&KDSWHU 7KH&(51$QWLSURWRQ3URJUDPPH ,PDJLQDWLRQDQG$XGDFLW\5HZDUGHG
9LQRG&KRKDQDQG3LHUUH'DUULXODW
,QWURGXFWLRQ
The accelerator developments $VHDUO\DV &5XEELDWKH3K\VLFV1REHOODXUHDWHLQ KDGUHDOL]HGWKH SRWHQWLDORIWKHSURMHFWHG³*H90DFKLQH´ODWHUEXLOWDW&(51DVWKH6XSHU 3URWRQ6\QFKURWURQ 636 DQGSURSRVHGWRXVHLWDVDSURWRQ±DQWLSURWRQFROOLGHU >@7ZR\HDUVODWHULQ 6LPRQYDQGHU0HHUDOVR3K\VLFV1REHOODXUHDWHLQ LQYHQWHGDPHWKRGWRLQFUHDVHWKHFROOLVLRQUDWH ³OXPLQRVLW\´ >%R[@RI WKH,657KLVZDVWKHFRQFHSWRIVWRFKDVWLFFRROLQJ>%R[@DEULOOLDQWLGHD,W ZDVSXEOLVKHGRQO\LQ >@DQGODWHUSURYHQH[SHULPHQWDOO\DWWKH,65>@ 7KLVZDVWKHQHFHVVDU\LQJUHGLHQWIRUWKHEROGDQGLPDJLQDWLYHSURSRVDOLQ >@RIXVLQJWKH&(51636DVDVLQJOHULQJS±തFROOLGHUDLPHGDWWKHGLVFRYHU\RI WKHSXWDWLYH:DQG=ERVRQV>%R[@ ,Q &(51GHFLGHGWRODXQFKWZRDFWLRQVLQSDUDOOHO2QHZDVWRFRQVWUXFW UDSLGO\DVPDOOULQJ ,QLWLDO&RROLQJ([SHULPHQW²,&( WRVWXG\EHDPFRROLQJ WKHRWKHUZDVWRVHWXSDGHVLJQJURXSIRUDS±തIDFLOLW\XVLQJWKH636DVDVWRUDJH ULQJ DQG FROOLGHU 0HDQZKLOH PDQ\ H[SHULPHQWDO WHVWV LQ WKH ,65 IXUWKHU WKHRUHWLFDOGHYHORSPHQWVDQGPRVWLPSRUWDQWO\WKHVXFFHVVIXOWHVWRIDIDVWHUDQG Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com PRUHHIILFLHQWPHWKRGRIORQJLWXGLQDOFRROLQJLQ,&(FRQILUPLQJFRROLQJLQDOO SODQHV>@JDYHWKHFRQILGHQFHWKDWZLWKVWRFKDVWLFFRROLQJDQGVWDFNLQJDQRYHUDOO LQFUHDVHLQDQWLSURWRQGHQVLW\IURPWKHSURGXFWLRQWDUJHWWRWKHILQDODFFXPXODWHG by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. EHDPFRUHRIRYHU SDUWLFOHVFRXOGEHDFKLHYHG$OWKRXJKWKHFRROLQJWLPHV REWDLQHG V ZHUHVWLOODERXWWLPHVORQJHUWKDQUHTXLUHGLWZDVGHFLGHGWRJR DKHDG ZLWK WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH $QWLSURWRQ $FFXPXODWRU $$ EDVHG RQ VWRFKDVWLFFRROLQJ7KH$$ZDVWKHNH\HOHPHQWRIWKHVFKHPHDIL[HGPDJQHWLF ILHOG VLQJOH VWRUDJH ULQJ GHVLJQHG WR DFFXPXODWH DQWLSURWRQV DW *H9F JHQHUDWHGIURP*H9 36 SURWRQVLPSLQJLQJRQDPHWDOWDUJHW
© 2017 The Author(s). Open Access chapter published by World Scientific Publishing Company and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC) 4.0 License.
V. Chohan & P. Darriulat
7KHVWRFKDVWLFDFFXPXODWLRQ VWDFNLQJ SURFHVVDQHVVHQWLDOIHDWXUHLQWKH$$ VFKHPHFRXOGQRWEHWHVWHGLQ,&(7KLVSURFHVVLQYROYHGVLPXOWDQHRXVFRROLQJLQ ERWKWUDQVYHUVHSODQHVDQGLQFUHDVLQJWKHORQJLWXGLQDOGHQVLW\E\IRXURUGHUVRI PDJQLWXGHZKLOHPRYLQJWKHSDUWLFOHVLQWRWKHGHQVHFRUH7KLVZDVWKHELJJHVW JDPEOH LQ WKH ODXQFK RI WKH $$ EHFDXVH LW FRXOG RQO\ EH VWXGLHG LQ GHWDLO E\ WKHRUHWLFDOFDOFXODWLRQ)RUWXQDWHO\LQWKLVUHVSHFWWKH$$SHUIRUPHGDVH[SHFWHG 7KH$$SURMHFWZDVODXQFKHGLQ ZLWKEHDPFRPPLVVLRQLQJLQ-XO\ 7KHILUVW636SURWRQ±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echnology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only.
)LJ7KHOD\RXWRIWKH&(51DFFHOHUDWRUVLQ ZLWKWKHH[LVWLQJDQGQHZWXQQHOV WKLFNOLQHV FRQVWUXFWHGIRUEHDPWUDQVIHUIURPWKH$$WRWKH36,65 636>@ The CERN Antiproton Programme
>ƵŵŝŶŽƐŝƚLJŽdžϲ͘ϭ >ƵŵŝŶŽƐŝƚLJ͕>͕ŝƐĂĨŝŐƵƌĞŽĨŵĞƌŝƚŽĨƚŚĞŝŶƐƚĂŶƚĂŶĞŽƵƐƌĂƚĞŽĨĞǀĞŶƚƐĂƚĂƉĂƌƚŝĐƵůĂƌ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶƉŽŝŶƚŽĨĂĐŽůůŝĚĞƌŽdžϰ͘ϭ͘&ŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŚĂǀŝŶŐĐƌŽƐƐͲƐĞĐƚŝŽŶʍŝ͕ƚŚĞ оϮϰ Ϯ ĞǀĞŶƚƌĂƚĞŝƐʍŝͼ>͘dŚĞĐƌŽƐƐͲƐĞĐƚŝŽŶŝƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝŶďĂƌŶƐ͕ǁŚĞƌĞϭďсϭϬ Đŵ ͘ ǀĞŶƚ ƌĂƚĞŝƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝŶ,nj͕ƐŽůƵŵŝŶŽƐŝƚLJŝƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝŶĐŵоϮƐоϭ;ŽƌďоϭƐоϭͿ͘ džĐĞƉƚŝŶƚŚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůĐĂƐĞŽĨĐŽŶƚŝŶƵŽƵƐďĞĂŵƐ;/^ZͿ͕ůƵŵŝŶŽƐŝƚLJŝƐƉƌŽƉŽƌƚŝŽŶĂůƚŽƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨ ƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐ ƉĞƌ ďƵŶĐŚ Eď ƐƋƵĂƌĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ƌĂƚĞ ŽĨ ďƵŶĐŚ ĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŝŶǀĞƌƐĞůLJƉƌŽƉŽƌƚŝŽŶĂůƚŽƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐǀĞƌƐĞĂƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞďĞĂŵĂƚƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶƉŽŝŶƚƐdžͼƐLJ ǁŚĞƌĞƐdžĂŶĚƐLJĂƌĞůŽĐĂůŚŽƌŝnjŽŶƚĂůĂŶĚǀĞƌƚŝĐĂůďĞĂŵƐŝnjĞƐ͘dŚƵƐ͕EďĂŶĚƚŚĞďƵŶĐŚ ĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƌĂƚĞŚĂǀĞƚŽďĞŵĂdžŝŵŝnjĞĚǁŚŝůĞƐdžͼƐLJŚĂƐƚŽďĞĂŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ƚŚĞďĞĂŵƐ ŚĂǀĞƚŽďĞƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĨŽĐƵƐĞĚͿ͘/ŶĂĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌĐŽůůŝĚĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďƵŶĐŚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƐŝƐŐŝǀĞŶ ďLJƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĨƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨďƵŶĐŚĞƐŬďĐŝƌĐƵůĂƚŝŶŐĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞǀŽůƵƚŝŽŶĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ͘ EďŝƐůŝŵŝƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞŝŶũĞĐƚŽƌ͕ďLJŝŶƐƚĂďŝůŝƚŝĞƐĂƌŝƐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵďƵŶĐŚͲ ǀĂĐƵƵŵ ƚƵďĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ďLJ ĞĨĨĞĐƚƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞ ďĞĂŵƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ ;ďĞĂŵʹďĞĂŵ ĞĨĨĞĐƚͿ͘ dŽ ůŝŵŝƚ ĂĚǀĞƌƐĞ ďĞĂŵʹďĞĂŵ ĞĨĨĞĐƚƐ ƚŚĞ ďĞĂŵƐĂƌĞƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĚĂƚĐƌŽƐƐŝŶŐƉŽŝŶƚƐǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĂŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞƚŽƚĂůďĞĂŵĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ н ʹ ŬďͼEďŝƐĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶĞĚͶŝŶĞ Ğ ĐŽůůŝĚĞƌƐďLJƚŚĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞZ&ƉŽǁĞƌƌĞƉůĂĐŝŶŐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJ ůŽƐƚďLJƚŚĞďĞĂŵĚƵĞƚŽƐLJŶĐŚƌŽƚƌŽŶƌĂĚŝĂƚŝŽŶŽƌďLJĐƌLJŽŐĞŶŝĐƉŽǁĞƌƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽĐŽŽů ƚŚĞƐƵƉĞƌĐŽŶĚƵĐƚŝŶŐZ&ĐĂǀŝƚŝĞƐ͖ŝŶƉʹƉĐŽůůŝĚĞƌƐ͕ďLJƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞůŽƐƐĞƐƚŽůĞƌĂƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞ ƐƵƉĞƌĐŽŶĚƵĐƚŝŶŐŵĂŐŶĞƚƐ͖ŝŶƉʹƉȐĐŽůůŝĚĞƌƐ͕ďLJƚŚĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞƉȐŝŶũĞĐƚŽƌ͘dŚĞ ďĞĂŵƐŝnjĞƐƐdž͕ƐLJƚŽďĞŵŝŶŝŵŝnjĞĚĂƌĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚďLJƚŚĞƐƋƵĂƌĞƌŽŽƚŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚɴŝͼɸŝ ǁŚĞƌĞɴŝŝƐĂůŽĐĂůŵĂŐŶĞƚůĂƚƚŝĐĞƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌ͕ŝŶǀĞƌƐĞůLJƉƌŽƉŽƌƚŝŽŶĂůƚŽƚŚĞĨŽĐƵƐŝŶŐ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ͕ ĂŶĚ ɸŝ͕ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ďĞĂŵ ĞŵŝƚƚĂŶĐĞ͕ ŝ͘Ğ͘ ƚŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ŽĨ ƚƌĂŶƐǀĞƌƐĞ ƉŚĂƐĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŽĐĐƵƉŝĞĚďLJƚŚĞďĞĂŵ͘^ŵĂůůɴƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐƐƚƌŽŶŐůŽĐĂůĨŽĐƵƐŝŶŐ͗ƚŚŝƐŝƐƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚďLJĂ ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨƋƵĂĚƌƵƉŽůĞƐŽŶĞŝƚŚĞƌƐŝĚĞŽĨƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶƉŽŝŶƚĨŽƌŵŝŶŐĂƐŽͲĐĂůůĞĚ ůŽǁͲȕŝŶƐĞƌƚŝŽŶ͘/ŶĞнĞʹĐŽůůŝĚĞƌƐ͕ƐLJŶĐŚƌŽƚƌŽŶƌĂĚŝĂƚŝŽŶĞĨĨĞĐƚƐůĞĂĚƚŽĂŶĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ ǀĂůƵĞŽĨɸŝƚŚĂƚŐƌŽǁƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐƋƵĂƌĞŽĨďĞĂŵĞŶĞƌŐLJ͘/ŶŚĂĚƌŽŶĐŽůůŝĚĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞŝŶũĞĐƚŽƌ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƐƚŚĞŝŶǀĂƌŝĂŶƚɴďͼɶďͼɸŝǁŚĞƌĞɴďĂŶĚɶďĂƌĞƚŚĞƌĞůĂƚŝǀŝƐƚŝĐƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞ ďĞĂŵ͕ƐŽɸŝƐŚƌŝŶŬƐĚƵƌŝŶŐĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƚŝŽŶͶĂŶĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞĨŽƌŚŝŐŚĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŽůůŝĚĞƌƐ͘dŚĞ ďĞĂŵŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞďĞĂŵƐŝnjĞĂůƐŽǀĂƌLJǁŝƚŚƚŝŵĞ͗ƚŚĞďĞĂŵŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚLJĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐ ĚƵĞƚŽĐŽůůŝƐŝŽŶƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐŝĚƵĂůŐĂƐĂŶĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŽƉƉŽƐŝŶŐďĞĂŵ͘tŚŝůĞƚŚĞďĞĂŵƐŝnjĞƐ Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com ĂƌĞŶĞĂƌůLJĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŝŶĞнĞʹĐŽůůŝĚĞƌƐ͕ŝŶŚĂĚƌŽŶĐŽůůŝĚĞƌƐƚŚĞLJŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĨŽƌƚŚĞƐĂŵĞ ƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ ĂƐ ďĞĂŵ ůŽƐƐ ŽĐĐƵƌƐ͘ &Žƌ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌ ŝƐ > ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚŽǀĞƌƚŝŵĞĂŶĚŝƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨďĂƌŶоϭ͘/ƚŝƐŽƉƚŝŵŝnjĞĚďLJĂĐĂƌĞĨƵů by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞƌĂƚŝŽŶ ĐLJĐůĞ ŽĨ ŝŶũĞĐƚŝŽŶ͕ ďĞĂŵ ĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƚŝŽŶ͕ ůƵŵŝŶŽƐŝƚLJ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ͕ĂŶĚďĞĂŵĚƵŵƉ͘/ŶĂůŝŶĞĂƌĞнĞʹĐŽůůŝĚĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨďƵŶĐŚĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƐŝƐ ŐŝǀĞŶďLJƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨďƵŶĐŚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞďƵŶĐŚƚƌĂŝŶƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƌĞƉĞƚŝƚŝŽŶĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ͘dŚĞ ůĂƚƚĞƌŝƐŽŶůLJĂďŽƵƚϭϬϬ,nj͕ƐŽŚŝŐŚͲŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚLJďƵŶĐŚĞƐĂƌĞŝŵƉĞƌĂƚŝǀĞ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƐĞŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ǀĞƌLJ ƚŝŐŚƚůLJ ĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶƉŽŝŶƚ͘ dŚŝƐ ĂĚĚƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĨŽĐƵƐŝŶŐ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞƐƐLJŶĐŚƌŽƚƌŽŶƌĂĚŝĂƚŝŽŶͶǁŚŝĐŚĐĂƵƐĞƐĂƐƉƌĞĂĚŝŶĐĞŶƚƌĞͲŽĨͲŵĂƐƐĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚ ďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞĐƚŽƌ͘>ŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂůůLJƉŽůĂƌŝnjĞĚďĞĂŵƐǁĞƌĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚĂƚƚŚĞ^> ĂŶĚ ĂƌĞ ƉůĂŶŶĞĚ ĨŽƌ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ůŝŶĞĂƌ ĞнĞʹ ĐŽůůŝĚĞƌƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĞĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞůƵŵŝŶŽƐŝƚLJĂŶĚĞŶĂďůĞƐŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƚŝŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶǁĞĂŬͲŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐďLJĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƐƉŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶƐŽdžϮ͘ϮŽĨƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŶŐƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐ͘ V. Chohan & P. Darriulat
Supplying antiprotons to the SPS as a collider 7KHRYHUDOOVFKHPH )LJ LQYROYHGVRPHPDMRUPRGLILFDWLRQVWRWKH36DQG WKH636DQGWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIQHZEHDPWUDQVIHUOLQHVIRUWKHDQWLSURWRQV7KH VFKHPHHYROYHGRYHUWKH\HDUVLPSURYLQJFRQWLQXRXVO\WKHSHUIRUPDQFH 7KH36LQMHFWRUVWKH0H9/LQDFWKH0H9ERRVWHUV\QFKURWURQDQGWKH *H936ZHUHSXVKHGWRWKHLUOLPLWVWRGHOLYHUDQLQWHQVHSURWRQEHDPRQWKH SURGXFWLRQWDUJHWZLWKDQLQWHQVLW\RIXSWRîSURWRQVSHUSXOVHDVPXFK DV WKH WDUJHW FRXOG ZLWKVWDQG \LHOGLQJ XS WR î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î EHIRUHWKHEHDPZDV EXQFKHG E\ DQ 5) V\VWHP DQG H[WUDFWHG WR WKH $$ ZKHUH WKH EHDPZDV DFFXPXODWHGRYHUKRXUVRUGD\V ,QWKH$$FRPSOHPHQWDU\VWRFKDVWLFFRROLQJV\VWHPVDFWHGFRQWLQXRXVO\RQ WKH DQWLSURWRQ VWDFN 2YHU D GD\ D VWDFN ZLWK D GHQVH FRUH RI VHYHUDO DQWLSURWRQVZDVDFFXPXODWHG$QDQWLSURWRQEXQFKZDVSLFNHGIURPWKHVWDFNDQG PRYHG WR WKH HMHFWLRQ RUELW )URP WKHUH LW ZDV VHQW WKURXJK D ³ORRS´ 77/ )LJ WRWKH36,QWKH36WKLVEXQFKZDVDFFHOHUDWHGWR*H9FDQGVHQWWR WKH636 3ULRUWRDWUDQVIHUFKHFNVZHUHSHUIRUPHGFRQFOXGHGE\WKHGLVSDWFKRIDVPDOO Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com ³SLORWEXQFK´RIa DQWLSURWRQVDOOWKHZD\IURPWKH$$WRWKH6367KLVDVVXUHG WKDW WKH ELJ VKRWV XS WR EXQFKHV FRQWDLQLQJ D GD\¶V ZRUWK RI DFFXPXODWHG DQWLSURWRQVZRXOGVDIHO\ILQGLWVZD\7KHDQWLSURWRQEHDPZDVDFFHOHUDWHGLQWKH by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. 636WRWKHWRSHQHUJ\RI*H9VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ZLWKWKHFRXQWHUURWDWLQJSURWRQ EHDP ZKLFK KDG EHHQ LQMHFWHG MXVW EHIRUH WKH DQWLSURWRQ WUDQVIHU $IWHU VRPH DGMXVWPHQWV WKH EHDPV ZHUH EURXJKW LQWR FROOLVLRQ 7KH DFFHOHUDWLRQ WLPH RI aVZDVVKRUWFRPSDUHGWRWKHWLPHWKHEHDPVZHUHNHSWFROOLGLQJZLWKW\SLFDOO\ XSWRKRIXVHIXOEHDPOLIHWLPH
The AA and AC storage rings 7KH $$ KDG D FLUFXPIHUHQFHRI P ,WV PDJQHWLFILHOG ZDV FRQVWDQWIRUD EHDPPRPHQWXPRI*H9FRQWKHFHQWUDORUELW,WZDVLQVWDOOHGLQDQHZKDOO The CERN Antiproton Programme
DQGFRYHUHGZLWKFRQFUHWHVKLHOGLQJEORFNV)LJXUH OHIW VKRZVWKH$$DQG WKH $& ULQJV EHIRUH EHLQJ FRYHUHG ZLWK FRQFUHWH VKLHOGLQJ )LJXUH ULJKW VKRZV WKH OD\RXW RI WKH WZR ULQJV ZLWK WKH ³GRJOHJ´ LQFRUSRUDWHG LQ WKH DQWLSURWRQ LQMHFWLRQ OLQH WR GLPLQLVK WKH IOX[ RI VHFRQGDU\ HOHFWURQVDQGSLRQV UHDFKLQJWKHKDOO
)LJ7KH$&ULQJEXLOWDURXQGWKH$$ULQJDQGDSDUWLDOYLHZRIWKHLQVWDOODWLRQ 7KHFLUFXPIHUHQFHRIWKH$&ZDV P,W ZDV LQVWDOOHGDURXQGWKH$$LQ DSHULRGRIMXVWHOHYHQPRQWKVLQ ±,WV SULPDU\WDVN ZDV WR FDSWXUHDQ RUGHURIPDJQLWXGHPRUHDQWLSURWRQVWKDQWKH$$IRUZKLFKLWKDGPXFKODUJHU DFFHSWDQFHVERWKLQWUDQVYHUVHDQGLQPRPHQWXPVSDFH 7KH$$DQGODWHUWKH$&KDGWRKDYHDODUJHDFFHSWDQFHLQRUGHUWRFDSWXUHD PD[LPXP QXPEHU RI DQWLSURWRQV FRPLQJ IURP WKH WDUJHW 7KH SKDVH YROXPH RFFXSLHGE\WKHEHDPKDGWKHUHIRUHWREHUHGXFHGDQGWKHSDUWLFOHGHQVLW\LQSKDVH Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com VSDFHLQFUHDVHG,QIDFWWKHGHQVLW\LQGLPHQVLRQDOSKDVHVSDFH WKHSDUWLFOHV KDYHSRVLWLRQDQGPRPHQWXPLQWUDQVYHUVHDQGORQJLWXGLQDOGLUHFWLRQV KDGWREH
by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. ERRVWHGE\QHDUO\DIDFWRU LQWKH$$7KHRQO\ZD\WRDFKLHYHWKLVZDVWRIXOO\ H[SORLWWKHPHWKRGRIVWRFKDVWLFFRROLQJ 7RWKLVHQGWKH $$ZDVWKHILUVWDFFHOHUDWRULQWKHZRUOGWREHHTXLSSHGZLWK DIXOOVHWRIVWRFKDVWLFFRROLQJV\VWHPV WKHUHZHUHV\VWHPV IUHTXHQF\UDQJH 0+]WR*+] DSUHFRROLQJV\VWHPIRUWKHPRPHQWXPSODQHDQGV\VWHPV RQHIRUHDFKSKDVHSODQHIRUVWDFNWDLODQGFRUHUHJLRQV>@:LWKWKHDUULYDORIWKH $&ULQJWKH$$V\VWHPVZHUHFRQYHUWHGWRV\VWHPVRSHUDWLQJLQWKHKLJKHU IUHTXHQF\UDQJHRI±*+]>@7KH$&KDG V\VWHPVLQEDQGV ±*+] DSSO\LQJFRROLQJLQDOOWKUHHSKDVHSODQHVLQHDFKEDQG>@$OOWKHVHV\VWHPVKDG WKHLU VSHFLILF IXQFWLRQDOLWLHV DQG VLJQLILFDQW YDULDWLRQV LQ SLFNXSNLFNHU V. Chohan & P. Darriulat
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
The SPS and its modifications as a proton–antiproton Collider 7KH 636 VWDUWHG FROOLGHU RSHUDWLRQ LQ DW *H9 FHQWUHRIPDVV &0 HQHUJ\ *H9 IRU WKH VDPH PDJQHW SRZHU GLVVLSDWLRQ DV WKH *H9 DFFHOHUDWRUF\FOH,Q LQFUHDVHGZDWHUFRROLQJRIWKHPDJQHWVDOORZHGWKH&0 HQHUJ\WREHSXVKHGWR*H9)RUVKRUWSHULRGVRIRSHUDWLRQDSXOVHGPRGH F\FOLQJEHWZHHQ*H9DQG*H9H[WHQGHGWKHFROOLGHUUHDFKWR *H9 &0HQHUJ\8VXDOO\WKHUHZDVRQH³ILOO´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echnology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com WRVLPXOWDQHRXVO\DFFHOHUDWHSURWRQVDQGDQWLSURWRQVZLWKSUHFLVHV\QFKURQLVDWLRQ EHWZHHQEXQFKHVRIWKHFRXQWHUURWDWLQJEHDPVDQGWREULQJWKHPWRFROOLVLRQDW WKHWZRH[SHULPHQWV(DUOLHUVWXGLHVRIXVLQJ636DVDFROOLGHUKDGLQGLFDWHGWKDW by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only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he CERN Antiproton Programme
EXQFKHVLQHDFKEHDP XSWRSDUWLFOHVEXQFK DSHDNOXPLQRVLW\RIî FPíVíZDVHYHQWXDOO\UHDFKHGKDYLQJLQFUHDVHGE\DIDFWRURIVLQFH D
The low energy programme spawned by the p–ഥ collider: LEAR and AD /RZ(QHUJ\$QWLSURWRQ5LQJ /($5 ,QLWLDOO\WKHVFKHPH> @ZDVSURSRVHGDVDµSDUDVLWLF¶XVHUXVLQJRQO\DVPDOO IUDFWLRQRIWKHDFFXPXODWHGDQWLSURWRQVLQ$$WKHPDLQFOLHQWVWLOOEHLQJWKH636 &ROOLGHU $QWLSURWRQV DW *H9F ZHUH UHWXUQHG IURP WKH $$ WRWKH36IRU deceleration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
Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com WKH$$ZDVGLVPDQWOHG/($5FORVHGGRZQDQGWKH$&ZDVFRQYHUWHGLQWRWKH $'> @ :KLOHWKH$'H[WUDFWHGEHDPHQHUJ\RI0H9ZDVDGHTXDWHLWZDVVWLOOD
by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. IDUFU\IURPWKHQHHGVRIWKHDQWLSURWRQWUDSSLQJH[SHULPHQWVZKLFKUHTXLUHGXVH RIGHJUDGHUIRLOVWRIXUWKHUGHFHOHUDWHORVLQJKRZHYHUDOPRVW RIWKHEHDPLQ WKHSURFHVV7KLVOHGWRWKHLQQRYDWLYHLGHDWRXVHDUDGLRIUHTXHQF\TXDGUXSROHWR GHFHOHUDWHWKHDQWLSURWRQVHYHQIXUWKHUGRZQWRNH9IRUDSDUWLFXODUSK\VLFV H[SHULPHQW$6$&86$>+LJKOLJKW@ 7KH([WUD/RZ(1HUJ\$QWLSURWRQULQJ (/(1$ XQGHUFRQVWUXFWLRQDW&(51WRGD\HQYLVDJHV$'H[WUDFWLRQLQWRWKLV ORZHUVWDJHGHFHOHUDWRUIURPDPRPHQWXPRI0H9FWR0H9F NLQHWLF HQHUJ\NH9 D7KHHGLWRULDOWHDPWKDQNV/\Q(YDQVIRUKLVFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKLVFKDSWHU V. Chohan & P. Darriulat
The experimental programme ,Q ZKHQ&DUOR5XEELDSURSRVHGWRSURGXFHWKHSXWDWLYHZHDNERVRQVLQ SURWRQDQWLSURWRQ FROOLVLRQV LQ WKH 636 WKH SUHVWLJH WKDW VXFK DQ LPSRUWDQW GLVFRYHU\ZRXOGPHDQIRU(XURSHDQSK\VLFVLQJHQHUDODQGIRU&(51LQSDUWLFXODU FRQYLQFHGWKHSK\VLFVFRPPXQLW\DQGWKH&(51PDQDJHPHQWWKDWWKHULVNZDV ZRUWKWDNLQJ WKHVKRUWWLPHWDEOHDQGWKHUHODWLYHO\ORZFRVWRIWKHSURMHFWPDWFKHG ZHOOWKHZLQGRZRIRSSRUWXQLW\RSHQLQWKHSUH/(3SHULRG+RZHYHUDVPDQ\LQ WKHDFFHOHUDWRUFRPPXQLW\ZHUHIULJKWHQHGE\WKH³EHDPDFUREDWLFV´LPSOLHGE\ WKHSURSRVHGVFKHPHDQGDVPDQ\LQWKH)L[HG7DUJHWFRPPXQLW\ZHUHXSVHWWR VHH SDUW RI WKH 636 WLPH VOLS RXW RI WKHLU KDQGV DSSURYDO RI WKHSURMHFWZDV VXEMHFWHG WR WKUHH FRQGLWLRQV SRVLWLYH RXWFRPH RI D IHDVLELOLW\ VWXG\ WKDW ZDV LPPHGLDWHO\LQLWLDWHG VXFFHVVRIDIHDVLELOLW\WHVWRIVWRFKDVWLFFRROLQJ ,&( WKDW ZDV FRQFOXGHG LQ 6XPPHU SURYLGLQJ HYLGHQFH IRU IDVW FRROLQJ LQ ERWK WUDQVYHUVHDQGORQJLWXGLQDOSKDVHVSDFH VHWWLQJXSRIDGHWHFWRUVWXG\JURXSXQGHU 5XEELD¶V FKDLUPDQVKLS DLPHG DW VKRZLQJ WKH IHDVLELOLW\ RI H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ LQ JHQHUDODQGRIGHWHFWLQJWKH:DQG=ERVRQVLQSDUWLFXODU7KHZRUNRIWKLVVWXG\ JURXSVHUYHGDVWKHEDVLVIRUWKHGHVLJQRIWKH8$GHWHFWRU>@ ,Q-XQH WKH636FRPPLWWHHDSSURYHGWKH8$H[SHULPHQWDQGHQFRXUDJHG WKHVXEPLVVLRQRIDVHFRQGSURSRVDO8$ZDVDSSURYHGLQ'HFHPEHU 7KH ILUVWSURWRQDQWLSURWRQFROOLVLRQVZHUHREVHUYHGLQ-XQH 7KH:DQG=ERVRQV ZHUH GHWHFWHG VRRQ DIWHU DQG &DUOR 5XEELD DQG 6LPRQ YDQ GHU 0HHU )LJ WKDQNVWRZKRPWKHGLVFRYHU\ZDVPDGHZHUHDZDUGHGWKH 1REHOSUL]HIRU ³WKHLUGHFLVLYHFRQWULEXWLRQVWRWKHODUJHSURMHFWZKLFKOHGWRWKHGLVFRYHU\RIWKH ILHOGSDUWLFOHV:DQG=FRPPXQLFDWRUVRIZHDNLQWHUDFWLRQV´>@ Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only.
)LJ&DUOR5XEELDDQG6LPRQYDQGHU0HHUIROORZLQJWKHDQQRXQFHPHQWRIWKH1REHO3UL]H The CERN Antiproton Programme
Detectors for the W- and Z-boson discovery 7KHGHWHFWLRQRIWKHZHDNERVRQVZDVOHVVRIDFKDOOHQJHWKDQWKHLUSURGXFWLRQ 7KHLUODUJHLQYDULDQWPDVVPDGHLWHDV\WRHOLPLQDWHSURPSWO\DWWULJJHUOHYHOWKH ORZ WUDQVYHUVH PRPHQWXP SDUWLFOHV SURGXFHG LQ WKH YDVW PDMRULW\ RI SURWRQ DQWLSURWRQ FROOLVLRQV WKH SUREOHP ZDV WKHLU LGHQWLILFDWLRQ DPRQJ WKH VHOHFWHG VDPSOHRIKLJKPDVVFHQWUDOO\SURGXFHGILQDOVWDWHVGRPLQDWHGE\SDLUVRIKDGURQ MHWV,WZDVVROYHGE\VHOHFWLQJWKHLUOHSWRQLFGHFD\VQDPHO\:ĺHȞRUȝȞDQG =ĺHHRUȝȝ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ʌ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³KHUPHWLF´$PDMRU XQNQRZQZDVKRZ³KRVWLOH´WKHFROOLGHUHQYLURQPHQWZRXOGEHDQGKRZPXFK RQHZRXOGKDYHWRSURWHFWWKHGHWHFWRUVIURPWKHEDFNJURXQGSURGXFHGE\EHDP Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com ORVVHV 7KH FROOLGHU WXUQHG RXW WR EH UHPDUNDEO\ ³TXLHW´ SURGXFLQJ PXFK OHVV EDFNJURXQG SDUWLFOHV WKDQ DQ\RQH RI XV KDG DQWLFLSDWHG IDFLOLWDWLQJ WKH H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only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hohan & P. Darriulat
SUHVHQFHRIGHDGUHJLRQVLQWKHILHOGGLUHFWLRQDQGLQWKHJDSEHWZHHQWKHWZRKDOI \RNHV0RUHRYHULWVHYHUHO\OLPLWHGWKHVHJPHQWDWLRQRIWKHKDGURQFDORULPHWHU ILWWHG LQ WKH PDJQHW \RNHV DQG RI WKH HOHFWURQ FDORULPHWHU ODFNLQJ D]LPXWKDO VHJPHQWDWLRQ7KHPDLQVWUHQJWKRIWKH8$GHWHFWRUZDVDODUJHYROXPHKLJK UHVROXWLRQFHQWUDOWUDFNLQJGHWHFWRURIDQRULJLQDODQGKLJKSHUIRUPLQJGHVLJQ,WV UHPDUNDEOH SLRQHHULQJ DFKLHYHPHQWV PDNH LW ZLWKRXW DQ\ GRXEW D PDMRU WHFKQRORJLFDO KLJKOLJKW RI SDUWLFOH GHWHFWLRQ DW WKH SURWRQ±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³ZDYHOHQJWKVKLIWHUV´ WRFROOHFWVHSDUDWHO\WKHOLJKWIURPGLIIHUHQWVHFWLRQV RIWKHOHDGVFLQWLOODWRUODPLQDWLRQ>%R[@,WSURYHGWREHDVXSHUEWRROIRUWKH Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only.
)LJ8$GHWHFWRUGXULQJFRQVWUXFWLRQ The CERN Antiproton Programme
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³RVFLOODWH´EHWZHHQWKHLUPDWWHUDQGDQWLPDWWHUIRUPVDQGPDNHDQ HDUO\DQGHOHJDQWPHDVXUHPHQWRIWKH:VSLQ%XWZKDW8$FRXOGGRLWGLGEHWWHU WKDQ8$ LWSURYLGHGWKHPRVWDFFXUDWHPHDVXUHPHQWVRIWKH:DQG=PDVVHVDQG JDYHLPSRUWDQWFRQWULEXWLRQVWRWKHH[SORUDWLRQRIWKHVWURQJLQWHUDFWLRQVHFWRU XVLQJLWVH[FHOOHQWMHWGHWHFWLRQFDSDELOLW\ 7KHUHPDUNDEO\VPRRWKRSHUDWLRQRIWKH&(51SURWRQ±DQWLSURWRQFROOLGHUKDV
Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com EHHQ DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ IRU RWKHU H[SHULPHQWV WKDQ 8$ DQG 8$ WR RSHQ QHZ FKDSWHUV RI SK\VLFV LQ DQ XQH[SORUHG HQHUJ\ GRPDLQ 7KH QRYHOW\RIWKH H[SHULPHQWDOHQYLURQPHQWWKDWLWRIIHUHGDQGWKHFKDOOHQJHLWSUHVHQWHGLQWHUPVRI by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only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hohan & P. Darriulat
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
Exploring antimatter 1RWWREHRXWGRQHE\WKHFROOLGHUGHWHFWRUVWKRVHDW/($5XVLQJQHDUO\VWRSSHG DQWLSURWRQVGLVSOD\HGPXFKLQJHQXLW\LQWKHLUGHVLJQ3DUWLFXODUO\LQQRYDWLYHZHUH WZRʌGHWHFWRUV&U\VWDO%DUUHODQG&3/($57KHIRUPHULQFOXGHGDSURMHFWLYH DVVHPEO\RI&V,FU\VWDOVDQGDVHJPHQWHGGULIWFKDPEHURSHUDWHGLQD7 PDJQHWLFILHOG LWGLVFRYHUHGDQHZSDUWLFOHFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHORZHVWPDVVVFDODU JOXHEDOO &3/($5 GHYHORSHG D WHFKQLTXH WR LGHQWLI\ WKH TXDUN RU ³IODYRXU´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echnology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com DOUHDG\ GRQH LQ D IHZ ODERUDWRULHV WKH GLIILFXOW\ ZDV WR UHDFK D PXFK EHWWHU YDFXXP LQ RUGHU WR SUHYHQW WKH WUDSSHG DQWLSURWRQV IURP LQWHUDFWLQJ DQG DQQLKLODWLQJZLWKWKHQRUPDOPDWWHURIWKHUHVLGXDOJDV7KHH[SHULPHQWYHULILHG by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only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he CERN Antiproton Programme
WKHURRWRIWKHUHFHQWGHFLVLRQWRFRQWLQXHIXQGDPHQWDOUHVHDUFKRQDQWLPDWWHUDW &(51ZLWKWKHDGGLWLRQRIWKH(/(1$ULQJ /RRNLQJEDFNDWWKHHDUO\GD\VRIWKHSURWRQ±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sine qua non IRU WKH IHDVLELOLW\ DQG VXFFHVV RI WKH SURWRQ±DQWLSURWRQ FROOLGHU 7KH UHTXLUHGQRYHOWHFKQRORJ\ZDVGHYHORSHGE\DVPDOOWHDPZKRVHQXFOHXVKDGEHHQ IRUPHGIRUWKHFRROLQJWHVWVDWWKH,65DQGLQFOXGHG6YDQGHU0HHUWKHLQYHQWRU RIVWRFKDVWLFFRROLQJ7KHGHYHORSPHQWFRQFHQWUDWHGLQSDUWLFXODURQHOHFWURGHV SLFNLQJXSZLWKKLJKVHOHFWLYLW\WKHVLJQDOIURPWKHEHDPWKH³SLFNXSV´ 38 DQGRQWKHSXOVHGHOHPHQWV NLFNHUV LPSDUWLQJDNLFNWRWKHEHDPSDUWLFOHVGHULYHG IURP WKH VLJQDO RI WKH 38V >%R[ @ 7KH VLJQDO RQ LWV ZD\ IURP WKH SLFNXS HOHFWURGH 38 WRWKHNLFNHUKDGWREHFRQGLWLRQHGZLWKRXWLQWURGXFLQJVLJQLILFDQW GHOD\VVXFKWKDWWKHVLJQDOJHQHUDWHGE\DEHDPVOLFHDWWKH38ZRXOGDUULYHLQ WLPH WR LPSDUW D FRUUHFWLYH NLFN RQ WKH VDPH EHDP VOLFH )LJXUH LQ %R[ Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com &RROLQJRIWUDQVYHUVHGHYLDWLRQVUHTXLUHVDWUDQVYHUVHNLFNORQJLWXGLQDOFRROLQJ LH LQ WKH EHDP GLUHFWLRQ UHGXFLQJ WKH HQHUJ\ VSUHDG DQG LQFUHDVLQJ WKH ORQJLWXGLQDOGHQVLW\UHTXLUHVDFFHOHUDWLRQRUGHFHOHUDWLRQRIWKHVOLFH7KHVLJQDO by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only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hohan & P. Darriulat ^ƚŽĐŚĂƐƚŝĐĐŽŽůŝŶŐ͗ŽŵĞƐƚŝĐĂƚŝŶŐďĞĂŵƐŽdžϲ͘Ϯ dŚĞƉƵƌƉŽƐĞŽĨƐƚŽĐŚĂƐƚŝĐĐŽŽůŝŶŐϭ͕ϮŝƐƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞĚĞŶƐŝƚLJŽĨĂďĞĂŵŽĨĐŚĂƌŐĞĚ ƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐ͘ƵƌŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͕ƚŚĞƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐĂƌĞ͞ĐŽŵƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ͟ŝŶƚŽĂĚĞŶƐĞƌďĞĂŵǁŝƚŚ ůĞƐƐĂŶŐƵůĂƌĚŝǀĞƌŐĞŶĐĞĂŶĚůĞƐƐĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƉƌĞĂĚ͗ĞŵƉƚLJƐƉĂĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐŝƐ ƐƋƵĞĞnjĞĚŽƵƚ͘dŚĞƉŚĂƐĞƐƉĂĐĞŽĐĐƵƉŝĞĚďLJƚŚĞďĞĂŵŝƐƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƐŽƚŚĂƚĂŶĞǁďĞĂŵ ĐĂŶďĞĂĚĚĞĚĚƵƌŝŶŐďĞĂŵĂĐĐƵŵƵůĂƚŝŽŶŝŶƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƉŚĂƐĞƐƉĂĐĞŽĨƚŚĞĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƚŽƌ͕ ĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŝŶĂůďĞĂŵĐĂŶďĞŵĂĚĞĚĞŶƐĞƌ͕ŝŵƉĞƌĂƚŝǀĞĨŽƌĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐŐŽŽĚůƵŵŝŶŽƐŝƚLJŝŶ ĂŶƚŝƉƌŽƚŽŶĐŽůůŝĚĞƌƐ͘ŽŽůŝŶŐŝƐĂůƐŽƵƐĞĚƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĞďůŽǁͲƵƉŽĨĂƐƚŽƌĞĚďĞĂŵ͘ dŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨƐƚŽĐŚĂƐƚŝĐĐŽŽůŝŶŐŝƐŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞĐĂƐĞŽĨƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐƚŚĞǁŝĚĞ ŚŽƌŝnjŽŶƚĂů ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ďĞĂŵ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ďLJ ŽƐĐŝůůĂƚŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŶŽŵŝŶĂůŽƌďŝƚ͘ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĨŝƌƐƚĂƐŝŶŐůĞƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞ͘ƐĞŶƐŽƌ;ƉŝĐŬͲƵƉͿĂĐƋƵŝƌĞƐĂŶĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂů ƐŝŐŶĂůƉƌŽƉŽƌƚŝŽŶĂůƚŽƚŚĞĚŝƐƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞ;ƐĞĞ&ŝŐƵƌĞͿϭ͘dŚĞƐŝŐŶĂůƚĂŬĞƐ ĂƐŚŽƌƚͲĐƵƚĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞƌŝŶŐƐŽƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƌĞĐĞŝǀĞƐƚŚĞŬŝĐŬƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƉƵƚŝƚŽŶ ƚŚĞŶŽŵŝŶĂůŽƌďŝƚ͘&ĂƐƚƐŝŐŶĂůƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ ĨƌŽŵƉŝĐŬͲƵƉƚŽŬŝĐŬĞƌŝƐǀŝƚĂůĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŽŽůŝŶŐ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ͕ĂƐƚŚĞƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐŵŽǀĞĐůŽƐĞƚŽƚŚĞ ƐƉĞĞĚŽĨůŝŐŚƚ͘/ŶƌĞĂůŝƚLJ͕ƉŝĐŬͲƵƉĂŶĚŬŝĐŬĞƌ ĂĐƚŽŶĂƐŚŽƌƚƐůŝĐĞŽĨƚŚĞďĞĂŵǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐĂƐŵĂůůĨƌĂĐƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂů ŶƵŵďĞƌ ƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐ E͘ dŚĞ ƐůŝĐĞͬƐĂŵƉůĞ ĚƵƌĂƚŝŽŶ ŝƐ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ďĂŶĚǁŝĚƚŚ tŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐƐ͘dŚĞĚĂŵƉŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞ ŽƐĐŝůůĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞŝƐĚŝƐƚƵƌďĞĚďLJƚŚĞ ƐŝŐŶĂůƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌƌĂŶĚŽŵůLJ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƐůŝĐĞ͘'ŝǀĞŶƚŚĞ ĨŝŶŝƚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƐĂŵƉůĞ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐĂƚĞĂĐŚƉĂƐƐĚƵĞƚŽĂƐƉƌĞĂĚŝŶƌĞǀŽůƵƚŝŽŶĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐŝĞƐ ;ƉĞƌĨĞĐƚŵŝdžŝŶŐͿ͕ƚŚĞĚŝƐƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐůŝĐĞǁŝůůďĞĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĂƚĞĂĐŚƉĂƐƐĂŐĞ͘dŚĞ ĞĨĨĞĐƚŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŵƉĂŶŝŽŶƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĂŵƉůĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞƐŽƵƚƚŽĨŝƌƐƚŽƌĚĞƌďƵƚƚŚĞLJ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞ Ă ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ŽƌĚĞƌ ĂĚǀĞƌƐĞ ďůŽǁͲƵƉ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďĞĂŵ ĚĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐ ŽŶƚŚĞŐĂŝŶŽĨ ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘&ŽƌĂƉƌŽƉĞƌůLJĐŚŽƐĞŶŐĂŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƌƌĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨŵĂŶLJƐĂŵƉůĞƐůĞĂĚƐƚŽ Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com tͬE͘^ŽŚŝŐŚďĂŶĚǁŝĚƚŚŝƐןĂƐůŽǁŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶďĞĂŵĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ͕ŝ͘Ğ͘ĐŽŽůŝŶŐ͕ĂƚĂƌĂƚĞ ŝŵƉĞƌĂƚŝǀĞ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵǁŽƌŬƐǁĞůůĨŽƌůŽǁE͕ƚLJƉŝĐĂůŽĨĂŶƚŝƉƌŽƚŽŶďĞĂŵƐ͘ŽŽůŝŶŐ ƌĂƚĞŝƐĂůƐŽƌĞĚƵĐĞĚďLJŝŵƉĞƌĨĞĐƚŵŝdžŝŶŐ͖ƚŚĞƌŵĂůŶŽŝƐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐƐ͕ƚŚĞƉŽǁĞƌ by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. ůŝŵŝƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůĂƌŐĞͲďĂŶĚ ĂŵƉůŝĨŝĞƌƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƉŝĐŬͲƵƉ ƚŽ ŬŝĐŬĞƌ ƚŝŵĞͲŽĨͲĨůŝŐŚƚ ĞƌƌŽƌƐ͘ >ŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂůĐŽŽůŝŶŐƚŽƌĞĚƵĐĞƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJƐƉƌĞĂĚŝŶĂďĞĂŵĂŶĚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞůŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂů ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJǁŽƌŬƐĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ͘dŽƐĞŶƐĞƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĚĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ͕ĂƉŝĐŬͲ ƵƉŝƐƵƐĞĚĂƚĂƉŽŝŶƚŽŶƚŚĞŽƌďŝƚǁŚĞƌĞĂŶĞŶĞƌŐLJĞƌƌŽƌůĞĂĚƐƚŽĂůĂƌŐĞƚƌĂŶƐǀĞƌƐĞ ĚŝƐƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞƐŝŐŶĂůĨĞĞĚƐĂŬŝĐŬĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂůŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂůŬŝĐŬ͘dƌĂŶƐǀĞƌƐĞĂŶĚ ůŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂůĐŽŽůŝŶŐŵƵƐƚďĞĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚƚŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŚŝŐŚďĞĂŵĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ͘ ϭ^͘ǀĂŶĚĞƌDĞĞƌ͕ZĞǀ͘DŽĚ͘WŚLJƐ͘ϱϳ͕ϲϴϵͲϲϵϳ͕;ϭϵϴϱͿ͘ Ϯ͘DƂŚů͕^ƚŽĐŚĂƐƚŝĐŽŽůŝŶŐŽĨWĂƌƚŝĐůĞĞĂŵƐ;^ƉƌŝŶŐĞƌͲsĞƌůĂŐ͕ĞƌůŝŶ͕ϮϬϭϯͿ͘ The CERN Antiproton Programme )RUWKHFRROLQJRIWKHORQJLWXGLQDOPRPHQWDRIWKHEHDPSDUWLFOHVDPHWKRG EDVHG RQ filters with periodic frequency behaviour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slot-type structures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echnology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com ZLWKWKHFRXSOLQJVORWVEHWZHHQWKHEHDPFKDPEHUDQGSDLUVRI 7(0 WUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHVRQWRSDQGERWWRP,QD38WKHVHOLQHVWUDQVPLWWKHVLJQDOIURP WKHEHDPWRWKHDPSOLILHUDQGZKHQXVHGDVNLFNHUWUDQVPLWWKHVLJQDOIURPWKH by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. )LJ6ORWW\SH38RUNLFNHU7KHEHDPFLUFXODWHVDWWKHFHQWUHRIWKHFKDPEHU>@ V. Chohan & P. Darriulat DPSOLILHU WR WKH EHDP VLJQDOV IURP WKH LQGLYLGXDO VORWV DGG XS WR JLYH VWURQJ FRXSOLQJSURYLGHGWKDW L WKHVORWVDUHVPDOOFRPSDUHGWRWKHZDYHOHQJWKRIWKH VLJQDOVDQG LL WKHSKDVHYHORFLW\LQWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHVWUDQVSRUWLQJWKHVLJQDO HTXDOVWKHSDUWLFOHYHORFLW\ZKLFKLVFORVHWRWKHYHORFLW\RIOLJKW ,Q RUGHU WR VDWLVI\ WKH HYHULQFUHDVLQJ DSSHWLWH RI DQWLSURWRQ XVHUV WKH $QWLSURWRQ&ROOHFWRU $& ZDVEXLOWDURXQGWKH$$LQ )URP RQLW ERRVWHG WKH DFFXPXODWLRQ UDWH HYHQWXDOO\ E\ DQ RUGHU RI PDJQLWXGH $V D PD[LPXPRIDQWLSURWRQVKDGWREHDFFXPXODWHGWKHEHDPKDGODUJHWUDQVYHUVH GLPHQVLRQV DQG WKH $& SURYLGHG D PDWFKLQJ ODUJH WUDQVYHUVH DFFHSWDQFH +RZHYHUWKLVEHDPKDGWRVKULQNYHU\TXLFNO\ZLWKLQVWRDVL]HILWWLQJLQWR WKHDFFHSWDQFHRIWKH$$7KLVZDVDFKLHYHGE\XVLQJQRYHOplunging pick-ups and kicker electrodes ZKLFK PD[LPL]HG WKH FRXSOLQJ WR WKH EHDP 7KH\ KDG PRYLQJHOHFWURGHVZKLFKIROORZHGWKHVKULQNLQJRIWKHEHDPDVLWZDVFRROHG> @ (YHQ WKLV ZDV QRW HQRXJK WKH 38V SUHDPSOLILHUV WHUPLQDWLQJ UHVLVWRUV DQG FRPELQHUERDUGVKDGWRRSHUDWHDWFU\RJHQLFWHPSHUDWXUHV²DVORZDV.²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echnology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com DGMDFHQWEDQGVLQWKH*+]WR*+]UDQJHZHUHLQRSHUDWLRQLQWKH$&7KHWZR V\VWHPVLQHDFKEDQGZHUHIRUKRUL]RQWDODQGYHUWLFDOFRROLQJUHVSHFWLYHO\ WKHVXP VLJQDORIWKHWZR38VVHUYHGIRUORQJLWXGLQDOFRROLQJ by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. The CERN Antiproton Programme )LJ3OXQJLQJ38LQWKH$&VHHQDORQJWKHEHDP7KHRXWHUGLDPHWHURIWKHYHVVHOLVP 7KH$&DOVRUHTXLUHGWKHGHYHORSPHQW RI :power amplifiersIRU WKH EDQGV ± ±DQG±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echnology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com 0DQ\IXQGDPHQWDOVWXGLHVZLWKDQWLSURWRQVUHTXLUHH[WUHPHO\VORZDQWLSURWRQV ZLWKYHORFLWLHVIDUEHORZWKHNLQHWLFHQHUJ\RI0H9RIWKHDQWLSURWRQEHDP by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. H[WUDFWHG IURP WKH $' V\QFKURWURQ >+LJKOLJKW @ 7R WKLV HQG D QRYHO ³'HFHOHUDWRU´ ZDV GHYHORSHG D YDULDQW RI WKH 5DGLR )UHTXHQF\ 4XDGUXSROH 5)4 ZKLFKGHFHOHUDWHGWKHDQWLSURWRQVWRNH9IROORZHGE\DQLQWHJUDWHG VXSHULPSRVHGHOHFWURVWDWLFHQHUJ\FRUUHFWLRQWRDGMXVWWKHRXWSXWHQHUJ\EHWZHHQ aNH9DQGNH9>@ 7KH 5)4 LV HVVHQWLDOO\ D PRGLILHG HOHFWULF TXDGUXSROH FRQVLVWLQJ RI WZR HOHFWURGHSDLUVRIRSSRVLWHSRODULW\SRVLWLRQHGDWWKHGLDJRQDOVRIDVTXDUHZLWK WKHEHDPDWWKHFHQWUH7KLVSURYLGHVWUDQVYHUVHIRFXVLQJLQRQHSODQHEXWFDXVHV GHIRFXVLQJDWWKHRUWKRJRQDOSODQH1HYHUWKHOHVVRYHUDOOIRFXVLQJFDQEHDFKLHYHG V. Chohan & P. Darriulat E\DOWHUQDWLQJVWDWLFIRFXVLQJDQGGHIRFXVLQJDORQJWKHEHDPOLQH$OWHUQDWLRQin spaceFDQEHUHSODFHGE\DOWHUQDWLRQin time)HHGLQJORQJLWXGLQDOO\FRQWLQXRXV HOHFWURGHSDLUVZLWKSURSHUO\FKRVHQ5DGLR)UHTXHQF\ 5) SURYLGHVDOVRRYHUDOO IRFXVLQJ GXH WR WKH FKDQJHV LQ SRODULW\ DV : 3DXO 1REHO ODXUHDWH KDG HDUOLHUGHPRQVWUDWHGZLWKOLQHDU³WUDSV´ 7KH GHFLVLYH LQJUHGLHQW WRZDUGV WKH 5)4 ZDV DGGHG LQ WKH VHYHQWLHV E\ ³PRGXODWLQJ´WKHUDGLDOGLVWDQFHRIWKHHOHFWURGHWLSVE\RSSRVLWHSHDNVDQGYDOOH\V LQORQJLWXGLQDOGLUHFWLRQ>@7KLVDGGVDORQJLWXGLQDOFRPSRQHQWWRWKHWUDQVYHUVH ILHOG SDWWHUQ +HQFH WKH 5)4 FRPELQHV WUDQVYHUVH IRFXVLQJ ZLWK ORQJLWXGLQDO DFFHOHUDWLRQ LQ D YHU\ FRPSDFW JHRPHWU\ ,W LV WKHUHIRUH LGHDOO\ VXLWHG IRU SUH DFFHOHUDWRUVXSWRWKH0H9UDQJHDQGVXSSODQWHGTXLFNO\WKHWUDGLWLRQDODFFHOHUDWRU IURQWHQGVZLWKWKHLUKXJHKLJKYROWDJH)DUDGD\FDJHV 7KH VXLWDELOLW\ RI WKH 5)4 IRU EHDP de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³VRIW´EHDPFDSWXUHDQGVKDSLQJDVWKRVH DUHQRZRQWKHKLJKHQHUJ\VLGHZKHUHWKHLUPXFKORQJHUFHOOOHQJWKZRXOGOHDG WRSURKLELWLYHRYHUDOOOHQJWK,QVWHDGEXQFKLQJRIWKHEHDPLQDVLQJOHVWHSRXWVLGH DQGXSVWUHDPRIWKH5)4'KDVWREHXVHGZLWKOHVVWKDQSHUIHFWHIILFLHQF\2QO\ DERXWKDOIRIWKHEHDPIDOOVLQWKHDFFHSWDQFHRIWKH5)4' Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. )LJ7KHPRGXODWHGHOHFWURGHVRIDQ5)4 DUURZVVKRZWKHHOHFWULFILHOGDWDJLYHQPRPHQW The CERN Antiproton Programme )LJ7KH5)4'WDQNZLWKWKHLQQHUVWUXFWXUHH[WUDFWHGIRULQVSHFWLRQ 7KHLQQHUVWUXFWXUHRIWKH5)4'IRUPVD³ODGGHU´RIOHQJWKP )LJ &RQWLQXRXVUDLOVRQWRSDQGERWWRPDUHFRQQHFWHGE\UXQJVZLWKWKHHOHFWURGHV DORQJWKHD[LV7KHHOHFWURGHSDLU$±$ƍLVFRQQHFWHGWRHYHQQXPEHUHGUXQJVSDLU %±%ƍWRWKHRGGQXPEHUHG$OOODGGHUSDUWVDUHPDGHRIFRSSHU7KHUHVXOWLQJ GRXEOHSHULRGLF FHOOV DUH LQGLYLGXDOO\ WXQHG WR WKH RSHUDWLQJ IUHTXHQF\ RI 0+]$Q5)DPSOLILHUFKDLQ QRWVKRZQ GHOLYHUVWKHQHFHVVDU\5)SRZHU RIPRUHWKDQ0:LQQVSXOVHVDWDUHSHWLWLRQSHULRGDURXQGV )LJXUH VKRZVDFXWWKURXJKWKH5)4'LQIURQWRIDQHYHQQXPEHUHGUXQJ (OHFWURGH SDLU $±$ƍ LV ILUPO\ FRQQHFWHG ZKHUHDV SDLU %±%ƍ UXQV WKURXJK DQ RSHQLQJLQWKHUXQJDWDGLVWDQFHRIPPWRKROGWKH5)RSHUDWLQJYROWDJHRI N9SHDN 7KHODGGHUKDVWREHPRXQWHGHOHFWULFDOO\³IORDWLQJ´,WLVKHOGLQSODFHE\WZR KLJKYROWDJH +9 LQVXODWRUVRQWKHWRSDQGWKUHHRQWKHERWWRPZKHUHWKHFHQWUDO RQHDFWVDOVRDVD+9IHHGWKURXJKIRUWKHHQHUJ\FRUUHFWLQJYROWDJHRIíN9 '&VHH)LJ &XUYHG+9VKLHOGVRQWKHYHUWLFDOIDFHVPDGHRIVWDLQOHVVVWHHO Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com SUHYHQW GLVFKDUJHV 7KH LQQHU IDFH RI WKH WDQN ZLWK PP LQQHU GLDPHWHU LV FRSSHUSODWHGWRUHGXFHWKH5)ORVVHV ,QLWLDOGHFHOHUDWLRQWHVWVZHUHFDUULHGRXWZLWKDSURWRQEHDPDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\ by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. RI$DUKXV'HQPDUN>@&XUUHQWRSHUDWLRQDW&(51\LHOGVDERXWRQHPLOOLRQ GHFHOHUDWHGDQWLSURWRQVSHUVKRW&RPSDUHGWRSDVVLYHGHFHOHUDWLRQE\GHJUDGHU IRLOVLWSURYLGHVDRQHWRWZRRUGHUVRIPDJQLWXGHKLJKHUWUDQVPLVVLRQWRJHWKHU ZLWKLPSURYHGEHDPTXDOLW\ZKLFKLVFORVHWRWKHWKHRUHWLFDOPD[LPXPIRUQRQ FRROHGGHFHOHUDWLRQ V. Chohan & P. Darriulat )LJ &URVVVHFWLRQRIWKH5)4' 7KH/($58OWUD6ORZ%HDP([WUDFWLRQ 7ULFNOLQJ$QWLSURWRQV 0LFKHO&KDQHODQG.XUW+EQHU 'XULQJWKHHDUO\GLVFXVVLRQVRIWKH&(51SURWRQDQWLSURWRQSURJUDPPHLWZDV UHDOL]HG WKDW DQWLSURWRQV IURP WKH $QWLSURWRQ $FFXPXODWRU $$ FRXOG EH GHFHOHUDWHG WR ORZHU HQHUJLHV SURYLGLQJ SXUH ORZHQHUJ\ DQWLSURWRQ EHDPV RI XQSUHFHGHQWHGLQWHQVLW\IRUH[SHULPHQWV>@7KLVOHGWRWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQQH[WWR WKH36RIDV\QFKURWURQULQJRIPFLUFXPIHUHQFHWKH/RZ(QHUJ\$QWLSURWRQ Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com 5LQJ /($5 >@WKDWZDVRSHUDWLQJIURP WR 7KHEHDPDIWHULQMHFWLRQ IURPWKH36DWDURXQG0H9 NLQHWLF HQHUJ\FRXOGEHHLWKHUDFFHOHUDWHGXSWR 0H9RUGHFHOHUDWHGWR0H9$WWKHFKRVHQHQHUJ\WKHEHDPZDVOHIW by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. FRDVWLQJ HLWKHU LQWHUDFWLQJ ZLWK DQ LQWHUQDO WDUJHW VXUURXQGHG E\ D GHWHFWRU RU H[WUDFWHG VORZO\ DQG WUDQVIHUUHG WR WKH H[SHULPHQWV LQ WKH 36 6RXWK +DOO 7KH H[SHULPHQWDOSURJUDPPHHPEUDFHGWKHVWXG\RIS±Sࡃ DQGSࡃ ±QHXWURQLQWHUDFWLRQV RI IXQGDPHQWDO V\PPHWULHV DQG WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI DQWLK\GURJHQ IRU PDWWHU± DQWLPDWWHUV\PPHWU\WHVWVDQGWKLVFDOOHGIRUQHZPHWKRGVWRPDQLSXODWHEHDPV 7\SLFDOO\DIHZ DQWLSURWRQVFORVHWRWKHPLQLPXPWKH36FRXOGKDQGOH ZHUHLQMHFWHGLQWR/($57KHVHSDUWLFOHVZHUHWDNHQIURPWKH$$VWDFNZLWKDQ DYHUDJHFRQVXPSWLRQRISDUWLFOHVVRUDERXWRIWKH$$DFFXPXODWLRQUDWH DQGKHQFHZLWKOLWWOHLPSDFWRQWKHFROOLGHUSURJUDPPHRSHUDWHGLQSDUDOOHOZLWK The CERN Antiproton Programme /($5 XQWLO 6WRFKDVWLF FRROLQJ DQG HOHFWURQ FRROLQJ RI WKH EHDP ZDV HYHQWXDOO\ XVHG WR FRQWURO DQG WR UHGXFH WKH EHDP GLPHQVLRQV SDUWLFXODUO\ LPSRUWDQWDWORZHQHUJ\(OHFWURQFRROLQJLQYHQWHGLQ1RYRVLELUVN>@DQGWHVWHG LQ,&(LVEDVHGRQWKHFRUUHFWLYHDFWLRQRI³IULFWLRQ´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ā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echnology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com RVFLOODWLRQV RI WKH DQWLSURWRQV SHU WXUQ 7KH UHVRQDQFH RFFXUV DWDFHUWDLQ RVFLOODWLRQ IUHTXHQF\ 4UHV RXWVLGH WKH 4 GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH EHDP 6LQFH 4 LV D IXQFWLRQRIWKHUHYROXWLRQIUHTXHQF\DPRGXODWLRQRIWKHUHYROXWLRQIUHTXHQF\ by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. WUDQVIRUPVLQWRDPRGXODWLRQRI4+HQFHDSSO\LQJEDQGZLGWKOLPLWHGZKLWH5) QRLVHLQDEDQGDWDURXQGDKDUPRQLFRIWKHUHYROXWLRQIUHTXHQF\VXSHULPSRVHVD QRLVHVSHFWUXPRQ4ZKLFKFDQEHSRVLWLRQHGEHWZHHQ4UHVDQGWKH4GLVWULEXWLRQ RIWKHEHDP )LJ WKHSDUWLFOHVGLIIXVHLQWKLVQRLVHEDQGIURPWKHEHDP GLVWULEXWLRQ WR 4UHV 7KH QRLVH DW D KDUPRQLF RI WKH UHYROXWLRQ IUHTXHQF\ LV JHQHUDWHGE\DNLFNHURIWKHW\SHXVHGIRUORQJLWXGLQDOFRROLQJZKLFKDFFHOHUDWHV RUGHFHOHUDWHVWKHSDUWLFOHV7KHVWUHQJWKRIWKHQRLVHLQ4LVDGMXVWHGVXFKWKDWWKH SDUWLFOHVGLIIXVHWRZDUGVWKHUHVRQDQFHDWDVSHHGGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHUHTXLUHGVSLOO UDWH V. Chohan & P. Darriulat UHVRQDQFHIUHTXHQF\ & D % )LJ'HQVLW\GLVWULEXWLRQRIDQWLSURWRQV D DQGQRLVHSRZHUVSHFWUD % DQG & YHUVXV4±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echnology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com 7KDQNVWRWKLVVHWRIPHDVXUHVVSLOOVODVWLQJXSWRKRXUVHYHQWXDOO\EHFDPH URXWLQH ZLWK VSLOOUDWHV VXIILFLHQWO\ ORZ WR VDWLVI\ WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV RI WKH H[SHULPHQWV)LJXUHVKRZVDQH[DPSOHRIDVSLOOODVWLQJKRXUVZKHUHWKH by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. EHDPZDVVKDUHGEHWZHHQWZRH[SHULPHQWVE\VSOLWWLQJWKHH[WUDFWHGEHDP The CERN Antiproton Programme )LJ6SLOORIDQWLSURWRQVWRWZRH[SHULPHQWV(DFKSRLQWRQWKHFXUYHLVWKHQXPEHURISDUWLFOHV UHFRUGHGSHUVDYHUDJHGRYHUV7KHEULHIGLSLQWKHVSLOOUDWHRI2%(/,;LVDSDXVHIRUFDOLEUDWLRQ 7KH8$7UDFNHU $Q(OHFWURQLF%XEEOH&KDPEHU %HUQDUG6DGRXOHW Physics goals and detector design philosophy TheSULRULW\IRUWKH8$H[SHULPHQWVZDVWKHGHWHFWLRQRIWKHSXWDWLYH:DQG= ERVRQV RI WKH 6WDQGDUG 0RGHO >%R[ @ ZLWK HPSKDVLV RQ WKHLU ³JROGHQ´ VLJQDWXUHV RI WKHLU OHSWRQLF GHFD\ PRGHV : ĺ HȞ RU ȝȞ DQG = ĺ HH RU ȝȝ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echnology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com PHDVXUHGLQWKHFHQWUDOWUDFNHUZLWKWKHLUHQHUJLHVPHDVXUHGLQWKHHOHFWURPDJQHWLF FDORULPHWHU0XRQVZRXOGEHLGHQWLILHGDVWUDFNVSHQHWUDWLQJWKURXJKDPHWUHRI WKHLURQUHWXUQ\RNHRIWKHPDJQHWDQGE\FRPSDULQJWKHPRPHQWXPPHDVXUHGLQ by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. WKHFHQWUDOGHWHFWRUZLWKWKDWHVWLPDWHGIURPWKHLUGHIOHFWLRQLQWKHPDJQHWL]HG LURQREWDLQHGIURPWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHWUDFNHPHUJLQJEHKLQGWKH\RNH 7KHPHDVXUHPHQWRIKLJKWUDQVYHUVHPRPHQWXP³MHWV´RISDUWLFOHVZDVDQRWKHU GHVLJQUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH8$GHWHFWRU7KHVHMHWVFRXOGVLJQDOWKHHPLVVLRQRI TXDUNVRUJOXRQVRULJLQDWLQJHJIURPWKHGRPLQDQWTXDUN±DQWLTXDUNGHFD\PRGHV RI WKH : DQG = -HWV KDG EHHQ KLQWHG DW E\ H[SHULPHQWV DW WKH ,65 DQG ODWHU REVHUYHGE\$)6FROODERUDWLRQ>+LJKOLJKW@EXWDWWKH,65HQHUJ\WKH\ZHUH EURDGDQGGLIILFXOWWRLGHQWLI\$WWKHHQHUJ\RIWKHS±Sࡃ FROOLGHUKRZHYHUWKH\ ZHUH H[SHFWHG WR EH IDLUO\ HDVLO\ GHWHFWDEOH DV D JURXS RI FROOLPDWHG SDUWLFOHV V. Chohan & P. Darriulat (OHFWURPDJQHWLF DQG KDGURQLF FDORULPHWU\ ZRXOG PHDVXUH WKHLU WRWDO HQHUJ\ LQFOXGLQJWKHQHXWUDOSDUWLFOHV ʌ¶VDQGQHXWURQV 7KHFROODERUDWLRQUHFRJQL]HGUDSLGO\WKDWDGHWHFWRUZDVQHHGHGFRYHULQJDV PXFK DV SRVVLEOH RI WKH VROLG DQJOH DURXQG IURP WKH EHDPV 7KLV LV D SUHUHTXLVLWHIRUWKHGHWHFWLRQRIWKH:RURIDQ\QHZSK\VLFVEDVHGRQ³PLVVLQJ WUDQVYHUVHHQHUJ\´VLJQDOOLQJWKHHVFDSHRIDQHXWULQRRUSRVVLEO\RWKHUQHXWUDO QRQLQWHUDFWLQJSDUWLFOHVVXFKDVVXSHUV\PPHWULFSDUWLFOHV>%R[@7KHGHVLJQ WKHUHIRUHDLPHGDWDFKLHYLQJDVFORVHD³KHUPHWLF´LHʌ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³7LPH3URMHFWLRQ&KDPEHU´LQYHQWHGLQ >@VKRZVWKLVNLQGRISHUIRUPDQFHDQGWKLVFRQFHSWZDVDGDSWHGWRWKH8$ Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com PDJQHW JHRPHWU\ ,QVWHDG RI PHDVXULQJ WKH WUDFN FXUYDWXUH LQ SURMHFWLRQ WKH PHDVXUHPHQWRIWKHGULIWWLPHZDVXVHGGXHWRLWVLQWULQVLFSUHFLVLRQ WKLVOHGWR KDYLQJWKHVHQVHZLUHVSDUDOOHOWRWKHPDJQHWLFILHOG7KHGHVLJQJRDOPDWHULDOL]HG by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. LQDGULIWFKDPEHUV\VWHPZLWKVHQVHZLUHV>%R[@7KHQRYHOHOHFWURQLF UHDG RXW FRXOG UHJLVWHU VHYHUDO LQGHSHQGHQW KLWV RQ D GULIW ZLUH SHU FROOLVLRQ VLPXOWDQHRXVO\GLJLWL]LQJWKHGULIWWLPHDQGWKHFKDUJHLQIRUPDWLRQZKLFKDOORZHG D SLFWRULDO WUDFN UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ LQ WKUHH GLPHQVLRQV $W WKH WLPH WKLV WUDFNHU )LJ ZDVDWWKHIURQWLHURIGULIWFKDPEHUGHYHORSPHQW>+LJKOLJKW@ The CERN Antiproton Programme ĞƚĞĐƚŝŶŐŝŶǀŝƐŝďůĞƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐŽdžϲ͘ϯ WĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐƉƌŽƉĞƌƚŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĞǀĞĂůĞĚŝŶƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞĚĞƚĞĐƚŽƌƐ͕ĚĞǀŝĐĞƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞ ͞ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚƐ͟ĂŶĚůĞĂǀĞƐĂƚĞůůƚĂůĞƐŝŐŶĂůŽdžϯ͘Ϯ͘EŽƐŝŶŐůĞĚĞƚĞĐƚŽƌĐĂŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĂůů ƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽƉĞƌƚŝĞƐĂŶĚƐĞǀĞƌĂůƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĞĚŽŶĞƐĂƌĞĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚŝŶĂŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ͘dŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŵĂŐŶĞƚŝĐ ;ĞͲŵͿ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶ͕ ĐŚĂƌŐĞĚ ƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐ ŝŽŶŝnjĞ Žƌ ĞdžĐŝƚĞĂƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ĐŚŽƐĞŶŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƚĞĐƚŽƌ͘/ƚŵĂLJďĞĂŐĂƐ,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚϰ͘ϴ͕ĂůŝƋƵŝĚ,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚϱ͘ϲ ŽƌĂƐŽůŝĚ,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚϱ͘ϵ͘dŚĞůĞǀĞůŽĨŝŽŶŝnjĂƚŝŽŶŽƌĞdžĐŝƚĂƚŝŽŶ ĚĞƉĞŶĚƐ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐĂůůLJŽŶƚŚĞƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞǀĞůŽĐŝƚLJǀŽdžϱ͘Ϯ͘ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨĚĞƚĞĐƚŽƌƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶ͕ǀĞůŽĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐLJŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐ͘ dƌĂĐŬŝŶŐĚĞƚĞĐƚŽƌƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƚŚĞĐŚĂƌŐĞĚƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶŽƌƚƌĂũĞĐƚŽƌLJ͘dŚĞLJŚĂǀĞ ŽŶĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂŶĚĚŝƐƚŝŶĐƚĨĞĂƚƵƌĞ͗ĂǀĞƌLJŐĞŶƚůĞŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶ͕ŚĂƌĚůLJŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƚŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞ͕ƐƵĨĨŝĐĞƐƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂƵƐĞĨƵůƐŝŐŶĂů͘ tŚĞŶƚŚĞƐĞĚĞƚĞĐƚŽƌƐĂƌĞŝŵŵĞƌƐĞĚŝŶĂŵĂŐŶĞƚŝĐĨŝĞůĚ͕ƚŚĞƌĂĚŝƵƐŽĨĐƵƌǀĂƚƵƌĞ ʌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŚĂƌŐĞĚ ƚƌĂĐŬ͕ ƉƌŽƉŽƌƚŝŽŶĂů ƚŽ ƉͬƋ;ǁŚĞƌĞƋŝƐƚŚĞĐŚĂƌŐĞͿ͕ŐŝǀĞƐŝƚƐ ŵŽŵĞŶƚƵŵƉ͘dŚĞĨŝŐƵƌĞŽĨŵĞƌŝƚŽĨƐƵĐŚĂ͞ƐƉĞĐƚƌŽŵĞƚĞƌ͟ŝƐŝƚƐĂĐĐƵƌĂĐLJ͕ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ ĂƐȴƉͬƉ͕уƉʍͬ>Ϯ͕ǁŚĞƌĞʍŝƐƚŚĞƉƌĞĐŝƐŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ>ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ŽǀĞƌ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞ ƚƌĂĐŬ ŝƐ ĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚ͘ dŚŝƐ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƐ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĞƐƚ ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚʍĂŶĚŚŝŐŚĞƌ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƐŝnjĞ;>ͿŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĞĐƚƌŽŵĞƚĞƌƐƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞ ĞǀĞƌŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƉ,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚϴ͘ϭϮ͘ KƚŚĞƌ ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĞŶĞƌŐLJ ͘ /ŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŶŐ ǀŝĂ ĞͲŵ ĂŶĚͬŽƌ ƐƚƌŽŶŐ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐ Ă ĐĂƐĐĂĚĞ ;͞ƐŚŽǁĞƌ͟Ϳ ŽĨ ƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐ ĂďƐŽƌďĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ŵĂƐƐŝǀĞ ĚĞƚĞĐƚŽƌ͘ EĞĂƌůLJ Ăůů ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĐŝĚĞŶƚ ƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞ ŝƐ ĨŝŶĂůůLJ ƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌƌĞĚ ƚŽ ĞdžĐŝƚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďƐŽƌďĞƌŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐ͕ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐŝƚƐƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͕ǁŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞŶĂŵĞ ͞ĐĂůŽƌŝŵĞƚĞƌ͘͟dŚĞĂďƐŽƌďĞƌŝƐƵƐƵĂůůLJŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĚĞƚĞĐƚŽƌƐƐĞŶƐŝƚŝǀĞƚŽƚŚĞ ĐĂƐĐĂĚĞ ŽĨ ƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐ ,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚ ϰ͘ϭϬ͕ ďƵƚ ĐĂŶ ĂůƐŽ ďĞ ƐĞŶƐŝƚŝǀĞ ŝŶ ŝƚƐ ĨƵůů ǀŽůƵŵĞ ,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚϳ͘ϵ͘dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĐĂƐĐĂĚĞƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐďĞŝŶŐƉƌŽƉŽƌƚŝŽŶĂůƚŽ ͕ƚŚĞƐƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐĂů ĂĐĐƵƌĂĐLJŽĨƚŚĞ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŝƐуϭͬ ϭͬϮ͕ĂďŽŶƵƐĨŽƌŚŝŐŚ ͘ĂůŽƌŝŵĞƚĞƌƐǁŽƌŬĨŽƌ ďŽƚŚĐŚĂƌŐĞĚĂŶĚŶĞƵƚƌĂůƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐ͘ dŽŝĚĞŶƚŝĨLJĂƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞǀŝĂŝƚƐŵĂƐƐ͕ŽŶĞŶĞĞĚƐƉĂŶĚŝƚƐǀĞůŽĐŝƚLJǀ͘ĞƐŝĚĞƐƚŝŵĞŽĨ ĨůŝŐŚƚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌƐůŽǁƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐ,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚϴ͘ϵ͕ŽŶĞƵƐĞƐĂůƐŽƚŚĞǀĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐĞ ŽĨĞͲŵƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͗ŝŽŶŝnjĂƚŝŽŶ͕ŚĞƌĞŶŬŽǀŽƌƚƌĂŶƐŝƚŝŽŶƌĂĚŝĂƚŝŽŶ,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐϰ͘ϵ͕ϳ͘ϴ͘ Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com ŚĂƌŵŽƌďĞĂƵƚLJƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐůŝǀĞŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌŽĨϭϬоϭϮƐ͘ĞŝŶŐƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚǁŝƚŚǀĐůŽƐĞƚŽ ƚŚĞƐƉĞĞĚŽĨůŝŐŚƚ͕ƚŚĞƌĞůĂƚŝǀŝƐƚŝĐƚŝŵĞĚŝůĂƚŝŽŶůĞƚƐƚŚĞŵĨůLJŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌŽĨϭŵŵ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ĚĞĐĂLJŝŶŐ͕ Ă ĚĞĐĂLJ ƉĂƚƚĞƌŶ ĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŽ WŝdžĞů ĚĞƚĞĐƚŽƌƐ ,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚ ϴ͘ϲ͘ by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. ƐƐĞŵďůŝŶŐ ƐƵĐŚ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĞĚ ĚĞƚĞĐƚŽƌƐ ůĞĂĚƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƚLJƉŝĐĂů ŽŶŝŽŶͲůŝŬĞ ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞ Ăƚ ĐŽůůŝĚĞƌƐ͘ ͞&ŝdžĞĚ ƚĂƌŐĞƚ͟ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐ ;ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ KDW^^͕ ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ϱͿ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ƋƵŝƚĞ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘ dŚĞƐĞĚĞƚĞĐƚŽƌƐ͕ĨŝƌƐƚĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨŽƌƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƉŚLJƐŝĐƐ͕ĂƌĞŶŽǁĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJĨŽƵŶĚŝŶ ŵĞĚŝĐĂůĚŝĂŐŶŽƐƚŝĐĂŶĚŝŵĂŐŝŶŐƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐϭϬ͘ϯ͕ϭϬ͘ϰ͘ V. Chohan & P. Darriulat )LJ3DUWLDOYLHZRI8$7KHGHWHFWRUVVXUURXQGLQJWKHORQJF\OLQGULFDOFHQWUDOWUDFNHUDUH UHWUDFWHGWRSURYLGHDFFHVVWRWKH7UDFNHU7KHWKLQEHDPSLSHWUDYHUVHVWKHFHQWUHRIWKHWUDFNHU 7KH PHFKDQLFDO GHVLJQ ZDV YHU\ LQQRYDWLYH $V D VHOIVXSSRUWLQJ F\OLQGHU PDGHRIVL[LQGHSHQGHQWKDOIF\OLQGHUFKDPEHUVHDFKZLWKDOHQJWKRIPDQGD GLDPHWHURIP )LJD LWSURYLGHGFORVHWRʌFRYHUDJHRIWKHFROOLVLRQ SURGXFWVDQGDFKLHYHGWKHEXEEOHFKDPEHUOLNH³YLHZ´RIWKHHYHQWV )LJ 2QH VWULNLQJ IHDWXUH RI WKH V\VWHP ZDV WKH F\OLQGULFDO VKHOO RIWKHFKDPEHUV VXSSRUWLQJWKHZLUHVPDGHZLWKDSUHVWUHVVHGKRQH\FRPEVWUXFWXUHVDQGZLFKHG EHWZHHQJODVVILEUHHSR[\OD\HUV7KHDPRXQWRIDSSOLHGSUHVWUHVVZDVFDOFXODWHG WRSUHFLVHO\EDODQFHWKHWHQVLRQDSSOLHGWRWKHZLUHV 7KHVHQVHZLUHV PPVSDFLQJXSWRPOHQJWK DQGWKHILHOG VKDSLQJ ZLUHV ZHUH SDUDOOHO WR WKH PDJQHWLF ILHOG 7KH\ ZHUH RUJDQL]HG LQ Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com KRUL]RQWDOSODQHVLQWKHIRXUIRUZDUGPRGXOHVDQGLQYHUWLFDOSODQHVLQWKHWZR FHQWUDORQHV7KLVDUUDQJHPHQWLVDFRQVHTXHQFHRIWKHKRUL]RQWDOPDJQHWLFILHOG by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. :LWK WKLV RULHQWDWLRQ RI WKH ZLUH SODQHV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ WKH VDPH QXPEHU RI PHDVXUHPHQWVDORQJWKHWUDFNVRYHUWKHGHWHFWRUYROXPHZDVREWDLQHGJLYHQWKH H[SHFWHGWRSRORJ\RIWKHLQWHUDFWLRQVDQGWKHGLSROHPDJQHWLFILHOG$W\SLFDOGULIW FHOO LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ E 7KH HOHFWURVWDWLF IRUFHV ZHUH FRQWUROOHG ZLWK DQ LQWHUPHGLDWHILHOGSODQHDWYROWDJH9FZKLOH9IFRQWUROOHGWKHJDVDPSOLILFDWLRQ 7KH SRVLWLRQ RI WKH VHQVH ZLUHV LQ D SODQH ZDV NQRZQ ZLWKLQ PLFURQV WKH FRRUGLQDWHRID³W\SLFDO´SODQHWRDERXWPLFURQVDWULEXWHWRWKHHQJLQHHULQJ TXDOLW\RIWKHVXSSRUWLQJVWUXFWXUH The CERN Antiproton Programme )LJ/HIW H[SORGHGYLHZRIWKHVL[KDOIF\OLQGHUVFRQVWLWXWLQJWKHFHQWUDOWUDFNHU ULJKW FURVV VHFWLRQWKURXJKDKDOIF\OLQGHUVKRZLQJWKHDUUDQJHPHQWRIVLJQDOZLUHVDQGZLUHHOHFWURGHVVKDSLQJ WKHGULIWILHOGDQGWKHVLJQDODPSOLILFDWLRQUHJLRQ 7KHORQJHVWGULIWGLVWDQFHZDVFPVXFKWKDWDWDN9FPGULIWILHOGWKH GULIWWLPHZDVOHVVWKDQWKHLQWHUYDOEHWZHHQEXQFKHV ȝV 7KLVGULIWOHQJWK DOVROLPLWHGWKHGLVWRUWLRQRIWKHHOHFWULFILHOGE\VSDFHFKDUJHIURPEDFNJURXQGV IURP WKH PDFKLQH 7KH VWDWHRIWKHDUW VLJQDO SURFHVVLQJ XVHG ELW ³)ODVK $QDORJXHWR'LJLWDO &RQYHUWHUV )$'&V WZR SHU VHQVH ZLUH GLJLWL]LQJ WKH LQGXFHGVLJQDOFKDUJH7KHVHQVHZLUHKDGNȍOHYHOUHVLVWDQFH WKHUDWLRRIWKH Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com FKDUJHVUHFRUGHGDWHDFKHQGJDYHDPHDVXUHRIWKHORQJLWXGLQDOSRVLWLRQRIWKH FKDUJHDORQJWKHZLUHWRDERXWRIWKHZLUHOHQJWK7KHGULIWWLPHZDVPHDVXUHG by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. ZLWK7LPHWR'LJLWDO&RQYHUWHUV 7'&V ZLWKQVDFFXUDF\7KHGLJLWDORXWSXWV RI7'&VDQG)$'&VZHUHVWRUHGLQDEXIIHUPHPRU\UHFRUGLQJWKHHYHQWKLVWRU\ RIWKHSUHFHGLQJȝV7KHGDWDYROXPH 0% ZDVLPSUHVVLYHDWWKHWLPHDQG KDGWREHV\QFKURQRXVO\UHGXFHGE\SURFHVVRUV 7KHDQDORJXHVLJQDOSURFHVVLQJHOHFWURQLFVUHTXLUHGFDUHIXOFDOLEUDWLRQ7KH OLQHDULW\ZDVFDOLEUDWHGE\LQMHFWLQJDSUHFLVHO\NQRZQDQGYDULDEOHFKDUJHLQWR WKH SUHDPSOLILHUV )RU HDFK GULIW FHOO WKH UHOHYDQW YROWDJHV DQG FXUUHQWV ZHUH SUHFLVHO\PHDVXUHGDQGPRQLWRUHG$QDODUPV\VWHPSURYLGHGIDVWLQGLFDWLRQVRI DQ\PDOIXQFWLRQLQJ V. Chohan & P. Darriulat 7RDFKLHYHWKHLQWULQVLFSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHWUDFNHUDQXPEHURISDUDPHWHUVKDG WREHPHDVXUHGDQGFRQWUROOHGVXFKDVWHPSHUDWXUHJDVPL[WXUHYDULDWLRQVDQG GLVWRUWLRQVRIWKHHOHFWULFILHOGV7ZRLQGHSHQGHQWPHWKRGVZHUHXVHG$UWLILFLDO VWUDLJKWWUDFNVZHUHJHQHUDWHGZLWKSUHFLVHO\SRVLWLRQHGLRQL]LQJ;UD\DQGODVHU EHDPV6HFRQGO\WKHEXLOWLQ³DXWRFDOLEUDWLRQ´RIWKHGHWHFWRUZDVXVHGPDGH SRVVLEOHE\WKHVSHFLDOGULIWFHOOVWUXFWXUH DVWZRDGMDFHQWGULIWVSDFHVKDGRSSRVLWH (ILHOGVWUDFNVWUDYHUVLQJWKHPKDGWR³OLQHXS´LQDFRUUHFWO\FDOLEUDWHGGHWHFWRU 7KHVHHIIRUWVSDLGRII7KHJOREDOO\DFKLHYHGUHVROXWLRQRIWKHGULIWGLVWDQFHZDVD PRVWUHPDUNDEOH PLFURQVIRUWKHUHFRQVWUXFWHGWUDFNV )LJXUHVKRZVDQKLVWRULFDOHYHQWWKHILUVW:GHFD\UHFRUGHGLQWKH8$ H[SHULPHQW:LWKLWVFRPELQDWLRQRIRSWLPDOGHWHFWLRQJHRPHWU\PDWFKLQJZHOO WKH H[SHFWHG LQWHUHVWLQJ FROOLVLRQ WRSRORJLHV DQ DGYDQFHG WHFKQRORJ\ IRU WKH VXSSRUWVWUXFWXUHVLQQRYDWLRQVLQHOHFWURQLFVFDOLEUDWLRQDQGUHDGRXWWKLVWUDFNHU ZDV DW WKH FXWWLQJ HGJH RI WHFKQRORJ\ DQG WKH ILUVW WUXH ³HOHFWURQLF EXEEOH FKDPEHU´,WVTXDOLW\DQGUHOLDELOLW\ZHUHDNH\WRWKH1REHO3UL]HZLQQLQJVXFFHVV RI8$ Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. )LJ7KHILUVWREVHUYHG:GHFD\DVUHFRUGHGLQWKHFHQWUDOWUDFNHU The CERN Antiproton Programme dŚĞ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚDŽĚĞů;^DͿŽdžϲ͘ϰ dŚĞ^DŝƐĂƌĞŵĂƌŬĂďůLJƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůƚŚĞŽƌĞƚŝĐĂůĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌLJƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐ ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶƐ͕ĨƌŽŵǁŚŝĐŚŽƵƌǀŝƐŝďůĞǁŽƌůĚŝƐďƵŝůƚ͘/ƚŝŐŶŽƌĞƐŐƌĂǀŝƚLJ͕ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚ ďLJƚŚĞ'ĞŶĞƌĂůdŚĞŽƌLJŽĨZĞůĂƚŝǀŝƚLJ͘&ŝŐƵƌĞϭ͘ϮƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĞ^DĐŽŶƐƚŝƚƵĞŶƚƐ;ĨĞƌŵŝŽŶƐŽĨ ƐƉŝŶϭͬϮͿ͘dŚĞĐĂƌƌŝĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞϯƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĨŽƌĐĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĨĞƌŵŝŽŶƐ͕ďŽƐŽŶƐŽĨƐƉŝŶϭ͕ĂƌĞ ƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ&ŝŐ͘ϭ͘ϯ͘dŽƚŚĞƐĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌLJŽďũĞĐƚƐ͕ŽŶĞŵƵƐƚĂĚĚƚŚĞƐƉŝŶϬ,ŝŐŐƐďŽƐŽŶ͘ dŚĞ^DĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƚŝĐĂůůLJƚŚĞƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐĂƐĨŝĞůĚƋƵĂŶƚĂ͘dŚĞƐĞĞdžŝƐƚŶŽƚŽŶůLJ ŝŶƐƉĂĐĞͲƚŝŵĞ͕ďƵƚĂůƐŽ͞ůŝǀĞ͟ŝŶĂďƐƚƌĂĐƚ͕ƐŽͲĐĂůůĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůƐƉĂĐĞƐ;&ŝŐ͘ϭ͘ϮͿ͘ ͘Ő͕͘Ă ƋƵĂƌŬůŝǀĞƐŝŶƚŚĞϯͲƐƉĂĐĞŽĨĐŽůŽƵƌ͕ŝŶǁŚŝĐŚŝƚĐĂŶďĞƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŽĨĂƐĂǀĞĐƚŽƌ͘dŚĞ ƐƵďƐĐƌŝƉƚƐ>;>ĞĨƚͿĂŶĚZ;ZŝŐŚƚͿƌĞĨĞƌƚŽƚŚĞŝƌŚĂŶĚĞĚŶĞƐƐ,ŽdžϮ͘ϮĂŶĚƉŽŝŶƚĂƚĂ ďĂƐŝĐĨĞĂƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞ^DƚŚĂƚƚŚĞďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌĚĞƉĞŶĚƐŽŶ,͗ŝŶƚŚĞǁĞĂŬŝƐŽƐƉŝŶ;t/Ϳ ƐƉĂĐĞ͕>,ŽŶĞƐůŝǀĞŝŶĐŽƵƉůĞƐ͕Z,ŽŶĞƐĂƐƐŝŶŐůĞƐ͘/ŶƚŚĞ^DƚŚĞtĐŽƵƉůĞƐŽŶůLJƚŽ>, ĨĞƌŵŝŽŶƐ͘ /ŶƐƵĐŚƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ŽŶĞĐĂŶƚŚŝŶŬŽĨƉĞƌĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ͞ƌŽƚĂƚŝŽŶƐ͗͟ĨŽƌŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ĂƌŽƚĂƚŝŽŶŝŶ ĐŽůŽƵƌƐƉĂĐĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂďůƵĞƋƵĂƌŬŝŶƚŽĂƌĞĚƋƵĂƌŬ͘Kƌ͕ŝŶƚŚĞt/ƐƉĂĐĞ͕ĂŶĞоƌŽƚĂƚĞƐ ŝŶƚŽĂŶĞƵƚƌŝŶŽ͕ŽƌĂƐƚƌĂŶŐĞƋƵĂƌŬŝŶƚŽĂĐŚĂƌŵƋƵĂƌŬ͘dŚĞ^DŐŝǀĞƐƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͗ ĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶŽĨĂŐůƵŽŶŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĞƌĐĂƐĞ͕ŽĨĂtďŽƐŽŶŝŶƚŚĞůĂƚƚĞƌ͘dŚĞƌĞŝƐƚŚƵƐĂƵŶŝƋƵĞ ŵŽĚĞŽĨŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĨĞƌŵŝŽŶƐ͕ǁŚĂƚĞǀĞƌƚŚĞĨŽƌĐĞ͗ƚŚĞĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞŵŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚďŽƐŽŶ͕ĂƐƐƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐŽĨ&ŝŐ͘ϭ͘ϯ͘ dŚĞ^DƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƚŚĞŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƚŝĐĂůĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĚĞƐĐƌŝďŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĞƌŽƚĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘Ƶƚŝƚ ĚŽĞƐŵƵĐŚŵŽƌĞ͗ŝƚƐŐƵŝĚŝŶŐƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƉŽƐŝƚƐƚŚĞĨƌĞĞĚŽŵƚŽƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶLJĂƌďŝƚƌĂƌLJƐƵĐŚ ƌŽƚĂƚŝŽŶůŽĐĂůůLJ͕ŝ͘Ğ͘ŝŶĂŶLJƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƐƉĂĐĞͲƚŝŵĞ͕ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐĂŶŶŽƚĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶĂŶĂƌďŝƚƌĂƌLJĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨůŽĐĂůĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐ͘dŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞ^D ŵƵƐƚ ƚŚƵƐ ďĞ ŝŶǀĂƌŝĂŶƚ ;ƐLJŵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂůͿ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ƌŽƚĂƚŝŽŶ͘ dŚŝƐ ƐLJŵŵĞƚƌLJ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚŝƐĂŐƌĞĂƚŚĞůƉŝŶĚĞĨŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞĂĐƚƵĂůŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƚŝĐĂůĨŽƌŵƵůĂƚŝŽŶ͘^ƵĐŚĂ ƌŽƚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨŝĞůĚĐŽŶĨŝŐƵƌĂƚŝŽŶŝƐĐĂůůĞĚĂ͞ŐĂƵŐĞ͟ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ;'dͿ͘dŚĞůĂĐŬŽĨ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ;ŝŶǀĂƌŝĂŶĐĞͿŽĨŵĞĂƐƵƌĂďůĞƋƵĂŶƚŝƚŝĞƐƵŶĚĞƌĂ'dŝƐĐĂůůĞĚŐĂƵŐĞŝŶǀĂƌŝĂŶĐĞ͘ /ŶƋƵĂŶƚƵŵĞůĞĐƚƌŽĚLJŶĂŵŝĐƐ͕Y ŽdžϮ͘ϯ͕ĚĞƐĐƌŝďŝŶŐĞ͘Ő͘ƚŚĞĞоĂŶĚɶ͕ƚŚĞ'd ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞƉŚĂƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞоǁĂǀĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚɶĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶďLJƚŚĞĞо͘dŚĞɶĨĞĞůƐ ƚŚĞĞоĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĐŚĂƌŐĞďƵƚĚŽĞƐŶŽƚĐĂƌƌLJŝƚ͘ĞŝŶŐŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝƚĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƐĞůĨͲŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚ;^/Ϳ͘ Ŷ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ^D ŝƐ Ă ƵŶŝĨŝĞĚ ĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ Y ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ǁĞĂŬ Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĞ ůĞĐƚƌŽǁĞĂŬ/ŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶ͘/ƚƐ͞ĂďƐƚƌĂĐƚ͟ďŽƐŽŶƐtϬ͕Ϭ;ŶŽƚƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ Ϭ &ŝŐ͘ϭ͘ϯͿ͞ŵŝdž͟ƚŽŐŝǀĞƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůɶĂŶĚ ͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞŵŝdžŝŶŐĂŶŐůĞɽtŽdžϳ͘ϭ͘dŚĞ ŝŶŝƚŝĂůƵŶŝĨŝĞĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƚŝŽŶ;ŝŶϭϵϲϭͿŽŶůLJǁŽƌŬĞĚŚŽǁĞǀĞƌĨŽƌŵĂƐƐůĞƐƐƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐ͕ĂŶĚ by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. ĐŽƵůĚ ŶŽƚ ĞdžƉůĂŝŶ ĨƵůůLJ ŽƵƌ ƉĞƌĐĞƉƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƌĞĂůŝƚLJ͘ dŚĞ , ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ Ždž ϴ͘Ϯ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚƚŚĞƉŝĐƚƵƌĞ͕ĞŶĂďůŝŶŐƚŚĞ^DƚŽŵƵĐŚďĞƚƚĞƌĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƚŚĞǀŝƐŝďůĞǁŽƌůĚ͘ /ŶƚŚĞǁĞĂŬĂŶĚYƐĞĐƚŽƌƐ͕tͬĂŶĚŐůƵŽŶƐĨĞĞůĂŶĚĐĂƌƌLJƚŚĞǁĞĂŬĂŶĚĐŽůŽƵƌ ĐŚĂƌŐĞ͕ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ƐĞůĨͲŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚ͘ 'ůƵŽŶ ^/ ŝƐ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƚŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶŽdžϰ͘Ϯ͘ V. Chohan & P. Darriulat $1RYHO3DUWLFOH'HWHFWRUIRU8$ 7KH3RZHURI6LOLFRQ &ODXV*|OLQJDQG3LHUUH-DUURQ ,Q ²WKH8$DQG8$FROODERUDWLRQVKDGMXVWGLVFRYHUHGWKH:DQG= ERVRQV ² WKH 8$ FROODERUDWLRQ GHFLGHG WR XSJUDGH LWV WUDFNLQJ GHWHFWRU E\ UHSODFLQJSDUWRIWKHH[LVWLQJGHWHFWRUZLWKDVLOLFRQGHWHFWRU>@,WUHSUHVHQWHGD PDMRUVWHSIRUZDUGLQVLOLFRQGHWHFWRUWHFKQRORJ\UHSODFLQJWKHFRQYHQWLRQDOVWULS JHRPHWU\RIWKHGHWHFWRUHOHPHQWV>+LJKOLJKW @ZLWKDQRYHOFKHFNHUERDUGRU ³SDG´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î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echnology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. )LJ $6,& $03/(; D FKDQQHO UHDGRXW V\VWHP GHYHORSHG IRU WKH ,QQHU 6LOLFRQ 3DG 'HWHFWRU The CERN Antiproton Programme 'HYHORSLQJWKHUHDGRXWHOHFWURQLFV\VWHPVFDOHGWRWKHPLQLDWXUL]HGGLPHQVLRQV RIWKH63'UHSUHVHQWHGSUREDEO\WKHELJJHVWFKDOOHQJH([LVWLQJHOHFWURQLFVZDVWRR EXON\²LQFRPSDWLEOHZLWKWKHUHTXLUHGWKLFNQHVVDQGWKHFKDQQHOGHQVLW\RIWKH 8$6LOLFRQ3DG'HWHFWRU,WUHTXLUHGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDQRYHO$6,&WDLORUHGWR WKH 8$ VLOLFRQ VHQVRUV DQG H[SHULPHQWDO UHTXLUHPHQWV )LJXUH VKRZV WKH GHYLFHPRXQWHGLQDîPPSDFNDJH$OOHOHFWURQLFVFKDQQHOVSURYLGLQJ WKHUHDGRXWRISDGVZHUHFRQWDLQHGLQDVLOLFRQGLHRIîPP 7KH$6,&FDOOHG$03/(;>@ZDVIDEULFDWHGLQDȝPJDWHOHQJWK&026 WHFKQRORJ\6WULQJHQWUHTXLUHPHQWVZHUHSODFHGRQWKHHOHFWURQLFQRLVHEHFDXVHD UHODWLYHO\WLQ\FKDUJHRIDERXWHOHFWURQV I& LVSURGXFHGE\DPLQLPXP LRQL]LQJSDUWLFOHLQȝPWKLFNVLOLFRQ7KHW\SLFDOQRLVHILJXUHREWDLQHGZLWK WKH$03/(;LQSXWDPSOLILHUVWDJHZDVWKHHTXLYDOHQWRIHíUPVUHVXOWLQJ LQDQH[FHOOHQWVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLRRI3RZHUFRQVXPSWLRQSHUFKDQQHOZDV P: 7KHVHFRQGIHDWXUHRIWKH$03/(;FLUFXLWZDVWKHUHDGRXWWHFKQLTXH7KH &(51SURWRQ±DQWLSURWRQFROOLGHUKDGDPDFKLQHF\FOHRIȝV7KHUHIRUHWKH VLJQDOKDGWREHDYDLODEOHZLWKLQ±ȝVIRUDSRVVLEOH³UHDGRXWGHFLVLRQ´ZLWKLQ WKH PDFKLQH F\FOHSULRUWRWKHVHULDOL]HGUHDGRXWRIWKHDQDORJXHVLJQDOVRIDOO FKDQQHOV $Q DSSURSULDWH VLJQDO VKDSLQJ FLUFXLW ZDV LPSOHPHQWHG D SURYHQ HOHFWURQLFGHVLJQIRUQXFOHDULQVWUXPHQWDWLRQIROORZHGE\DVDPSOHKROGFLUFXLW 2QHIXUWKHUFULWLFDOVWHSLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQZDVWKHDVVHPEO\RIWKHVLOLFRQ GHWHFWRUVDQGHOHFWURQLFV$VWDYHOLNHORQJPXOWLOD\HUERDUGPPWKLFN FDUULHGRQWKHRXWHUVLGHDOOWKH$03/(;$6,&V SOXVDIHZFDSDFLWRUV DQGRQ Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. )LJ$VVHPEO\RIWKHVLOLFRQSDGVHQVRUDQG$03/(;$6,&¶VRQWKHVWDYH V. Chohan & P. Darriulat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±Sࡃ FROOLGHULQ 7KHXQDPELJXRXV WZRGLPHQVLRQDOWUDFNLQJLQIRUPDWLRQZDVLQVWUXPHQWDOIRUWKHSDWWHUQUHFRJQLWLRQ RIWKHPDQ\VHFRQGDU\WUDFNVSURGXFHGLQWKHVHS±Sࡃ FROOLVLRQV7KH$03/(;FKLS ZDVWKHILUVWFRPSOH[UHDGRXWFKLSRSHUDWLQJLQVLGHWKHVHQVLWLYHYROXPHRIDQ LQQHUGHWHFWRUDQGLQWKHGLUHFWYLFLQLW\RIWKHLQWHUDFWLRQSRLQW Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. )LJ,QVHUWLRQRIWKHLQQHUVLOLFRQSDGGHWHFWRULQWRWKH8$GHWHFWRU The CERN Antiproton Programme $QWLPDWWHU¶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ȝH9LQVWHDGRI*H9)XUWKHUPRUH ZLWKPLQXWHQXPEHUVRIDQWLSDUWLFOHVWRZRUNZLWKGHWHFWLRQRIWKHLUVLJQDOVZLOO Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com DOZD\VEHGDXQWLQJ HLWKHUWKHLUGHWHFWLRQZLOOEHQRQGHVWUXFWLYHLQZKLFKFDVH HOHFWURQLF QRLVH UHSUHVHQWV WKH ODUJHVW EDFNJURXQG RU WKHLU GHWHFWLRQ ZLOO EH GHVWUXFWLYHLQZKLFKFDVHEDFNJURXQGIURPFRVPLFUD\V ZKLFKFDQRFFDVLRQDOO\ by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. PLPLF DQQLKLODWLRQ WRSRORJLHV UHSUHVHQWV WKH ODUJHVW FKDOOHQJH %XW EHIRUH WDFNOLQJWKHVHKXUGOHVWKHILUVWFUXFLDOWHFKQRORJ\WKDWQHHGHGWREHGHYHORSHGZDV WUDSSLQJRIDQWLSDUWLFOHV $QWLSURWRQVDUHSURGXFHGDW&(51E\FROOLGLQJ*H9SURWRQVIURPWKH3URWRQ 6\QFKURWURQZLWKDIL[HGWDUJHW PDGHRIFRSSHU WKHWLQ\IUDFWLRQRIDQWLSURWRQV SURGXFHGLQWKHVHFROOLVLRQV RQHDQWLSURWRQ±SURWRQSDLUSHUPLOOLRQFROOLVLRQV DUH ILOWHUHGRXWE\PDVVDQGFKDUJH7KH\DUHVXEVHTXHQWO\GHFHOHUDWHGIURPWKHLULQLWLDO HQHUJ\RIVHYHUDO*H9GRZQWR0H9DW&(51¶V$QWLSURWRQ'HFHOHUDWRU $' 7UDSSLQJ WKHVH UHTXLUHV D IXUWKHU UHGXFWLRQ LQ HQHUJ\ 7KH 75$3 FROODERUDWLRQ FRQFHLYHGDQGVXFFHVVIXOO\LPSOHPHQWHGWKHILUVWVXFKVFKHPHLQ >@ OLNHDOO V. Chohan & P. Darriulat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³VORZ´ UHIOHFWHGDQWLSURWRQV ZKRVHYHORFLW\LVRIWKHRUGHURINPVRUPȝV FRXOG UHWXUQWKH\UDSLGO\VZLWFKHGWKHILUVWULQJ LPPHGLDWHO\DIWHUWKHIRLO IURPJURXQG SRWHQWLDOWRWKHVDPHKLJKYROWDJH7KHHQHUJ\RIWKHVHQRZWUDSSHGDQWLSURWRQVFDQ WKHQEHIXUWKHUUHGXFHG YLD³HOHFWURQFRROLQJ´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echnology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com VLOLFRQPLFURVWULSGHWHFWRUFRXSOHGZLWKD&V,EDVHGSKRWRQGHWHFWRUDOORSHUDWLQJ DWFU\RJHQLFWHPSHUDWXUHVDOORZHGUHFRQVWUXFWLQJWKHWUDMHFWRULHVRIWKHFKDUJHG SDUWLFOHVSURGXFHGLQWKHDQQLKLODWLRQRIWKHDQWLSURWRQV DQGWKXVWKHSRVLWLRQRI by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only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he CERN Antiproton Programme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¶ LQWHUQDO HQHUJ\ VWDWHV DQG WKH PDJQHWLF ILHOG 7HFKQLFDO Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com OLPLWDWLRQV RQ WKH PDJQHWV KRZHYHU HQWDLO WKDW RQO\ WKH FROGHVW DWRPV ZLWK D WHPSHUDWXUH RIOHVVWKDQ.FDQEHWUDSSHGWKLVZD\ZKLOHWKHEXONRIWKH IRUPHGDWRPVKDYHWHPSHUDWXUHVIDULQH[FHVVRIWKLVYDOXH by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only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hohan & P. Darriulat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aP.GHYHORSPHQWRIQHZFRROLQJWHFKQLTXHVWR HQWHUWKHUHDOPRIVXEP.WHPSHUDWXUHVDQGHQKDQFHPHQWRIWKHIRUPDWLRQUDWHV RIXOWUDFROGDQWLK\GURJHQDWRPVE\RUGHUVRIPDJQLWXGH$QLQFUHDVLQJO\ODUJH DQG LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\ FRPPXQLW\ LV IRFXVHG RQ GHYHORSLQJ WKH QHFHVVDU\ WHFKQRORJLHVWKDWZLOODOORZWKHH[SHULPHQWDOVHQVLWLYLWLHVWRJUDGXDOO\UHDFKWKH UDQJHZKHUHIXQGDPHQWDOGLVFRYHULHVFRXOGEHFRPHSRVVLEOH 5HIHUHQFHV + .R]LRO DQG ' 0|KO 7KH &(51 DQWLSURWRQ FROOLGHU SURJUDPPH DFFHOHUDWRUV DQG DFFXPXODWLRQULQJVPhysics Reports Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com 6YDQGHU0HHU6WRFKDVWLFGDPSLQJRIEHWDWURQRVFLOODWLRQVLQWKH,65&(51,6532 KWWSV FGVFHUQFKUHFRUG ILOHV SGI 3%UDPKDP*&DUURQ+*+HUHZDUG.+EQHU:6FKQHOODQG/7KRUQGDKO6WRFKDVWLF by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. FRROLQJRIDVWRUHGEHDPNucl. Instr. & Meth. & 5XEELD 3 0F,QW\UH DQG ' &OLQH 3URGXFLQJ PDVVLYH LQWHUPHGLDWH YHFWRU ERVRQV ZLWK H[LVWLQJDFFHOHUDWRUVProc. International Neutrino Conference$DFKHQ*HUPDQ\ -XQH SS± *&DUURQet al6WRFKDVWLFFRROLQJWHVWVLQ,&(Phys. Lett.B 9 &KRKDQet aO 7KH &(51 $QWLSURWRQ $FFXPXODWRU &RPSOH[ $$& FXUUHQW VWDWXV DQG RSHUDWLRQIRUWKHQLQHWLHVLQProc. 15th International Conference on High-energy Accelerators +DPEXUJ*HUPDQ\ -XO\ SS 6YDQGHU0HHU6WRFKDVWLFFRROLQJLQWKH&(51DQWLSURWRQDFFXPXODWRUIEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. The CERN Antiproton Programme (-RQHV$&2/&(51¶V8SJUDGHRIWKHDQWLSURWRQDFFHOHUDWRUFRPSOH[Proc. 6th Topical Workshop on Proton-Antiproton Collider Physics$DFKHQ*HUPDQ\ -XQH SS + .R]LRO DQG ' 0|KO 7KH &(51 ORZHQHUJ\ DQWLSURWRQ SURJUDPPH WKH V\QFKURWURQV Physics Reports &5XEELD7KHGLVFRYHU\RIWKH:DQG=ERVRQVPhys. Rep. 3'DUULXODW+LVWRU\RIRULJLQDOLGHDVDQGEDVLFGLVFRYHULHVLQ SDUWLFOH SK\VLFV, NATO ASI Series B. Phys DQGEur. Phys. J. C ''HQHJUL:KHQ&(51VDZWKHHQGRIWKHDOSKDEHW, CERN Courier$SULO /'L/HOODProc. XXXII Int. Meet. on Fund. Phys$OLFDQWHHG&,(0$70DGULG 0%DUUDQFR/XTXHet al.7KHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHFHQWUDOGHWHFWRUIRUDQH[SHULPHQWDWWKH &(51DQWLSSFROOLGHU±8$Nucl. Instr. & Meth. 0&DOYHWWLet al.Nucl. Instr. & Meth. .(JJHUWet al.Nucl. Instr. & Meth. $$VWEXU\Physica Scripta $*&ODUNet al.Proc. Int. Conf. on Inst. for Coll. Beam Phys6/$& SLQ2nd Int. Conf. on Phys. in Colliders6WRFNKROP 3OHQXP1HZ by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. %$XWLQ*&DUURQ)&DVSHUV60LOQHU/7KRUQGDKODQG6YDQGHU0HHU$&2/VWRFKDVWLF FRROLQJV\VWHPVProc. Part. Accel. Conf. (PAC 1987):DVKLQJWRQ86$ SS *&DUURQ)&DVSHUVDQG/7KRUQGDKO HGV Development of Power Amplifier Modules for the ACOL Stochastic Cooling Systems&(51 &(51*HQHYD KWWS G[GRLRUJ&(51 <%\OLQVN\$0/RPEDUGLDQG:3LUNO5)4' DGHFHOHUDWLQJ5)4 IRU WKH &(51 DQWLSURWRQIDFLOLW\Proc. 20th Int. Linac Conf0RQWHUH\86$ $XJ SS KWWS DFFHOFRQIZHEFHUQFK$FFHO&RQIOSDSHUV78'SGI ,0 .DSFKLQVNLM DQG 9$ 7HSO\DNRY ,RQ OLQHDU DFFHOHUDWRU ZLWK VSDWLDOO\ KRPRJHQHRXV VWURQJIRFXVLQJPrib. i. Tekhn. Eksp. (Instr. and Exp. Techn.) V. Chohan & P. Darriulat & %LVFDUL DQG ) ,D]]RXUHQH 3RVWGHFHOHUDWLRQ RI WKH /($5 EHDP E\ D UDGLRIUHTXHQF\ TXDGUXSROHProc. 3rd LEAR Workshop,7LJQHV)UDQFH -DQ SS KWWS FGVFHUQFKUHFRUG ILOHVFHUSGI -%RVVHUet al. HG:3LUNO )HDVLELOLW\VWXG\RIDGHFHOHUDWLQJ5DGLR)UHTXHQF\4XDGUXSROH V\VWHPIRUWKH$QWLSURWRQ'HFHOHUDWRU$'CERN internal report CERN/PS/HP Note KWWS FGVFHUQUHFRUGILOHVRSHQSGI $0 /RPEDUGL : 3LUNO DQG < %\OLQVN\ )LUVW RSHUDWLQJ H[SHULHQFHZLWKWKH&(51 GHFHOHUDWLQJ 5)4 IRU DQWLSURWRQV Proc. 2001 Part. Accel. Conf. &KLFDJR 86$ SSKWWS DFFHOFRQIZHEFHUQFKDFFHOFRQIS3$3(56523$ SGI ..LOLDQ8*DVWDOGLDQG'0|KO'HFHOHUDWLRQRIDQWLSURWRQVIRUSK\VLFVH[SHULPHQWVZLWK ORZHQHUJ\DQWLSURWRQVProc. 10th Int. Conf. on High-Energy Accelerators3URWYLQR8665 SS KWWSV KRPHFHUQDERXWDFFHOHUDWRUVORZHQHUJ\DQWLSURWRQULQJ *,%XGNHU6WDWXVUHSRUWRIWKHZRUNRQVWRUDJHULQJVDW1RYRVLELUVNProc. Symp. Int. sur les Anneaux de Collisions à Electrons et PositronsS,,6DFOD\)UDQFH 6YDQGHU0HHU6WRFKDVWLF([WUDFWLRQ$ORZULSSOHYHUVLRQRIUHVRQDQWH[WUDFWLRQCERN Int. Report CERN/PS/AA KWWS FGVFHUQUHFRUGILOHVFHU SGI 5&DSSL5*LDQQLQLDQG:+DUGW8OWUDVORZH[WUDFWLRQ±6WDWXVUHSRUW, CERN int. report CERN-PS-LEA-82-3 SUHVHQWHGDW/($5:RUNVKRS(ULFH,WDO\ -XQH KWWS FGVFHUQUHFRUGILOHV&(5136/($SGI 6-DFREVHQ*0ROLQDULDQG+0XOGHU$IHHGEDFNV\VWHPWRFRQWUROWKHIOX[GXULQJXOWUD VORZ H[WUDFWLRQ DW /($5 Proc. 6th European Particle Accelerator Conference (EPAC96) 6LWJHV6SDLQ -XQH SS '51\JUHQ3URSRVDOWR,QYHVWLJDWHWKH)HDVLELOLW\RID1RYHO&RQFHSWLQ3DUWLFOH'HWHFWLRQ LBL internal report)HEUXDU\ -10DU[DQG'51\JUHQPhysics Today .%RUHUet al&RQVWUXFWLRQDQGSHUIRUPDQFHRIDPVLOLFRQGHWHFWRULQ8$Nucl. Instr. & Meth.A ± .%RUHUet al.7KHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQDQGSHUIRUPDQFHRIDPVLOLFRQKRGRVFRSHDUUD\LQ8$ DQGSURSRVHGFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDVHFRQGDUUD\Nucl. Instr. & Meth. A (+0+HLMQHDQG3-DUURQ7KHLPSDFWRIPLFURHOHFWURQLFVRQSDUWLFOHGHWHFWLRQNucl. Instr. & Meth.A Technology Meets Research Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com (%HXYLOOHet al.$PSOH[DORZQRLVHORZSRZHUDQDORJ&026VLJQDOSURFHVVRUIRUPXOWL HOHPHQWVLOLFRQSDUWLFOHGHWHFWRUVNucl. Instr. & MethA **DEULHOVHet al)LUVWFDSWXUHRIDQWLSURWRQVLQD3HQQLQJWUDS $NLORHOHFWURQYROWVRXUFH by GERMAN ELECTRON SYNCHROTRON @ HAMBURG on 05/10/17. For personal use only. Phys. Rev. Lett **DEULHOVHet al.&RROLQJDQGVORZLQJRIWUDSSHGDQWLSURWRQVEHORZPH9Phys. Rev. Lett :%HWVFKHet al. $/3+$FROODERUDWLRQ $PDJQHWLFWUDSIRUDQWLK\GURJHQFRQILQHPHQWNucl. Instr. & Meth.A KWWS ZZZEQOJRYPDJQHWV%(3&,,%(3&,,DVS *%$QGUHVHQet al $/3+$FROODERUDWLRQ 7UDSSHGDQWLK\GURJHQNature