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Punctuation in Eighteenth-Century English Grammars

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Departamento de Filología Moderna TESIS DOCTORAL Punctuation in Eighteenth-Century English Grammars Beatriz del R. Medina Sánchez Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 2015 Punctuation in eighteenth-century English grammars Punctuation in eighteenth-century English grammars Departamento de Filología Moderna Programa de Doctorado: Estudios Interdisciplinares de Lengua, Literatura, Cultura, Traducción y Tradición Clásica Punctuation in Eighteenth-Century English Grammars TESIS DOCTORAL Dirigida por la Doctora: La Doctoranda: Dña. Alicia Rodríguez Álvarez Beatriz del R. Medina Sánchez Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Enero 2015 Punctuation in eighteenth-century English grammars Acknowledgments In this short passage of my thesis I want to acknowledge and give thanks to all the people who have been supportive to me in a certain way when elaborating this study. The very first person I want to thank is Dr. Alicia Rodríguez Álvarez because of her confidence in me from the very beginning and for having supervised carefully the present research. She suggested me the study of punctuation given that it is a matter that has been somehow neglected and, as a result, I have realized I am definitely a keen punctuation researcher. In this sense, I would like to thank Dr. Trinidad Arcos Pereira for having given me the chance to be part of her research project as research personnel in training and for having supervised my previous research. Dr. María Esther Rodríguez Gil is one of the professors who taught me in the first year of the PhD programme and she was the one who transmitted me the love for the eighteenth century and for doing research, so I will never give enough thanks to her. Dr. Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade has been one of the greatest professors I have ever met and, actually, her support and guidance have contributed invaluably to this thesis. I learnt and improved so much at Leiden University that I consider my stay in the Netherlands as the starting point of my research career. Besides, in this country I met different people among whom I want to name Cynthia Lange, Eduardo Correia and Sander Stolk since all of them have been great classmates and friends. Most importantly, I am grateful for the chats and the time we spent together. Furthermore, I want to give special thanks to Cynthia, to whom I am indebted for tips and comments about eighteenth-century punctuation. Thank you so much also to my friends Elena, Daniel and Fátima for their patience, love and kind words. They have given me strength when I really needed it even when I devoted little time to them. I must mention as well my cousin Manolito who has been interested in my studies and improvement since I was a child. Last, but not least, I want to thank my family, especially my parents, my sister Betsy and Julio for their support 1 Punctuation in eighteenth-century English grammars and unconditional love. But, most of all, I am grateful for countless chats that cheered me up when writing this time-consuming research. Beatriz del R. Medina Sánchez January, 2015 2 Punctuation in eighteenth-century English grammars Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................... 1 Table of contents.................................................................................................. 3 List of tables ........................................................................................................ 7 List of figures ...................................................................................................... 8 List of charts and diagrams ................................................................................ 10 Abbreviations .................................................................................................... 11 1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 13 2. The eighteenth-century: the age of refinement ................................................ 19 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 19 2.2. The age of refinement .............................................................................. 19 2.3. Education in eighteenth-century England ................................................. 23 2.4. The English ‘grammar’ and the classical grammatical tradition................ 28 2.5. The eighteenth-century normative grammars ........................................... 33 2.5.1. Grammars from the first and second halves of the eighteenth century and the education of the rising middle-class ………………………………..39 2.6. The market for the ‘insecure’ ................................................................... 43 2.7. Eighteenth-century grammarians and the growing concern with plagiarism ....................................................................................................................... 46 2.8. Concluding remarks ................................................................................. 51 3. The evolution of punctuation .......................................................................... 53 3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 53 3.2. What is punctuation? ............................................................................... 53 3.3. Punctuation conventions: the realignment of speech and writing .............. 55 3.4. Punctuation traditions: definition and contextualization ........................... 58 3.4.1. Punctuation traditions: definition and classification ........................... 58 3.4.2. Punctuation traditions: changes across time ....................................... 60 3.4.2.1. Old and Middle English punctuation traditions ........................... 61 3.4.2.2. Early Modern English punctuation tradition ............................... 63 3 Punctuation in eighteenth-century English grammars 3.4.2.3. Late Modern English punctuation tradition ................................. 67 3.5. Punctuation systems: changes in the inventory of punctuation marks ....... 69 3.5.1. Old English inventory of punctuation marks ...................................... 70 3.5.2. Middle English inventory of punctuation marks ................................ 72 3.5.3. Early Modern English inventory of punctuation marks ...................... 75 3.5.4. Late Modern English inventory of punctuation marks........................ 78 3.6. Concluding remarks ................................................................................. 81 4. The treatment of punctuation in eighteenth-century English grammars ........... 83 4.1. Corpus and methodology ......................................................................... 83 4.2. Importance of punctuation in eighteenth-century English grammars ........ 88 4.3. Approaches to punctuation ....................................................................... 92 4.3.1. The rhetorical and grammatical approaches ....................................... 94 4.3.1.1. Types of rhetorical explanations provided .................................. 94 4.3.1.2. Types of grammatical explanations provided .............................. 99 4.3.2. The rhetorical and grammatical approaches with a nod to sense....... 100 4.3.3. The hermeneutic approach to punctuation........................................ 101 4.3.4. The grammatical approach to punctuation ....................................... 102 4.3.5. The rhetorical approach to punctuation with a nod to sense ............. 102 4.3.6. No approach to punctuation ............................................................. 103 4.3.7. Concluding remarks ........................................................................ 103 4.4. Punctuation: a rhetorical or a syntactic issue? ........................................ 104 4.4.1. Punctuation discussed in no specific section .................................... 104 4.4.2. Punctuation discussed in two or three sections ................................. 107 4.4.3. Punctuation discussed in syntactical and orthographical sections ..... 113 4.4.4. Punctuation discussed in rhetorical and prosodic sections ................ 118 4.4.5. Punctuation discussed in the form of appendix or supplement ......... 122 4.4.6. Punctuation discussed in ‘syllables’ and ‘letters’ ............................. 124 4.4.7. Change of location of the punctuation discussion in later grammar editions ......................................................................................................... 128 4.4.8. Concluding remarks ........................................................................ 131 4.5. Systems of punctuation .......................................................................... 133 4.5.1. The most repeated systems of punctuation ....................................... 138 4.6. Function(s) of each punctuation mark .................................................... 140 4 Punctuation in eighteenth-century English grammars 4.6.1. Graphical matters ............................................................................ 141 4.6.2. Function and rules for the use of punctuation marks ........................ 143 4.6.2.1. The comma .............................................................................. 143 4.6.2.2. The semicolon .......................................................................... 146 4.6.2.3. The colon ................................................................................
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