singular and plural forms. Th ey can be preceded by number and quantity words.

countable noun with quantity/ plural with number words singular counting words bottle bottles six bottles many bottles teacher teachers two teachers each teacher woman women one hundred women several women mountain mountains three mountains those mountains baby babies twenty babies these babies Uncountable nouns are nouns which don’t have a plural form, and cannot be used with number words.

uncountable plural with counting words noun (not possible) (not possible) music musics Educationtwo musics furniture furnitures ten furnitures health healths many healths gold golds each gold bread breadsViva every bread © C Mark the countable nouns as ‘C’ and uncountable nouns as ‘U’. grass computer luggage sand juice basket sugar bag coconut knowledge EXERCISE water ship milk idea colour

Concrete Nouns and Abstract Nouns Concrete nouns are the names of physical phenomena which can be observed with the senses. Copyright student, water, bus, furniture, train Concrete nouns can be either countable or uncountable.

17 NOUNS

Abstract nouns are the names of phenomena that are not physical, and that we can only think about and not observe with the senses. happiness, size, friendship, childhood, imagination Abstract nouns can be either countable or uncountable.

D Mark the concrete nouns as ‘C’ and abstract nouns as ‘A’. fan clock cleverness intelligence enmity time letter knowledge EXERCISE love leaf tyre book

E Tick the appropriate category(ies) to which each noun belongs.

uncountable noun proper noun common noun countableEducation noun noun

EXERCISE 1. Colombia 2. attention

3. microphone 4. sugar Viva 5. equipment 6. diesel © 7. Apple 8. crocodile 9. mountain 10. poetry 11. carrot 12. Amul Copyright

18 Number

In this chapter, learn: 5 the concept of number in English grammar plural formation rules about irregular plurals

When we make a choice between singular (one) and plural (more EducationGrammar Point than one), we are applying the concept of number in grammar. Number matters in the use of nouns, pronouns, determiners (words In simple terms, like this, that, etc.), and verbs in the simple present tense. the concept of number in English is noun pronoun determiner verb in the simple choosing the right present form of verb based or whether the singular kite I this ﬂ ies Viva subject is singular or plural kites we© these ﬂ y plural.

Plurals In English plurals are generally formed by adding -s or -es to the singular forms of the nouns. Plurals formed by adding -s or -es to the singular forms of nouns are called regular plurals. Plurals which are formed in any other way are called irregular plurals.

regular plurals irregular plurals bird ~ birds man ~ men umbrella ~ umbrellas child ~ children road ~ roads mouse ~ mice Copyrightbus ~ buses foot ~ feet wish ~ wishes deer ~ deer

19 NUMBER

Making Plurals

With most nouns we simply add -s to the singular to get the plural form. Rule road ~ roads place ~ places tip ~ tips 1 cloud ~ clouds carpenter ~ carpenters bag ~ bags

When a singular ends with the sounds made by the letters s, z, sh, ge or ch, add -es to form the plural. Add only -s if the singular ends in -e. Rule pass ~ passes excuse ~ excuses bridge ~ bridges 2 bus ~ buses bush ~ bushes garage ~ garages palace ~ palaces dish ~ dishes match ~ matches blouse ~ blouses page ~ pages pouch ~ pouches

When the singular ends with the sounds made by the letters p, t, k or th, add -s to Rule make the plural. cap ~ caps jet ~ jets path ~ paths Education 3 tulip ~ tulips rock ~ rocks birth ~ births rat ~ rats book ~ books myth ~ myths

For a noun ending in -y, change the y to i and add -es. Rule baby ~ babies lady ~ ladies puppy ~ puppies But this rule works only if there is a consonant before the -y. If the -y ending in 4 the singular is preceded by a vowel,Viva adding only -s makes the plural. boy ~ boys ray ~ rays monkey ~ monkeys

Singulars ending in -o usually© form plurals by adding -s. But some such words Rule need -es to make plurals. 5 studio ~ studios hero ~ heroes potato ~ potatoes piano ~ pianos kangaroo ~ kangaroos echo ~ echoes

In the plurals of nouns ending in -f or -fe, the -f or -fe is replaced by -ves.

Rule half ~ halves knife ~ knives life ~ lives 6 Some nouns ending in -f, however, make their plurals by adding -s. cliﬀ ~ cliﬀ s belief ~ beliefs handkerchief ~ handkerchiefs

The plurals of a small number of nouns are formed by a change in the vowel Rule Copyrightsound. 7 foot ~ feet goose ~ geese man ~ men

20 NUMBER

Rule Some nouns do not change in the plural. 8 deer sheep ﬁ sh Rule Some nouns are always used as singular though they sound like plurals. 9 news politics billiards

Rule Some nouns are always plural. 10 scissors binoculars trousers To make them singular we add a pair of before them. scissors a pair of { binoculars trousers

Useful rules for making plurals singular ending plural rule examplesEducation exceptions the sounds made by add -es pass ~ passes the letters s, z, bush ~ bushes sh, ge, ch add -s if the singular blouse ~ blouses ends in -e page ~ pages the sounds made add -s cap ~ caps by the letters p, t, Vivabook ~ books k, th the letter y (with a change y to i and add -es baby ~ babies When the y has a vowel consonant before it) © puppy ~ puppies before it, add only -s. boy ~ boys monkey ~ monkeys the letter -o add -s studio ~ studios Some words need -es. kangaroo ~ kangaroos potato ~ potatoes echo ~ echoes the letters replace -f or -fe with -ves half ~ halves Add just -s to some -f or -fe knife ~ knives other nouns. cliﬀ ~ cliﬀ s belief ~ beliefs

CopyrightA Choose the correct plurals of the following nouns. 1. scarf (scarfs, scarves, scars) 3. woman (womans, women, 2. river (rivers, riveres, rivies) wemen) EXERCISE 21 NUMBER

4. mouse (mouses, moses, mice) 8. hero (heros, heroes, hers) 5. block (blockes, blockk, blocks) 9. language (languags, languagies, 6. ring (ringes, ringz, rings) languages) 7. mile (mils, mills, miles) 10. thief (thiefs, theivs, thieves)

B Fill in the blanks correctly using the singular or plural forms of the words given in brackets.

1. ______trees are very old. (that) 7. ______had three little

EXERCISE 2. Th e ______was cancelled ______. (Himesh, puppy) because of rain. (match) 8. Salluram was caught by the police 3. ______and ______are for killing ______in the forest. pests. (mouse, louse) (deer) 4. Some kings had many ______. 9. A few ______were trying to dig (wife) a ______on the ______. (man, well, mountain) 5. Th ere are two ______in her bag. Education (jeans) 10. ______music player needs three ______. (this, battery) 6. ______are not afraid of ghosts. (I)

C Complete the following table with correct words. Put a cross () in those boxes where no words are to be written. Viva singular plural singular plural EXERCISE colleges© child hotel salesmen sister prizes proof candy trousers scissors pockets tomato doctor spies hoof mouths echoes loaves foot tooth Copyrighthands day box lip

22 Pronouns

In this chapter, learn: the functions and classifi cation of pronouns the use of personal pronouns 6 about possessive pronouns about refl exive pronouns about relative pronouns about interrogative pronouns about demonstrative pronouns about indefi nite pronouns Education

Pronouns are words that stand for nouns or noun phrases. Anuj is a businessman. He likes travelling.Viva ‘Rubi, you are a good writer.’ ‘I am a disco dancer,’ said Mithun. Tapan, Ruchi and Zarina will© not come to the playground today. Th ey have an exam tomorrow. Don’t open that old wooden chest. It is full of cockroaches. Th e fi elder is hurt. Take him to the hospital. Th is is Anil’s house. Sasha admired herself in the mirror. Who broke the teacup? (Vivek broke the teacup.) In each of the above sentences the words in red stand for the words in blue. Th e words in red are pronouns. Th e various types of pronouns are: 1. personal pronouns: , you, he, she, it, them, etc. Copyright 2. possessive pronouns: my, his , theirs, etc. 3. refl exive pronouns: himself, yourself, ourselves, etc.

23 PRONOUNS

4. relative pronouns: who, which, that, etc. 5. interrogative pronouns: what, which, when, etc. 6. demonstrative pronouns: this, that, those, etc. 7. indefi nite pronouns: some, any, none, etc.

Personal Pronouns Personal pronouns are the most important type of pronouns. Th ey refer to people, things, ideas or events. He does not know classical music. (refers to a person) Th ey are fi shermen. (refers to a group of people) It goes at 250 kilometres per hour. (refers to a thing, say, a train) When Darwin presented the theory of evolution, people did not believe it. (refers to an idea) Education Tell me the scores of the match when it gets over. (refers to an event) Personal pronouns vary according to four grammatical features: 1. number: whether singular or plural 2. person: the person speaking, the personViva spoken to or the person spoken about 3. case: whether subject or object© 4. gender: male, female or non-personal

person number and gender subject object singular I me ﬁ rst person plural we us singular you you second person plural you you singular male he him singular female she her third person singular non-personal it it Copyrightplural they them

24 B CopyrightEXERCISE EXERCISE A 10. Does this cake this have Does in them? egg 10. King Shah Jahan’s son put it inprison. 9. Me have sisters. three 8. Us have students thirty inour class. 7. She are proud of our country. 6. Him isan honest man. 5. ‘Can teacher the asked I. we swim?’ 4. for pay rupees I’ll book. the hethirty 3. ‘Help Iget out of cave!’ this Aladin shouted. 2. Sujata says you hasacold. 1. Rewrite thefollowing sentences pronouns. usingcorrectpersonal ______. When we did, all______saw wasthat pair of glittering embers with noeyelids to cover were frozen with so terror that ______dared not turn around and speaker. facethe ‘Are ______guys looking for avoice ______?’ said from behind. ______back. Now ______wasgone! ______crawled forward. But my pulled ______friends slantingas the rays of evening the sunhit ______. body, little legsand awire-like tail. ______hadtwo big eyes that glittered like embers crumbling tiledroof of old the boathouse sat acurious creature with ared, round and shiny was neither aballnor acat. ______was something we before. had never seen Onthe From bushes the behind to close old the building that ______could see red the object was about to say something, but Igestured ______to keep silent. ‘Let’s fi like‘______looks astrange cat,’ said as______looked hard into Cheryl binoculars. the lastSaturdayboathouse evening. He wasleading ______from front. the ‘Hey, can that ______see shining red ballthere?’ shouted Tarun as we approached the most people. But stories the of and ghosts smugglers didnot scare ______alittle bit. ______wouldSometimes way walkallthe up to old the boathouse frightened which weekends. ______love to wander to bank the of river the with my Tarun friends on and Cheryl Fill intheblanksfollowing pronouns. passagewithcorrectpersonal nd out,’ said Iand tiptoed ahead. Now my were friends following ______.Tarun

25 Viva

Education PRONOUNS

Possessive Pronouns To indicate possession or belonging we add ’s to nouns (dog’s tail, friend’s house). Personal pronouns have special possessive forms to show belonging.

personal pronoun I we you he she it they possessive Type 1 my our your his her its their pronoun Type 2 mine ours yours his hers (its) theirs Possessive pronouns are of two types. My, our, your, his, her, its and their are called possessive determiners or possessive adjectives. Th ey come before nouns. my bat their camera his sister Th e second type of possessive pronouns (mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs) function independently as shown in these examples: Th at car is mine. Education Which coat is hers? Th eirs is a very old bungalow. Th ese bangles are Amina’s. Give me mine. Let’s not put our fi shes together. Mine may attack yours. His is both a possessive determiner and an independent possessive pronoun. Viva Th e possessive pronoun its does not© have an apostrophe. (it’s) Its is used as an independent possessive pronoun only in exceptional cases in combination with own. Th e cat thinks the sofa is its. Th e cat thinks the sofa is its own.

C Choose the correct possessive pronouns to ﬁ ll in the blanks correctly. 1. Is ______bag as old as ______? (your, you’re, my, mine) 2. On Sundays Sandhya cannot stay away from ______computer. (his, theirs, hers,

EXERCISE her) Copyright 3. Hari is helping Anu pack ______shoes. ______are already packed. (his, hers, her, yours) 4. Th e earth rotates on ______axis. (his, your, it’s, its) 26 PRONOUNS

5. ______neighbours borrow ______vacuum cleaner when ______is not working. (their, ours, theirs, our) 6. Th e fi rst woman said the child was ______. Th e second woman said it was ______child. (their, my, hers, her) 7. When the prince touched the rock with ______foot, it changed ______colour. (mine, his, its, hers) 8. Is the dog in ______garden ______? (its, your, yours, theirs)

Refl exive Pronouns Refl exive pronouns are pronouns that refer back to nouns or pronouns that occur before them in the same clause.* I see myself. Ajit bought himself a table lamp. Education Th e new pupils introduced themselves to the class. Th e refl exive pronouns in English are: myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves and oneself. (You) Look at yourself in the mirror. A robot can control itself. Viva Refl exive pronouns agree with the nouns or pronouns they refer to in person, number and gender. © personal pronoun refl exive pronoun singular I myself fi rst person plural we ourselves singular you yourself second person plural you yourselves singular male he himself singular female she herself third person singular it itself (non-personal) or (non-human) Copyrightplural they themselves

*A clause is a meaningful grammatical unit containing a verb.

27 PRONOUNS

D Fill in the blanks with correct reﬂ exive pronouns. 1. Amit said, ‘I believe in ______.’ 2. Amit believes in ______. EXERCISE 3. Amit, do you believe in ______? 4. Ranbir, Prithvi and Sania poured ______a glass of milk each. 5. Kavita gave ______some more time to complete the homework. 6. A baby cannot feed ______. 7. Friends, help ______with the dinner. 8. How long can one keep fi ghting for ______?

Refl exive pronouns are also used for emphasis as in the sentencesEducation below: Th e principal himself came to the class. (= Th e principal, no one else, came to the class.) Th e children themselves painted their room. (= Th e children painted their room on their own.) Did you row the boat yourself ? Viva (= Was it you or someone else who rowed the boat?) Give this envelope to the landlady© herself . (= Give this envelope to the landlady and not to anyone else.) When used for emphasis, refl exive pronouns have the function of adding extra information. Removing them will not make the sentence ungrammatical. But when refl exive pronouns are used for referring back, they are indispensable. Give the envelope to the landlady herself. for emphasis Give the envelope to the landlady. } Jaidev hurt himself during the game. for referring Jaidev hurt during the game. } back When a refl exive pronoun is used for emphasis, its position is either immediately aft er the noun or pronoun it refers to or towards the Copyrightend of the sentence. I myself rowed the boat. I rowed the boat myself. 28 PRONOUNS

E Add reﬂ exive pronouns and rewrite the sentences emphasizing the highlighted nouns/pronouns.

1. Children, you must do your homework.

EXERCISE 2. Anita cleaned the house. 3. I met the actor. 4. Vimla complained to the managers. 5. Rafi and Sunita repaired their computer. 6. Will you carry the garbage out? 7. Th e TV stand is very expensive. 8. Can Sunny perform at our school?

F Rewrite the following sentences moving the reﬂ exive pronouns correctly to another part of the sentence. Education 1. Aft er dinner we ourselves washed the plates.

EXERCISE 2. I cannot build a wall myself. 3. You must clean your room yourself. 4. Gandhiji himself led the campaign. 5. Sujata may write the article herself. Viva © Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns connect a noun to a group of words that follow and describe the noun. Th e man who climbed the mountain was Mark Inglis. + Anirudh has a pen that changes colour. + Sarah met an old woman whose son was a magician. + Scientists discovered a fossil which was a million years old. Copyright +

29 PRONOUNS

Relative pronouns in English are who, whom, whose, which and that. Th e table below shows the use of relative pronouns in diff erent forms:

refers to people refers to things subject form who which, that object form whom possessive form whose In informal English who is used instead of whom. Th e player whom we saw on TV was Akhil. Th e player who we saw on TV was Akhil. Th e relative pronouns who, whom, which and that can be omitted in some cases when they refer to the object of the verb in the group of descriptive words that follow them. Education object verb

Th e player whom we saw on TV was Akhil. Th e player we saw on TV was Akhil. object verb Viva Th e cup that Viru bought is broken. Th e cup Viru bought is broken.©

G Fill in the blanks with correct relative pronouns. 1. Th e man ______car did not have a number plate was stopped by the police. 2. Th e company ______makes electric geysers is in Jaipur. EXERCISE 3. Th e earphones ______I wanted are not available in any shops here. 4. Th e painter ______chopped off his own ears was Vincent van Gogh. 5. Th e cranes ______come to our village in winter are from Siberia. Copyright 6. On the way to the market, Bhola met a man ______goat was for sale. 7. Th e boy ______the teacher called stupid later became a famous inventor.

30 PRONOUNS

Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative pronouns are question words. Th ere are fi ve interrogative pronouns: who whom whose which what Th e interrogative pronouns, excepting what, are identical with relative pronouns. However, their grammatical nature and uses vary greatly.

interrogative pronoun grammatical nature refers to who subject people whom object people whose possessive people which subject and object people and things what subject and object people* and thingsEducation *people with reference to their profession, e.g. What is your father? He is a postman.

Who is the girl in this photo? Whom did the teacher praise yesterday? Whose are those lunch boxes? Viva Which is Suma’s sister, the one sitting on the bench or the one standing? What is the colour of turmeric?© In informal speech who can replace whom as an object-form interrogative pronoun. Whom did the presenter introduce fi rst? Who did the presenter introduce fi rst? Interrogative pronouns whose, which and what have a determiner function, that is, modifying a noun. Interrogative pronouns with a determiner function are also called interrogative adjectives. Whose daughter is Kamla? Which fl ag is Austria’s? Copyright What colour is Merin’s T-shirt?

31 PRONOUNS

H Fill in the blanks using correct interrogative pronouns. 1. ______is singing in the other room? 2. ______happened to Oliver in the end? EXERCISE 3. ______should I meet to register for the summer camp? 4. ______is that cycle with a fl at tyre? 5. ______is the switch for the fan?

I In the following sentences underline the interrogative pronouns with a determiner function and circle the others.

1. What fl avour of ice cream do you like the best?

EXERCISE 2. Whose was the bag left in the school bus? 3. Which train should I get into? 4. Which is the train that goes to Kanpur? Education 5. Whose cat catches more mice, mine or yours?

J Write questions using interrogative pronouns to get the given sentences as answers. 1. Ajit’s brother left the fridge open. 2. Th e astronomers saw a new planet throughViva the telescope. EXERCISE 3. Roshan’s grandfather is a judge. 4. Th e coat on the hook is my uncle’s.© 5. Rachna’s house is the one on the left .

Demonstrative Pronouns Th e four demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these and those. Th ey ‘demonstrate’, ‘show’ or ‘point to’ something in the context. Th is and these refer to things that are nearby. Th at and those point to things that are distant. Th is and that are singular, while these and those are plural. Th is is an amazing novel. Copyright Is that a lighthouse? Th ese are turtles. Th ose are not my shoes. 32 PRONOUNS

When followed by a noun, they function as demonstrative determiners (or demonstrative adjectives). Th is novel is amazing. Th is lighthouse is very old. Th ese turtles look like moving rocks. Th ose shoes are not mine. Remember that that is not always a demonstrative pronoun or determiner. It is oft en a relative pronoun.

K Use correct demonstrative pronouns in the following sentences. The arrows indicate whether the reference is to something nearby or something distant .

1. Are ______comets? EXERCISE 2. ______blocks of marble came from the Education quarries of Rajasthan. 3. ______are not rain clouds. 4. Whose huts are ______? 5. ______is a great idea. Viva L Rewrite these sentences using the demonstrative pronouns as demonstrative determiners.

1. Th is is an interesting example.© Th is example is interesting.

EXERCISE 2. Is that an empty box? 3. Th ose were diffi cult years for our family. 4. No one buys these, though they are beautiful cars. 5. Why don’t you wear this? It is such a lovely frock.

Indeﬁ nite Pronouns Pronouns which don’t have a specifi c reference are called indefi nite Copyrightpronouns. anyone, something, either, some, each, most, everyone, neither, etc.

33 PRONOUNS

Indefi nite pronouns also express quantity. Both are my friends. We have ten fi ngers and each has a special function. He has fooled many with the same story. If it is milk, give me some. Many indefi nite pronouns also function as determiners. Th at is, they come before nouns. both friends each fi nger many people some milk Th ere are two types of indefi nite pronouns. Th e fi rst type consists of compound indefi nite pronouns. Th ey end in -one, -body or -thing. someone somebody something anyone anybody anything no one nobody nothing everyone everybody everything Compound indefi nite pronouns do not function as determiners.Education some friends someone friends any room anything room every child everybody child Th ey take singular verbs. Everyone likes/like ice cream. Viva Nobody drives/drive as fast as Amar. Something is/are missing from© my bag. Th e second type of indefi nite pronouns is a large group. Th ey can also function as determiners. few most many all another both little some

as pronoun as determiner All are having lunch together. all children Many try to climb this wall, but most fail. many climbers Both are great ideas. both ideas Copyright

34 PRONOUNS

M Fill in the blanks using the correct indeﬁ nite pronouns. 1. Th e tour guide said there were many bears in that area. I did not see ______. (anyone, any, nobody)

EXERCISE 2. Th ere are twenty candles in the box. Bring ______here. (somebody, nothing, all) 3. Can ______solve this puzzle? (nothing, both, anyone) 4. Nita saw ______in the classroom. (a little, no one, many) 5. Th e theatre was guarded by two policemen. ______was present when the robbers attacked. (Both, Neither, Someone) 6. ______had their share of the cake. (Few, Everybody, Least) Th ey left me ______. (both, either, little) 7. ______is better than ______. (Something, Any, many) (are, someone, nothing) 8. If you’ve got toff ees, give me ______. (none, something,Education a few)

N Underline the indeﬁ nite pronouns in the following sentences and write in the box whether each of them functions as a pronoun or a determiner.

1. Some children hate milk. EXERCISE 2. Has everyone got into the bus? Viva

3. Th ere are three elephants in this zoo. Each has a separate enclosure. ©

4. Th e ship had enough food to last for three months.

5. Both sailors were carrying swords.

6. Th is club has two hundred members. Most are retired policemen.

7. Many shops on this street sell leather goods.

8. No parking on either side of the road. Copyright

35 Adjectives

In this chapter, learn: 7 the grammatical nature and various uses of adjectives the classiﬁ cation of adjectives about possessive, demonstrative and interrogative adjectives to identify adjectives by word endings

Education Read the following sentences paying attention to the describing words. Is it a new building? I have heard the story about a lazy rabbit and a clever tortoise. Ujjaini is an ancient city. Th e describing words new, lazy, clever and ancientViva tell us more about the nouns that follow them: building, rabbit, tortoise and city. Th ey are adjectives. Adjectives are words ©that tell us more about a noun or a pronoun.

Features of Adjectives 1. Adjectives can occur before nouns. a strong rope colourful butterfl ies bad weather 2. Adjectives can occur aft er the verb be (is/am/was/are/were/ been). Th e rope is strong. Butterfl ies are colourful. Th e weather was bad. Copyright When an adjective occurs aft er be, it is called a complement.

36 ADJECTIVES

3. Most adjectives can come aft er the adverb very. very intelligent very cold very tasty 4. Adjectives can be used for comparison. Most adjectives have comparative and superlative forms. Some adjectives have more and most before them when used for comparison.*

adjective comparative form superlative form old older oldest good better best smart smarter smartest intelligent more intelligent most intelligent beautiful more beautiful most beautiful In general, adjectives indicate some kind of quality of a noun. smart boy (boy having the quality of smartness) Education wise lady (lady having the quality of wisdom) Th ere are several specifi c adjectives to indicate quantity. Th ey answer the question ‘how much’ . some milk little hope enough money much rain Th ere are also specifi c adjectives indicating number. Th ey answer the question ‘how many’. Viva fi ve girls many boats a few seagulls several tourists Several pronouns function as adjectives© when a noun follows them. Th ese pronouns with adjective function are also referred to as determiners. Th e important types among such adjectives are: • possessive adjectives (possessive pronouns acting as adjectives/determiners) My book is with you. • demonstrative adjectives (demonstrative pronouns acting as adjectives/determiners) Th is novel is amazing. • interrogative adjectives (interrogative pronouns acting as adjectives/determiners) Copyright Whose book is this?

*See chapter 21

37 ADJECTIVES

Possessive Adjectives Possessive adjectives show belonging. my watch their land his books our friends Th e table below shows the possessive adjectives in English.

singular plural M male ﬁ rst person my M/F our M/F F female second person your M/F M/F male and female third person his M her F its NP their M/F/NP NP non-personal

Demonstrative Adjectives Demonstrative adjectives show or point to something. Th e demonstrative adjectives are: Education points to something points to something nearby distant singular this that plural these those

this castle that acrobat Viva these fl owers those places© Interrogative Adjectives Interrogative adjectives ask a question about the nouns they precede. Th ere are three interrogative adjectives: what, which and whose. what colour which bag whose sister

How to Identify Adjectives Adjectives are usually identifi ed by looking at their function in their contexts. However, there are some word endings that adjectives usually have which can help identify them. Copyright-able comfortable, capable, breakable -al optional, seasonal, grammatical

38 ADJECTIVES

-ful colourful, playful, beautiful -ic scenic, scientiﬁ c, speciﬁ c -ish yellowish, boyish, reddish -less colourless, useless, careless -ous courageous, dangerous, delicious -y dirty, slippery, sleepy

A Write whether the following statements are true or false. 1. Adjectives describe the qualities of verbs. 2. Adjectives occur before nouns. EXERCISE 3. Adjectives occurring aft er forms of the verb be are called complements. 4. Adjectives cannot come aft er very. Education 5. Th e comparative and superlative forms of all adjectives are formed using more and most. 6. Adjectives can indicate quality, quantity and number. 7. His is a possessive adjective. 8. Th ere is a demonstrative adjective. Viva 9. Why is not an interrogative adjective. 10. Adjectives usually end in -ly. ©

B Choose the correct words to ﬁ ll in the blanks. 1. I like ______colours. (walk, dark, brightly) 2. Charumati is very ______. (studying, winner,

EXERCISE intelligent) 3. Is the cake ______? (at, tasty, bake) 4. Th e travellers were worried because they didn’t have ______water. (plenty, no, enough) 5. Who is ______– Bhima or Nakula? (leader, winner, stronger) Copyright 6. ______children drop out of school in villages. (One, Several, Enough) 7. Are ______bicycles made of plastic? (many, these, few) Th ey’re so ______. (ride, none, light) 39 ADJECTIVES

8. ______paper do you read: Hindustan Times or Th e Pioneer? (Which, Whose, When) 9. ______dog is chasing ______cat. (my, your, big, run, these, which) 10. Th e ______princess had a visitor from a ______city. (grow, young, distant, ride, strongly, these)

C Fill in the blanks with correct possessive adjectives. 1. Sanjay and Leela have admitted ______son to Surya Valley School. 2. A snake raises ______hood to frighten enemies. EXERCISE 3. ‘Remove ______books from the dining table,’ mother ordered Kanika. 4. Th e TV show was about protecting ______environment. 5. ‘______father is a mountaineer,’ said Natasha. 6. Mohit never lets anyone ride ______bicycle. Education 7. Zoha will bring ______friend Ansar to the party.

D Write the correct demonstrative or interrogative adjectives in the blanks. 1. Can you name ______building on the other side of the river? 2. ______skeleton of a baby dinosaurViva was brought here from

EXERCISE Gujarat. 3. Th e waiting room was full of ©people. Little Katy started talking to one of ______strangers. 4. ‘Are ______fl owers for me?’ Rekha asked with surprise. 5. ______subject do you like better: Maths or English? 6. ______news did the messenger bring? 7. ______essay is the longest?

40 Articles

In this chapter, learn: 8 the rules about using the indeﬁ nite and the deﬁ nite article how to choose between a and an when and where to use the the concept of zero article, or using no article

Education Th e articles in English are: the defi nite article the and the indefi nite a an indefi nite Th e speaker articles and . Articles occur before nouns. Th ey tell us whether doesn’t know the reference of the noun is specifi c or not. which magician. a magician the magician defi nite Th e speaker knows which Consider the use of articles in the following sentence: magician. A gardener and a cook were travellingViva on a train. indefi nite We do not know Th e the which gardener gardener said hello to © cook. and which cook. Th e indefi nite articles a and an are used only before singular defi nite We know which countable nouns. Th e defi nite article the can occur before both gardener and singular and plural countable nouns as well as before uncountable which cook: the gardener who was nouns. travelling and the a nurse an egg (with singular countable noun) cook who was on the same train. a nurses an eggs (with plural countable noun) a milk an ice (with uncountable noun) the nurse the egg (with singular countable noun) the nurses the eggs (with plural countable nouns)

Th e milk in the fridge has turned sour. (with uncountable Will somebody remove the ice on the road? { Copyright noun)

41 ARTICLES

The Indeﬁ nite Article Choice between a and an A and an are actually one article in two forms. Th ey have the same grammatical nature and function. Use a when the word that follows begins with a consonant sound. a picture a needle a colourful kite a tasty dessert a small ice-cube a large bottle of milk Use an when the word that follows begins with a vowel sound. an octopus an intelligent student an early-morning fl ight

an internet-enabled television an instantly baked cake Grammar Point Note that ‘vowels’ and ‘consonants’ are sounds, not letters. So we a an have The use of or depends on how the a unit an hour a European city word that follows is an L-shaped garden an M.A. student Educationspoken and not how it is written. a university student an NOC

A Write a or an correctly in the blanks. Viva 1. None of us wants to be ______6. Travelling two kilometres in the heavy engineer. © traffi c took us ______full hour. EXERCISE 2. Rancho is ______baby 7. Th e captain of the ship was elephant. ______eighteen year-old boy. 3. How much does ______new 8. Puducherry is ______Union car cost? Territory. 4. Yesterday we saw ______very 9. Th ey want ______young actor entertaining episode of Kid Wizards to play the king’s role. on TV. 10. Going to the North Pole is 5. Italian is ______European ______extremely diffi cult language. task.

B Underline the correct uses of the indeﬁ nite articles and circle the incorrect uses. CopyrightThen rewrite the incorrect sentences correctly. 1. An old man came to our store to ask 2. A red light will blink when there is an

EXERCISE for a thermometers. electricity in the circuit.

42 ARTICLES

3. Is a laptop heavier than a dictionary? 7. Anita bought a bottle of tomato sauce, 4. Please ask for a extra scoop of ice a sugar, a kitchen knife, a energy cream. drink and an box of ice cream. 5. I am going to the town to buy a 8. Saroj opened the lock with a knife. furniture for my room. 9. A chimpanzee is not as tall as an 6. When the ship sank Gulliver clung to human being. a log of a wood. 10. Raghuram is an actor and an writer.

The Deﬁ nite Article Th e defi nite article the indicates that the noun that follows refers to something known to the speaker and the hearer. For example, when someone says ‘I am going to wash the car’, the speaker assumes that the hearers know which car he is talking about. Contrast this with ‘I am going to wash a car’, where the speaker or hearer is not clearEducation which car will be washed.

Uses of the Deﬁ nite Article

We use the to refer to something that has already been mentioned. A cook met a carpenter at theViva fair. The carpenter called the cook a crook. 1 A painter had a black cat. The painter loved the cat very much.

The is used when we specify© with further description what we are talking about.

Soma bought the box with a green lid . 2 more description Latif is the man who won yesterday’s race. more description

The is used when the situation or context makes it clear what is being spoken about. There are some mangoes in the fridge. (The speaker and the hearer know there is a fridge.) 3 Why don’t you turn on the fan? Copyright(The speaker and the hearer know which fan.)

43 ARTICLES

We use the when we are talking about something that is unique, or the only one of its 4 kind. the sun, the moon, the sky, the world

We use the with superlative forms. 5 Harish is the most successful tennis player. Team 3 completed their round the fastest.

The is used with adjectives like ﬁ rst, last, only, sole, etc. the ﬁ rst man to climb Mt Everest 6 the only dinosaur fossil found in Assam the sole survivor of the plane crash

The is used with expressions like some of ..., a few ..., none of ..., most of ..., etc. 7 some of the travellers a few of the parrots Education The has a generic use to refer to all examples of something. The lion-tailed macaque is a rare monkey. (The reference is to all lion-tailed macaques.) 8 The goalkeeper is an important part of a team. (reference to all goalkeepers Vivain general) We use the with adjectives to make them nouns. the poor (= the poor people) 9 the talented (= the talented© ones) the unknown (= unknown things)

The is used with the names of some geographical areas, rivers, mountain ranges and 10 oceans. the Caribbean, the Sahara, the Nile, the Himalayas, the Paciﬁ c Ocean

Using No Article, or Zero Article Using no article, or the zero article, indicates indefi nite meaning. Th e list below tells when not to use any article.

We use no article when there are other words like this, that, my, his, another, etc. Copyright1 this house this the house the this house my boat the my boat my the boat

44 ARTICLES

No article is used when we talk about abstract ideas that are uncountable. 2 Knowledge is power. Children get care and love from their teachers.

We don’t use articles with uncountable nouns when we are talking about something in 3 general. Do you like music? Do you like the music? Ask Ajay to buy rice from the store. Ask Ajay to buy the rice from the store.

We don’t use articles when talking about things in general using plural nouns. 4 Bikers must wear helmets. The bikers must wear the helmets. Dolphins are wonderful animals. The dolphins are the wonderful animals.

No article is used before people’s names.* 5 Anil the Anil an Anil Reshma the Reshma a Reshma Education We don’t use articles with sports, academic subjects and games. 6 Roger is good at tennis, but terrible at chess. I like physics but not chemistry.

Articles in Fixed Expressions Viva Some common fi xed expressions contain articles: All the milk has turned sour. © Both the carpenters were absent. Get me a few paper clips, please. A lot of water was wasted by the boys. What a thrilling fi lm! Th e song was such a great hit. Some common fi xed expressions do not contain articles: by car by train by air on foot on holiday at school at work in prison in bed

Copyright* However, it is possible to use the with people’s names when there are many people of the same name and we are referring to just one of them. ‘Th is is the Anil I told you about.’

45 ARTICLES

C Fill in the blanks in the passages below using a, an or the correctly. 1. ______newborn frog is called ______tadpole. When ______tadpole hatches from ______egg, it looks like ______tiny fi sh with only ______round head and ______long tail. ______tadpole’s shape changes as it gets older. Aft er about EXERCISE fi ve weeks ______tadpole begins to grow back legs and a few weeks later, front legs start to develop. As ______tadpole’s legs grow, its tails gets smaller. At about twelve weeks, ______tadpole’s tail is almost gone, and it starts to look like ______young frog. 2. ______woman who was fond of cleaning had two little girls to help her. She was in ______habit of waking them early in ______morning. ______girls were very unhappy about this. Th ey decided to kill ______cock which roused their mistress so early. One day they killed ______cock. From that day onwards, no longer hearing ______hour from ______cock, ______woman woke up ______girls in ______middle of ______night. Education

D Fill in the blanks with correct articles. Write ‘0’ (zero) if no article is required. 1. I saw ______boy and an old 10. Who is ______tallest girl in your woman in the street. ______boy ______class?

EXERCISE was helping ______old woman Viva 11. Please buy ______milk when you cross the road. come back. 2. ______cricket is very popular in 12. How long will it take to travel from ______Caribbean. © ______earth to ______sun? 3. Whose are ______shoes under the 13. Some of us don’t know that ______bed? bats are not ______birds. 4. ______persistent always succeed. 14. Which game does ______Sindhu 5. ______iPod was once ______like? ______cricket or ______internationally popular music player. hockey? 6. Some of ______lions in the zoo 15. We had ______lot of fun at roared at the visitors. ______Fantasy Park. 7. Th at is not my ______umbrella. 16. I plan to go to Shimla by ______8. ______only boy who scored above car. 85 marks is Kartik. 17. ‘I can’t fi nd ______remote,’ Copyright 9. ______success in gymnastics is not shouted ______Sonali. easy.

46 10 9

Cats Big and Small

Education

Have you ever thought that the household cat looked like a tiger or a leopard? Th e cat, tiger, leopard and lion are all members of the same family of animals, the feline family. Members of the cat family are hunters, those who seek, chase and kill their prey. Some cats are wild and the others, tame. VivaTh e tiger, lion and leopard belong to the wild type. Th e household cats are the tame kind, and are kept as pets. Some other wild cats are the puma, cheetah and panther. Cats kept as pets© include the Persian, Siamese and Manx cats besides the ordinary striped cats. Cats are great hunters, though not good runners. Th ey can run short distances at a great speed and can jump a long way. Th ey have strong jaws and sharp teeth. Th eir claws are hooked and sharp, which can be drawn out and retracted back into their paws. Cats are generally nocturnal hunters. Th at is, they catch their prey at night. Yes, that means they can see in the dark too. How does a cat catch its prey? It crouches down with its body close to the ground and creeps forward towards the prey. All cats are experts at this approach, called stalking. Mice are a cat’s favourite prey. Th e cat will sit for hours without a sound or movement, waiting for the mouse to come out of its hole. Th e Copyrightmouse almost never escapes. As the cat has to remain quiet and surprise the mouse, it always hunts alone.

47 CATS BIG AND SMALL

Cats are clean animals and oft en clean their fur. Th ey will fi ercely fi ght back if someone attacks them. Th ey always fall on their feet and don’t get injured easily. Th e two largest members of the feline family are the lion and the tiger. Th e lion is sometimes called ‘the king of the beasts’. It is found on the great plains of Africa. In India we can see lions in the Gir Wildlife Sanctuary in Gujarat. Unlike other cats, the lion likes to roar loudly and hunt in company with other lions. India’s national animal is the tiger. Th e brownish-yellow coats marked with broad black stripes makes this creature look magnifi cent, and dangerous. Some cats are dangerous to man. Th e leopard kills for pleasure as well as for food. Sometimes leopards wander into villages and eat domestic animals, or even attack a human being. Th e cheetah, a type of leopard, is the fastest runner in the cat family. Education

From childhood we grow up listening to Vivastories about cats. In stories the cat and the mouse are portrayed as enemies, as in the cartoon series ‘Tom and Jerry’. In the stories of Shikari Shambhu the hunter catches a tiger or a leopard,© always by fl uke. Mowgli’s enemy in Th e Jungle Book is the lame tiger Sher Khan. Th ere are many idioms that refer to cats. For example, ‘let the cat out of the bag’ means to make a secret publicly known. You will fi nd several such idioms and sayings under the entry ‘cat’ in a dictionary. So it’s time to pounce on your dictionary!

A Choose the correct answers. 1. Some members of the cat family are (a) tigers, lions, dogs, cheetahs. CopyrightEXERCISE (b) lions, panthers, leopards, cheetahs. (c) tigers, lions, foxes, cheetahs.

48 CATS BIG AND SMALL

2. Which of the following cats is not kept as a pet? (a) Persian cat (b) Manx cat (c) Puma 3. Cats generally hunt (a) in the morning. (b) in the aft ernoon. (c) at night. 4. Which member of the cat family hunts in groups? (a) the leopards (b) the Siamese cats (c) the lions 5. Th e Gir Wildlife Sanctuary is in (a) Maharashtra. (b) Gujarat. (c) Rajasthan. 6. Dictionaries contain (a) several names of cats. (b) several idioms and sayings on cats. (c) several spellings of the word ‘cat’. 7. Th e idiom ‘let the cat out of the bag’ means Education (a) free a cat from bondage. (b) drive a cat out of the bag in which it has been living. (c) make a secret public. Viva B Answer these questions. 1. What are the two general types© of cats? 2. What is special about the cats’ claws?

EXERCISE 3. Why does a cat hunt alone? 4. What happens to a cat when it falls? 5. Write something about the appearance of tigers. 6. Which is the fastest cat? 7. What makes the lion diff erent from other cats? 8. Who is Sher Khan? 9. Name a famous cat cartoon character. Copyright 10. Write three idioms that refer to cats with the help of a dictionary.

49 Worksheet 1

A Identify what type each of the following sentences is – declarative, interrogative, imperative or exclamatory. Write your answers in the blanks.

1. Children love playing. ______2. Which fl avour of ice cream do you like? ______3. Do not disturb me while I am studying. ______4. What a heartbreaking loss it is! ______5. Get ready for the party before 7 o’clock. ______6. Have you had your lunch? ______7. My grandfather was a kind-hearted man. ______8. How weak he has become! ______Education B Rewrite the following statements in the form speciﬁ ed in brackets.

1. You don’t know the answer to this question. (question) ______2. We cannot believe this story. (exclamation)Viva ______3. Sneha has eaten the chocolates© Allen gave her. (question) ______4. We all agreed that it was a great performance. (exclamation) ______5. Aditya is the best student in our class. (question) ______6. I saw an amazing fi lm yesterday. (exclamation) ______Copyright 7. You should not cross this line. (order) ______

50 Worksheet 2

A Circle the subjects and underline the predicates in the following sentences.

1. I am going on a trip with my friends. 2. Th e young man planted a sapling in the garden. 3. May I sit with you? 4. What a stylish room it is! 5. Five people were injured in the accident. 6. Th is is the watch I want to buy. 7. Roshan is reading a story. 8. How honest she is! 9. Have you ever visited your friend’s home? Education

B Complete the following sentences with suitable predicates.

1. Th e bird with the red beak ______. 2. My pen and pencil ______. 3. Every child who plays here ______.Viva 4. Heavy rain ______.© 5. Th e keys to the cellar ______.

C Complete the following sentences with appropriate subjects.

1. Can ______help him with his homework? 2. ______is not diffi cult to solve this puzzle if you apply your mind. 3. How kind ______is to everyone! 4. ______wants to learn judo during the summer break. 5. Do ______think I can do it? Copyright 6. ______solves many problems. 7. ______is good for health.

51 Worksheet 3

A Write questions using the wh- words given in brackets to get the following answers.

1. My school is not far from my home. (how) ______2. Th e man was lying on the fl oor because he was injured. (why) ______3. Th e guests are sitting in the living room. (where) ______4. Shazia and her cousins are going to Shimla during the summer vacation. (when) ______5. Rehaan needs expensive colours to make paintings. (what)Education ______6. Th e teacher asked Sunil to recite a poem. (whom) ______Viva B Add question tags to the following statements.

1. She is the most intelligent© girl in the team, ______2. Th e weather is quite pleasant today, ______3. You can write an essay on any topic, ______4. You are a football player, ______5. Th ey have gone to watch the fi lm, ______

C To which category does each of the following questions belong – yes–no questions, wh-questions or alternative questions? Write your answers in the blanks. Copyright 1. Are you feeling well now? ______2. Who are you? ______

52 3. You have paid the bill, haven’t you? ______4. How do you play this game? ______5. She is not coming with us, is she? ______6. Do you like coff ee or tea? ______

D Write yes–no questions to get the following answers.

1. I am ready for school. ______2. Zenab has fi nished her work. ______3. Our teacher did not give us any homework yesterday. ______Education 4. He will come tomorrow. ______5. Nadeem is all right now. ______Viva E Write alternative questions ©to get the following answers. 1. I will go by bus. ______2. Rhea is my best friend. ______3. Charles was born in England. ______4. Neha will have coff ee. Copyright ______

53 Worksheet 4

A Identify which of the following are common nouns and which are proper nouns. Write ‘P’ for a proper noun and ‘C’ for a common noun in the blanks provided.

1. friend ______6. New York ______11. burger ______2. Rebecca ______7. cartoon ______12. newspaper ______3. chocolate ______8. uncle ______13. September ______4. city ______9. Friday ______14. Christian ______5. carpenter ______10. water ______15. metro ______

B Tick the uncountable nouns among the following.

1. notebook 6. memory 2. blood 7. money Education 3. butter 8. help 4. coin 9. cheese 5. dust Viva10. world C Divide the following nouns into concrete and abstract nouns and write them in the corresponding columns.© water, man, excitement, tiger, fruit, fi ght, lie, holiday, moon, coff ee, fever, Red Fort, road, beauty, Th ursday

Concrete Nouns Abstract Nouns

54 Worksheet 5

A Write the plurals of the following nouns in the blanks provided.

1. ox ______8. volcano ______2. box ______9. day ______3. zero ______10. fl y ______4. photo ______11. radio ______5. shelf ______12. chef ______6. leaf ______13. giraff e ______7. step ______14. axis ______

B Fill in the blanks correctly with the singular or plural forms of the nouns given in brackets. Education

1. My mother has bought two new ______for me. (jersey) 2. Th e ______was over in a few ______. (game, minute) 3. I ate one apple and some ______. (berry) 4. Raju has thirty ______.Viva (sheep) 5. Two ______of bread are enough for lunch. (loaf) 6. Many ______©were eating in the restaurant. (person) 7. Th e city has two ______. (zoo) 8. He has eaten four ______. (banana) 9. My teacher gave me some useful ______. (advice) 10. ______can spread many diseases. (mosquito)

C Complete the following phrases with nouns that are always plural.

______Copyright a pair of { ______

55 Worksheet 6

A Fill in the blanks with correct personal pronouns.

1. I was walking towards my home when ______met Rakesh, an old friend of mine whom ______had not met for years. Rakesh and ______were happy to see each other. I invited ______to my house. 2. I called out to Stella but ______did not hear ______as ______was absorbed in her work. 3. Th e teacher told the students that ______had to bring their identity cards with ______. 4. Players: ‘______are not ready for the game yet. Give ______ten minutes.’ 5. Raghu has bought a dictionary from the bookshop. ______will help ______study English better. 6. Father asked Arsalaan, ‘Did ______break myEducation glasses?’ 7. Th e mouse ran away when ______saw the cat.

B Rewrite the following sentences using correct personal pronouns.

1. Th e guard asked we to stand in a queue. ______Viva 2. Th ey saw we in the hall but we could not see their. ______© 3. Mohit brought some water for his mother as he was thirsty. ______4. Th e ice cream does not have a topping on him. ______

C Fill in the blanks with correct possessive pronouns.

1. Th e thief entered our neighbours’ houses and took away all ______money, but forgot to take ______pistol with him. 2. Our school organized a quiz competition in which students from ______Copyrightclass also participated. All the teams were good, but ______won the competition.

56 3. If you don’t want to wear ______jacket, you can take ______and give me ______. 4. Roshan was sitting with a bag on ______lap. 5. Amrita is using my pen because ______has run out of ink. 6. Do not scold Rohan. It is not ______fault. 7. Th e dog is wagging ______tail. 8. I am cleaning my cupboard, and my brothers are cleaning ______.

D Rewrite the following sentences using correct reﬂ exive pronouns.

1. I was so angry that I could not control me. ______2. He is not sure of themselves. ______Education 3. Th e puzzle has its solution in himself. ______4. We want to give themselves enough rest before we start the game. ______5. You can read the article themselvesViva if you don’t believe me. ______6. He is arrogant. He considers© myself a genius. ______7. She made tea for her friend and themselves. ______

E Add reﬂ exive pronouns and rewrite the following sentences emphasizing the highlighted nouns/pronouns. 1. You are responsible for the accident. Don’t blame others. ______2. Tushar invited me to his wedding ceremony. Copyright ______3. Ashish cooked the food. ______

57 4. Did she give the order? ______5. Anushka repaired her bike. ______

F Fill in the blanks with correct relative pronouns. 1. Th is is the man ______took my money. 2. She is the one ______I can trust. 3. Th e book ______you gave me is very interesting. 4. I mistakenly sat on the chair ______leg was broken. 5. Th e mangoes ______I bought yesterday were very sweet. G Fill in the blanks with correct interrogative pronouns.Education 1. ______do you want from me? 2. ______did you invite for the function? 3. ______is responsible for the delay in the work? 4. ______are these shoes? 5. ______is your favouriteViva fi lm? 6. ______is the author of this book? 7. ______do© you ask for advice? 8. ______is the solution to this problem?

H Fill in the blanks with correct demonstrative pronouns. 1. ______dress is good, but ______on the other rack is better. 2. Houses are smaller now than ______in old days. 3. ______is my brother in the fourth row. 4. ______who have fi nished the test can leave.

I Rewrite the following sentences using the demonstrative pronouns as Copyrightdeterminers. 1. Th is is not my house. ______

58 2. Th ese are the tasks you have to do. ______3. Th ose were the tourists from Norway. ______4. Is that your car? ______5. Th ose are expensive watches. ______

J Fill in the blanks with correct indeﬁ nite pronouns.

1. Pranav is looking for ______who can do the job for him. 2. ______wants to be successful. 3. Th e child fi nished one chocolate and asked for ______.Education 4. ______of us can take some rest. 5. He is a mysterious man. ______knows anything about him. 6. ‘Is there ______to eat?’ 7. ______can participate in the competition. 8. ______likes to talk toViva a cheerful person.

K Underline the indeﬁ nite pronouns© that have been used as determiners and circle those that have been used as pronouns in the following sentences.

1. Each contestant has been given a diff erent task. 2. Nobody wants to miss the party. 3. Both his sisters are married. 4. Everything has been decided about the function. 5. Neither of them said anything. 6. Have some milk before going to bed. 7. Somebody has to take the responsibility of fi nishing the task. Copyright 8. Th e man asked everyone for help but none helped him.

59 Worksheet 7

A Fill in the blanks with correct pronouns.

1. Someone stole the pen ______my father had presented to me. 2. Swati does all the work ______. 3. My brother is going to London for higher studies. ______will leave tomorrow. 4. If Sarah does not like the bag, ______can return ______. 5. Put the food in the fridge. Don’t leave ______on the table. 6. Th e clock ______Ricky had bought last month has stopped working. ______has thrown it away. 7. ______is the person I told you about. 8. Zoya cannot attend the birthday party of her friend Farah.Education But ______has sent a birthday gift for ______. 9. Th e baby is crying. Give ______some milk. 10. Mr Smith blames ______for all his failures.

B Circle the wrong pronouns in the followingViva sentences and write the correct ones in the blanks provided.

1. Th e teacher has not come© today as it is ill. ______2. He covered herself with a blanket. ______3. Students are preparing for the exams who start from Monday. ______4. Tarun wants to buy a pair of shoes for herself. ______5. People are waiting for his turn to buy tickets. ______6. Whose did the company dismiss? ______7. Th e kite who fl ies the highest is my. ______Copyright 8. I don’t remember that brand I ordered. ______

60 Worksheet 8

A Fill in the blanks with suitable adjectives.

1. Th e rope will not break easily; it is quite ______. 2. Radhika is so ______that she cannot see anyone in pain. 3. Vibha is ______than her sister. 4. Neeraj is ______but ______. 5. Th row away the ______eggs. 6. Shreya’s performance in the exam is ______. 7. My uncle wants to buy a ______house. 8. Atul is the ______sibling. 9. Shamsher is living a ______life because of his poverty. 10. Harris is an ______worker who fi nishesEducation his work on time.

B Write questions using interrogative adjectives to get the following answers.

1. I like the blue dress. ______Viva 2. It is my friend’s car. ______© 3. David likes stories about magic and fantasy. ______4. It is quarter past three. ______5. I saw a French fi lm yesterday. ______

C Choose the correct possessive or demonstrative pronouns with adjectival Copyrightfunction to ﬁ ll in the blanks. 1. Alice gave gift s to all ______friends. (her/his/this) 2. Th e bird is not in ______nest. (those/its/these)

61 3. Akash wants to celebrate ______birthday with ______friends. (their/this/his) 4. We sincerely apologize for ______mistake. (these/our/those) 5. I forgot ______mobile at home. (these/this/my) 6. ‘I tried to call you, but ______mobile phone was switched off .’ (my/ your/it) 7. Th e mechanic asked Peter and Sid to leave ______car at the workshop for service. (these/those/their) 8. ‘Keep ______mobile switched off in the library.’ (our/this/your)

Education

Viva ©

62 Worksheet 9

A Fill in the blanks with the correct articles. Write ‘0’ (zero) where no article is required.

1. Adnan placed ______order for ______cake for his younger brother’s birthday. ______cake was delivered in ______attractive box. His brother’s name was on ______cake.

2. We bought ______expensive fridge last year. ______fridge has been working fi ne since then. It has ______automatic defrost system which ensures that ______fridge defrosts once ______week.

3. Neil was watching ______cartoon show when suddenly the light went out. He called ______electrician to get the power connection repaired. ______electrician came and checked ______connection. He found out that there was ______short circuit. Education

4. ______school annual function is going to take place within ______week. All ______students are preparing for ______function. ______award will be given to ______best student of ______year. Viva 5. Alia is going to ______United States to meet her aunt, who is ______lecturer in© one of ______best colleges in California.

63 Test 1

A Rewrite the following sentences in the forms speciﬁ ed in brackets. 1. Does this bus go to central Delhi? (declarative sentence) ______2. Th is tower is very tall. (exclamatory sentence) ______3. Is smoking not allowed here? (imperative sentence) ______4. You will come to school tomorrow. (interrogative sentence) ______5. Is the child cheerful? (exclamatory sentence) Education ______

B Write the missing subjects or predicates in the following sentences. 1. ______took us to lunch yesterday. 2. Hema and I ______.Viva 3. ______should be followed. 4. ______© is not good for the environment.

C Write questions to get the following answers according to the instructions given in brackets.

1. Shaheen would like to eat rice. (Write a yes–no question.) ______2. Saba goes to school by cycle. (Write a wh-question.) ______3. I live in Delhi, not in Pune. (Write an alternative question.) ______Copyright 4. Samir likes chocolates. (Write a yes–no question.) ______

64 5. I did not come to the club yesterday because it was raining. (Write a wh-question.) ______

D Write ﬁ ve countable nouns and ﬁ ve uncountable nouns. ______

E Pick out the abstract nouns from the following list of nouns. 1. bravery 2. coff ee 3. wire 4. sympathy 5. ink 6. attitude 7. bulb 8. aff ection 9. road 10. bird 11. deception 12. fashion 13. zoo 14. friend

F Fill in the blanks with correct personal pronouns. Education 1. I met Himanshu yesterday. ______told ______that his father had bought a new bicycle for ______. 2. Th e teacher asked the students to tie the answer sheets and give ______to her. 3. My mother prepared some delicious food for my friends and ______. ______enjoyed ______Viva thoroughly. 4. Neha asked Piyush, ‘Do ______know where my book is? ______have been looking for ______© for a while.’ 5. Birds want to fl y freely. ______should not be caged. 6. Th e librarian asked ______to switch off our mobiles.

G Fill in the blanks with correct possessive pronouns. 1. Th at red umbrella is ______. 2. I packed my bag yesterday. Did you pack ______? 3. Surbhi asked Meghna, ‘My pencil has broken. Can you lend me ______?’ 4. My brother’s birthday is in August and ______is in November. Copyright 5. We should obey traffi c rules. Th ey are for ______own safety.

65 H Fill in the blanks with the types of pronouns mentioned in brackets. 1. We should always try to improve ______. (refl exive pronoun) 2. Th e book ______I wanted to buy is very expensive. (relative pronoun) 3. Ritu will go to the airport ______. (refl exive pronoun) 4. ______is that bag? (interrogative pronoun) 5. ______are the people who know the area very well. (demonstrative pronoun) 6. Can ______solve this puzzle? (indefi nite pronoun)

I Fill in the blanks with the types of adjectives mentioned in brackets. 1. Th e boys are washing ______clothes. (possessive adjective) 2. I have seen ______fi lm before. (demonstrative adjective) 3. ______home is on the second fl oor. (possessiveEducation adjective) 4. ______writer do you like the most? (interrogative adjective) 5. ______bicycle is mine, and ______bicycles belong to my cousins. (demonstrative adjective)

J Fill in the blanks with correct articles.Viva 1. Hema is ______good friend of mine. 2. ______fi lm we saw yesterday© was boring. 3. I reached home ______hour late because of heavy traffi c. 4. Anup bought ______computer yesterday. But ______computer is not working properly. 5. Vibha was ______only person who reached the venue on time.

66 Education