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WELCOME V OLUME 5 6 N UMBER 1 J ANUARY /F EBRUARY 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the January/February 2016 issue of CERN Courier.

Featuring a beautiful cover image taken by one of the 200 photographers who participated in the 2015 edition of the Particle Physics Photowalk, this issue invites the reader to discover what’s in store for CAST, and how XENON is preparing to become the most sensitive experiment for direct dark-matter searches. In parallel, we take you on a trip into the future at the ATLAS and CMS experiments, which are already working hard to get ready for the High-Luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC). Back to the present, we feature a story on the recent record broken by the LHC in its configuration as a lead-ion collider, and an article about the innovative extraction system successfully tested at the PS. Last but not least, the feature about hadrontherapy confirms how particles are effectively helping us to fight cancer.

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LUMINOSITY EXOTIC SEARCH LHC RUN 2 The LHC sets a The CERN Axion Solar new record with Telescope is ready DATA EDITOR: ANTONELLA DEL ROSSO, CERN lead ions for phase II Experiments touch base DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY JESSE KARJALAINEN/IOP PUBLISHING, UK p23 p29 on fi rst results p8

CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier January/February 2016 Contents 4 COMPLETE SOLUTIONS Covering current developments in high-energy Which do you want to engage? physics and related fi elds worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories affi liated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for CERNCOURIER January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN management.

Editor Antonella Del Rosso V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 1 J a N u a r y /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 Books editor Virginia Greco CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Beamline Electronic Precision Current E-mail cern[email protected] Fax +41 (0) 22 76 69070 5 V i E W p O i n t Instrumentation Transducers Web cerncourier.com Advisory board Luis Alvarez-Gaume, Peter Jenni, Christine Sutton, Claude Amsler, 7 n E W s Roger Bailey, Philippe Bloch, Roger Forty A year of challenges and successes Latest ATLAS results with Laboratory correspondents: • • Argonne National Laboratory (US) Tom LeCompte 13 TeV proton–proton collisions at the LHC CMS presents new Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) P Yamin • Cornell University (US) D G Cassel 13 TeV results at end-of-year jamboree • Fixed-target and heavy- DESY Laboratory (Germany) Till Mundzeck ion physics with LHCb A new chapter opens with more Pb–Pb EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini • Enrico Fermi Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino collisions for a precision study of hot and dense QCD matter • TURN-KEY Solution for Photon Beam • Precision current measuring Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Katie Yurkewicz Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher MicroBooNE records fi rst neutrino events Position Monitors and for Power transducers with closed-loop current GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter • IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu CiEnCEWatCh Supply System for Optics transformer technology (Zero Flux IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov 13 s INFN (Italy) Antonella Varaschin technology) Jefferson Laboratory (US) Steven Corneliussen 15 s t r O W a t C h • Low Noise and High Resolution JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko a KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Saeko Okada • Ethernet Connectivity • Galvanic isolation between primary Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein F E a t u r E s Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) Rajan Gupta and secondary conductor NCSL (US) Ken Kingery 16 Networking against cancer with ENLIGHT • Firmware Remote Update Nikhef (Netherlands) Robert Fleischer • Current-Output and Voltage-Output Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman The hadrontherapy community touches base. Orsay Laboratory (France) Anne-Marie Lutz versions available PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci 20 XENON opens a new era for dark-matter searches Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Jane Binks SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Farnaz Khadem The fi rst physics run is envisaged to start early this year. TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan 23 LHC surpasses design luminosity with heavy ions Produced for CERN by IOP Publishing Ltd IOP Publishing Ltd, Temple Circus, Temple Way, Lead nuclei collided with an average centre-of-mass energy per pair Bristol BS1 6HG, UK Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481 of nucleons of 5.02 TeV. Magnet Power MTCA.4 Publisher Susan Curtis 26 ATLAS and CMS upgrade proceeds to the next stage Production editor Lisa Gibson Supply Systems MicroTCA for Physics Technical illustrator Alison Tovey Experiments get ready for the HL-LHC. Group advertising manager Chris Thomas Advertisement production Katie Graham Marketing & Circulation Angela Gage 29 CAST: enlightening the dark

Head of B2B & Marketing Jo Allen CAST widens its scientifi c programme. Art director Andrew Giaquinto 32 Imaging science: physics laboratories under the spotlight Advertising Tel +44 (0)117 930 1026 (for UK/Europe display advertising) Physics laboratories lift the curtain on their backstage activities. or +44 (0)117 930 1164 (for recruitment advertising); E-mail: [email protected]; fax +44 (0)117 930 1178 35 PS beam extraction becomes more effi cient • Digital Current Regulation Loop: • New standard for industry and science General distribution Courrier Adressage, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Successful tests for more effi cient proton-beam extraction. easiness to adapt to any load condition E-mail: [email protected] • Infrastructure for management of In certain countries, to request copies or to make address changes, contact: China Jiang Ya'ou, Library, Institute of High Energy Physics, 39 i ntEraCtiOns & C r O s s r O a d s • High Modularity and Extreme Rear Transition Module (RTM) boards PO Box 918, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China E-mail: [email protected] Configurability Germany Antje Brandes, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany 45 F a C E s & p L a C E s • Custom design solutions E-mail: [email protected] UK Mark Wells, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Polaris House, North Star 55 E C r u i t M E n t • Ethernet Connectivity Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1SZ r E-mail: [email protected] • Firmware Remote Update US/Canada Published by Cern Courier, 6N246 Willow Drive, 59 B O O k s h E L F St Charles, IL 60175, US. Periodical postage paid in St Charles, IL, US Fax 630 377 1569. E-mail: [email protected] POSTMASTER: send address changes to: Creative Mailing Services, PO Box 1147, 62 a r C h i V E St Charles, IL 60174, US

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Imaging • Beamline Electronic Instrumentation science • Precision Current Transducers On the cover: Detail of the forward radial wire chamber forming part of the H1 LUMINOSITY EXOTIC SEARCH LHC RUN 2 The LHC sets a The CERN Axion Solar detector that took data at the HERA collider at DESY (Deutsches Elektronen- new record with Telescope is ready DATA lead ions for phase II Experiments touch base • Magnet Power Supply Systems p23 p29 on fi rst results p8 Synchrotron) from 1992 to 2007. (Image credit: Rosemary Wilson.) • MTCA.4 - MicroTCA for Physics www.caenels.com 3

CC_CAENels_September2014_bcINSIDE.indd 1 28/07/14 16:37 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier January/February 2016 Viewpoint Science: a model for collaboration? Two events in November featured CERN as a possible model for building trust across frontiers.

By Maurizio Bona, CERN, Michel Spiro, CNRS and of such an important process is the result of former president of CERN Council, and Herwig necessary compromises. It is everybody’s duty Schopper, WAAS and former CERN Director-General to make it efficient and capable of addressing the difficult global challenges the world is now

Maurizio Bona/CERN Today, science, technology and innovation are among facing. CERN can contribute by explaining its the most powerful forces driving social change and functioning model and by providing, when needed, development. However, what is the actual role that direct input on science, technology and education. CERN’s seat at the United a fundamental science laboratory like CERN can About one week after the symposium at UNOG, Nations General Assembly. have when it comes to designing creative strategies to CERN and the World Academy of Arts and Sciences CERN was granted the strengthen public goods in society? (WAAS) hosted another one-day conference to status of Observer in 2012. With a view to contribute to the realisation of the discuss the topic of “Science, technology, innovation 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which and social responsibility”. The event was organised was approved in September by the United Nations under the auspices of UNOG and saw the participation Member States, the United Nations Offi ce at Geneva of the EPS and some Geneva-based international (UNOG) hosted a one-day symposium organised in organisations, including the International collaboration with CERN and with the support of Labour Office (ILO), World Health Organization Switzerland and France, in their capacity as CERN (WHO), United Nations Institute for Training host states. and Research (UNITAR), World Meteorological Air, water, biodiversity, education, knowledge, Organization (WMO), International Organization access to the Internet, peace and welfare: these public for Standardization (ISO) and World Intellectual goods can be preserved only with the involvement Property Organization (WIPO). The specifi c objective of all stakeholders. At the event, policy makers, was to survey the potential impact of scientifi c and diplomats, ambassadors, scientists, intellectuals, technological innovation in different fields on the epistemic associations, representatives of international progress of humanity, independent of political governmental and non-governmental organisations, boundaries or limits, whether spiritual or physical. and civil-society representatives explored the value of Lively discussions took place around the topic of CERN as a model for co-operation. social responsibility that comes with self-governance CERN is a recognised example of peaceful of the scientific community. Obviously, this is of international collaboration based on transparency, particular relevance when it comes to dealing with openness and inclusion. The invention of the World health-related issues. In particular, fi ghting certain Wide Web is emblematic of the spirit that drives types of disease requires a strong collaboration advances in basic science, which enable open between the scientifi c community, governments and innovation and education, and connect the worldwide companies producing vaccines. But scientific and community through shared values. A typical scientifi c technological developments also have a huge impact community is self-organised and able to share on the labour market. In this respect, science and the infrastructure needed by all. The centrality of society are not suffi ciently synchronised, and future knowledge (scientific arguments in global policy), planning needs to be better co-ordinated. In fi elds such long-term thinking, agile project and risk management, as meteorology, scientifi c co-operation is accepted as even under harsh conditions of unpredictability, essential, because without it every country would lose: smart governance and social networking, big data, predictions and warnings are possible only with global considering alternative scenarios – these are all exchange of data. A video recording of “The CERN features and “goods” that belong to the scientifi c world All of these initiatives show the importance of model, United Nations and Global but that also play a role in different contexts. keeping the dialogue between scientists, diplomats, Public Goods: addressing global policy makers, business experts and the public at challenges” is available at webtv. Necessary compromises large constantly alive. Since the very beginning un.org/watch/panel-1-the-cern- The UN world has an impressive infrastructure of the scientific venture that gave birth to CERN, model-science-education-and- that ensures global governance, including the people from different cultures, religions and political global-public-good-cern-unog- UN Secretariat, the General Assembly and the opinions could speak the common language of symposium-2015/4590293913001. Economic and Social Council. These structures science. In this scenario, peace appears as a natural A video recording of the “Science, permitted a global consultation process that led to consequence and becomes an attitude. More than technology, innovation and social the formulation and adoption of the 2030 agenda, 60 years of peaceful and fruitful collaboration are responsibility” conference is available with its 17 sustainable-development goals and the tangible result that science can indeed serve as a at cds.cern.ch/record/2103652. 169 targets. The complexity of the governance successful model to follow.

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L h C Chamber Builder™ A year of challenges and successes Vacuum 2015 was a tough year for CERN’s accelerator Chambers sector. Besides assuring delivery of beam to CERN the extensive non-LHC facilities such as the AD, ISOLDE, nTOF and the North Area, many teams also had to work hard to bring the LHC back into business after the far-reaching 30+ Years efforts of the long shutdown. of Expertise At the end of 2014 and start of 2015, the LHC was cooled down sector by sector and all magnet circuits were put through a campaign of powering tests to fully re-qualify everything. The six-month-long programme of rigorous tests involved the quench-protection system, power converters, energy extraction, UPS, interlocks, electrical quality assurance and magnet-quench behaviour. The powering-test phase eventually left all magnetic circuits fully qualifi ed for 6.5 TeV. Some understandable delay was incurred during this period and three things can be highlighted. First was the decision to perform in situ tests of the consolidated splices – the so called Copper Stabilizer Continuity Measurement (CSCM) 100% campaign. These were a success and LHC Page 1 gives live information on the activity at the LHC. The beam operation for 2015 Inspection provided confi rmation of the quality work fi nished on 14 December and it is scheduled to restart in April 2016. done during the shutdown. Second, dipole-quench re-training took The initial 50 ns and 25 ns intensity screen and so reduce the heat load at a given some time – in particular, the dipoles of ramp-up phase was tough going and had to intensity. As time passed, this effect opened sector 45 proved a little recalcitrant and contend with a number of issues, including up a margin for the use of more bunches. ▲ reached the target 11,080 A after some earth faults, unidentifi ed falling objects Cryogenics operations were therefore kept 51 training quenches. (UFOs), an unidentifi ed aperture restriction in Third, after an impressive team effort a main dipole, and radiation affecting specifi c co-ordinated by the machine-protection electronic components in the tunnel. Although Sommaire en français Une année de défi s et de succès 7 On-Site team to conceive, prototype, test and deploy operating the machine in these conditions was the system, a small piece of metallic debris challenging, the teams succeeded in colliding Nouveaux résultats d’ATLAS avec des 8 Manufacturing that was causing an earth fault in a dipole in beams with 460 bunches and delivered some collisions proton–proton à 13 TeV au LHC sector 34 was successfully burnt away on the luminosity to the experiments, albeit with afternoon of Tuesday 31 March. p o o r e f fi c i e n c .y CMS présente de nouveaux résultats à 9 First beam 2015 went around the LHC on The second phase of the ramp-up 13 TeV Easter Sunday, 5 April. Initial commissioning following the technical stop at the start of Physique de cible fi xe et des ions lourds 10 delivered fi rst beam at 6.5 TeV after fi ve days September was dominated by the electron avec LHCb and fi rst “stable beams” after two months of cloud and the heat load that it generates careful set up and validation. in the beam screens of the magnets in Une étude de précision de la matière QCD 10 the cold sectors. The challenge was then grâce aux collisions Pb–Pb Ramp up for cryogenics, which had to wrestle MicroBooNE enregistre les premiers 11 Talk To Us About Your Manufacturing Needs Two scrubbing runs delivered good beam with transients and operation close to the événements neutrino conditions for around 1500 bunches per cooling-power limits. The ramp-up in beam, after a concerted campaign to number of bunches was consequently slow Comment les poissons se cachent 13 • Largest Inventory of Quality • Highly Professional • Renowned Technical re-condition the beam vacuum. However, but steady, culminating in a fi nal fi gure for La présence d’une supernova expliquerait 15 Vacuum Products in Europe Customer Service Expertise the electron cloud, anticipated to be more the year of 2244 bunches per beam. des anomalies repérées dans les rayons of a problem with the nominal 25 ns Importantly, the electron cloud generated bunch-spacing beam, was still signifi cant at during physics runs at 6.5 TeV serves to cosmiques the end of the scrubbing campaign. slowly condition the surface of the beam Enabling Technology for a Better World | www.lesker.com 7 15-047

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close to the acceptable maximum heat load, of operations in 2015 were devoted to the CMS. For the fi rst time in an ion–ion run, measurements of the Higgs boson production signatures with 0 or 1 lepton, or a Z boson, was observed in the search for diphoton and at the same time in the most effective heavy-ion programme. To make things LHCb also took data following participation cross-section at 13 TeV, inclusively in the jets and missing transverse energy and resonances where a peak is seen at 750 GeV scrubbing regime. more challenging, it was decided to include in the proton–lead run. Dedicated ion diphoton and ZZ decay channels. also topologies with B jets, have improved with a local signifi cance of 3.6 standard The overall machine availability is a critical a fi ve-day proton–proton reference run in machine development included crystal With the increased centre-of-mass energy, sensitivity from Run 1. Finally, searches for deviations, corresponding to a global factor in integrated-luminosity delivery, and this period. The proton–proton run was collimation and quench-level tests, the latter and the availability of signifi cantly more Higgs bosons from extended electroweak signifi cance of 2.0 standard deviations. More remained respectable with around 32% of the performed at a centre-of-mass energy of providing important input to future ion data than in the summer, new-particle search symmetry-breaking sectors in fi nal states data will be needed to probe the nature of scheduled time spent in stable beams during 5.02 TeV, giving the same nucleon–nucleon operation in the HL-LHC era. results were awaited with much anticipation. with a pair of tau leptons, and in pairs of these excesses. the fi nal period of proton–proton physics from collision energy as that of both the following The travails of 2015 have opened the way A large number of searches for new vector bosons, have been performed. Limits on a large variety of theories September to November. By the end of the lead–lead run and the proton–lead run that for a full production run in 2016. Following phenomena motivated by theories beyond So far, no defi nitive observation of new beyond the Standard Model have been 2015 proton run, 2244 bunches per beam were took place at the start of 2013. initial commissioning, a short scrubbing the Standard Model in dijet, multijets, photon physics has been observed in the data, derived. The ATLAS experiment is giving peak luminosities of 5.2 × 1033 cm–2s–1 run should re-establish the electron cloud jets, diphoton, dilepton, single lepton and although two excesses have been observed. completing its measurements and search in ATLAS and CMS, with both being Good intensities conditions of 2015, allowing operation with missing transverse energy channels were The fi rst, with a signifi cance of 2.2 standard programme on the data collected in 2015, delivered an integrated luminosity of around Both the proton reference run and ion run 2000 bunches and more. This fi gure can then completed. Searches for vector-boson pair deviations, was seen in the search for SUSY and is preparing for the data to come in 2016. 4 fb–1 for the year. Levelled luminosity of demanded re-set-up and validation of the be incrementally increased to the nominal (VV) and Higgs and vector-boson (VH) with gluino production with subsequent ● For more details on the ATLAS results 3 × 1032 cm–2s–1 in LHCb and 5 × 1030 cm–2s–1 in machine at new energies. Despite the time 2700 as conditioning progresses. Following topologies with boosted jets have also been decays into a Z boson and missing energy; presented at the seminar, see https://twiki. ALICE was provided throughout the run. pressure, both runs went well and were extensive machine development campaigns completed. Searches for strongly produced a 3 standard-deviation excess was observed cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/AtlasPublic/ Also of note were dedicated runs at high counted a success. Performance with ions in 2015, the β* will be reduced to 50 cm supersymmetry (SUSY) that made use of in this channel in Run 1. The second excess December2015-13TeV. β* for TOTEM and ALFA. These provided is strongly dependent on the beam from the for the 2016 run. Nominal bunch intensity important data on elastic and diffractive injectors (source, Linac3, LEIR, PS and and emittance will bring the design peak scattering at 6.5 TeV, and interestingly a fi rst SPS), and extensive preparation allowed luminosity of 1 × 1034 cm–2s–1 within reach. CMS presents new 13 TeV results at end-of-year jamboree test of the CMS-TOTEM Precision Proton the delivery of good intensities, which open Reasonable machine availability and around Spectrometer (CT-PPS), which aims to probe the way for delivery of a levelled design 150 days of 13 TeV proton–proton physics double-pomeron exchange. luminosity of 1 × 1027 cm–2s–1 to ALICE and should allow the 23 fb–1 total delivered to The fi rst phase of collisions As is now traditional, the fi nal four weeks more than 3 × 1027 cm–2s–1 to ATLAS and ATLAS and CMS in 2012 to be exceeded. after the LHC restart earlier this year provided CMS with L h C EXpEriMEnts data at the novel energy of 13 TeV, enabling CMS to Latest ATLAS results with 13 TeV proton–proton explore uncharted domains of physics. At the end of this exciting year, CMS and ATLAS collisions at the LHC presented comprehensive overviews of their latest results from analyses performed on the collected data. Here we highlight only a few Since the fi rst A high-mass dijet of the key CMS results – refer to the further ATLAS results event collected by reading (below) for more. from LHC Run 2 ATLAS in Before exploring the “unknown”, CMS were presented at September. The two fi rst strove to rediscover the “known”, as a this summer’s conferences (EPS-HEP 2015 central high-pT jets means to validate the excellent performance and LHCP 2015) with an amount of data have an invariant of the detector after emerging from the The event with the largest-mass jet pair fulfi lling all analysis requirements, observed so far with corresponding to an integrated luminosity mass of 8.8 TeV, the consolidation and upgrade period of Long the CMS detector, in data collected in 2015. The mass of the dijet system is 6.14 TeV, exceeding –1 of approximately 80 pb , the LHC has highest-pT jet has a Shutdown 1. Convincing performance the highest dijet mass of about 5 TeV observed by CMS during LHC Run 1. Both jets are continued to ramp up in luminosity. The pT of 810 GeV, and studies as well as early measurements reconstructed in the barrel region of the detector and have transverse momenta of about 3 TeV. maximum instantaneous luminosity the leading jet has had already been presented at this year’s 33 –2 –1 for 2015 was 5 × 10 cm s , which a pT of 750 GeV. The summer conferences. Meanwhile, the Hadron jets play a crucial role in searches into pairs of electrons or muons. While already approaches the Run 1 record of missing transverse studies and physics measurements for exotic particles such as excited quarks, CMS observed high-mass events, with 7 × 1033 cm–2s–1. ATLAS recorded more than energy for this continued as the size of the data sample whose observation would demonstrate that dielectrons up to a mass of 2.9 TeV and 4 fb–1 in 2015, with different physics analyses event is 60 GeV. increased over the course of the autumn. In quarks are not elementary particles but dimuons up to 2.4 TeV, the data are using from 3.32 to 3.60 fb–1, depending on total, CMS approved 33 new public results rather composite objects, and for heavier compatible with the Standard Model and do the parts of the detector required to be fully The recently completed 2015 data set First measurements include the ZZ for the end-of-year jamboree, capping off cousins of the W boson. These new particles not provide evidence for new physics. operational with good data quality. corresponds to more than 30 times that cross-section and single top quark, and a successful period of commissioning, would demonstrate their presence by Finally, CMS observed a slight excess in The main goal of the early measurements of this summer. With these data, the full the Wt production channels at 13 TeV. data collection and analysis. In contrast to transforming into two particle jets (a “dijet”). events with two photons at a diphoton mass presented this summer was to study in programme of measurements and searches Top-quark pair production has also been the studies performed for other Standard The highest-mass dijet event observed by around 760 GeV. However, small fl uctuations detail the performance of the detector, to at Run 2 has started, and the fi rst results investigated in measurements where the Model particles, CMS preferred to remain CMS is shown in the fi gure. In carrying out such as this have been observed regularly in characterise the main Standard Model were presented by the collaboration at a joint top-quark pair is produced in association blinded for studies involving the LHC’s this study, CMS searches for bumps in the the past, including at LHC Run 1, and often processes at 13 TeV, and to perform the ATLAS and CMS seminar on 15 December with additional jets. These measurements most famous particle, the Higgs boson mass distribution of the dijet system. Seeing disappear as more data is collected. Therefore fi rst searches for phenomena beyond 2015 during CERN Council week. are crucial to provide further checks of the discovered in 2012, because the collected no signifi cant excess over the background, we are still far from the threshold associated the Standard Model at Run 2. These These new results benefi tted from the modelling implemented in state-of-the-art data sample was not large enough for a a new CMS publication based on the 13 TeV with a new discovery, but the stage is set early searches focused on processes fi rst calibration of electron, muon and jet generators used to simulate these Higgs boson signal to be detectable. data imposes limits on the masses of these for great excitement and anticipation in the such as high-mass quantum and rotating reconstruction and trigger algorithms, in situ processes at NLO QCD precision. These However, it was the anticipation of results hypothetical particles ranging from 2.6 TeV to upcoming 2016 run of the LHC. black-hole production in dijet, multijet and using the data. The new insertable B layer measurements can also subsequently be on searches for new phenomena that fi lled 7 TeV, depending on the new-physics model. lepton-jet event topologies, for which the of pixel detectors signifi cantly improves the used to further constrain physics beyond CERN’s main auditorium beyond capacity. CMS also searched for the presence ● Further reading higher centre-of-mass energy provided precision of the track measurements near the the Standard Model that would alter these The CMS focus was on searches that would of heavy particles such as a Z´ (Z-prime) For all of the CMS results from the CERN seminar, an immediate improvement in sensitivity interaction region and is therefore crucial for production modes. already be sensitive to new physics with boson in the dilepton spectrum, in which see cern.ch/cms-results/public-results/ beyond the reach of the Run 1 data. tagging jets containing heavy quarks. The new data also allowed the fi rst the small data sample collected in 2015. unstable exotic particles would transform preliminary-results/LHC-Jamboree-2015.html.

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1. Reference 2. Cold nuclear-matter effects 3. Quark–gluon plasma of particle production at low transverse at √sNN = 5.02 TeV. For an event sample nucleus–nucleus collisions and elementary Fixed-target and 2.76, 7, 8, 13, 14 TeV 115 GeV, 8.1 TeV 71 GeV, 5.1 TeV momenta, and can only be modelled corresponding to the most central 5% of the proton–proton and proton(deuteron)– phenomenologically. On the other hand, hadronic cross-section, the pseudorapidity nucleus collisions. Particle production in heavy-ion physics with an increase in collision energy, the role density of primary charged particles at nucleus–nucleus collisions increases more of hard processes – parton scatterings with midrapidity is 1943±54, which corresponds rapidly with the centre-of-mass energy ppp large momentum transfer – increases. Such to 10.2±0.3 per participating nucleon pair. (per nucleon pair) than in proton–proton with LHCb Pb Pb Pb measurements, which contribute essential This represents an increase of a factor of and proton(deuteron)–nucleus collisions, information to estimate the initial energy about 2.4 relative to p–Pb collisions at the in agreement with expectations from the density leading to the formation and evolution same collision energy, and a factor of about power-law extrapolation of lower-energy Beyond its rich programme of the quark–gluon plasma and its relation to 1.2 to central Pb–Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV. results. The characteristics of the centrality SMOG SMOG η in fl avour physics based on p the collision geometry, also provide valuable Previous measurements were performed dependence of dNch/d and comparison proton–proton collisions, Ar Ar insight into the initial-state partonic structure by ALICE, ATLAS and CMS at the LHC at with several phenomenological models Pb LHCb opened the door in of the colliding nuclei. √sNN = 2.76 TeV, and also at lower energies is reported in a recent publication by the 2015 to a new domain of physics exploration The various beam confi gurations and the physics that can be explored. SMOG stands for The ALICE experiment has measured in the range √sNN = 17–200 GeV with SPS ALICE collaboration. related to cosmic-ray and heavy-ion physics. System for Measuring the Overlap with Gas the centrality-dependence of the inclusive and RHIC experiments. The fi gure shows ● Due to its forward coverage, the detector charged-particle density (dNch/dη) at a compilation of results on mid-rapidity Further reading has access to a unique kinematic range in In proton–argon collisions, a nucleon– a centrality of about 50%. The rapidity mid-rapidity (|η| < 0.5) in Pb–Pb collisions charged-particle density for most central arxiv.org/abs/1512.06104 colliding-beam physics. In addition, using nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 110 GeV coverage by the LHCb detector in a system developed for precise luminosity is generated, which is in between those fi xed-target mode in the nucleon–nucleon n E u t r i n O p h Y s i C s measurements based on the beam-gas achieved in experiments at the SPS in the centre-of-mass frame is about –3 < y < 1; in gold-plated wires. The three layers of wires imaging method, neon, helium and argon 1980s and 1990s and those probed at RHIC colliding-beam mode, the range between MicroBooNE capture pictures of particle interactions at

gas has been injected during some periods more recently. While the produced energy 2 < y < 5 is covered. The experiment has MicroBooNE different points in space and time. The superb into the interaction region to exploit the densities are too low to create quark–gluon precise tracking, vertexing, calorimetry and resolution of the time-projection chamber will LHC proton and ion beams for fi xed-target plasma (QGP), they allow the study of powerful particle identifi cation over the full records fi rst allow scientists to check whether the excess physics at the highest available energies. cold-nuclear-matter (CNM) effects, which detector acceptance. of MiniBooNE events—recorded with a The measurement of proton–helium are crucial to determine QGP formation. Comparison of collisions in the various neutrino events Cherenkov detector fi lled with mineral oil – is collisions has been motivated by recent During the last weeks of the LHC confi gurations allows QGP effects to be due to photons or electrons. results from AMS and other space physics programme of 2015, the LHCb disentangled from CNM effects. The various MicroBooNE will collect data for several detectors, which suggest that the antiproton collaboration also participated in the beam confi gurations are summarised in the MicroBooNE, an experiment designed years, and computers will sift through yield in cosmic rays may exceed the heavy-ion run, taking data in both diagram. to measure neutrinos and antineutrinos thousands of neutrino interactions recorded expected value from secondary production fi xed-target mode by recording lead–argon The focus of LHCb measurements will, generated by Fermilab’s Booster accelerator every day. It will be the fi rst liquid-argon in the interstellar medium. The accuracy collisions at a centre of mass energy of on the one hand, be on hard probes such as (CERN Courier September 2014 p8), Fermilab detector to measure neutrino interactions of such predictions is limited by the 69 GeV, and in colliding-beam mode, open heavy-fl avour states and quarkonia, has recorded its fi rst neutrino events. from a neutrino beam with particle energies poor knowledge of the proton–helium collecting lead–lead collisions at 5 TeV. In which can be carried out down to very low MicroBooNE is the fi rst of three neutrino of less than 800 MeV. cross-section for proton energies at the both modes, the energy densities are large pT. On the other hand, open questions in the detectors of the lab’s new short-baseline Construction is under way for the two TeV scale. By measuring proton–helium enough to create a QGP, however lead– soft sector of QCD can be addressed, which neutrino (SBN) programme, recommended buildings that will house the other detectors collisions, LHCb mimics the conditions for argon collisions have lower multiplicities cannot be treated perturbatively. LHCb is by the 2014 report of the US Particle of the SBN programme: the new 260 tonne secondary production, and has the potential than lead–lead collisions, and are therefore looking forward to exciting measurements Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5). Short-Baseline Near Detector (110 m to help in the interpretation of these exciting easier to analyse. The experiment is able in a variety of beam confi gurations in the The ICARUS detector (being refurbished Top: A neutrino event recorded by the wire from the neutrino production target) and results. to reconstruct lead–lead collisions up to years ahead. at CERN) as far detector, MicroBooNE as planes inside the MicroBooNE detector at the 760 tonne ICARUS detector (600 m) intermediate detector and SBND as near Fermilab. Above: Members of the that took data at the Gran Sasso National detector will compose the SBN project. MicroBooNE collaboration pose in front of Laboratory in Italy from 2009 to 2012. Like A new chapter opens with more Pb–Pb collisions for a Designed to search for sterile neutrinos the Liquid-Argon Test Facility at Fermilab, MicroBooNE (470 m from the target), they and other new physics phenomena in home of the experiment. are both liquid-argon TPCs. precision study of hot and dense QCD matter low-energy neutrino oscillations, the SBN The MicroBooNE collaboration programme aims to confi rm or refute The TPC probes neutrino oscillations by comprises 138 scientists from the hints of a fourth type of neutrino fi rst reconstructing particle tracks as fi nely 28 institutions, while more than After the restart of the LHC 14 A compilation of results on mid-rapidity reported by the LSND collaboration at Los detailed 3D images. When a neutrino 200 scientists from 45 institutions are pp(pp), INEL AA, central charged-particle density for most central collaborating on the SBN programme. physics programme in June ALICE ALICE Alamos National Laboratory, and resolve hits the nucleus of an argon atom, its 2015 with world-record proton– 12 CMS CMS nucleus–nucleus collisions and elementary the origin of a mysterious low-energy collision creates a spray of subatomic The experience and knowledge they proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV, UA5 ATLAS proton–proton and proton(deuteron)– excess of particle events seen by the particles. Tracking and identifying those will gain is relevant for the forthcoming 10 PHOBOS PHOBOS nuclear beams reappeared in PHENIX nucleus collisions. MiniBooNE experiment, which used the particles allows scientists to reveal the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment ISR ∝s0.155(4) the LHC tunnel in November 2015 with /d η ) BRAHMS same short-baseline neutrino beam line at type and properties of the neutrino that (DUNE), which will use four 10,000 tonne ch 8 208 STAR subsequent fi rst collisions between Pb NA50 nucleus reactions is a key observable to Fermilab. produced them. liquid-argon TPCs to examine neutrino (dN pA(dA), NSD ions. With unprecedented centre-of-mass ) 6 ALICE characterise the global properties of the MicroBooNE uses a 10.4 m-long The MicroBooNE time-projection oscillations over a much longer distance 2 pa rt PHOBOS

energy values of 5.02 TeV in the nucleon– (N collision, in particular, whenever the collision liquid-argon time-projection chamber chamber is the largest ever built in the (1300 km) and a much higher and broader 4 nucleon system, collection of these data ∝s0.103(2) energy increases signifi cantly (almost a (TPC) fi lled with 170 tonnes of liquid argon. US and is equipped with 8256 delicate energy range (0.5–10 GeV). marks the beginning of a new chapter in the factor of two with respect to the LHC Run 1). 2 precision study of properties of hot and dense |η| < 0.5 Particle production at collider energies hadronic matter, and the quest to understand originates from the interplay of perturbative Les physiciens des particules du monde entier sont invités à apporter leurs CERN Courier welcomes contributions from the international 0 contributions aux CERN Courier, en français ou en anglais. Les articles retenus particle-physics community. These can be written in English or French, QCD confi nement. 2 3 4 (hard) and non-perturbative (soft) QCD 10 10 10 10 seront publiés dans la langue d’origine. Si vous souhaitez proposer un article, and will be published in the same language. If you have a suggestion for Measurement of the inclusive production √s NN (GeV) processes. Soft scattering processes and of charged hadrons in high-energy nucleus– parton hadronisation dominate the bulk faites part de vos suggestions à la rédaction à l’adresse [email protected]. an article, please send proposals to the editor at [email protected].

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comsol multiphysics ® C OMPILED BY J OHN S WAIN , N ORTHEASTERN U NIVERSITY

application builder NOAA MULTIPHYSICS How do fi sh hide? application Many fi sh have metallic-looking refl ective shown that the fi sh adjust the refl ection to FOR EVERYONE scales due to plates of guanine, and it had take into account the highly variable degree been thought that the mirror-like fi nish of light polarisation in the open ocean, with was all there was to their camoufl age, but optimal camoufl age at angles associated with it turns out that they work more subtly. predator detection and pursuit. The evolution of computational tools for Parrish C Brady of the University of Texas numerical simulation of physics-based at Austin and colleagues studied more than ● Further reading systems has reached a major milestone. 1500 video-polarimetry measurements from P C Brady et al. 2015 Science 350 965. Custom applications are now being developed live fi sh in distinct habitats and under different by simulation specialists using the Application viewing conditions, and the researchers have Fish use light refl ection to hide. Builder in COMSOL Multiphysics®. Worms that heal Eyes in the armour With a local installation of COMSOL Server™, applications can be How the Moon got its tilt deployed within an entire organization and accessed worldwide. A carcinogenic parasitic worm could do Chitons – Acanthopleura granulate – a lot of good one day. Michael J Smout of The origin of the Moon has long been a matter are marine molluscs with hard shells. Make your organization truly benefit from the power of analysis. James Cook University in Queensland, of speculation, with the prevailing idea being Remarkably, they also have up to 1000 eyes, comsol.com/application-builder Australia, and colleagues were looking at the that a Mars-sized planet hit the Earth and each a little smaller than a printed period, oriental liver fl uke Opisthorchis viverrini, ejected the material that formed the Moon. but there had been doubts as to their

© Copyright 2016 COMSOL. COMSOL, COMSOL Multiphysics, Capture the Concept, COMSOL Desktop, COMSOL Server, LiveLink, and Simulation for Everyone are either registered trademarks or trademarks of COMSOL AB. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners, and COMSOL AB and its The trouble is that models suggest that the subsidiaries and products are not affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or supported by those trademark owners. For a list of such trademark owners, see www.comsol.com/trademarks which infects around 10 million people degree of functionality. Christine Ortiz in Thailand and Laos who pick it up from Moon should not be tilted more than about 1° of MIT, US, and colleagues demonstrated eating contaminated raw fi sh. The parasitic from the plane of the Earth’s orbit around the that they can indeed form images and worm can stay in the host’s liver for decades, Sun. It’s actually about 5°, and would have have photosensitive cells below them eating the liver but, it seems, patching it been twice that 4.5 billion years ago. forming a sort of retina. They also up with growth-factor Ov-GRN-1, which Now, Kaveh Pahlevan and Alessandro found that the lenses are made of large Diversified Technologies, Inc. it secretes as it goes along. This keeps the Morbidelli of the Université Côte d’Azur in crystallographically aligned grains of the Delivers First ESS Klystron Modulator host alive until the cumulative damage Nice, France, have pointed out that if there same material that makes up their armour: and infl ammation causes bile-duct cancer, were a direct hit of the kind described, aragonite, a form of calcium carbonate (the resulting in 26,000 deaths per year. The one might expect a lot of near misses with other natural form being calcite). upside is that Ov-GNR-1 accelerates healing signifi cant gravitational interactions. Starting and blood-vessel growth in mice, and holds with an early solar system made of lots of ● Further reading promise for helping the impaired healing of miniplanets between 0.1 and 1 lunar mass (a L Li et al. 2015 Science 350 952. diabetic and elderly patients. Understanding popular model), a 10° tilt or more comes out it may also lead to a vaccine for people who as quite reasonable. The theory would also Cooler distillation have the parasite. explain why we have so many heavy metals such as gold close to the surface (not having A breakthrough in distillation uses light to ● Further reading fallen into the molten core), because smaller heat an ethanol and water mixture far more M J Smout et al. 2015 PLOS Pathogens dx.doi. objects hitting the Earth could deliver them, effi ciently. Naomi J Halas and colleagues at org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005209. so this would solve a second mystery at the Rice University in Houston put gold–silica same time. nanoparticles into the mixture and shone Fröhlich state fi nally seen laser light from above – a sharp break ● Further reading from the usual technique, which heats In 1968, Herbert Fröhlich predicted an K Pahlevan and A Morbidelli 2015 Nature 527 492. from below (which, once it’s been said, analogue of Bose–Einstein condensation in makes one wonder why this wasn’t thought biological macromolecules with a range of of earlier!). Local heating drives off the Pulse into Klystron at IPN Orsay • Modulator Meets Full ESS Specification vibrational frequencies, which could lead to X-ray crystallography shows a non-thermal ethanol preferentially with less heat wasted. 115 kV, 50 A, 14 Hz, 3.5 ms, <0.1% Flattop a macroscopic condensation of energy into change in electron density with a micro- to There’s a nice plus, which is that optical • Expandable to 4 Klystrons the lowest-frequency mode. This would be millisecond thermalisation timescale, distillation avoids getting stuck with an remarkable not only for its appearing in a which can only be explained by Fröhlich azeotropic mixture, which normally limits • <0.1% Flattop with No Flicker biological context, but also for not requiring condensation. This is the fi rst experimental alcohol concentration to 95%, and 99% can • Installed at IPN Orsay in December 2015 ™ low temperatures. Now, Gergely Katona of confi rmation of the effect, and may have be easily achieved. DTI PowerMod the University of Gothenburg in Sweden far-reaching implications for biology. • 2nd Unit Installation at CEA Saclay in February 2016 and colleagues have fi nally shown this ● Further reading Solid-State Pulsed Power Systems condensation in a crystallised egg protein ● Further reading O Neumann et al. 2015 Nano Lett. dx.doi. • Built in Collaboration with Sigma Phi Electronics +1 (781) 275-9444 • www.divtecs.com (lysozyme) subjected to 0.4 THz radiation. I V Lundholm et al. 2015 Struct. Dyn. 2 054702. org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02804.

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C OMPILED BY M ARC TÜRLER , ISDC AND O BSERVATORY OF THE U NIVERSITY OF G ENEVA , AND CHIPP, U NIVERSITY OF Z URICH TURBOLAB Nearby supernova accounts for cosmic-ray ‘anomalies’

The observed spectrum of cosmic rays has This false-colour several puzzling features. For instance, image by the the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) Hubble Space measured an excess of positrons and Telescope shows a antiprotons at around 100 GeV. While it is small section of tantalising to interpret such discrepancies as the Veil Nebula, a dark-matter signatures, a new study shows part of the Cygnus that they could simply be due to the injection Loop supernova NASA, ESA, Hubble Heritage Team of cosmic rays by a nearby supernova, which remanent. exploded two-million years ago. Compared with The composition and spectral properties of the supernova cosmic rays are studied with unprecedented described here, it accuracy by the AMS-02 experiment (CERN exploded only Courier October 2013 p23). Mounted on the some 8000 years International Space Station since May 2011, ago, but at a it has already detected and characterised greater distance of close to 100 thousand million cosmic 2100 light-years. rays from outer space. This wealth of data constrains extremely precisely the spectral properties of electrons, positrons, protons University of Science and Technology in good chance that one has indeed exploded and antiprotons, as well as of helium and Trondheim, the team demonstrates in a at the inferred distance from the Sun during heavier nuclei. recent paper that this is a valid explanation. the last few-million years. Interestingly, Rather than disproving earlier results The researchers get a good match with the independent evidence for such a nearby 43 ©BICOM_13156.01 0.12.2015 by the Payload for Antimatter Matter observations for a source injecting ~10 J supernova explosion was already derived Exploration and Light nuclei Astrophysics in cosmic rays with energies up to at least from a deposition of the iron isotope 60Fe in a (PAMELA) (CERN Courier September 30 TeV. The researchers derive this by million-year-old layer of the ocean crust. 2011 p34), the AMS measurements confi rm using a code that follows the trajectories of The authors suggest further possible tests several cosmic-ray “anomalies”. Indeed, individual cosmic rays through the galactic of the nearby supernova interpretation, such SMALL ● POWERFUL ● SMART ● PLUG & PLAY the observations do not follow the expected magnetic fi eld (GMF) after an instantaneous as the measure of the Beryllium isotopic trend for galactic cosmic rays. The main injection. ratio 10Be/9Be, because 10Be has a radioactive differences are a softer spectral slope of They further obtain that the supernova lifetime of about one-million years. If the TURBOLAB are plug-and-play high vacuum pump systems based on well-proven components. protons as compared with heavier nuclei in should have been roughly aligned with idea withstands further data from AMS-02, Different configurations cover individual vacuum demands. the TeV–PeV energy range, and an excess of the local GMF direction at a distance of this would rule out the hopes that the cosmic positrons and antiprotons above ~30 GeV. several-hundred light-years and must have ray “anomalies” would be a signature TURBOLAB systems come completely preassembled with turbomolecular pump, backing pump and the According to a small group of exploded about two-million years ago. A of something more fundamental, like innovative TPU display power unit. The basic TURBOLAB can be upgraded with up to six accessories and astrophysicists, these puzzling discrepancies rough estimate based on the size of the Milky dark-matter annihilation or decay. two gauges. could simply be due to an additional source Way and the rate of about two supernovas of cosmic rays from a nearby supernova. Led per century (CERN Courier January/ ● Further reading Highlights by Michael Kachelrieß from the Norwegian February 2006 p10), shows that there is a M Kachelrieß et al. 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 181103. ■ Enhanced pump performance ■ Compact & mobile Picture of the month ■ Benchmark design, reliability and functionality This gently smiling cosmic face was released in November 2015 to celebrate ■ Easy to relocate pumps out and away from the frame the 100th anniversary of Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity. It ■ Backlight display of the TPU display power unit is a composite image of a cluster of galaxies seen in visible light by the .; Optical: NASA/STScI ■ Integrated data logger and web server for control, monitoring and confi guration Hubble Space Telescope and in X-rays (purple) by NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory. The cluster has been nicknamed the “Cheshire Cat” because of ■ Covering a wide range of applications with a full range of high vacuum and dry or wet forevacuum pumps its resemblance to a smiling feline. Some of the arched features are actually distant galaxies whose light has been stretched and bent via the distortion of Oerlikon Leybold Vacuum GmbH space–time by the cluster’s mass, which is mostly in the form of dark matter. Bonner Strasse 498 This so-called strong-gravitational-lensing effect was predicted by Einstein, D-50968 Köln but he thought it would never be observable. Astronomers estimate that the T +49 (0)221 347-0 two “eyes” of the cat will merge in about one-billion years, leaving one giant F +49 (0)221 347-1250 elliptical galaxy at the centre. The cat will then become a smiling Cyclops. X-ray: NASA/CXC/UA/J Irwin et al [email protected] www.oerlikon.com/leyboldvacuum

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Anz_TURBOLAB_EN_213x282.indd 1 10.12.15 15:12 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier January/February 2016 CERN Courier January/February 2016 Medical physics Medical physics Networking against cancer with ENLIGHT

Hadrontherapy uses beams of protons and Challenges ahead Emerging topics in all forms of radiation therapy are the collection, other ions to treat cancer. This cutting-edge transfer and sharing of medical data, and the implementation of big data-analytics tools to inspect them. These tools will be crucial technology is the epitome of a multidisciplinary in implementing decision support systems, allowing treatment to and transnational venture. be tailored to each individual patient. The fl ow of information in healthcare, and in particular in radiation therapy, is overwhelming not only in terms of data volume but also in terms of the diver- sity of data types involved. Indeed, experts need to analyse patient Manuela Cirilli, CERN, and Manjit Dosanjh, ENLIGHT co-ordinator. and tumour data, as well as complex physical dose arrays, and to correlate these with clinical outcomes that also have genetic Since the establishment of the first hospital-based proton- determinants. treatment centres in the 1990s, hadrontherapy has continued to Hadrontherapy is facing a dilemma when it comes to designing progress in Europe and worldwide. In particular, during the last clinical trials. In fact, from a clinical standpoint, the ever increas- decade there has been exponential growth in the number of facili- ing number of hadrontherapy patients would allow randomised ties, accompanied by a rapid increment in the number of patients trials to be performed – that is, systematic clinical studies in which treated, an expanded list of medical indications, and increasing patients are treated with comparative methods to determine which interest in other types of ions, especially carbon. Harnessing the is the most effective curative protocol. full potential of hadrontherapy requires the expertise and ability of However, several considerations add layers of complexity to physicists, physicians, radiobiologists, engineers, and information- the clinical-trials landscape: the need to compare standard pho- technology experts, as well as collaboration between academic, ton radiotherapy not only with protons but also with carbon ions; research and industrial partners. Thirteen years ago, the necessity the positive results of hadrontherapy treatments for main indica- to catalyse efforts and co-operation among these disciplines led to tions; and the non-negligible fact that most of the patients who the establishment of the European Network for Light Ion Hadron- contact a hadrontherapy centre are well informed about the tech- therapy (ENLIGHT). Its recent annual meeting, held in Cracow nique, and will not accept being treated with conventional radio- in September, offered an ample overview of the current status and therapy. Nevertheless, progress on clinical trials is being made. challenges of hadrontherapy, as well as stimulating discussion on At the ENLIGHT meeting in Cracow, the two dual-ion (proton the future organisation of the community. and carbon) centres in Europe – HIT, in Heidelberg (Germany) and CNAO, in Pavia (Italy) – presented patient numbers and dose- Networking is key distribution studies carried out at their facilities. The data were ENLIGHT was launched in 2002 (CERN Courier May 2002 p29) collected mainly in cohort studies carried out within a single insti- with an ambitious, visionary and multifaceted plan to steer European tution, and the results often highlighted the need for larger statistics research effor ts in using ion beams for radiation therapy. ENLIGHT and a unifi ed database. More data from patients treated with carbon was envisaged not only as a common multidisciplinary platform, ions will soon become available, with the opening in 2016 of the where participants could share knowledge and best practice, but MedAustron hadrontherapy centre in Wiener Neustadt (Austria). also as a provider of training and education, and as an instrument to Clinical trials are also a major focus outside of Europe: in the US, lobby for funding in critical research and innovation areas. During several randomised and non-randomised trials have been set up to the years, the network has evolved, adapting its structure and goals to compare protons with photons, and to investigate either the sur- emerging scientifi c needs CERN( Courier June 2006 p27). vival improvement (for glioblastoma, non-small cell lung cancer, The annual ENLIGHT meeting has always played a defi ning role hepatocellular carcinoma, and oesophageal cancer) or the decrease in this evolutionary process. This year, new and long-time mem- of adverse effects (low-grade glioma, oropharyngeal cancer, naso- bers were challenged to an open discussion on the future of the pharyngeal cancer, prostate cancer and post-mastectomy radio- network, after a day and a half of inspiring talks on various aspects therapy in breast cancer). Recently, the National Cancer Institute in ▲ The fi rst, and currently unique, 360° rotating carbon-ion beam-delivery system installed at HIT (Germany). of hadrontherapy. the US funded a trial comparing conventional radiation therapy Image credit: HIT. 16 17

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ENLIGHT members attending the annual meeting in Cracow. Simulation of hadron dose deposition in human tissue. The accelerator complex in MedAustron (Austria).

images. The time-of-flight (TOF) technique is often used to efforts will continue on quality assurance through imaging ICTR-PHE improve the image-reconstruction process. An innovative con- and on the design of compact accelerators and gantries for ions cept, called a J-PET scanner, detects back-to-back photons in heavier than protons. Information technologies will take centre The third edition of the International Conference on Translational Research plastic scintillators, and applies compressive sensing theory to stage, because data sharing, data analytics, and decision support in Radio-Oncology | Physics for Health in Europe will be held in Geneva obtain a better signal normalisation, and therefore improve the systems will be key topics. from 15 to 19 February. This unique conference gathers scientists TOF resolution. Training will be a major focus in the coming years, as the grow- from a variety of fi elds, including detector physicists, radiochemists, A subject of broad and current interest within the hadronther- ing number of facilities require more and more trained personnel: nuclear-medicine physicians and other physicists, biologists, software apy community is radiobiology. There has been great progress in the aim will be to train professionals who are highly skilled in their developers, accelerator experts and oncologists. the comprehension of molecular tumour response to irradiation speciality but at the same time are familiar with the multidiscipli- ICTR-PHE is a biennial event, co-organised by CERN, where the with both ions and photons, and of the biological consequences of nary aspects of hadrontherapy. main aim is to foster multidisciplinary research by positioning itself the complex, less repairable DNA damage caused specifi cally by Over the years, the ENLIGHT community has shown a remark- at the intersection of physics, medicine and biology. At ICTR-PHE, ions. Understanding the cell signalling mechanisms affected by able ability to reinvent itself, while maintaining its cornerstones physicists, engineers and computer scientists share their knowledge and hadrontherapy will lead to improvements in therapeutic effi cacy. of multidisciplinarity, integration, openness, and attention to technologies, while doctors and biologists present their needs and vision A particularly thorny issue is the relative biological effective- future generations. The new list of priorities will allow the net- for the medical tools of the future, therefore triggering breakthrough ideas ness (RBE) of protons and carbon with respect to photons. More work to tackle the latest challenges of a frontier discipline such as and technological developments in specifi c areas. extensive and systematic radiobiology studies with different hadrontherapy in the most effective way. The high standards set by the ICTR-PHE conferences have garnered not ions, under standardised dosimetry and laboratory conditions, only an impressive scientifi c community, but also ever-increasing interest are needed to clarify this and other open issues: these could Résumé and participation from industry. ICTR-PHE 2016 is also an opportunity for be carried out at existing and future beamlines at HIT, CNAO ENLIGHT : un réseau pour lutter contre le cancer companies to exhibit their products and services at the technical exhibition and MedAustron, as well as at the proposed CERN OpenMED included in the programme. facility. L’hadronthérapie utilise des faisceaux de protons ou d’autres ions pour traiter le cancer. Cette technologie de pointe est le fruit The future of ENLIGHT d’une aventure multidisciplinaire et transnationale. Il y a treize and carbon ions for pancreatic cancer. Since the annual meeting in Summer 2014, the ENLIGHT com- ans, la nécessité de stimuler les travaux à la frontière entre ces Besides clinical trials, personalised treatments are holding munity has started to discuss the future of the network, both in disciplines a mené à la création du Réseau européen de recherche centre stage in the scientifi c debate on hadrontherapy. Technol- terms of structure and scientifi c priorities. It is clear that the focus sur l’hadronthérapie par les ions légers (ENLIGHT). Lors de la ogy is not dormant: developments are crucial to reduce the costs, of R&D for hadrontherapy has shifted since the birth of ENLIGHT, récente réunion annuelle du réseau, les participants ont évoqué la to provide treatments tailored to each specifi c case, and to reach if only for the simple reason that the number of clinical centres future organisation de la communauté et défi ni une nouvelle liste the necessary level of sophistication in beam delivery to treat (in particular for protons) has dramatically increased. Also, while de priorités en vue de relever les nouveaux défi s. One of the treatment rooms at CNAO (Italy). complex cases such as tumours inside, or close to, moving organs. technology developments are still needed to ensure optimal and In this context, imaging is key. Today, it is becoming obvious more cost-effective treatment, proton therapy is now solidly in the that the optimal imaging tool will necessarily have to combine hands of industry. The advent of single-room facilities will bring different imaging modalities, for example PET and prompt pho- proton therapy, albeit with some restrictions, to smaller hospitals tons. PET is of course a mainstay for dose imaging, but a well- and clinical centres. known issue in its application to in-beam real-time monitoring From a clinical standpoint, the major challenge for ENLIGHT for hadrontherapy comes from having to allow room for the beam in the coming years will be to catalyse collaborative efforts in nozzle: partial-ring PET scanners cannot provide full angular defi ning a road map for randomised trials and in studying the sampling, therefore introducing artefacts in the reconstructed issue of RBE in detail. Concerning technology developments,

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The recently inaugurated XENON1T detector is 10–39 DAMA/Na XENON1T sensitivity in 2 t⋅y expected limit (90% CL) –40 DAMA/I 10 CDMS-Si (2013) ± 1␴ expected

designed to be the most sensitive experiment )

2 ␴ 10–41 ±2 expected XENON10 (2013) for the direct search of WIMPs. 10–42 SuperCDMS (2014) PandaX (2014) –43 10 XENON100 (2012) 10–44 CDMS+EDELWEISS (2011) LUX (2013) XENON Collaboration. 10–45 ⋅y) 10–46 XENON1T (2 t In recent years, evidence for the existence of dark matter from 10–47 astrophysical observations has become indisputable. Although ⋅y) the nature of dark matter remains unknown, many theoretically WIMP-nucleon cross-section (cm 10–48 XENONnT (20 t motivated candidates have been proposed. Among them, the most 10–49 Billard et al., neutrino-discovery limit (2013) popular ones are Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) 6 10 20 30 100 200 1000 2000 10 000 with predicted masses in the range from a few GeV/c2 to TeV/c2 and WIMP mass (GeV/c2) with interaction strengths roughly on the weak scale. WIMPs are being searched for using three complementary tech- Fig. 2. Predicted sensitivity of XENON1T including all known niques: indirectly, by detecting the secondary products of WIMP backgrounds. Results of other experiments are also shown. annihilation or decay in celestial bodies; by producing WIMPs at colliders, foremost the LHC; and by direct detection, by measuring modulations, which exclude WIMP–electron scattering that could the energy of recoiling nuclei produced by collisions with WIMPs have provided a dark-matter explanation of the signal observed by in low-background detectors. DAMA/LIBRA (CERN Courier November 2015 p10). On 11 November 2015, the most sensitive detector for the direct detection of WIMPs, XENON1T, was inaugurated at the Italian Low background is key Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) – the largest under- The new XENON1T detector has an estimated sensitivity that is ground laboratory in the world. XENON1T, led by Elena Aprile a factor of 100 better than XENON100. This will be reached after of Columbia University, was built and is operated by a collabora- about two years of data taking. With only one week of data-taking, tion of 21 research groups from France, Germany, Italy, Israel, the XENON1T will be able to reach the current LUX limit, opening up Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Arabic a new phase in the search for dark matter in early 2016. Emirates and the US. In total, about 130 physicists are involved. The XENON detectors are dual-phase time-projection chambers XENON1T is the current culmination of the XENON pro- (TPCs) fi lled with liquid xenon (LXe) as the target material. Interac- gramme of dark matter direct-detection experiments. Starting with tions of particles in the liquefi ed xenon give rise to prompt scintilla- the 25 kg XENON10 detector about 10 years ago, the second phase tion light and ionisation. The ionised electrons are drifted in a strong of the experiment, XENON100 (CERN Courier October 2013 p13) electric fi eld and extracted into the gas above the liquid where a sec- with 161 kg, has been tremendously successful: in the summer of ondary scintillation signal is produced. Both scintillation signals are 2012, the XENON collaboration published results from a search read out by arrays of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) placed above and for spin-independent WIMP–nucleon interactions that provided below the target volume. The position of the interaction vertex can be the most stringent constraints on WIMP dark matter, until super- reconstructed in 3D by using the hit pattern on the upper PMT array seded by the LUX experiment (CERN Courier December 2013 p8) and the time delay between the prompt and secondary scintillation with a larger target. signal. The position reconstruction facilitates self-shielding by only XENON100 has since then also provided a series of other impor- selecting events that interact with the inner “fi ducial” volume of the tant results, such as constraints on the spin-dependent WIMP detector. Because of their small cross-section, WIMPs will interact nucleon cross-section, constraints on solar axions and galactic only once in the detector, so the background (e.g. from neutrons) can ▲ Fig. 1. Members of the XENON1T collaboration at LNGS during the assembly of the TPC. axion-like particles and, more recently, searches for annual rate be reduced further by selecting single-scatter interactions. Beta All image credits: XENON Collaboration. 20 21

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The LHC has fi nished 2015 with a successful heavy-ion run. For the fi rst time, the lead nuclei have collided with an average centre-of-mass All image credits: CERN energy per pair of nucleons of 5.02 TeV. Fig. 3. The XENON1T detector. Left: The water Cherenkov veto with cladding, showing the cryostat and its support structure inside. Right: the service building with cryogenics, purifi cation, storage and recovery systems, as well data acquisition and slow control.

and gamma backgrounds are reduced by selecting events with a ratio The best scenario John Jowett, CERN. of secondary-to-prompt signal that is typical for nuclear recoils. After about two years of data taking, XENON1T will be able The XENON1T detector is fi lled with about 3.5 tonnes of liquid to probe spin-independent WIMP–nucleon cross-sections of The extensive modifi cations made to the LHC during its fi rst xenon in total. Its TPC – 1 m high and 1 m in diameter in a cylin- 1.6 × 10 –47 cm2 (at a WIMP mass of 50 GeV/c2), see fi gure 2. In long shutdown allowed the energy of the proton beams to be drical shape, laterally defi ned by highly refl ective Tefl on – is the popular scenarios involving supersymmetry, XENON1T will increased from 4 TeV in 2012 to 6.5 TeV, enabling proton–pro- largest liquid-xenon TPC ever built. Specially designed copper fi eld- either discover WIMPs or will exclude most of the theoretically ton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, in 2015. shaping electrodes ensure the uniformity of the drift fi eld for the relevant parameter space. Following the inauguration, the fi rst As usual, a one-month heavy-ion run was scheduled at the end One of the fi rst events recorded by the ALICE experiment during desired fi eld strength of 1 kV/cm. The TPC’s active volume contains physics run is envisaged to start early this year. of the year. With lead nuclei colliding, the same fi elds in the the 2015 LHC run with heavy ions. 2 tonnes of LXe viewed by two arrays of 3 inch PMTs – 121 at the Most of the infrastructure, for example the outer cryostat, LHC’s bending magnets would have allowed 5.13 TeV per col- bottom immersed in LXe and 127 on the top in the gaseous phase. the Cherenkov muon veto, the xenon cryogenics, the purifi ca- liding nucleon pair. However, it was decided to forego the last different operational conditions after the November technical The xenon gas is liquefi ed and kept at a temperature of about –95° C tion and storage systems and the data-acquisition system, has whisker of this increase to match the equivalent energy of the stop resembled a temporal jigsaw puzzle, with alternating phases by a system of pulse-tube refrigerators. The xenon gas is stored and been dimensioned for a larger experiment, named XENONnT, proton–lead collisions that took place in 2013, namely 5.02 TeV. of proton and heavy-ion set-up (the latter using proton beams at can be recovered in liquid phase in a custom-designed stainless-steel which is designed to contain more than 7 tonnes of LXe. A new Furthermore, the fi rst week of the run was devoted to colliding fi rst) continually readapted to the manifold constraints imposed sphere that can hold up to 7.6 tonnes of xenon in high-purity condi- TPC, about 40% larger in diameter and height and equipped with protons at 2.51 TeV per beam. This will allow the LHC experi- by other activities in the injector complex, the strictures of tions. Figure 3 shows the XENON1T detector and service building about 400 PMTs, will replace the XENON1T TPC. The goal for ments to make precise comparisons of three different combina- machine protection, and the unexpected. For Pb–Pb operation, situated in Hall B at LNGS. Figure 1 shows XENON collaborators XENONnT is to achieve another order of magnitude improve- tions of colliding particles, p–p, p–Pb and Pb–Pb, at the same a new heavy-ion magnetic cycle was implemented in the LHC, active in assembling the TPC in a clean room above ground at LNGS. ment in sensitivity within a few years of data taking. XENONnT effective energy of 5.02 TeV. This is crucial to disentangling including a squeeze to β* = 0.8 m, together with manipulations of The expected WIMP–nucleon interaction rate is less than is scheduled to start data taking in 2018. the ascending complexity of the observed phenomena (CERN the crossing angle and interaction-point position at the ALICE 10 events in 1 tonne of xenon per year. Background rejection is ● For further details, see www.xenon1t.org/. Courier March 2014 p17). experiment. First test collisions occurred early in the morning of therefore the key to success for direct-detection experiments. The fi rst (and last, until 2018) Pb–Pb operation close to the full 17 November, some 10 hours after fi rst injection of lead. Externally induced backgrounds can be minimised by exploit- Résumé energy of the LHC was also the opportunity to fi nally assess some The new Pb–Pb energy was almost twice that of the previ- ing the self-shielding capabilities. In addition, the detector is XENON ouvre une nouvelle ère pour les recherches sur la matière of its ultimate performance limits as a heavy-ion collider. A care- ous Pb–Pb run in 2011, and some 25 times that of RHIC at surrounded by a cylindrical water vessel 10 m high and 9.6 m in noire fully targeted set of accelerator-physics studies also had to be Brookhaven, extending the study of the quark–gluon plasma diameter. It is equipped with PMTs to tag muons that could induce scheduled within the tight time frame. to still-higher energy density neutrons, with an effi ciency of 99.9%. Le détecteur XENON1T est conçu pour être l’expérience la and temperature. Although the For a detector the size of XENON1T, radioactive impurities in the plus sensible pour la recherche directe des particules WIMP. Delivering luminosity energy per colliding nucleon detector materials and the xenon itself become the biggest challenge Après environ deux ans de prise de données, XENON1T sera The chain of specialised heavy-ion injectors, comprising the The new Pb–Pb pair characterises the physical for background reduction. Extensive radiation-screening campaigns, en mesure d’explorer les sections effi caces d’interactions electron cyclotron resonance ion source, Linac3 and the LEIR energy was almost processes, it is worth noting using some of the world’s most sensitive germanium detectors, have WIMP-nucléon de 1,6 × 10 –47 cm2 (à une masse de WIMP de ring, with its elaborate bunch-forming and cooling, were twice that of the that the total energy packed been conducted, and high-purity PMTs have been specially devel- 50 GeV/c2). Dans les scénarios les plus souvent retenus, qui font recommissioned to provide intense and dense lead bunches in into a volume on the few-fm oped by Hamamatsu in co-operation with the collaboration. Con- entrer en jeu la supersymétrie, XENON1T sera amené, soit à the weeks preceding the run. Through a series of elaborate RF previous Pb–Pb run scale exceeded 1 PeV for the tamination of the xenon by radioactive radon (mainly 222Rn) and découvrir des WIMP, soit à exclure l’essentiel de l’espace de gymnastics, the PS and SPS assemble these into 24-bunch trains in 2011. fi rst time in the laboratory. krypton (85Kr), which dominate the target-intrinsic background, led paramètres pertinent du point de vue de la théorie. À la suite de for injection into the LHC. The beam intensity delivered by the After the successful collec- to the development of cryogenic-distillation techniques to suppress l’inauguration, la première exploitation pour la physique est injectors is a crucial determinant of the luminosity of the collider. tion of the required number of ▲ the abundance of these isotopes to unprecedented low levels. attendue pour début 2016. Planning for the recommissioning of the LHC to run in two p–p reference collisions, the

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from the spray of a few watts of “luminosity debris” by hadronic interactions. Rather, the removed nuclei are slightly modifi ed in PET project takes flight charge and/or mass, and emerge as new, well-focussed, second- ary beams. These travel along the interaction region just like the main beam but, as soon as they encounter the bending magnets of the dispersion-suppressor section, their trajectories deviate, as in a spectrometer. The largest contribution to the burn-off cross-section comes from the so-called bound-free pair-production (BFPP) in which the colliding photons create electron–positron pairs with the Beam-loss monitor signals (on a logarithmic scale) around the electron in a bound-state of one nucleus. A beam of these one- whole LHC ring while Pb beams collide. Large peaks due to the electron ions, carrying a power of some tens of watts, emerges BFPP process can be seen on each side of the experiments. from the interaction point and is eventually lost on the outer side Further peaks due to beam cleaning in the collimation insertions of the beam pipe. Mini-PET beamline assembled on its vacuum tube (stand for display purposes only) IR7 and IR3 are also clearly visible. Controlled quench Mini-PET is a compact beamline for positron the Integration and Test area the coils, poles and Pb–Pb confi guration was validated through an extensive series The LHC operators have become used to holding their breath as emission tomography (PET) radioisotope yokes were assembled and aligned before making of aperture measurements and collimation-loss maps. Only then the BFPP loss peaks on the beam-loss monitors rise towards the production collaboratively designed and built by power, coolant and sensor connections. The could “stable beams” for physics be declared at 10.59 a.m. on threshold for dumping the beams (fi gure). There has long been a Buckley Systems and Dehnel Particle Accelerator electromagnet was then electrically, magnetically 25 November, and spectacular event displays started to fl ow from concern that the energy deposited into superconducting magnet Components and Engineering (D-Pace). The Mini- and mechanically tested in Buckley Systems’ calibrated, temperature controlled test laboratory. the experiments. coils may cause them to quench, bringing the run to an immedi- PET system allows the radioisotope target to be moved away from the proton cyclotron, facilitating Magnetic 3D hall probe scans and rotating coil results In the next few days, the number of colliding bunches in each ate halt and imposing a limit on luminosity. In line with recent Magnetostatic and charged particle beam the use of local shielding to reduce prompt analysis of the Mini-PET system were cross referenced with FEA models to ensure that beam was stepped up to the anticipated value of 426 and the inten- re-evaluations of the magnet-quench limits, this did not happen gammas and neutrons. More importantly this the system met specification. attenuates residual target radiation, minimising sity delivered by the injectors was boosted to its highest-ever during physics operation in 2015 but may happen in future opera- Once engineering drawings were finalised Buckley The finished electromagnet was then coupled to its ionizing radiation exposure to research and values. The LHC passed a historic milestone by exceeding the tion at still-higher luminosity. During this run, mitigation strat- Systems set to work on the manufacture of the cleaned and sealed vacuum chamber before being maintenance staff. In addition, dynamic focusing luminosity of 1027 cm–2 s–1, the value adver tised in its offi cial design egies to move the losses out of the magnets were successfully beamline. With over 300 staff, quality materials and carefully packed to ensure the system was delivered and steering provide increased control of the fully equipped machine, coil and integration shops, in perfect condition. A document package which report in 2004. implemented. Later, in a special experiment, one of these bumps proton beam, greatly improving radioisotope manufacturing particle accelerator systems is where draws together travellers, check sheets, test data and This allowed the ALICE experiment to run in its long-awaited was removed and the luminosity slowly increased. This led to production rates. A brief description of the Mini- Buckley Systems excels. instruction manuals accompanies every shipment. saturated mode with the luminosity levelled at this value for the the fi rst controlled steady-state quench of an LHC dipole mag- PET design and manufacture process is presented fi rst few hours of each fi ll. net with beam, providing long-sought data on their propensity to in this article. Magnet yoke halves and poles were individually Another plus is that due to the light weight of the machined from solid 1006 low carbon steel to packaged system the Mini-PET beamline can be air Soon afterwards, an unexpected bonus came from the SPS injec- quench. On the last night of the run, another magnet quench was Over 30 years Buckley Systems has garnered a tolerances as low as 30µm using one of thirty CNC freighted anywhere in the world within a week, wealth of experience crafting particle accelerator tion team, who pulled off the feat of shortening the rise time of the deliberately induced by exciting the beam to create losses on the machines at the machine shop’s disposal. Where ensuring the system is up and running in the shortest systems to the highest standards for the semi SPS injection kicker array, fi rst to 175 ns then to 150 ns, allowing 474, primary collimators. tighter tolerances are required the entire assembly is possible time. conductor, medical and research sectors. D-Pace then 518, bunches to be stored in the LHC. The ATLAS and CMS Photonuclear interactions also occur at comparable rates in the EDM wire cut. This effectively keeps parts tolerance specialises in beamline design, ion sources and beam stacking to an absolute minimum. Buckley Systems and D-Pace stand by their products experiments were able to benefi t from luminosities over three times collisions and in the interactions with the graphite of the LHC diagnostic systems for the medical cyclotron, ion and are happy to help with the commissioning 207 the design value. A small fraction of the luminosity in this run was collimator jaws. Nuclei of Pb, created by the electromagnetic implantation and linear accelerator industries. The The coil assembly consists of a water cooled process as well as guaranteeing the quality of delivered to the LHCb experiment, a newcomer to Pb–Pb collisions. dissociation of a neutron from the original 208Pb at the primary two companies have a long and successful history of aluminium plate sandwiched between the workmanship and materials that go into each and collimators, were identifi ed as a source of background after tra- working together to provide innovative, effective quadrupole and steering coils. Quadrupole coils were every system. Nuclear beam physics versing more than a quarter of the ring to the tertiary collimators solutions so when D-Pace started the design process of the copper strip/ mylar insulated variety for high for a highly integrated, light weight, high acceptance, current densities while the low power steering coils Further information on the Mini-PET beamline can The electromagnetic fields surrounding highly charged near ALICE. low-activation beamline for PET cyclotrons they again were wound from enamelled solid wire. All coil be found at ultrarelativistic nuclei are strongly Lorentz-contracted into These, and other phenomena peculiar to heavy-ion operation, teamed up with Buckley Systems. components including electrical links, terminals and http://www.d-pace.com/products_MiniPet.html thermal sensor mounts were epoxy vacuum a flat “pancake”. According to the original insight of Fermi, must be tackled in the quest for still-higher performance in future The short, one meter long Mini-PET beamline consists Buckley Systems impregnated in a full mould. The result; a compact, Weizsäcker and Williams, these fi elds can be represented as a years. of an electromagnetic quadrupole doublet with 6 Bowden Rd, Mt Wellington, Auckland 1060, robust, well cooled, integrated coil. fl ash of quasi-real photons. At LHC energies, their spectrum integrated horizontal and vertical steering, mounted New Zealand extends up to hundreds of GeV. In a very real sense, the LHC is Résumé on a rigid aluminium vacuum tube that both fully Using 6061 aluminium alloy for its low residual Ph: +64 9 573 2200 Email: [email protected] a photon–photon and photon–nucleus collider (CERN Courier Le LHC dépasse la luminosité nominale pour les ions lourds supports and aligns the magnetic elements. radioactivity, low gas permeability, low magnetic susceptibility and easy machining properties, Web: www.buckleysystems.com Initial design of the beam optics was carried out by November 2012 p9). The study of such ultraperipheral (or “near- Buckley Systems shaped the individual vacuum tube D-Pace using Beamline Simulator and input D-Pace miss”) interactions, in which the two nuclei do not overlap, is an Le LHC a terminé l’année 2015 par une exploitation avec des components and seamlessly fused them together. parameters from both PMB-Alcen ISOTRACE™ and Suite 305, 625 Front Street, Nelson, important subfi eld of the LHC experimental programme, along- ions lourds. Pour la première fois, la moyenne de l’énergie dans The end product was a high acceptance cross shaped IBA Cyclone 18 cyclotrons. The mechanical design British Columbia, Canada V1L4B6 vacuum tube that served not only to hold high side its main focus on the study of truly nuclear collisions. le centre de masse obtenue lors des collisions de noyaux de plomb and magnetic optimization of the quadrupole doublet Ph: 1 250 352 5162 vacuum but also to align all eight poles, support the From the point of view of accelerator physics, the a atteint 5,02 TeV par paire de nucléons. Cette énergie, inédite were performed in an iterative fashion. Design Email: [email protected], Web: www.d-pace.com system via its flange ends and to facilitate pour les collisions plomb-plomb, est presque deux fois supérieure changes made at D-Pace could be quickly assessed ultraperipheral interactions with their much higher cross-sec- longitudinal movement of the magnetic elements magnetically and ion-optically by Buckley Systems tions loom still larger in importance. They dominate the lumi- à celle de l’exploitation plomb-plomb précédente, en 2011, et relative to the target for tuning purposes. nosity “burn-off”, or rate at which particles are removed from représente quelque 25 fois celle atteinte au RHIC, à Brookhaven ; using OPERA 3D. In this way the mass of the beamline was minimized while avoiding magnetic saturation. All parts were thoroughly dimensionally checked colliding beams, leading to short beam and luminosity lifetimes. cette prouesse permet d’élargir l’étude du plasma quarks-gluons à Weighing in at just 54kg, the assembly can simply be using co-ordinate measuring machines before plating Furthermore, they do so in a way that is qualitatively different des densités et des températures encore plus élevées. mounted to upstream and downstream flange the pole surfaces with a durable layer of nickel for elements with no need for extra supports or stands. corrosion protection and painting the yoke. Once in 24

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from the theoretical predictions will be indirect evidence for a 1000

ATLAS ␴ new type of physics. ATLAS simulation preliminary bkg = 30% In parallel, the direct search for physics beyond the Standard ∫ L dt = 3000 fb–1, μ = 140, 95% CL exclusion 800 √s = 14 TeV –1 ATLAS and CMS upgrade ∫ L dt = 3000 fb , μ = 140, 5␴ discovery Model will continue. The theory of supersymmetry (SUSY) –1 3-lepton channel ∫ L dt = 300 fb , μ = 60, 95% CL exclusion introduces a heavy partner for each ordinary particle. This is very χ∼± χ∼0 → w± χ∼∼0 z χ0 L dt = 300 fb–1, μ = 60, 5␴ discovery 600 1 2 1 1 ∫ attractive in that it solves the problem of how the Higgs boson can 8 TeV, L dt = 20.3 fb–1, 95% CL exclusion ∫ m∼± = m∼ 0 z (GeV) 0 0 1 χ χ remain relatively light, with a mass of 125 GeV, despite its inter- 1 2 ∼ ∼ χ χ 1 0 – m m m ∼ proceeds to the next stage actions with heavy particles; in particular, SUSY can cancel the 400 0 m χ 2 ∼ χ 1 0 < m ∼ large corrections to the Higgs mass from the 173 GeV top quark. m χ 2 According to SUSY, the contributions from ordinary particles are 200 cancelled by the contributions from the supersymmetric partners. The presence of the lightest SUSY particle can also explain the 0

CMS –1 –1 dark matter in the universe. Figure 2 compares the results achiev- The High-Luminosity LHC project will 19.7 fb (8 TeV) + 5.1 fb (7 TeV) 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 able at the LHC and HL-LHC in a search for electroweak SUSY ± mχ∼ = mχ∼ 0 (GeV) bring unprecedented collision rates to CMS particles. Electroweak SUSY production has a relatively low rate, 1 2 t and benefi ts from the factor 10 increase in luminosity. Particles Fig. 2. The extension in discovery potential and search reach 1 68% CL the experiments, but with some technical Z decaying via a W boson and a Z boson give fi nal states with three from the LHC to the HL-LHC for direct pair production of a W challenges. 95% CL leptons and missing transverse momentum. chargino and a neutralino. SM Higgs Other “exotic” models will also be accessible, including those 10–1 that introduce extra dimensions to explain why gravity is so weak granularity will be increased by about a factor of fi ve to produce Didier Contardo, CMS experiment, and Pippa Wells, ATLAS experiment. 1/2 compared with the other fundamental forces. a similar level of occupancies as with the current detectors and /2v) v b If a signal for new particles or new interactions begins to emerge operating conditions. With reduced pixel sizes and strip pitches, τ At the end of the third operational period in 2023, the LHC will –2 – and this might happen in the second ongoing period of the LHC the detector resolution will be improved. New thinner sensor or (g f 10 have delivered 300 fb–1, and the fi nal focussing magnets, installed λ operation, which is running at higher energy compared with the techniques and deeper submicron technologies for the front-end at the collision points at each of four interaction regions in the fi rst period – the experiments will have to be able to measure them read-out chips will be used to sustain the high radiation doses. LHC, will need to be replaced. By redesigning these magnets µ precisely at the HL-LHC to distinguish between different theoreti- And to further improve the measurements, the quantity and –3 (M, ε) fit and improving the beam optics, the luminosity can be greatly 10 cal explanations. mass of the materials will be substantially reduced by employ- increased. The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project aims to 68% CL ing lighter mechanical structures and materials, as well as new deliver 10 times the original design integrated luminosity (number 95% CL Experimental challenges techniques for the cooling and powering schemes. The forward of collisions) of the LHC (CERN Courier December 2015 p7). This 10–4 To achieve the physics goals, ATLAS and CMS must continue to regions of the experiments suffer most from the high pile-up of will extend the physics programme and open a new window of be able to reconstruct all of the fi nal-state particles with high effi - collisions, and the tracker coverage will therefore be extended to 0.1 110 100 discovery. But key components of the experiments will also have particle mass (GeV) ciency and low fake rates, and to identify which ones come from better match the calorimetry measurements. Associating energy to be replaced to cope with the pile-up of 140–200 proton–pro- the collision of interest and which come from the 140–200 addi- deposits in the calorimeters with the charged tracks over the full ton interactions occurring, on average, per bunch crossing of the 3000 fb–1 (14 TeV) tional events in the same bunch crossing. Along with this greatly coverage will substantially improve jet identifi cation and miss- beams. In October 2015, the ATLAS and CMS collaborations met increased event complexity, at the HL-LHC the detectors will suf- ing transverse energy measurements. The event display in fi g- CMS a major milestone in preparing these so-called Phase II detector fer from unprecedented instantaneous particle fl ows and integrated ure 4 shows the example of a Higgs boson produced by the vector projection upgrades for operation at the HL-LHC, when it was agreed at the 1 t radiation doses. boson fusion (VBF) process and decaying to a pair of τ leptons. Z CERN Resource Review Board that they proceed to prepare Tech- W Detailed simulations of these effects were carried out to identify The calorimeters in ATLAS and CMS use different tech- nical Designs Reports. the sub-systems that will either not survive the high luminosity nologies and require different upgrades. ATLAS is considering environment or not function effi ciently because of the increased replacing the liquid-argon forward calorimeter with a similar 10–1 68% CL New physics at the HL-LHC data rates. Entirely new tracking systems to measure charged par- detector, but with higher granularity. For further mitigation of 1/2 The headline result of the fi rst operation period of the LHC was ticles will be required at the centre of the detectors, and the energy- pile-up effects, a high-granularity timing detector with a pre- the observation of a new boson in 2012. With the present data b measuring calorimeters will also need partial replacement, in the cision of a few tens of picoseconds may be added in front of –2 τ or (g/2v) 10

set, this boson is fully consistent with being the Higgs boson of λ endcap region for CMS and possibly in the more forward region the endcap LAr calorimeters. In CMS, a new high-granularity the Standard Model of particle physics. Its couplings (interac- for ATLAS. endcap calorimeter will be implemented. The detector will com- tion strengths) with other particles in the dominant decay modes The possibility of effi ciently selecting good events and the prise 40 layers of silicon-pad sensors interleaved with W/Cu and are measured with an uncertainty of 15–30% by each experi- –3 ability to record higher rates of data demand new triggering brass or steel absorber to form the electromagnetic and hadronic 10 µ ment, and scale with mass as predicted (see fi gure 1). With the and data-acquisition capabilities. The main innovation will be sections, respectively. The hadronic-energy measurement will full 3000 fb–1 of the HL-LHC, the dominant couplings can be to implement tracking information at the hardware level of the be completed with a scintillating tile section similar to the cur- measured with a precision of 2–5%; this potential improvement trigger decision, to provide suffi cient rejection of the background rent detector. This high-granularity design introduces shower- 10–4 is also shown in fi gure 1. What’s more, rare production processes signals. The new tracking devices will use silicon-sensor technol- pointing ability and high timing precision. Additionally, CMS 0.1 110 100 and decay modes can be observed. Of particular interest is to mass (GeV) ogy, with strips at the outer radii and pixels closer to the interac- is investigating the potential benefi ts of a system that is able to fi nd evidence for the production of a pair of Higgs bosons, which tion point. The crucial role of the tracker systems in matching measure precisely the arrival time of minimum ionising particles depends on the strength of the interaction between the Higgs Fig. 1. The Higgs boson couplings precision measured with the signals to the different collisions is illustrated in fi gure 3, where to further improve the vertex identifi cation for all physics objects. bosons themselves. This will be complemented by precise meas- current data (top) and their projection at the end of the HL-LHC the event display shows the reconstruction of an interaction The muon detectors in ATLAS and CMS are expected to sur- ▲ urements of other Standard Model processes and any deviations programme (bottom). producing a pair of top quarks among 200 other collisions. The vive the full HL-LHC period; however, new chambers and

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Fig. 4. The display of an event with a Higgs boson produced in the VBF process on top of 200 pile-up collisions. The effi cient identifi cation of the forward jets accompanying this process requires association of the calorimeter energy deposits with charged tracks. Fig. 3. Event display of a top–antitop event with 200 pile-up events in the ATLAS Phase-II tracker. The zoom bottom left physics benchmarks and examined in 140 and 200 collision pile- shows the collision region, stretched to be 9 cm long and 11 mm up conditions. The performance degradation with two scenarios tall. The tracks from the top quarks are highlighted. They all of reduced cost, where the upgrades are descoped or downgraded, come from the same interaction, and the displaced vertices from was also investigated. After reviewing this material, the CERN b-hadron decays have been reconstructed. LHC Committee and the Upgrade Cost Group reported to the CERN Research Board and the Resource Review Board, conclud- read-out electronics will be added to improve the trigger capa- ing that: “For both experiments, the reference scenario provides bilities and to increase the robustness of the existing systems. well-performing detectors capable of addressing the physics at the ATLAS will add new resistive plate chambers (RPC) and small HL-LHC.” monitored drift tube chambers to the innermost layer of the bar- The success of this fi rst step of the approval process was declared, rel. The endcap trigger chambers will be replaced with small- and the ATLAS and CMS collaborations are now eager to proceed strip thin gap chambers. CMS will complete the coverage of the with the necessary R&D and detector designs to prepare Technical Giovanni Cantatore and Marin Karuza in front of the CAST magnet, holding the heart of the KWISP force sensor: nanomembranes current RPCs in the endcaps with high-rate capability chambers Design Reports over the next two years. to detect the direct coupling of exotic particles to matter. in gas electron multipliers in the front stations and RPCs in the ● For further details, visit https://cds.cern.ch/record/2055248, last ones. Both experiments will install a muon tagger to benefi t https://cds.cern.ch/record/2020886 and https://cds.cern.ch/ from the extended tracker coverage. record/2055167/fi les/LHCC-G-165.pdf. CAST: enlightening the dark The trigger systems will require increased latency to allow suffi - cient time for the hardware track reconstruction and will also have Résumé larger throughput capability. This will require the replacement of Le programme d’amélioration pour ATLAS et CMS passe à la phase front-end and back-end electronics for several of the calorimeter suivante After sixteen years searching for solar axions, including axions and chameleons. Other particles, such as the and/or muon systems that will otherwise not be replaced. Addition- celebrated WIMPs, also point to the Sun as a target for relevant ally, these upgrades will allow the full granularity of the detector Le projet LHC haute luminosité permettra également d’étendre CAST is attracting new collaborators and investigations. Indeed, over cosmic time periods, WIMPs can information to be exploited at the fi rst stage of the event selection. le programme de physique des expériences. Des éléments clés be gravitationally trapped inside the solar core. There, they con- des détecteurs devront être remplacés pour que ces instruments widening its scientifi c programme. dense, allowing their mutual annihilation into known particles, Towards Technical Design Reports puissent traiter l’empilement d’interactions proton-proton – 140 à including escaping high-energy neutrinos. To reach the fi rst milestone in the approval process agreed with the 200 en moyenne par croisement de paquets. En octobre 2015, A breakthrough discovery in the so-called “dark sector” could CERN scientifi c committees, ATLAS and CMS prepared detailed le Comité d’examen des ressources du CERN a confi rmé que K Zioutas, CAST spokesperson, G Cantatore, CAST deputy spokesperson, pop up at any time. The question is when this will happen and documentation describing the entire Phase II “reference” upgrade les collaborations peuvent à présent élaborer des rapports de and M Karuza, CAST scientist. where: in an Earth-bound laboratory or in a space-bound one. It scope and the preliminary planning and cost evaluations. This conception technique (TDR). Le franchissement de cette première is worth stressing that it is not at all obvious whether the extreme documentation includes scientifi c motivations for the upgrades, étape du processus d’approbation est un grand succès pour les Our star has been the target of human investigation since the conditions in the Sun can be completely duplicated on Earth. demonstrated through studies of the performance reach for several expériences ATLAS et CMS. beginning of science. However, a plethora of observations are not yet understood. A good example is the unnaturally hot solar Benchmark for axion searches corona, the temperature of which spans 1–10 MK. This anomaly For many days in recent years, CAST – the CERN Axion Solar Tel- has been studied since 1939 but, in spite of a tremendous number escope (CERN Courier April 2010 p22) – has pointed its antenna NEW VALVES of observations, no real progress in understanding its origin has towards the Sun for about 100 minutes during sunrise and sunset. been made. We also know that a signifi cant fraction of the Sun’s Its aim was to detect solar axions through the Primakoff effect MODULES total luminosity, about 4%, can escape as some form of radiation (1950), a classic detection scheme from particle physics. This solar- that we do not yet know, without being in confl ict with the con- axion search was completed in November 2015 (CERN Bulletin, WORLDWIDE straints imposed by the evolution of the Sun. In this framework, https://cds.cern.ch/journal/CERNBulletin/2015/39/News%20 SERVICES www.vatvalve.com ▲ physicists have hypothesised the existence of exotic particles, Articles/2053133?ln=en), and even though CAST has not

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier January/February 2016 CERN Courier January/February 2016 Exotic particles Exotic particles

the fi rst chameleon helioscope. The new InGRID detector, based cavity body on the MicroMegas concept and having on-board read-out elec- Why does the number of Galileo Galilei’s dark spots change in an 11 year

CAPP, Korea CAPP, tronics, replaced the CCD camera in the XRT focal plane in 2014, period? dipole-magnet bore How does the Sun’s clock work?

Giovanni Cantatore improving the overall expected performance of CAST for solar chameleons. What is the fl are trigger? Chameleon particles are theorised to have amazing properties: What is the origin of the enigmatic hot corona? they can freely traverse thick slabs of dense matter if they impinge What accelerates the solar wind? on them normally (i.e. perpendicular to), or they can bounce off Can we reproduce the Sun in a laboratory? nanometre-thin membranes, not much denser than ordinary glass, Does the Sun shine dark light? (<4% allowed) piezo actuator y when approaching them at a grazing incidence angle of just a few degrees. In doing so, they exert a minute force, much like grains Table 1. Solar mysteries. z x of sand hitting the palm of a hand. If detected, this tiny force is the electrical-discharge machining of a copper rectangular cavity signature of the direct interaction of chameleons with matter. larger than 100, which is further enhanced by the exposure time Artist’s view of the KWISP force-sensor principle. An optical Forces are experienced in everyday life, so there may seem gained from Sun-tracking. This unplanned ability of the X-ray tele- Axions from the Big Bang can convert into microwaves inside Fabry–Pérot resonator senses the movements of a to be nothing special about detecting them. However, sensing scope is one of those lucky events by which nature sometimes smiles these resonant cavities, which are inserted into the bores of the nanomembrane, which like a sail, catches the wind of exceedingly tiny forces requires advanced skills and techniques. at scientists, allowing them to explore its secrets. CAST magnet and immersed in its 9.6 T dipole fi eld. chameleons from the Sun. The KWISP opto-mechanical force sensor is able to instantane- The KWISP prototype is cur rently taking data at INFN Trieste ously feel forces of 10–14 N – that is, the weight of a single bacte- (Italy) and a clone is being commissioned at CERN to take advan-

observed an axion signature, it provides world-best limits on the at resonance with the photon frequency. In particular, the signal rium. It uses a Si3N4 membrane, just 100 nm thick, to intercept the tage of the CAST infrastructure. As mentioned also by the SPSC axion interaction strength with normal matter in the form of the strength depends on the cavity “quality factor”, defi ned as the fl ux of solar chameleons. Being as elastic as a dr umhead, it fl exes referees, with the force-sensor KWISP, it should be possible to magnetic fi eld present inside the CAST magnet bores. ratio between the cavity fundamental frequency and the reso- under their collective force (pressure) by an amount less than the address more fundamental physics questions, such as quantum The results of the CAST scientific programme were also nance line width. size of an atomic nucleus. The membrane sits inside a Fabry– gravity or the validity of Newton’s 1/R2 law at short distances. We achieved thanks to the X-ray telescope (XRT) recovered from the However, the inherent problem of axion searches is the unknown Pérot optical resonator, made of two high-refl ectivity super mir- plan, with colleagues from the Technical University in Darmstadt ABRIXAS German space mission and installed downstream on rest mass, although the cosmologically preferred mass range for the rors facing each other, where a standing wave from an IR laser (Germany), Freiburg University (Germany) and CAPP (Korea), to one of the magnet bores. The telescope works as a lens focusing the so-called cold dark-matter axions lies between μeV/c2 and meV/c2, beam is trapped. As the membrane fl exes, the characteristic fre- develop an advanced KWISP design, aKWISP, and we welcome photon fl ux onto the detector. Any increase in the signal-to-noise with a favoured region around 0.1 meV. The photon energy is equal quency of this wave changes, generating the signal. The power the interest of additional collaborators. ratio would be a signature of axions. This unique technique, bor- to the axion rest mass, because its kinetic energy is negligibly of the KWISP sensor comes from the combined response of two While it remains one of the lowest-cost astroparticle physics rowed from astrophysics, allowed the collaboration to simultane- small. To scan the regions of interest, the cavity resonant frequency high-Q resonators, the optical (Fabry–Perot) and the mechanical experiments, CAST is preparing to leap further into the dark sec- ously measure signal and background. Given its success, a second is varied over a certain axion-mass range, basically determined by (membrane). tor. As history teaches us (see table 1), the Sun may be the key to X-ray telescope was added in 2014. cavity size and shape. In addition to KWISP, a further ingredient is necessary in the this, although as our understanding of the Sun deepens, we will Very accurate tracking of the Sun is crucial to the experiment’s Dipole magnets, such as the CAST magnet, can be transformed search for chameleons: a time-dependent amplitude modulation most probably uncover more mysteries about the star that gives data analysis. To provide this, CERN surveyors pinpoint exactly into relic axion antennas by means of new resonant microwave cav- on the chameleon fl ux in such a way as to beat the drum at its us life. where the telescope lies and where it is pointing to, relative to a ref- ities. These cavities, designed and built by the Korean Centre for eigenfrequency for maximum effect. To solve this problem, the ● For more information, see https://cds.cern.ch/record/2022893. erence in time and space. However, to be absolutely certain, twice a Axion and Precision Physics (CAPP) in collaboration with CERN, authors have invented the chameleon chopper, which is basically year, when the Sun is visible through a window in the CAST exper- will be inserted inside the dipole magnetic fi eld within the 1.7 K a rotating optically fl at surface, applying the principle of chame- Résumé imental hall, the magnet tracks the Sun with a camera mounted cold bores to search for microwave photons converted from cos- leon optics: transmission at normal incidence, refl ection at graz- CAST: éclairer le secteur sombre and aligned to point exactly along its axis. This process of “Sun mological axions, which would be direct messengers from the Big ing incidence. Surprisingly, phase-locking techniques can also fi lming” has confi rmed that CAST is pointing at the centre of the Bang era. In addition, a second microwave sensor will be inserted exploit this angular variation to Après seize ans passés à chercher des axions solaires, CAST Sun with suffi cient precision. in the other bore. With its new set-up currently under construction, obtain additional information attire de nouveaux collaborateurs et élargit son programme Up to now, CAST has been looking for exotica that the Sun might CAST should have access to an axion-mass range up to 100 μeV/ Sensing exceedingly on chameleon physics. scientifi que. Lors de sa 119 e réunion, le Comité des expériences have produced some 10 minutes earlier. However, thanks to a con- c2. At these relatively high mass values, detection becomes much According to theory, the inter- SPS et PS du CERN (SPSC) a recommandé l’approbation du tinuous upgrade programme for the detectors and the development harder, but the hope is that this region, which is critical for the dark- tiny forces requires nal surfaces of the ABRIXAS nouveau programme de physique de CAST, qui comprend la quête of new ideas, the collaboration is now extending its horizons, back matter conundrum, will also be explored. advanced skills telescope, designed to reflect d’axions reliques et de caméléons. La collaboration procède à in time closer to the Big Bang and into the dark sector. In its 119th and techniques. X-rays impinging at grazing des améliorations de son installation d’expérimentation, avec meeting, the CERN SPS and PS experiments Committee (SPSC) Chameleons come on stage incidence, would also reflect de nouvelles cavités résonnantes, de nouveaux détecteurs, et le recommended the new CAST physics programme for approval, As may be imagined, detecting chameleons – new scalar particles and focus chameleons. This capteur de force opto-mécanique KWISP, capable de détecter des which includes searches for relic axions and chameleons. that are possible candidates for the unknown dark energy – is not a increases their fl ux by a factor forces de 10–14 N, soit le poids d’une seule bactérie. trivial matter. The CAST collaboration plans to do it by exploiting Axions from the Big Bang two different couplings: Primakoff coupling to photons and direct Due to their extremely long lifetime (longer than the age of the coupling to matter. universe), axions produced during the Big Bang could still be The expected energy spectrum of solar chameleons has a peak detected today. These relic particles have been searched for with at about 600 eV, making it even harder to detect them through their instruments using a resonant cavity immersed in a strong mag- Primakoff coupling than the axions. Therefore, sub-keV thresh- netic fi eld where axions are expected to convert into photons old, low-background photon detectors are required. To tackle this (with a probability that depends quadratically on the magnetic- problem, the CAST collaboration decided to start with a Silicon fi eld intensity). The signal is further enhanced when the cavity is Drift Detector (SDD), becoming, with recently published results,

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier January/February 2016 CERN Courier January/February 2016 Photowalk Photowalk Imaging science: physics laboratories under the spotlight

On 25 and 26 September 2015, eight physics Left: “The Incredibles.” This photograph was laboratories lifted the curtain on their backstage taken in the CERN restaurant, one of the key activities for a series of local Photowalk meeting points for CERN competitions. More than 200 photographers, scientists. The jury noted the humanity behind the armed with their best lenses, were invited image: “There is a need for transferring ideas to to CERN (Switzerland), DESY (Germany), make and create the Fermilab (US), INFN (Italy), KEK (Japan), SLAC world we live in.” Awarded 3rd jury’s (US), SUPL (Australia) and TRIUMF (Canada) choice. to capture the cutting-edge technologies, feats of engineering and people behind the physics. Following these local events, each laboratory selected three winning photos from the hundreds submitted and put them forward for the international Global Physics Photowalk competition organised by the Interactions collaboration. The images featured here are the six winning entries from the international Above: “Lighting the way for dark-matter detection and future particle-physics research.” An electric mining competition. Three of them were chosen drill deep within the Stawell Gold Mine (SUPL). Awarded 1st people’s choice. by an international jury made up of artists, Right: Detail of the forward radial wire chamber forming photographers and scientists and the other three part of the H1 detector that took data at the HERA collider were chosen by a public vote. at DESY from 1992 to 2007. Awarded 3rd people’s choice. Above: From TRIUMF’s main Julie Haffner, CERN. control room, operators control the laboratory’s main cyclotron and Right: Taken in the temporary proton beamlines. The jury noted laboratory set up in the Stawell the technical complexity of the Gold Mine at SUPL, the image science with the emotional “gives a sense of the work that goes component of the human operator. into particle physics long before Awarded 1st jury’s choice. there are data to analyse”. Awarded Right: A vacuum chamber 2nd jury’s choice. containing a mirror carrying the FLAME laser beam to the Image credits: (clockwise from top left) Molly Patton/ experimental room of the SPARC Laboratory: SUPL, Australia; Robert Hradil/Laboratory: CERN, Switzerland; Katy Mackenzie/Laboratory: TRIUMF, accelerator at the INFN National Canada; Pietromassimo Pasqui/Laboratory: INFN, Italy; Rosemary Wilson / Laboratory: DESY, Germany; Mark Laboratory of Frascati. Awarded Killmer/Laboratory: SUPL, Australia. 2nd people’s choice.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier January/February 2016 Accelerator techniques Temperature Sensors OMC manufacture a wide range of temperature sensors capable of PS beam extraction operating in the most hostile of environments. becomes more effi cient

0.8 Since September 2015, the proton beam for good sharing bad sharing • Temperature range -269oC to 2,200oC fi xed-target physics at CERN’s Super Proton island • Fully certifi ed for use in Zones 0, 1 or 2 0.6 • Complies with international standards

Synchrotron has been generated using a new, All image credits CERN • Bespoke designs more effi cient extraction scheme from the 0.4 Proton Synchrotron. 0.2 amplitude (arbitrary units) core Temperature is our business Simone Gilardoni, Massimo Giovannozzi, Cédric Hernalsteens, Cables | Temp Measurement | Electric Heaters Alexander Huschauer and Guido Sterbini, CERN, on behalf of the MTE 0 –10 0 10 20 30 www.okazaki-mfg.com project members and of the OP crew. horizontal-beam profile (mm)

First thought of in 2002 with the goal of significantly reduc- MTE efficiency 20.0% okazaki-cernad-193x125-Jan16.indd 1 04/01/2016 09:48 1.0 ing beam losses that cause high ring activation, the Multi-Turn Extraction (MTE) system (CERN Courier March 2009 p29) has, since then, encountered numerous challenges during its imple- 0.8 Certified according ISO 9001:2008 mentation in the Proton Synchrotron (PS). Now, the regular MTE operation over the last two months constitutes a crucial milestone MTE efficiency 18.5% for this new beam manipulation, and paves the way for further 0.6 studies and optimisations.

Certified according normalised spill (arbitrary units) PED 97/23/EG The lows 0.4 In 2010, MTE was the default choice to deliver beam for the Super 0 246810 time (µs) Certified according Proton Synchrotron (SPS) physics run. However, after only a few ATEX 94/9/EG weeks of operation for the production of neutrinos in the frame- 4 MTE efficiency 5 kHz line of PFW work of the CNGS programme, the PS extraction mode had to revert back to Continuous-Transfer (CT) extraction, which is asso- 2 ciated with high beam losses along the ring circumference. This feature was the reason for studying an alternative extraction mode. In the new scheme, the beam is split horizontally into fi ve beamlets 0

– one in the centre and four in stable islands of the horizontal phase arbitrary units Please visit us space. Unfortunately, the intensity sharing between the islands and –2 at our new website: www.weka-ag.ch the centre (fi gure 1) and the extraction trajectories were fl uctuating on a cycle-to-cycle basis. This was not only signifi cantly affecting –4 WEKA AG · Schürlistrasse 8 the beam transmission through acceleration in the SPS, but also 010203040650 0 CH-8344 Bäretswil · Switzerland prevented proper optimisation of the SPS parameters. In addition, t (super-cycle index) Phone +41 43 833 43 43 activation of the PS extraction region had increased anomalously, Level measurement Cryogenic Components Valve technologie Fax +41 43 833 43 49 although the rest of the ring was profi ting from a signifi cant reduc- Fig. 1. Measurements of the beam profi les after splitting (top) [email protected] · www.weka-ag.ch tion in radiation levels with respect to CT operation. and the corresponding beam spills after extraction, as measured Intense investigations were undertaken to fi nd the source of the in the transfer line (centre). The correlation between the ARCA Flow Group worldwide: observed variations and to overcome the PS ring activation. The lat- oscillations in the MTE effi ciency and the 5 kHz line of the PFW ▲ Competence in valves, pumps & cryogenics ter problem proved to be much easier to solve than the former. current is also shown (bottom).

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier January/February 2016 CERN Courier January/February 2016 Accelerator techniques Accelerator techniques High performance, 2.2 22 0.8 minimium target 100 open for PXI, 21 0.7 efficiency efficiency 2.2 2.0 low price 20 0.6 2.0 1.8 95 protons) 19 0.5 ρ ) 13 statistics for 13 1.8 1.6 18 0.4 4000 PS extractions 90 NEW! probability 1.6 17 0.3 1.4 MTE efficiency (%) intensity 16 0.2 1.4 beam intensity (10 extraction efficiency (%) beam instensty (10 The open measurement platform 1.2 efficiency 85 15 0.1 1.2 intensity 07/11/2015 08/11/2015 efficiency … fl exible, cost-effective & easy to integrate! 1.0 14 0.0 1.0 80 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 • Open – standard CompactPCI subsystem for measurement boards MTE efficiency (%) 25 Sept 5 Oct 15 Oct 25 Oct 4 Nov 14 Nov • Flexibly expandable – integration of PXI boards possible 16:00:00 18:00:00 20:00:00 22:00:00 00:00:00 02:00:00 04:00:00 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 • Fail-safe: operation of the measurement hardware near to the DUT Fig. 2. Time evolution of the MTE effi ciency (left) and the resulting distribution (right). The MTE effi ciency is defi ned as the average • Transparent access via PCI-Express bus extension or LAN of the beam intensity of each of the fi rst four extracted turns normalised to the total beam intensity: I island/Itot. Minimum and target Fig. 3. Variation over time of the beam intensity (blue dots) and • Dynamic current measurement up to 50 A with precision shunt effi ciencies as requested by the SPS are also shown. of the extraction effi ciency (red dots) in the PS. • Many potential-free current and voltage channels • SDK for high-level languages, support for LabVIEW™ & MATLAB® The increased activation was tackled by designing a new piece resumed at the beginning of the 2015 physics run. Eventually, it was By the end of the run, the PS Booster joined the challenge, man- • Easy expandable, e. g. with CAN and RS-232/422/485 boards of hardware, a so-called dummy septum, which is a passive sep- possible to identify a correlation between these variations and the aging to produce brighter beams in the vertical plane to improve tum with only a copper blade and no coils for generating a guiding amplitude of a 5 kHz ripple present on the current of some special SPS transmission, which is plagued by limitation of the vertical Whitepaper and further infos under: www.alldaq.com/en/adq-express magnetic fi eld. The dummy septum is supposed to intercept protons circuits located in the PS main magnets (fi gure 1). The PS ring is aper ture. The fi nal touch was the fi nalisation of the dummy-septum ALLDAQ – a division of ALLNET GmbH Computersysteme from the de-bunched beam during the extraction-kickers’ rise time, made up of 100 combined-function main magnets with additional confi guration. D-82110 Germering | Phone: +49 (0)89 / 894 222 74 | Email: [email protected] alldaq.com therefore preventing them from interacting with the blade of the coils installed on the magnets’ poles. These so-called pole-face active extraction septum. This approach, combined with appropri- windings (PFWs) and fi gure-of-eight loops allow control of the Promising future ate shielding of the dummy septum, provides a well-localised loss working point in terms of tunes and linear chromaticities, and The progress and future of MTE were discussed in two internal point that is acceptable in terms of overall activation of the PS ring. some higher-order parameters such as the second-order chroma- reviews in 2015. Given the overall success of the MTE studies, It is worth noting that the use of a shadowing device for the main ticity. The ensemble of the electrical circuits present in the main commissioning and operation during the last part of the physics You know what extraction septum is a known approach in, for example, the SPS. magnets and the interaction between the various components is run, MTE will be the standard extraction mode for the 2016 fi xed- However, in a small ring like the PS, the two devices cannot easily extremely complex; all switching-mode power converters feature target run at the SPS. This is a necessary step to acquire better you want to detect: be located next to each other, which makes the overall confi guration a ripple at 5 kHz with a varying phase, which turned out to be the knowledge of the new beam manipulation, and also understand the more complicated in terms of beam dynamics. culprit of the observed fl uctuations. limitations coming from the existing hardware. In parallel, studies A side effect of the implementation of the dummy-septum This crucial observation guided the power-converter experts to to probe the beam behaviour for even higher intensities will be car- - X-rays solution is that the horizontal aperture of the PS ring is reduced, implement mitigation measures (additional inductances to fi lter ried out. This is important in view of future projects requiring even - Gamma-rays which calls for a complete review of all PS fast-extraction schemes the ripple amplitude), and their expected effect was immediately more intense beams than those delivered today. By the middle of to make them compatible with the presence of the dummy septum. observed as improvement of the stability of the MTE beam param- next year, a fi rm decision concerning the long-term future of MTE - Neutrons This additional hurdle was overcome and the proposed solution eters (fi gure 2). and its predecessor CT will be taken. looked acceptable on paper. This milestone again opened up the route to transfer to the SPS, ● For all MTE-related documents (design report, publications and - Particles During Long Shutdown 1 (February 2013–May 2014) the design, and fi rst tests of beam delivery were conducted in the summer of talks), visit ab-project-mte.web.cern.ch/AB-Project-MTE/Docu- construction, and installation of the dummy septum was completed, 2015. Their success accelerated the subsequent steps, which cul- ments.html. together with some modifi cations to the powering of the extraction minated in the decision to use MTE for fi xed-target physics: after bump. The beam commissioning of the whole system, including the the low of 2010, MTE was back in business. Résumé new extractions, was completed successfully by the end of 2014. Of course, this was just the start rather than the end of efforts. The L’extraction des faisceaux du PS devient plus effi cace To tackle the fl uctuations of the extraction trajectories, system- studies, which were conducted atic observations of hardware parameters in the PS ring, such as the on both the PS and SPS rings, Depuis septembre 2015, les faisceaux de protons utilisés currents of the key magnetic elements controlling the machine con- This milestone continued in view of improving pour les expériences de physique avec cible fi xe auprès du fi guration, were under taken. The aim was to fi nd a cor relation with the overall beam quality. The Supersynchrotron à protons du CERN sont produits par un the changes in intensity sharing between beamlets. Despite the again opened intensity was raised from an ini- nouveau système d’extraction à partir du Synchrotron à protons. × 13 long and detailed observations, no evidence for the guilty element up the route to tial value of about 1.6 10 pro- Ce système, plus effi cace, est appelé système d’extraction SCIONIX Holland B.V. was found, and the sources of fl uctuations remained unidentifi ed. tons extracted from the PS to multitours (MTE). Les tests ayant été probants dans l’ensemble, Tel. +31 30 6570312 transfer to × 13 about 2.0 10 protons at the le MTE sera, en 2016, le mode d’extraction standard pour Fax. +31 30 6567563 We know how to The highs the SPS. end of the run, with extraction l’exploitation avec cible fi xe auprès du SPS. D’ici le milieu de Email. [email protected] l’année prochaine, une décision défi nitive sera prise sur le futur à build your detectors Activities to track down the origin of the fl uctuations in the inten- effi ciency in the PS around 98% www.scionix.nl sity sharing and of the extraction trajectories of the MTE beam (fi gure 3). long terme du MTE.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier January/February 2016 Interactions & Crossroads

C O n F E r E n C E s Quark Matter 8th Joint European Magnetic Symposia goes to Japan Quark Matter 22–26 August 2016 SECC: Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre, Glasgow, UK This October, the 25th Quark Matter conference assembled 650 participants in the Japanese city of Kobe. In a week The Joint European Magnetic Symposia Call for abstracts packed with 168 parallel and 33 plenary (JEMS) combine to form the most important Contributions for oral and poster presentations are invited in the talks, and two poster sessions, they discussed following topics. Abstracts of a maximum of one side of A4 including the latest results of the heavy-ion beam and comprehensive conference on magnetism figures and references should be submitted online by 18 March 2016. programmes at CERN’s Large Hadron in Europe. Collider (LHC) and at BNL’s Relativistic • Biomagnetism and medical applications Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), as well as a broad range of theory highlights. JEMS has evolved over the last 15 years into a premier scientific • Electronic correlations, superconductivity, superconducting spintronics In a short opening ceremony on Monday forum for presenting the latest cutting-edge developments in morning, the conference chair, Hideki Participants gather in the Kobe Fashion Mart for the 25th Quark Matter conference. magnetism and magnetic materials research. The conference has • Frustrated and disordered magnetism, including spin ice Hamagaki, president of the Japanese a breadth of topics ranging from the fundamental to the applied, • Magnetic memories and magnetic recording sensors Physical Society, Yasuhiko Fujii, charged- particle tracks share important and RHIC experiments featured, for instance, and exemplifies the diversity of approach inherent to the European Magnetic shape memory, magnetoelastic and multifunctional vice-president of the Science Council of commonalities with the signatures of detailed analyses of the jet substructure • Japan, Kumie Inose, mayor of Kobe, Kizo collectivity seen in nucleus–nucleus and of heavy-fl avour production aimed at context. Topics range across all areas of current interest and include materials Hisamoto, director of the Center for Nuclear collisions, and these extrapolate smoothly pinning down the properties of partonic strongly correlated systems, materials for energy and biomedical • Magnetic thin films, surfaces, interfaces and patterned thin films Study, the University of Tokyo, Takaharu to smaller event multiplicities, albeit that energy loss in a dense QCD medium. CMS applications, spintronics, ultrafast optical switching, chiral spin • Magnetism and spin transport in graphene/h-BN, carbon-based Otsuka, and director of the RIKEN Nishina non-fl ow effects such as jet-like correlations gave an update of the measurement of the materials and magnonics. and organic materials Center, Hideto En’yo, gave welcome are more diffi cult to disentangle in these bottomonium family in heavy-ion collisions Magnetism in alloys and intermetallics addresses followed by a message from the smaller systems. In the same context, the at the LHC, where different states are • Japanese prime minister, Shinzo Abe. In ALICE collaboration reported characteristic sequentially suppressed as a function of their The structure of the conference ensures that all participants can Magneto-transport, spin electronics, topological insulators enjoy plenary and semi-plenary speakers from around the world, • the scientifi c opening talk, Gordon Baym changes in the hadrochemical composition binding energy. ALICE reported a strong Materials for energy (permanent magnets, magnetocalorics, soft (University of Illinois) reviewed the key of high-multiplicity p+p collisions – for enhancement of J/ψ production at low p in representing leading efforts at the frontiers of topical areas. • T magnetic materials, Heusler alloys) questions that motivated experimentation instance, the ratio Λ/K (also reported by peripheral collisions, possibly indicating Attendees are encouraged to contribute to specialised symposia Micromagnetics, magnetization processes with relativistic nuclear beams 30 years ago, the CMS collaboration) and the production the fi rst observation of electromagnetic through talks and poster sessions devoted to their specific research • and discussed how these questions have of multi-strange baryons Ξ and Ω relative production of J/ψ in hadronic collisions. topics. An exhibition will also be held alongside the conference, • Nanoparticles and interfaces, nanomaterials and molecular evolved in the intervening decades. to pions increase with multiplicity in p+p Beyond Kobe, the fi eld is eagerly awaiting enabling delegates to connect with industry representatives. magnetism Ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions are collisions, in a pattern that resembles those the results from the ongoing Pb+Pb run at the • Optically driven spin excitations, magneto-optics and magneto- known for displaying remarkably strong observed in Pb+Pb and p+Pb collisions. In LHC at 5 TeV centre-of-mass energy. This Plenary speakers plasmonics signatures of collectivity. These support addition, the RHIC experiments contributed will include qualitatively novel experimental the fl uid paradigm, according to which to a better understanding of the weak possibilities, because LHCb will be joining Perovskites, multiferroics, artificial/composite multiferroics • Vincent Cros (CNRS/Thales) • the low-momentum spectra of hadrons system size and weak energy dependence in a Pb+Pb run for the fi rst time. In the next • Burkard Hillebrands (TU Kaiserslautern) • Spin orbitronics, spintronics in antiferromagnets and skyrmions result from a fl uid dynamical response to of the collective effects in small collision fi ve years, the fi eld is also looking forward to • Spin waves, magnonics and dynamics the initial pressure gradients present in the systems with fi rst data on p+Au and3 He+Au the beam-energy scan programme at RHIC. • Jordan Katine (HGST) high-energy-density medium formed in the centre-of-mass energies of 200 GeV per Beyond this period, Quark Matter discussed • Hideo Ohno (Tohoku University) Organising committee collision zone. This is of interest because the nucleon–nucleon pair. the sPHENIX project at RHIC that aims Nicola Spaldin (ETH Zurich) propagation of fl uid fl uctuations depends on at qualitatively improved measurements • • Robert Stamps (Chair) the properties of the medium; data therefore New analyses of hard probes, and that had received fi rst • Stephen Lee (Chair) constrain the transport properties of dense In a special plenary session, “Quark gluon favourable reviews shortly before the Key dates QCD matter such as shear viscosity, which plasma in small systems?”, the conference conference, as well as physics at the LHC Enquiries are calculable from fi rst principles in QCD. discussed the challenges that small systems with increased luminosity and experimental Abstract submission deadline: 18 March 2016 In the previous QM conference in pose to a dynamical understanding of performance after Long Shutdown 2. Conferences Team, Institute of Physics, 76 Portland Place, Early registration deadline: 10 July 2016 Darmstadt, similar features of collectivity collectivity in QCD. This was just one Low-energy programmes at CERN’s SPS, at London W1B 1NT, UK observed in the smaller collision systems of the highlights for which Kobe will be NICA, FAIR and J-PARC were mentioned, Registration deadline: 12 August 2016 Tel: +44 (0)20 7470 4800; Email: [email protected] studied in the 2013 LHC p+Pb run and in remembered and that was taken up in several and the physics motivations and updated d+Au collisions at RHIC had already been plenary talks. plans for a US-based electron–ion collider discussed. In Kobe, the ATLAS and CMS The conference also covered a broad were presented. The results from the collaborations presented new analyses of range of new analyses on high-momentum high-energy heavy-ion runs at the LHC will http://jems2016.iopconfs.org/ p+p collisions, including a fi rst glimpse of hadronic processes in nucleus–nucleus be the main highlights of the next two Quark results from the 13 TeV run. collisions that probe the high-density Matter editions, in Chicago in 2017 and in Events with more than ~100 medium through which they propagate. LHC Venice in 2018.

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M E E t i n G s TRIUMF’s Whistler workshop strengthens the SESAME charts shared cultural future for the Middle East

case for future linear colliders The 2015 SESAME Users’ Meeting, the 13th in the series, was likely to be the fi nal one before the commissioning of the pioneering

TRIUMF regional light source for the Middle East

begins in late 2016. The meeting was opened CERN/James Gillies by SESAME director Khaled Toukan, who pointed out that not only will SESAME be the fi rst light source in the region, but also its fi rst intergovernmental centre of scientifi c excellence. Toukan went on to describe the progress towards commissioning. The fi rst stage of the injector was commissioned in 2012, with the second stage in 2014. In 2015, SESAME beamline scientist Gihan Kamel (left) discusses the laboratory’s infrared the fi rst full cell of the 2.5 GeV SESAME beamline with prospective users. ring was commissioned at CERN, and components are now steadily arriving at the second half of 2016. remarkable potential of tomography, the laboratory. Eight of the 16 girders that Beamline number three, a materials- including a spectacular demonstration of will support the main ring’s magnets are science beamline based on a wiggler donated the reconstruction of old fi lm too fragile to at the laboratory, along with half of the by the Swiss Light Source, should be complete be unrolled. Sarah Elliott of the University dipoles. Almost half of the quadrupoles by the end of 2017, while a macromolecular of Reading gave a broad overview of and sextupoles have arrived at the port of crystallography beamline should follow in archaeological techniques, such as the Aqaba and are awaiting transport to the 2018. This fourth beamline will benefi t from identifi cation of the earliest instances of laboratory. The magnets, along with their a grant of $2 million from the Jordanian animal penning in the Fertile Crescent. The attendees of the LCWS2015 linear-colliders workshop, which was hosted by TRIUMF in Whistler, Canada. supporting girders and power supplies, Scientifi c Research Support Fund. Herman Winick of SLAC, one of the have been provided through the European pioneers of SESAME, painted a compelling In early November 2015, 220 participants therefore essential. workshop, more than 250 presentations Commission-funded CESSAMag project Ready to go case for light sources in the developing world. from around the world gathered in Linear-collider collaboration chair Lyn took place, with ample time allowed for coordinated by CERN. Concluding the presentations from SESAME They are capable of world-class research Whistler, British Columbia, Canada, for Evans summarised the technical progress discussions at the parallel sessions of SESAME’s scientifi c director Giorgio directors was technical director Erhard with only moderate outlay, provide training, the annual International Workshop on that has been made over the past few multiple working groups. Accelerator Paolucci painted a vibrant picture of the Huttel, who reported on the status of the reverse the brain drain, address regional Future Linear Colliders (LCWS2015, years for both the CLIC and ILC designs, physicists discussed beam dynamics, initial science programme at the laboratory’s machine. The CESSAMag project, he said, concerns and promote peaceful collaboration lcws15.triumf.ca/). Hosted by TRIUMF, recognising that strong collaborations beam delivery systems, machine–detector two day-one beamlines, an X-ray absorption is reaching a conclusion, with all of the among neighbours. He went on to describe the workshop provided the opportunity to between many universities and laboratories interfaces, sources, energy effi ciency, fi ne-structure/X-ray fl uorescence (XAFS/ magnets and power supplies on their way to existing facilities in China, Brazil, India, continue the study of the physics case for have helped with the design developments nanobeams and conventional facilities. XRF) beamline and an infrared beamline. SESAME. Each magnet has been tested and Korea, Taiwan and Thailand that have proven a high-energy linear electron–positron and improvements to the accelerator There were sessions on Higgs and He also pointed out the good progress shown to perform about a factor of 10 above their worth. These are now well established, collider – taking into account the recent parameters. Experience with the design and electroweak, beyond the Standard Model, towards beamlines three and four: a the specifi cation. At the time of the meeting, many are upgrading, and some have LHC results – and to review the progress in construction of the free-electron lasers, such and top/QCD/loopverein physics. Detector powder-diffraction beamline and a beamline the power supplies were due to be delivered to stimulated complementary programmes such detector and accelerator designs for both the as XFEL (DESY) and LCLS-II (SLAC), sessions focused on software development, for protein crystallography, both identifi ed as the laboratory in December 2015, while the as the bourgeoning nanotechnology research ILC and CLIC projects. provides important developments related to detector performance, machine detector priorities by the SESAME user community. fi rst batch of vacuum-chamber components linked to Brazil’s light source. linear-collider technologies. interface, integration and vertex, tracking, The XAFS/XRF beamline is built on had passed their factory acceptance tests. Among the talks from SESAME users Continuing developments KEK director-general Masato Yamauchi calorimetry and muon systems. The a donation from a group at the European Delivery of the vacuum system is scheduled was one by Israeli archaeometrist Jan LCWS2015 begun with a review of recent summarised the situation in Japan, which CLIC and ILC projects and the detector Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), and to be complete by April 2016. The RF system, Gunneweg. After years of scientifi c work linear-collider activities and developments. is strongly considering hosting the ILC. collaborations also met during the workshop. will provide an important tool for materials with an amplifi er designed at SOLEIL and on the Dead Sea Scrolls found at Qumran, Sachio Komamiya, a chair of the Linear He underlined the need to share the project An interesting roundtable discussion science, environmental science, life science, cavities being provided by the Italian INFN Gunneweg issued a call to the SESAME user Collider Board, opened the workshop with costs internationally and to confi rm the entitled “How to formulate the case for the archaeology, art, cultural heritage and a and Elettra synchrotron in Trieste, is due for community to develop proposals to explore a summary of the board’s activities and willingness of each participating ILC – to physicists, to other scientists, and broad range of industrial applications. The delivery starting in February 2016. All this their common cultural heritage. He proposed plans. Of the efforts identifi ed, the priorities country to cover a reasonable fraction of the to the public” provided lively presentations, beamline components are at SESAME, leads to installation from January to October a multidisciplinary approach through which include continuing accelerator-technology project expenses. with many questions from the participants. while delivery of the beamline hutches is 2016, with commissioning scheduled for the SESAME members would team up to explore developments, reinforcing political activities The review talks also highlighted the expected in March 2016. Discussions are end of the year. By the time of the next users’ the cultural heritage of the region, and went on to facilitate intergovernmental negotiations, status and plans of both the ILC and CLIC Future visions underway with Italy’s INFN concerning the meeting, concluded Huttel, the SESAME to give a long list of potential topics, ranging and continuing the development of the projects, recent results from the LHC The fi nal day of the workshop concentrated development of a high-sensitivity silicon main ring should be closed up and ready to from unravelling the remaining mysteries physics programme, taking into account (including the fi rst 13 TeV analyses) and a on the summary reports from all working drift detector, and all is expected to be ready go. of the pyramids, to studying the Amarna LHC results. He also presented the review of the fi eld in respect of the areas groups, followed by a vision talk on future for beam by late summer 2016. The remainder of the plenary talks mixed tablets, the plethora of ancient manuscripts comments from Japanese government where linear colliders could make critical linear colliders by Hitoshi Murayama. SESAME’s infrared beamline, developed science perspectives from SESAME staff from across the region, or even taking a studies about hosting the ILC in Japan, contributions, including discoveries in the Alberto Ruiz Jimeno concluded LCWS2015 in co-operation with the French SOLEIL and users with inspirational talks from scientifi c approach to the story of Noah’s ark. revealing that an additional period of top-quark sector, precision Higgs studies, with the announcement that the spring 2016 light source, is the fi rst completely new representatives of light sources around the Gunneweg’s proposal distils the essence of approximately two years is needed before searches for dark matter and beyond linear-colliders workshop will be hosted beamline for the laboratory. Using an world. Jesper Andersen presented Sweden’s SESAME into a single thought: it is as much the government will arrive at a decision, and Standard Model particles and interactions. in Cantabria, Spain from 30 May to 5 June. off-line source, it is already being used for Max IV lab, while Marco Stampanoni about fi nding a shared cultural future, as it is that international support for the project is During the following three days of the Mark your calendars! research, and is also expected to be ready in of the Swiss Light Source discussed the about investigating.

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W O r k s h O p SRF2015 features CERN

Frontiers in hadron and nuclear J Marton latest advances in superconducting physics with strangeness and charm Experts and young researchers alike met at at DAΦNE and J-PARC. RF cavities the European Centre for Theoretical Studies The kaonic atom studies represent the in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas ideal tool to research the low-energy QCD; – ECT* – in Trento, Italy, from 18 to 23 the precision measurement of the kaonic Experts working in the fi eld of October 2015, at the “Frontiers in hadron and deuterium is planned in the framework of the superconducting radio-frequency (RF) nuclear physics with strangeness and charm” SIDDHARTA-2 at DAΦNE and at J-PARC. cavities presented their latest results at the international workshop. They discussed When combined with SIDDHARTA’s SRF2015 conference, which was held in the most recent achievements and future kaonic hydrogen result, this will enable us to Whistler, British Columbia, Canada, earlier perspectives in hadron and nuclear physics determine the isospin-dependent antikaon– this autumn. From 13 to 18 September, more with strangeness and charm, from both nucleon scattering lengths, the fundamental than 300 experts in the fi eld covered the CERN’s Sarah Aull, whose presentation “On the understanding of Q slopes on thin niobium theoretical and experimental points of view. quantities for understanding low-energy latest advances in the science, technology, fi lms” was awarded the fi rst prize for young researchers oral presentations at SRF2015. The In the strangeness sector, a very intriguing QCD in the strangeness sector. The and applications of superconducting RF. Q slope, i.e. the degradation of Q with accelerating gradient, is currently the main situation is represented by the so-called discovery of two solar-mass neutron stars Participants outside the Villa Tambosi in An important aspect of designing future limitation for niobium-fi lm technology. Curing the Q slope of niobium fi lms will make this “deeply bound kaonic nuclei” where, also triggered a vivid discussion about the Trento, Italy, home to ECT*. accelerators that will reach higher-energy technology attractive for many future accelerator projects. according to some theories, the presence of a possible role of strangeness in astrophysics. frontiers is the further improvement of RF strange (anti)quark in the nuclei might bind In the charm sector, a hot topic of debate Giessen, Germany), Catalina Curceanu cavities, which are used to accelerate charged cavities. Up to now, superconducting RF and fabrication- and preparation-related it by ten(s) of MeV per nucleon. However, in was represented by the recently discovered (LNF-INFN, Italy), Johann Marton particles. The study of superconducting cavities have mainly been manufactured challenges. The conference included the framework of other theories, the binding Pc(4450), which is claimed to be a charmed (SMI-Vienna, Austria), Ulf-G Meißner radio-frequency (SRF) cavities remains one using high-purity niobium sheets, and a number of plenary talks, as well as a energy is much smaller. New results in this pentaquark but whose interpretation was (University of Bonn and FZ Jülich, Germany) of the most active fi elds of research, given although the properties of the best cavities three-day poster session. Each poster sector, obtained by the AMADEUS, FOPI, questioned by some of the speakers. and Bing-Song Zou (ITP/CAS, China). the global interest for accelerators capable are excellent, there is still a lack of session was followed by a “hot-topic” HADES and E15 collaborations, were The workshop was organised by ● For full details and presentations, see of accelerating different species of particles understanding of loss mechanisms, as well discussion addressing key questions, while discussed, together with future perspectives Kai-Thomas Brinkmann (University of smifbsd0.smi.oeaw.ac.at/ECT/. with higher effi ciency. SRF cavities are as of the effect of treatments and dynamic the day before the start of the conference also essential for numerous applications effects. In addition, a team of experts is was dedicated to a student poster session. talks from the submitted abstracts as well that accelerators fi nd in industry, medical currently exploring different options for Finally, an industrial exhibit was organised EINN conference EINN as invited talks. More than 40 students and imaging and treatment, as well as for future superconducting materials that can be during the conference, giving researchers the postdoctoral fellows participated in the promising applications. used for coating RF cavities and lead to opportunity to discuss the latest results with celebrates 20 years conference by receiving partial support. In the past three decades, the development better performance. In the framework of key vendors and envisage new opportunities A highlight of the conference was the of sophisticated fabrication and preparation the conceptual study report for the Future that might come from the application of evening plenary poster session, which drew methods has led to high-performing SRF Circular Collider, research is currently future developments in the fi elds. The Electromagnetic Interactions with a large attendance with lively discussions. cavities and made this technology affordable undertaken in the areas of RF design, SRF All in all, it was a well-attended Nucleons and Nuclei (EINN) conference, The authors of the three best posters were for many particle accelerators. Key to the materials and coating technology. conference, igniting vibrant discussions which began in 1995, was held on the selected by a secret vote of all attendees. concept is the ultra-low surface resistance At the SRF2015 conference, speakers also in a rapidly developing fi eld. SRF2017 Santorini and Milos islands in Greece until The winners, who were young researchers of the superconductor, which allows storing covered a number of other topics, including will take place in Lanzhou, China, where it moved to Paphos in Cyprus in 2011. The from the Cyprus Institute, MIT, and Mainz energy in the cavities with very low losses. developments for the HIE-ISOLDE upgrade, further important results are expected to be series covers experimental and theoretical University, were awarded the Feynman CERN researchers work with different the high-luminosity upgrade of the LHC, the announced, given the rapid development of topics in nuclear and hadronic physics. It lecture series and commemoratory gifts, materials that could be used for these bulk-niobium high-gradient programme, the fi eld. also serves as a place to make contacts and and presented a talk on the subject of their as a forum for discussions on the current The winners of the best poster award are posters during the plenary session. s C h O O L s and future developments in the fi eld. announced at the evening plenary session. The conference covered a wide range of The conference has unoffi cially been a theoretical and experimental developments CAS course looks at the limitations of particle beams counterpart of the US Gordon Conference has had dedicated sessions for postdoctoral in hadron physics, including the dipole on Photonuclear Physics and is held in fellows and advanced graduate students, moments of neutral and charged particles, The CERN Accelerator School (CAS) as further collective effects. The lectures of which were highly appreciated by all who alternate years, with a traditionally strong who receive fi nancial support. In 2013 an the proton-radius puzzle, new experimental recently organised a specialised course on on the effects and possible mitigations were took part. US participation. No proceedings are extra day was added prior to the conference, facilities, dark-matter searches, nuclear Intensity Limitations in Particle Beams at complemented by tutorials. Forthcoming CAS courses in 2016 will be: produced, in the tradition of the Gordon and which included pedagogical lectures to astrophysics, lattice QCD, spectroscopy, CERN, from 2 to 11 November 2015. The course was very successful, with a specialised school on free-electron lasers Euroconferences, in order to encourage the facilitate the understanding by younger the spin structure of nucleons, precision Many accelerators and storage rings, 66 students representing 14 nationalities and energy-recovery linacs (FELs and ERLs) frank exchange of even tentative information. physicists of the more technical talks electroweak physics and new physics whether intended for particle-physics attending. Most participants came from in collaboration with DESY in Hamburg, The 11th EINN conference took place during the conference. This year a two-day searches. With the study of QCD being a experiments, synchrotron light sources or European countries, but also from Armenia, Germany in June; an introductory school in Paphos on 1–7 November, and attracted pre-conference event on “Frontiers and major focus of present activities and future industrial applications, require beams of China and Russia. Feedback from the on accelerator physics in Istanbul, Turkey in around 100 participants from 19 countries careers in photonuclear physics” was added. plans in physics research worldwide, the high brightness and the highest possible participants was positive, refl ecting the September; and a specialised school on beam in Europe, North America and Asia. This This included skills development and talks EINN conference will continue to provide an intensities. A good understanding of the standard of the lectures and teaching. injection, extraction and transfer (location to year marked 20 years of the successful for students, and was very well received. As important international forum, particularly for possible limitations is required to achieve In addition to the academic programme, be decided), in November. organisation of the series, and a celebration is customary, two topical parallel workshops young physicists, for the foreseeable future. the desired performance. This course the participants also had an opportunity to ● More information on CAS courses organised by K de Jager, who was the fi rst were organised, one on spectroscopy and ● For more information, see covered the interaction of beams with their take part in a typical Swiss excursion to Bern can be found on the CAS website at chair, took place. the other on the spin structure of nucleons www.cyprusconferences.org/einn2015/ surroundings and with other beams, as well and Gruyères, and a short CERN tour, both www.cern.ch/schools/CAS. Since 2011, the conference programme and nuclei, which this year included selected and www.einnconference.org.

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E V E n t s C a L E n d a r

6–11 March a W a r d s LEAP (Low Energy Antiproton Physics) 2016 Kanazawa, Japan APS announces prizewinners for 2016 LEAP 2016 will feature discussions in the field of antiproton physics. KEK

leap2016.riken.jp SLAC SLAC IBS Korea 7–11 March ICEC 26 – ICMC 2016 New Delhi, India Biennial international conference on cryogenic engineering and cryogenics materials. The conference will feature ongoing large superconducting and cryogenic projects. icec26-icmc2016.org interactions; and cosmology. This second meeting will bring together leading From left to right: Jonathan Dorfan, David Hitlin, Fumihiko Takasaki and Stephen L Olsen. 12–26 March moriond.in2p3.fr experts in engineering and science to exchange Rencontres de Moriond information about the design progress and to The American Physical Society (APS) has with lattice gauge theory”. their elucidation of the origin of black-hole La Thuile, Aosta valley, Italy 11–15 April set the goals for the coming year. Dedicated announced many of its awards for 2016, In addition, the Herman Feshbach Prize entropy from microscopic states”. As is tradition, the event will feature three Annual Meeting of the Future Circular technology R&D programmes will also be including major prizes in experimental and is for outstanding research in theoretical Black holes are also cited in the 2016 thematic conferences: electroweak interactions Collider study presented. theoretical nuclear and particle physics. nuclear physics. Xiangdong Ji of the Maria Goeppert Mayer Award. This and unified theories; QCD and high-energy Rome, Italy fccw2016.web.cern.ch The major award in experimental University of Maryland, College Park, and award, which is to recognise and enhance particle physics, the W K H Panofsky Prize, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, receives outstanding achievement by a woman CERN_125x193:Mise en page 1 18/09/12 17:17 Page 1 recognises and encourages outstanding the 2016 prize for his “pioneering work in physicist in the early years of her career, achievements in the fi eld. For 2016, it goes developing tools to characterise the structure goes to Henriette Elvang of the University to Jonathan Dorfan of Okinawa Institute of of the nucleon within QCD and for showing of Michigan, for “discovering new types of Science and Technology, David Hitlin of how its properties can be probed through black holes in higher dimensions, and giving California Institute of Technology, Fumihiko experiments; this work not only illuminates us a deeper understanding of scattering Takasaki of KEK and Stephen Olsen of the the nucleon theoretically but also acts amplitudes in quantum fi eld theory”. Institute for Basic Science. The four physicists as a driver of experimental programmes In other awards for young people, Stefan are recognised for “leadership in the BaBar worldwide”. Hoeche of SLAC receives the 2016 Henry www.goodfellow.com and Belle experiments, which established the Primakoff Award for Early-Career Particle violation of CP symmetry in B-meson decay, Gamma-rays and black holes Physics for his “innovative techniques of and furthered our understanding of quark Also in nuclear physics, the Tom W Bonner event simulation for high-energy hadron mixing and quantum chromodynamics”. Prize is for outstanding experimental colliders, enabling the comparison of The Robert R Wilson Prize for research in the fi eld, including the theory and experiment with high precision”. Achievement in the Physics of Particle development of a method, technique or The 2016 Dissertation Award in Nuclear Metals Accelerators is another award that device that signifi cantly contributes in a Physics, which is to recognise a recent PhD recognises and encourages outstanding general way to nuclear-physics research. in the fi eld, goes to Chun Shen of McGill work. Vasili Parkhomchuk of the Budker The 2016 prize is awarded to I-yang Lee of University, for his “successful prediction of and materials Institute of Nuclear physics receives the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, anisotropic fl ow in Pb+Pb collisions at the 2016 prize for his “crucial contributions in for “seminal contributions to the fi eld of LHC, his elucidation of the ‘direct photon the proof-of-principle of electron cooling, nuclear structure through the development of fl ow puzzle’, and his contributions to the for research for leading contribution to the experimental advanced gamma-ray detectors as realised in development of a computational tool of and theoretical development of electron the Gammasphere device, and for pioneering viscous fl uid dynamics enabling precision cooling, and for achievement of the planned work on gamma-ray energy tracking studies of relativistic heavy-ion collisions”. Goodfellow Cambridge Limited ON-LINE CATALOGUE parameters of coolers for facilities in detectors demonstrated by the Gamma-ray Last but not least, particle physics features Ermine Business Park laboratories around the world”. Energy Tracking Array (GRETINA).” in the awarding of the 2016 Prize for a Faculty Huntingdon PE29 6WR UK In the theoretical domain, the J J Sakurai The Dannie Heineman Prize for Member for Research in an Undergraduate Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics Mathematical Physics recognises Institution. Gregory Adkins of Franklin Tel: 0800 731 4653 or +44 1480 424 800 recognises and encourages outstanding outstanding publications in the fi eld, and for & Marshall College receives the prize Fax: 0800 328 7689 or +44 1480 424 900 achievement in particle theory. The 2016 2016 it goes to two well-known theoreticians for his “highly signifi cant and sustained [email protected] prize is awarded to Peter Lepage of Cornell from Harvard University. Cumrun Vafa contributions to quantum electrodynamics University for “inventive applications of and Andrew Strominger are honoured calculations, including the physical properties quantum fi eld theory to particle physics, for “leadership in numerous central of positronium, and for tireless and profound particularly in establishing the theory of developments in string theory, quantum fi eld commitment to involving undergraduates in hadronic exclusive processes, developing theory, and quantum geometry; including theoretical physics research”. 70 000 PRODUCTS SMALL QUANTITIES FAST DELIVERY CUSTOM MADE ITEMS non-relativistic effective fi eld theories, and the interplay between string theory and ● For more details, see www.aps.org/ determining Standard Model parameters Calabi-Yau geometry and especially for programs/honors/new-recipients.cfm.

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Benjamin Lee professorship award for Karlheinz Langanke Krzysztof Kurek appointed new director of NCBJ

Karlheinz Langanke, scientifi c director GSI Krzysztof Kurek took up the position as the Krzysztof Kurek. of GSI (Germany), has been awarded the new director-general of the Polish National NCBJ Benjamin Lee professorship. Awarded by the Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ) from on the COMPASS experiment at CERN, Asian Pacifi c Center for Theoretical Physics 25 October, for a four-year term. His vision and since 2013 he has been a member of (APCTP) in Korea, the professorship is given for development won the competition that the Polish team working on the LHCb to outstanding theoretical physicists for was opened in May by the NCBJ Scientifi c experiment at the LHC. Kurek is the author “groundbreaking research in different areas Council, and he was recommended to the or co-author of more than 250 papers of theoretical physics”. Langanke’s research minister of economy as the best candidate. published in internationally recognised focuses on nuclear astrophysics, in particular Kurek graduated from the Technical scientifi c journals. Before becoming the on nuclear reactions in supernovae and on Physics and Applied Mathematics Faculty NCBJ’s new director-general, Kurek was stellar-element synthesis. Langanke is the fi rst of the Warsaw University of Technology the former head of NCBJ’s PhD studies and European theorist to receive the professorship. in 1980. As associate professor, he worked former scientifi c secretary. At the award ceremony organised during the annual conference of the Korean Physical Society, Langanke gave a keynote talk on

Marcela Carena appointed fi rst Fermilab Fermilab the unique research opportunities offered by the future accelerator facility FAIR at GSI. director of international relations He also gave a series of lectures on nuclear astrophysics for students at APCTP. The professorship is awarded in memory Marcela Carena has been appointed Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) incorporate of Benjamin Lee, an outstanding Korean to the newly created role of director of the scientifi c goals and expertise of the theoretical physicist who died tragically international relations at Fermilab. Her worldwide neutrino-physics community, young in 1977 in a car accident. The award responsibilities include developing a and the governance model follows the has been granted annually since 2012. strategy for international engagement, highly successful one adopted by the LHC promoting contact and collaboration with experiments. Karlheinz Langanke (right) is awarded the global partners, establishing new ties and In her new role, Carena, who is head Benjamin Lee professorship. strengthening existing ones. of Fermilab’s Theory Department, will The position refl ects the new model and interface with CERN as well as with other and Super-Kamiokande, led by Takaaki scale for international partnership at the heart scientifi c organisations and governmental Breakthrough prize for neutrino oscillations Kajita, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research of the proposed Long-Baseline Neutrino agencies around the world. and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Facility (LBNF) hosted by Fermilab. Plans ● For more information, see news.fnal. Mathematics of the Universe, and Yoichiro for the facility and its Deep Underground gov/?p=23958. Marcela Carena. The 2016 Breakthrough Prize in neutrino experiment, led by Yifang Suzuki of the Kavli Institute. Fundamental Physics, which recognises Wang, Institute of High Energy Physics, The Breakthrough prizes, which include E V E n t s major insights into the deepest questions Chinese Academy of Sciences, and awards in life sciences and mathematics, of the universe, has been awarded to fi ve Kam-Biu Luk, University of California, were founded in 2012 by a group of Silicon International Cosmic DESY teams of researchers “for the fundamental Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Valley innovators to celebrate science discovery and exploration of neutrino Laboratory; KamLAND, led by Atsuto and scientists. They were presented at the Day at DESY in oscillations, revealing a new frontier Suzuki, Iwate Prefectural University; the 3rd Annual Breakthrough Prize Awards beyond, and possibly far beyond, the KEK to Kamioka (K2K) and Tokai to Ceremony in Silicon Valley on 8 November, Zeuthen Standard Model of particle physics”. Kamioka (T2K) long-baseline neutrino broadcast live on the National Geographic The $3 million award will be shared experiments, led by Koichiro Nishikawa, channel. equally among researchers from fi ve KEK; Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, led ● For more details, see https:// Thirteen pupils from a secondary school in collaborations: the Daya Bay reactor by Arthur McDonald, Queen’s University; breakthroughprize.org/News/29. Berlin attended the International Cosmic Day at the research centre DESY in Zeuthen. a ppOintMEnts The goal for the day was to measure cosmic particles – “messengers from outer space” – Sandip Trivedi appointed and to work as researchers. First, they learnt about the new topic in director of TIFR a lecture: that cosmic rays interact in the Secondary-school students participate in the International Cosmic Day at DESY. atmosphere to produce secondary particles, and how these particles can be detected at they discussed possible explanations. In to produce the best possible result. The Sandip Trivedi became the new director of education. TIFR scientists are also involved in Foundation Science Infosys ground level. Then the experimenting began. video calls to other participating groups, the atmosphere was soon identifi ed as the origin the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research the CMS experiment at CERN. The students measured the rate and arrival young researchers exchanged ideas about of the non-uniform distribution of arrival (TIFR) in July. TIFR is one of the major Trivedi is a theoretical physicist who has directions of secondary cosmic particles, and their experimental set-ups and measurement directions of the secondary particles. institutions for basic-science research in made important contributions to quantum soon realised that the rate depends distinctly results, experiencing the practical use and At the end of the day, the students India, with activities that span physics, fi eld theory, string theory and cosmology. He on the direction, and more specifi cally on the value of such exchanges and comparisons. compiled a one-page write-up of their chemistry, biology, mathematics, computer has been appointed for a fi ve-year term and zenith angle. Their common task made the students both results for a booklet summarising the day’s science, interdisciplinary sciences and science succeeds Munstansir Barma. Sandip Trivedi. After recording these measurements, partners and competitors, and inspired them achievement of all of the groups.

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to catch, but also because the best selfi e Twenty birthday candles for LHCb won a prize. The Higgs, an import from the Japanese laboratory KEK, was impersonated by particle-physics students from the In August 1995, a letter of intent was ATLAS, CMS and ILC groups at DESY. submitted for LHCb – the world’s fi rst DESY’s Director-General, Helmut Dosch, dedicated b-physics experiment realised at a also mingled with the crowds, and thanked hadron collider. On 5 November, the LHCb visitors for their interest in DESY’s work: collaboration marked the 20th anniversary LHCb Collaboration “Events like this one show how fascinated of this event with a special celebratory people are with the adventure of research.” meeting. Around 200 participants attended and listened to the presentations, which V i s i t recalled the history of the collaboration, the

many challenges that it had to overcome, CERN numerous important achievements and PT2026 NMR Precision Teslameter future prospects. Since the beauty quark b and antiquark b bound-state Υ was discovered in 1977 at Reach new heights Fermilab, many experiments at different Members of the LHCb collaboration celebrate the 20th birthday of the experiment in the accelerators have been carried out to study main auditorium at CERN. Fabiola Gianotti, CERN’s Director-General (left, front row), all of the complex physics processes in also joined in the celebrations. in magnetic eld which such particles are involved. With the advent of the LHC, it became clear The letter of intent for LHCb was obtained at e+e– colliders, and they are measurement that such a high proton–proton collision submitted in 1995 and the experiment collected at a much higher rate. In addition, energy would give rise to a very high was approved in 1998. The design of the the production of all beauty mesons and beauty-particle production rate. But how experiment was re-optimised in 2003, baryons is observed at LHCb contrary to The Metrolab PT2026 sets a new to conduct high-precision experiments a process in which many important B-factory experiments, which are limited to standard for precision magnetometers. in this very diffi cult environment? At the improvements were made. studying light beauty meson decays only. Leveraging 30 years of expertise building LHC workshop in Evian in 1992, three The ideas imagined 20 years ago Read more about the history of LHCb, its b-physics experiments were proposed. In have been very successful, even beyond physics results and prospects for the future, the world’s gold standard magnetometers, June 1994, the LHC Committee requested initial expectations, and have allowed in the LHCb20-fest presentations. it takes magnetic  eld measurement to that the interested parties form one new excellent physics results to be obtained. ● For more details, see cds.cern.ch/ new heights: measuring higher elds with collaboration to propose a single new Beauty hadrons can be reconstructed record/290868/fi les/SC00000024.pdf and experiment based on the collider mode. with background levels as low as those https://indico.cern.ch/event/434085. better resolution.

On 17 November, HRH Princess Maha Chakri The PT2026 offers unprecedented  exibility Evidence of the Sirindhorn of Thailand visited CERN. Princess Sirindhorn was visiting the laboratory for the fi fth in the choice of parameters, interfacing time, following her last visit in 2010. The princess and probe placement, as well as greatly Higgs at DESY was accompanied by a delegation that included the director of the Synchrotron Light Research improved tolerance of inhomogeneous All images: © DESY 2015 Institute (SLRI) in Thailand, Sarawut Sujitjorn, elds. And with Ethernet & USB interfaces More than 18000 visitors, 1200 volunteers, and a large group of Thailand’s diplomatic and LabVIEW software, it  ts perfectly into some 120 attractions and activities, representatives in Switzerland. Upon her arrival, modern laboratory environments. 3000 DESY apples, more than the princess was welcomed by Rolf Heuer, CERN Director-General until the end of 2015, and 1000 chocolate marshmallows, three le - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master www.agence-arca.com accelerator tunnels and one Higgs mascot Fabiola Gianotti, CERN Director-General as of – these are the vital statistics of “DESY January 2016. The princess was given a brief day”, the open day at the German research update on the laboratory’s activities since her centre. Every other year, coinciding with last visit, in April 2010. Later on, she witnessed and forming part of the Hamburg-wide In November, the DESY laboratory in Germany opened its doors to the public from noon to the signature of the framework collaboration night of the sciences, DESY opens its doors midnight. (Left) The Higgs particle, and (right) DESY’s Director-General, Helmut Dosch, agreement between CERN and the SLRI, to the public. The event lasts from noon to meet and greet visitors. represented by Rolf Heuer and Sarawut Sujitjorn, midnight and turns the sober campus into a respectively. This co-operation agreement lively science funfair family event. and CMS experiments, the computer centre microscope, try their luck with a gantry is the latest development in the context of Three accelerator tunnels were open to and the auditorium. Research partners crane, watch how a chocolate marshmallow CERN’s well-established scientifi c relations the public, including that of the European on the DESY campus like the Centre for behaves in a vacuum, make their own torch, with Thailand. Afterwards, the princess and her delegation met a small group of young Thai X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL), Ultrafast Imaging, the European Molecular try an ultra-high-speed camera or have a go Pantone 286 Pantone 032 which is nearing completion. Visitors Biology Lab or the Center for Free-Electron at extinguishing a fi re. scientists working at CERN, before concluding also fl ocked to the laboratory’s metal, Laser Science also presented their science. From time to time, a large fi gure would their visit with a guided tour of the ISOLDE facility wood and electronics workshops, its many Visitors could test their timing in a linear appear in the crowds: the Higgs particle was and the LEIR accelerator. experimental halls, the control rooms of human accelerator, produce their own on campus! Visitors were quick to take a Magnetic precision has a name www.metrolab.com DESY’s accelerators and of the ATLAS crystals and watch them grow under the selfi e with it – not only because it is so hard

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O u t r E a C h O B i t u a r i E s CERN launches 2016 Beamline for Schools competition Roger Anthoine 1925–2015 CERN is offering high-school students worldwide the chance to create and perform a CERN Roger Anthoine, who was involved with he oversaw the birth of CERN’s Weekly scientifi c experiment on a CERN accelerator public relations at CERN for more than CERN Bulletin for the internal audience, allowing beamline. Now in its third year, the Beamline 25 years, passed away on 26 October. The the Courier to become more clearly for Schools (BL4S) competition is open to fi rst editor of theCERN Courier, he had focussed on news in particle physics for the teams of at least fi ve students aged 16+ with at celebrated his 90th birthday in March international scientifi c community. least one adult supervisor, or “coach”. (CERN Courier April 2015 p41). After retirement, Roger reverted to his Students can fi nd out about the beamline A graduate in engineering and fi rst love, aviation, and he remained active and facilities via the BL4S website (cern. journalism, Roger came to CERN from for many years in technical writing. A pilot ch/bl4s), then think of a simple, creative the electrical industry in May 1959. He since 1944, he wrote numerous articles experiment. They can register their team to was hired to start a “house publication” and books on the subject in French and start receiving e-mail updates and submit a for the laboratory, a role that placed him English, and often acted as consultant on written proposal and short video by 31 March. in the Public Information Offi ce (PIO), historical events connected with aviation. Winners will be announced in June, and will Winners from the 2015 competition alongside Italian and South African ambassadors and which dealt with all of the laboratory’s Most recently, one book in particular – come to CERN, preferably in September. CERN scientists. public-relations activities under the direct Aviateurs-Piétons vers la Suisse 1940-1945 Previous winners have tested webcams and supervision of the Director-General. In (Editions Sécavia) – led to interviews with classroom-grown crystals in the beamline, the school and, for some, the chance to visit Beamline for Schools is a CERN & mid-August, the fi rst issue of the publication Radio Télévision Suisse for its “Living others have studied how particles decay and a nearby physics laboratory. For the winning Society project, funded in 2016 in part by the appeared in two editions – English and History” series, broadcast, sadly, only after investigated high-energy gamma rays. team(s), nine members and up to two Alcoa Foundation; additional contributions French – under the unifying name Roger Roger’s death. All participants will receive a certifi cate. adult coaches per team will be invited, all are received from National Instruments. had proposed: CERN Courier/Courrier During his time with the PIO, Roger had Shortlisted teams will win a BL4S t-shirt for expenses paid, to CERN for 10 days, to carry ● Spread the word to high schools near you. CERN (CERN Courier July/August developed good contacts with members each team member, a cosmic-ray detector for out the experiments on the beamline. For more information, see cern.ch/bl4s. 2009 p30). of CERN Council, management and staff. In 1960, following the sudden death of Often seen at CERN until his last days, John MacCabe, Roger became head of the Roger Anthoine. he was particularly proud, decades after PIO, a position that he was to hold until retirement, to be still addressed by name he retired in 1986, dealing with the whole including, as he was later to recall, the by former CERN colleagues of all walks gamut of CERN’s public relations – from comic strips about CERN’s deeds published of life. No doubt they will continue to press releases and relations with journalists by La Tribune de Genève in the 1970s, the notice his presence around the site – and in DTM-333 Digital Teslameter to the organisation of visits, including those naming of CERN streets, the preservation the continuing legacy of the Courier and of important dignitaries. It was within of Roman vestiges and large “erratic” stones Bulletin. He is survived by his daughter, 3-Channel, 3- Axis Operation these operations that he introduced the unearthed on the site, the organisation’s France, and son Didier. Touchscreen Interface concept of in-house guides to explain the fi rst fi lms and, last but not least, the coining ● His friends at CERN. This text takes Built-in Ethernet USB Data Storage organisation to visitors, at the time mostly of the words “Cernois/Cernite”. With his inspiration from an obituary that Roger – Graphical Display on Saturdays. His years as head of the PIO new responsibilities, Roger had to pass the ever the professional – prepared himself Data Logging for Easy Access were studded with numerous highlights CERN Courier on to others, and in 1965 some years before he died. 100% Backward Compatibility Accuracy +/- 0.03% of Reading + 0.03% of full scale maximum at 25°C 0 to 3T bipolar Marcel Froissart 1934–2015

With great sadness, we announce the death Marcel Froissart. of theoretical physicist Marcel Froissart on 21 October, at the age of 81. At CERN, he collaborated with Vladimir Marcel was extremely bright. As a Glaser and Wolfgang Pauli, trying to make teenager, he won the “concours général”, France de Collège sense of Heisenberg’s non-linear theory a competition for high-schools students and ending up with the conclusion that this in France. He went on to study at Ecole was impossible. Back at Saclay, he became Polythecnique and Ecole des Mines. I interested in the proof of Mandelstam’s * Available May 2015 fi rst met him in 1956 when, with Jacques representation for Yukawa-like potentials. Mandelbrojt, he wrote the notes of the I remember he thought that the proof I Designed for Group3 Miniature 3-Axis Probe lectures given by Chen Ning Yang in Paris on proposed with John Bowcock was not parity violation. This showed his incredible rigorous (he was right, although the issues scientifi c precocity – he was just 22. Until could be fi xed). His major contribution he became professor at Collège de France in then was the discovery, with Raymond 1974, he was mostly in Saclay, interspersed Stora (also recently deceased, CERN www.group3technology.com with periods at CERN, Berkeley and Courier November 2015 p40) of the way a ▲ Princeton. polarised beam can be depolarised in an

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier January/February 2016 CERN Courier January/February 2016 Faces & Places Faces & Places Silicon Drift Detectors • Solid State Design • Easy to Use accelerator. This work is still being used by on high-energy behaviour of scattering years at Princeton, where his great critical accelerator engineers worldwide. amplitudes. In 1966, I succeeded to prove sense made Sam Treiman call him “Mr • Low Cost Froissart’s greatest period was when he the Froissart bound without the postulate of Guillotine”. At that point, he decided to Lev Okun 1929–2015 was at Berkeley, where Goeff Chew was Mandelstam representation, and Froissart leave theoretical physics. His experience FAST SDD® preaching the S-matrix theory, as opposed presented my results very fairly at the 1966 in computing turned out to be very to fi eld theory. In this atmosphere, Froissart Berkeley conference. It must be said that the useful in 1972 when he became head of Lev Borisovich Okun passed away on Count Rate = >1,000,000 CPS tried to produce a non-trivial result, and he “Froissart bound” seems to be qualitatively Saclay’s bubble-chamber group, where big 23 November. CERN succeeded marvellously. At the “La jolla” saturated experimentally. The fi rst simulations were needed. In 1973, he was His death is a great loss to the global Resolution Peaking Time conference in 1961, he presented what is indications came from the ISR, and they ready to accept a chair at Collège de France, particle-physics community and to Russian 125 eV FWHM 4 µs now known as the “Froissart bound” – were confi rmed by the Spp–S collider and where he inherited the directorship of the science. Okun was one of the world’s 130 eV FWHM 1 µs that total cross-sections cannot increase now by the LHC (we are anxiously awaiting laboratories of Louis Leprince-Ringuet and distinguished theoretical physicists, and a 140 eV FWHM 0.2 µs faster than the square of the logarithm the results of the experiments at 13 TeV). Francis Perrin. He retired in 2004. person with genuine passion and drive for 160 eV FWHM 0.05 µs of the energy. The proof was based on a Back at Saclay, Froissart collaborated Marcel Froissart was certainly an science. non-trivial combination of unitarity and with Lascoux and Photiadi on attempts excellent laboratory director, but he was He was inseparably linked with the analyticity. For analyticity, Froissart used to prove Mandelstam representation in above all a great theoretician, to whom, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental SDD Spectrum 5.9 the postulate of Mandelstam representation. perturbation; he also worked on improving personally, I owe a lot, as I’ve explained. Physics (ITEP) where he arrived as a keV I was present and, for me, it was a real numerical programmes because he was Besides being a great scientist, Marcel postgraduate student in 1954 and worked 55Fe turning point in my life. Previously, I impressed by Daniel Bessis’s attempts Froissart was a charming person. We shall there until his last day. He was head of the eV FWHM

Counts 125 had been working mostly on potential to use Padé approximants to calculate miss him. Theoretical Physics Laboratory at ITEP for 25 mm2 x 500 µm scattering, but after that I decided to work scattering amplitudes. He also spent two ● André Martin. 30 years, and also professor at the Moscow 11.2 µs peaking time 6.4 Institute for Physics and Technology for Lev Okun. P/B Ratio: 20000/1 keV many years. Energy (keV) Okun was a student of Pomeranchuk from this paper now plays a crucial role Resolution vs Peaking Time Vadim Kuzmin 1937–2015 (who was a student of Lev Landau), and in searches for solutions to the origin of 180 2 Landau once said about him: “He is my dark matter in the universe. In 1964, in a 25 mm grandson.” paper written together with Pomeranchuk 170

Vadim Alekseevich Kuzmin, a prominent INR He also proposed that the necessary Okun’s contribution to particle and Kobzarev, the idea of a “mirror world” 160 Standard SDD Russian theoretician, passed away on baryon-number non-conservation could physics is remarkable. In the fi eld of came into existence. “Mirror matter” is ® 17 September at the age of 78. He will be observed in laboratory experiments on strong interactions, the famous Okun– still a possible candidate for dark matter. 150 FAST SDD be remembered for groundbreaking neutron–antineutron oscillations. One of Pomeranchuk theorem on the equality of Vacuum-domain walls investigated by 140 contributions to particle physics, cosmic-ray his best-known papers, written with Valery cross-sections for scattering particles from Okun in 1974 were the fi rst macroscopic physics, neutrino physics and cosmology. Rubakov and Mikhail Shaposhnikov, later the same isomultiplet at asymptotically objects of QFT that could determine the 130 Vadim Kuzmin was born in Moscow pointed out that the necessary condition high energies was proved in 1956. A year evolution of the universe. In the same year, Resolution (eV FWHM @ 5.9 keV) 120 on 16 April 1937. Finishing school in for baryogenesis – rapid-baryon-number later, he proposed a composite model, Okun, Voloshin and Kobzarev published 0 1 2 3 4 5 1955, he began his physics studies at the non-conservation – is already satisfi ed in known as the Sakata–Okun model, a pioneering paper on the decay of the Peaking Time (μs) Moscow State University the same year. the Standard Model of elementary particles in which hadrons (the term that Okun false vacuum – a subject that unexpectedly Throughput He obtained his PhD in physics in 1964 in and does not require any new hypothetical had coined) were constructed from became relevant to the physical vacuum 1,00,0000 the Lebedev Physical Institute, where he interactions. “pre-particles”, the predecessors of quarks. in our universe after the discovery of the was employed from 1961 after graduating In recent years, Vadim worked on the Within this model, he predicted the new Higgs boson with 125 GeV mass. 0.2 μs f from the university. From 1971, he worked cosmological puzzles of dark matter and η and η mesons, which were discovered Okun had an extraordinary pedagogical 100,000 1 μs in the Theory Division of the Institute for dark energy. He suggested that dark matter several years later. talent. Due to his deep understanding of Nuclear Research (INR), Moscow. In 2000, and baryon asymmetry can appear together, The physics of weak interactions was his physics, he had the unique ability to put even 4 μs he was elected to the Russian Academy in one process, therefore explaining the favourite subject. His early paper written the most intricate theoretical constructions 10,000 of Sciences. balance of dark and visible matter in the in collaboration with Ioffe and Rudik in in simple terms. Many generations of Vadim is possibly best known for Vadim Kuzmin. universe. Together with Rubakov and 1957 observed that the P-parity violation physicists studied particle physics with his Rate (OCR) Output Count

the Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin effect. Igor Tkachev, he introduced superheavy in beta decay also means a violation of the textbooks Weak Interactions of Elementary 1,000 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,0000 In 1966, he and Georgiy Zatsepin and, Less well known is that Vadim suggested dark matter, which opens the window C parity. He was the fi rst to understand Particles (1963) and Leptons and Quarks Input Count Rate (ICR) independently, Kenneth Greisen, predicted the gallium–germanium method for to trans-Planckian physics and has deep the important role of CP symmetry in the (1980, 1990). that the spectrum of cosmic rays should be detecting solar neutrinos – an ambitious connections to the infl ationary birth of decays of neutral K mesons, and suggested He was absolutely devoted to physics and suppressed at the highest energies as a result idea that was successfully implemented by the universe. an experiment to look for CP violation. embodied the quest for truth that is at the of scattering off the cosmic microwave the SAGE and GALLEX collaborations. Vadim had great sense of humour – Okun also conceived a new fi eld of heart of physics. He attracted young talent background. Observation of this cut-off The results played a key role in proving that his friends loved being victims of his research at the intersection of particle and was a founder of one of the world’s would imply that the highest-energy cosmic the solar neutrino puzzle cannot be solved innocent spoofs. He was fond of camping physics, cosmology and astrophysics. great schools of particle physics. rays originate in the nearby universe, by modifi cations of the solar model, and and trout fi shing at the lakes of Karelia, The fi rst paper in this fi eld was written Okun was the fi rst Soviet physicist opening up the experimental search for pointed instead to the real culprit: neutrino and mushroom hunting in the forests near by Lev Borisovich (in collaboration with elected to the Scientifi c Policy Committee sources, while the absence of the cut-off oscillations. Moscow. He was a spirited painter, and Zel’dovich and Pikel’ner) in 1965. They of CERN. He was awarded prestigious would signify new physics. Studies of Vadim also made many fundamental many of his friends possess his artworks, developed a method for calculating the international prizes. Please see our web site for complete the GZK effect went on to determine the contributions to the cosmology of the preserving memories of Vadim as he was at relic abundance of elementary particles He was an extraordinary person of direction of research in cosmic-ray physics early universe. In pioneering papers, the time. Our thoughts go to his family and during the expansion of the universe. They outstanding integrity, a friend of great specifications and vacuum applications for decades, and while the GZK suppression independently of Andrei Sakharov but friends, and the many others who shared performed a calculation of free-quark warmth and a source of deep knowledge has since been observed, the identifi cation at about the same time, he realised that important parts of their professional lives concentration. Non-observation of free and wisdom. He will be remembered by his of powerful cosmic accelerators is still a the baryon asymmetry of the universe with Vadim. quarks was one of the arguments for quark family, friends and colleagues. ® AMPTEK Inc. priority in astroparticle physics. could be explained by particle physics. ● His friends and colleagues. confi nement. The approach that emerged ● His friends and colleagues. [email protected] www.amptek.com 52 53

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F o r advertising e n q u i r i e s , c o n ta c t CERN C o u R i E R recruitment / c l a s s i F i e d, ioP P u b l i s h i n g , te m P l e c i r c u s , te m P l e Way, b r i s t o l bs1 6hg, uK. ΖQVWUXPHQWV te l +44 (0)117 930 1264 Fa x +44 (0)117 930 1178 e- m a i l s a l e s @ cerncourier . c o m IRU$GYDQFHG6FLHQFH P l e a s e c o n ta c t u s F o r inFormation a b o u t r at e s , c o l o u r o P t i o n s , Publication d at e s a n d d e a d l i n e s . FACULTY POSITION IN ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AT MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Michigan State University (MSU) is seeking outstanding candidates for a faculty position in accelerator physics and engineering. MSU is establishing the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) as the leading rare isotope scientific user facility for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science and is operating the National

WWW.OEAW.AC.AT/SMI The Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics of the Austrian Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) as a world-class laboratory for nuclear Academy of Sciences in Vienna is devoted to the study of fun- science with funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). 4*$ damental symmetries and interactions. In its division “Precision The successful candidate is expected to conduct world-leading research and 3UHFLVLRQ*DV$QDO\VLV experiments at low energies” a new position of innovative technology development, and contribute to the strong graduate program in accelerator physics leveraging the opportunities provided by FRIB. Present research at FRIB/NSCL addresses cutting-edge accelerator physics and technology ΖQVWUXPHQWVIRUUHVLGXDOJDVDQDO\VLV 5*$ Junior group leader for antihydrogen research including superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities, large scale cryogenics, advanced beam dynamics, large-scale numerical modeling, integrated controls, (YROYHGJDVDQDO\VLV diagnostics, and instrumentation. New areas of research include those associated has been opened. The successful candidate is expected to contribu- with the FRIB accelerator upgrade and the next generation high intensity and high 73'735 te to the existing activities on antihydrogen hyperfine spectroscopy power accelerators. and gravity measurements at the Antiproton Decelerator of CERN Faculty appointments will be in the FRIB/NSCL faculty system at a rank 9DFXXPSURFHVVPRQLWRULQJ which are currently performed within the ASACUSA and AEgIS commensurate with experience. FRIB/NSCL faculty members typically have joint collaborations. appointments in an MSU academic department, such as Physics and Astronomy, or Engineering, where they are expected to teach courses and supervise graduate In addition to the junior group leader position (tenure track, initial students. Details about FRIB/NSCL faculty appointments are provided at appointment 5 years), funding for the equivalent of two Ph.D. www.hr.msu.edu/documents/facacadhandbooks/ NSCLFacPos.htm. positions as well as funds for travel and investment are available. The Applicants must have a Ph.D. or equivalent and are normally expected to have candidate is expected to obtain additional external funding for his postdoctoral experience. The search committee will begin reviewing applications research activities. starting February 1, 2016. Application packets should include a cover letter Candidates are required to have a Ph.D. in experimental physics and addressed to the accelerator physics faculty search committee, a CV that includes a list of publications and talks, a research plan of no more than two pages, and the low-energy atomic physics type experiments at particle accelerator names and email addresses of at least three references. Application materials should &203$&76Ζ06 laboratories. Previous involvement in antihydrogen experiments, be emailed to [email protected]. 1HZ$΍RUGDEOH&RPSDFW ion or atom trapping, or particle detection will be of advantage. 1(: Candidates need to provide a research plan together with the usual 6Ζ06ΖQVWUXPHQW documents and submit them to

[email protected] until March 15, 2016. MSU is committed to achieving excellence through cultural diversity. The University IRUGHSWKSURILOH LQWHUIDFHDQDO\VLV actively encourages applications and/or nominations of women, persons of color, 6PDOOIRRWSULQW More information can be obtained from veterans and persons with disabilities. http://www.oeaw.ac.at/smi/jobs MSU is an Affirmative Action, Equal Opportunity Employer. 3RVLWLYH6Ζ06DQG6106 or by email from [email protected] 'HSWK3URILOLQJ 'FKDUDFWHULVDWLRQDQGLPDJLQJ ΖVRWRSLFDQDO\VLV $QDO\VLVRQWKHQDQRPHWUHVFDOH

(43 Full time academic position in experimental astroparticle physics 3ODVPD&KDUDFWHULVDWLRQ The physics department of the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) seeks outstanding candidates in (43LRQPDVVDQGHQHUJ\DQDO\VHU the field of astroparticle physics. 5)'&(&5DQGSXOVHGSODVPD The experimental particle and astroparticle physics group is located research interests include phenomenology, cosmology, astroparticle within the Inter-university Institute for High Energies (IIHE – ULB/VUB). and astrophysics. 1HXWUDOVDQGQHXWUDOUDGLFDOV This research group of 100 people has a long history at the forefront of More details may be found on the institute’s web page:www.iihe.ac.be . experimental research with major contributions to detector construction A successful candidate shall demonstrate a history of outstanding 7LPHUHVROYHGDQDO\VLV and data analysis in accelerator experiments (Delphi at LEP, H1 at DESY experimental or observational research and leadership in the field. Strong and CMS at LHC), in astroparticles (the large-scale South Pole neutrino +35H[WHQGVDQDO\VHVWRDWPRVSKHULF skills in the development of detector instrumentation are an asset. observatories AMANDA, IceCube, and ARA), in neutrino oscillation The candidate is invited to participate in the framework of the existing SUHVVXUHSURFHVVHV physics (OPERA at Gran Sasso, SoLiD at SCK-CEN), and in R&D on data research projects but is also encouraged to begin new research topics. acquisition systems for deployment at future accelerator and non- accelerator facilities, supported by laboratory workshop facilities and The official vacancy can be found on: technical personnel. The experimental particle physics group maintains a http://wwwdev.ulb.ac.be/greffe/files/5034.pdf close collaboration with colleagues in the ULB/VUB theory groups whose Application deadline: 15 Mar 2016

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Join Europe’s top engineering More than engineers and scientists The jobs site for physics Visit 23 000 In 2016 the European Patent Office plans and engineering to recruit more than 200 engineers and PhD studentships in the for your next career move monthly unique Science & Technology of scientists to work as patent examiners. PhDFusion studentships Energy in the Science & Technology of visitors Fusion Energy Your professional challenge A doctoral training programme in fusion energy, including Register now to receive Our engineers and scientists – drawn from over 30 different materials, instrumentation and plasma science. Open European countries – work at the cutting edge of technology, A doctoral training programme in fusion energy, including our e-mail alerts examining the latest inventions in every technical field in materials, instrumentation and plasma science. Visit order to protect and promote innovation in Europe. Positions Cancer is a major social problem and it is the main for your next career move Your profile cause of death between the ages 45-65 years. in the Radiotherapy plays an essential role in the treatment If you have a diploma of completed university studies at of cancer. Master’s level in physics or engineering, a good working knowledge of at least two of our official languages (English, OMA project The Optimization of Medical Accelerators Each researcher will benefit from a With support from EPSRC, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, AWE and the Central Laser (OMA) is the aim of a new European wide ranging training that will take French and German) and the willingness to learn the third, Facility, the Universities of Durham, Liverpool, Manchester, Oxford and York have formed the research and training network. advantage of both local and network-wide you too could be part of our team of patent-examiners in EPSRCWith supportCentre for from Doctoral EPSRC, Training Culham in Centre the Science for Fusion and Technology Energy, AWE of Fusionand the Energy. Central Laser activities. Excellent salaries will be offered. st Facility, the Universities of Durham, Liverpool, Manchester, Oxford and York have formed the OMA addresses the challenges in Most positions are for starting on 1 Munich or The Hague. EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in the Science and Technology of Fusion Energy. treatment facility design and optimization, October 2016. With ITER under construction and the operation of NIF in the US, fusion energy is entering numerical simulations for the development an exciting new era. We work with world-leading facilities, including JET, MAST, Orion and With ITER under construction and the operation of NIF in the US, fusion energy is entering of advanced treatment schemes, and in Application deadline: We offer the Central Laser Facility, while our Low Temperature Plasma research is linked with major th an exciting new era. We work with world-leading facilities, including JET, MAST, Orion and beam imaging and treatment monitoring. 28 February 2016 international companies in areas such as semiconductor processing. We offer a competitive net basic salary (EUR 5.150,08 – the Central Laser Facility, while our Low Temperature Plasma research is linked with major The network is currently offering Contact and further detail: international companies in areas such as semiconductor processing. 7.293,53 per month, depending on experience) as well as Our PhD training programme offers: Fellowships to 15 talented, energetic, Prof. Dr. Carsten P. Welsch

- fully funded 4-year research studentships highly motivated early career researchers Cockcroft Institute/University of Liverpool various benefits and allowance. Our PhD training programme offers: - a comprehensive taught programme in fusion energy, including materials and plasma that will be employed by the different WA4 4AD Warrington, UK - fully funded 4-year research studentships beneficiary partners across Europe. [email protected] science to prepare you for your research project: no prior specialist knowledge is More information - a comprehensive taught programme in fusion energy, including materials and plasma Possibilities for enrolling into a PhD assumedscience to prepare you for your research project: no prior specialist knowledge is programme exist. www.oma-project.eu To find out more about working as a patent examiner, - excitingassumed research projects, linked to world-leading fusion facilities - materials, instrumentation and plasma research projects for fusion energy and for details of our benefits package, visit our website at - exciting research projects, linked to world-leading fusion facilities - projects in high energy density physics and laboratory astrophysics http://bit.ly/1NFt2Ay - materials, instrumentation and plasma research projects for fusion energy - - experimentalprojects in high projects energy including density physics superconductivity, and laboratory spectroscopy, astrophysics control technology - andexperimental data analysis projects including superconductivity, spectroscopy, control technology Application deadline - extensiveand data analysisopportunities for international collaboration and travel - extensive opportunities for international collaboration and travel The deadline for applications is 15 January 2016 for Munich For more information on the Fusion-CDT and studentships visit www.fusion-cdt.ac.uk and 29 January 2016 for The Hague. For more information on the Fusion-CDT and studentships visit www.fusion-cdt.ac.uk

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C OMPILED BY V IRGINIA G RECO, CERN

The Large Hadron Collider: Harvest of Run 1 By Thomas Schörner-Sadenius (ed.) Springer On the verge of obtaining new results from the fi rst year of Run 2 of the LHC, a book summarising the results from Run 1 is highly anticipated. The impressive effort needed to write such an overview must be acknowledged. The LHC experiments (ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, and TOTEM) have published more than 1000 results from Run 1, and producing a comprehensive review of them while ensuring that the book remains accessible to young researchers is a demanding task that requires careful editorial work. This seems to have been the intention of the authors, which in my opinion has been accomplished. Individual chapters are written by teams of well-recognised experts working in each specifi c fi eld. The book starts with a short historical overview, describing the development of the LHC project – three-decades long – from fi rst ideas to its realisation. The reader will fi nd LHC physics, thanks to the historical and chapter 6 to the discovery of W and Z bosons an interesting summary of the diffi cult pedagogical point of view adopted. in the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), and fi nancial situation the LHC had to confront, ● Paolo Meridiani, INFN Roma (Italy). chapter 7 to the fundamental neutral current while receiving harsh competition from experiment at Gargamelle. Going back in similar accelerator projects (UNK, SSC). 60 Years of CERN Experiments and time to Gargamelle, one can appreciate Clearly, the legacy of Run 1 is marked by Discoveries the ingenuity of the physicists’ community the discovery of the Higgs boson, therefore By Herwig Schopper and Luigi Di Lella (eds.) struggling with the data to get a clearer a long and interesting chapter is dedicated World Scientifi c picture of electroweak physics, at a time to a description of its discovery and, later Also available at the CERN bookshop when the microelectronics revolution was on, to the measurement of its properties, This book is a treasure trove of particle still far off. but the volume shows the impact of the physics, highly recommended for From chapter 8 to the end of the book, LHC results on all of the different fronts physics teachers, graduate students and the reader picks up little gems. CERN of high-energy physics. The interplay professionals of the fi eld. With 17 chapters, is not only the LHC or LEP, but much between recent theory developments and it offers a concise essay of 60 years of more. Chapter 8 tells the story of neutrino experimental results is clearly presented. particle physics at CERN from the point of physics at the SPS, in particular the precise Furthermore, each physics chapter is view of the people in charge of the different measurement of the Weinberg angle introduced by a short theoretical summary, experiments. and how that effort paved the way for showing the pedagogical intention of the The fi rst three chapters cover the present actual neutrino-oscillation experiments. authors. Results are often contextualised by day at CERN: the full LHC programme, Chapters 9 and 10 are dedicated to comparing them with the current status of from the Higgs boson discovery to Beauty kaon physics, in particular to the direct each topic and by showing perspectives for physics and quark–gluon plasma. They draw measurement of CP violation in kaon decay future improved results. a relatively synthetic but precise picture of by the NA31/NA28 collaborations at the Besides allowing senior researchers to the four major experiments at LHC (ATLAS, SPS, and to discrete symmetry (T, CPT quickly scan through the plethora of LHC CMS, LHCb, ALICE), giving really useful and CP) measurements in the neutral-kaon results, the book will be particularly useful information to the reader. system using the LEAR antiproton storage for young researchers trying to familiarise The surprises, at least for me, come in the ring. Here, the reader discovers that the themselves with certain aspects of LHC chapters that follow. They explain physics large volume of statistics on π+π– decays physics. It stimulates further reading and that is already in textbooks, but provide possible at LEAR (now evolved to LEIR) gives a long list of references at the end of a great deal of detail about each specifi c enabled testing of the equivalence principle each chapter – in my opinion, this is a main endeavour – a pleasure to read if you are between particles and antiparticles, as well bonus of the book. interested not only in the results but also as of EPR correlations. Although the results from Run 1 at the LHC in the intellectual journey and historical Chapter 11 highlights the physics are destined to be quickly outdated by new context. discoveries at the Intersecting Storage results from Run 2, I believe that this book Chapters 4 (number of light neutrinos) Rings (ISR). Remembered as the fi rst could serve for several years as initial reading and 5 (gauge-coupling-constants precision hadron collider and a technological feat, ▲ for any physicist when fi rst confronted with physics) are dedicated to LEP results, it also made an important contribution

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to fundamental physics by discovering the This book is the result of a derivations and then illustrated with Silver Nanoparticles: From Silver Halide Thanks to his profound knowledge Classical Dynamics: A Modern Perspective rise of the proton–proton scattering total one-semester course that has a model or example in which it is Photography to Plasmonics and expertise, the author explains in an (2nd edition) cross-section. Chapters 12 and 13 discuss been taught by the author to implemented. This enables students to By Tadaaki Tani exceptionally clear and rigorous way the By E C G Sudarshan and N Mukunda topics out of chronological order. Chapter 13 juniors, seniors and fi rst-year move easily through the text and gain Oxford University Press topics of the subject that he considers to be World Scientifi c concerns the discovery of partons in hadrons graduate students in physics practical experience with the most This book gives a the most important for a one-year graduate More than 40 years since the from the ISR to the SPS, with details of the and engineering at Duke important tools of the fi eld. comprehensive review course. He begins with an historical review appearance of the fi rst edition, hadron internal structure, revealed by muon University for 13 years. Apart from the basic building blocks of the synthesis, optical of quantum mechanics and an account this book in now published scattering in the SPS, given in chapter 12. It gives an overview of the fundamentals in the theory of instantons and of large-N properties and applications of classic solutions to the Schrӧdinger in a revised version that is “Modern” LHC parlance as “gluon in optical science, the principals of which are expansion, the choice of topics has been of silver nanoparticles and equation, then goes on to develop quantum presented with the same colliders” can be traced back to the ISR; jet explained by using a rigorous approach based dictated by the author’s taste and expertise, nanomaterials. mechanics in a modern Hilbert-space passion and dedication as the production, now a workhorse at the LHC on Maxwell’s equations. Besides the classical as he himself admits. As a consequence, Today, nanoscience, which is the approach. original. The authors confess that they have programme, was evident from the SPS UA2 topics, the book includes some material not some subjects covered extensively study of extremely small things, plays a Weinberg gives much greater emphasis always had an “affair of the heart” with experiment. Deep inelastic scattering has found in more conventional textbooks on elsewhere in the literature are left aside, fundamental role in technology, and is than usual to principles of symmetry, and classical dynamics, and this remains alive. been an active fi eld at CERN for more the subject: nonlinear optics, guided waves, while space has been given to topics not connected to many scientifi c fi elds: physics, covers subjects that are often omitted in In the volume, classical dynamics is than 35 years, and has had a fundamental photonic structures, surface plasmons and commonly treated in textbooks. Moreover, chemistry, biology, material science and books on quantum mechanics, such as treated as a subject in its own right, as well impact on the present day understanding of more. Anisotropy is also largely discussed, supersymmetry has been avoided as much as engineering. Nanoparticles are of great Bloch waves, time-reversal invariance, as a research frontier. While presenting hadronic-matter structure. even if it needs the use of tensors, because of possible, by choice. scientifi c interest because they provide a the Wigner–Eckart theorem, isotopic all of the essential principles, the authors But CERN is not only about colliders. its importance in modern optics. bridge between bulk materials and atomic spin symmetry, Levinson’s theorem, etc. demonstrate that a number of key results Atomic physics is very much alive there, This 2nd edition retains an emphasis on Introduction to the Ads/CFT or molecular structures. We know that bulk This 2nd edition includes major additions originally considered only in the context of as well as the study of exotic atoms (pionic, both the fundamental principles of optics Correspondence material normally has constant physical to existing chapters and has also been quantum theory and particle physics have muonic, kaonic) and anti-atoms. Chapter 14 and exposure to actual optical-engineering By Horat¸iu Na˘stase properties regardless of its size, whereas enriched by the addition of six new their foundations in classical dynamics. traces the history of antimatter–exotic matter problems and solutions. It introduces a large Cambridge University Press size-dependent properties are often sections, covering topics such as the rigid Even if the text is based on what the at CERN, up to present-day experiments at number of applications such as laser optics, The aim of this book is to give observed at the nanoscale. rotor and quantum-key distribution. authors defi ne as “our understanding of ALPHA and ATRAP, even for testing the fi ber optics and medical imagining, which a pedagogical introduction to Researchers are interested in The author takes care to explain the quantum mechanics”, this new version equivalence principle (does antimatter fall makes the book appealing to engineering Anti-de Sitter/Conformal Field nanoparticles of noble metals, including formalism, to be clear and coherent, builds on many suggestions coming from down?) with AEgIS or GBAR. students and professors. Theory, or AdS/CFT, which is silver (Ag), because they show high and includes numerous examples from other physicists and continuous dialogue Muon-storage technological challenges A selection of optional material has also the relation between quantum potential for possible future plasmonic elementary particle physics. Problems are with students using the book as a reference. and the g-2 measurement at CERN, a hot been added in the appendices, adaptable to fi eld theory with conformal devices. On the other hand, nanoparticles also included at the end of each chapter. topic today, come within chapter 15, which different interests and to stimulate further invariance, living in our fl at 4D space, of silver and silver halides (AgX) have Well-structured and easily readable, this Key Nuclear Reaction Experiments: contains two special-relativity surprises: reading. Many pictures, tables and diagrams and string theory, which is a quantum been extensively studied in silver-halide book is bound to receive the same approval Discoveries and Consequences a gamma-ray time-of-fl ight experiment accompany the text, making the exposition theory of gravity and other fi elds, living photography. as the 1st edition did. By Hans Paetz gen. Schieck 5 from the Proton Synchrotron (PS) target, clear and complete. in the background solution of AdS5 × S The author offers an overview of both IOP Publishing demonstrating the independency of c from (5D anti-de Sitter space multiplied by a the properties of silver nanoparticles and The Standard Model of Quantum Physics in Nuclear physics has seen the source motion, and time dilation in Instantons and Large N: An Introduction fi ve-sphere). related materials, and know-how in AgX Clifford Algebra enormous developments in the circular orbits for the muon lifetime in to Non-Perturbative Methods in Quantum Assuming knowledge of only the basics photography. The fi rst part (chapters 1–3) By C Daviau and J Bertrand last century. The study of nuclear fl ight. Chapter 16 explains the beginning Field Theory of quantum fi eld theory, the text provides introduces the structure and preparation of World Scientifi c reactions has given fundamental of the accelerator programme at CERN By Marcos Mariño readers with all of the concepts and tools nanoparticles of Ag and other noble metals In this book, the authors insights into the nature of the with the physics contribution of the CERN Cambridge University Press needed to engage with AdS/CFT. In for plasmonics, as well as those of Ag and discuss the Standard Model, forces that act within nuclei and 600 MeV Synchrocyclotron (pi meson Intended to be a fundamental the fi rst part, the author describes some AgX nanoparticles in photography. Then, drawing upon Clifford algebra on the structure of nuclides. decays), in particular the fi rst measurement resource for graduate students fundamental concepts of general relativity, in chapter 4, the relevant properties and (a special case of geometric This book traces the history of the of the muon anomalous moment. in particle, theoretical and supersymmetry, supergravity, string theory, performance of nanoparticles of Ag and algebra) of space–time, development of nuclear physics by Closing the book, chapter 17 discusses mathematical physics, the book conformal fi eld theory and D-branes. He related materials are presented, focusing following the work of Hestenes reviewing key experiments that have part of the nuclear-physics programme, gives a highly pedagogical has chosen not to overload the text with in particular on light absorption and and other physicists that in the 1980s shaped our understanding of the fi eld. It is specifi cally with ISOLDE – an “alive introduction to some advanced too many details about these fi elds, to keep scattering. In the third part (chapters 5–7), revisited Dirac theory using Clifford interesting to look back to the beginning and kicking” experiment dedicated to the topics of quantum fi eld theory (QFD). the reader focused. The second section the author discusses the applications of this formalism. and discover how crucial results were study of radioactive nuclei, mainly nuclear The standard approach to QFD, one of the provides a clear and rigorous dissertation research in catalysis, photovoltaic effects After an introduction on the basics of obtained by very simple means, and how ground-state properties and excited nuclear pillars of modern physics, is the perturbative on AdS/CFT correspondence (in the and plasmonics. New ideas in the fi eld are Clifford algebra and the Dirac equation, the sophisticated and complex experiments states populated in radioactive decays, but one. Although successful, it is not suffi cient context of its best understood example). also presented at the end. the authors move on to place Dirac theory of today came about. Experiments are now also leading the production of medical to address many important phenomena. In Finally, in the third part, more specialised Full of pictures and references, this in a 3D framework, based on the Clifford described in detail and their outcomes are isotopes for fundamental studies in cancer this book, the author gives an introduction applications are discussed, such as QCD, text represents a synthesis of up-to-date algebra Cl3 of 3D space. They introduce discussed. In some cases, original drawings research. to two methods that go beyond the standard quark–gluon plasma and condensed matter. knowledge in the fi eld. their homogeneous nonlinear equation and are included, accompanied by new fi gures As a fi nal remark, I enjoyed this book not perturbative framework: instantons and The book is self-contained, introducing explain why, in their opinion, it is better and plots when needed. only for the range of topics and extensive large-N expansion. all of the necessary basic concepts and Lectures on Quantum Mechanics than the Dirac equation, which is its linear The theoretical background to the explanations, but also because it is easily The fi rst part of the volume offers a most of the AdS/CFT methods and (2nd edition) approximation. experiments is also given, but is kept readable – not an easy goal when the number detailed exposition of instantons in quantum tools, but for an in-depth or exhaustive By Steven Weinberg Several consequences deriving from these concise. Nevertheless, the reader can refer of authors is so high. Defi nitely a must read. mechanics, supersymmetric quantum treatment, the reader is advised to refer Cambridge University Press novelties are then discussed extensively. In to the references at the end of each chapter ● Rogelio Palomo, University of Sevilla (Spain). mechanics, the large-order behaviour to research articles. The many examples Also available at the CERN bookshop particular, a fi rst attempt to reconcile the for a more in-depth treatment of individual of perturbation theory, and Yang–Mills and exercises at the end of each chapter After the great success of the 1st quantum world with inertia and gravitation subjects. Books received theories. In the second part, large-N reveal the pedagogical vocation of the edition, the textbook on modern is made. Besides drawing on the history of expansion in QFT is examined. volume, nevertheless it will also be a useful quantum mechanics by Nobel The book also includes three appendices, experiments and related discoveries, the Modern Optics (2nd edition) The topics are presented in a reference for researchers in the fi elds of laurate Steven Weinberg is reporting demonstrations and calculations book shows how misinterpretations and By B D Guenther well-organised form, and each subject particle, nuclear and condensed-matter presented in a fully updated 2nd related to the concepts explained in the prejudices in some cases prevented or Oxford University Press is explained with detailed mathematical physics. edition. text, and a rich bibliography. delayed fundamental breakthroughs.

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A LOOK BACK TO CERN C OURIER VOL . 13, J ANUARY 1973, COMPILED BY P EGGIE R IMMER

p h Y s i C s a t L a B O r a t O r Y 1 News from Gargamelle CERN Having obtained evidence for new hadronic results agree with models where the partons Partner you can count on – constituents [partons] by electromagnetic are quarks, and imply that nucleons consist of and strongly interacting probes, the three quarks and some quark–antiquark pairs. question arises whether they also manifest However, free quarks have not been no matter how cold it gets. themselves in weak interactions. Preliminary found. Why do nucleons exhibit a granular measurements of the total cross-sections structure but it is not possible to knock out for antineutrinos and neutrinos in the one of these grains? In experiments at the presently available energies. Or maybe they heavy-liquid bubble chamber Gargamelle ISR, where quark masses up to 22 GeV are just mathematically useful concepts Linde Kryotechnik. show both cross-sections rising linearly with could be observed, no particles with the in describing particle behaviour without energy in the range from 1 to 9 GeV, with fractional charges predicted for quarks have correspondence in physical reality. the ratio between them of one third. These been seen. Maybe their masses are beyond ● Compiled from texts on pp3–5. For over eight decades, we have been enabling ground-breaking discoveries that challenge the boundaries of physics. As the world’s Above right: An antineutrino interaction recorded in the heavy-liquid bubble chamber Gargamelle. The interaction produced a high-energy muon, which travelled across the chamber, a low-energy negative pion, which stopped in the chamber, and a positive pion, leading cryogenic engineering company, we have the technologies, which interacted to give a neutral pion that decayed into gammas, which materialized in electron–positron pairs in the heavy liquid. experience and skills to keep cool – while you unravel the secrets of science. At the synchro-cyclotron of 10 and raise the extraction effi ciency CERN well above its present value of around 6%. During the past year, the physics programme This will be achieved by replacing several Linde Kryotechnik – your trusted partner. of the 600 MeV synchro-cyclotron (SC) important machine components, including No matter where the journey takes you. has included 18 experiments (plus those at a “hooded-arc” ion source and new central the isotope separator, ISOLDE) involving electrodes with an r.f. system capable scientists from about 30 research centres. of providing voltages as high as 30 kV, a The experiments have mainly concerned frequency modulation from 30 to 16.7 MHz, nuclear physics, but several are studying and an increase the SC pulse repetition rate aspects of particle physics and there is also a from 55 to over 500 Hz. modest programme of radiobiology. The starting date of the shutdown to carry At ISOLDE, fed by the SC, short-lived out these improvements is not yet fi xed since “exotic” nuclei are studied. In the SC the rotary condenser, the mechanical tuning experimental areas there are related element of the r.f. system, has not been fully experiments, such as an Orsay investigation tested. The Advisory Panel of physics users of fragmentation, which provides strongly recommends bringing the condenser astrophysics with data on stellar and The rotary condenser of the r.f. acceleration to CERN for completion after a preliminary interstellar interactions, and a Cologne study system for the SC improvement programme test at the manufacturers. If this does not using targets of lunar-rock composition to in its vacuum housing, with the end shield reveal any major technical diffi culties, the estimate the effect of cosmic rays on the removed. The eight symmetrically placed shutdown, expected to last for just under a surface of the Moon. electrodes couple the condenser to the year, could start before the middle of the year. The energy of the SC was selected so that oscillator valve via the coaxial feed (centre). ● Compiled from texts on pp34–36. it would be capable of copious production of pions, and this has been used in a long sequence of experiments where pions have Compiler’s Note The Gargamelle chamber is exhibited in the Microcosm garden at CERN. been fi red at nuclei. As well as protons and pions, muons are also available. One of the In 1973/1974, Gargamelle provided existential evidence for Z bosons, muon experiments produces muonic atoms, neutral partners of the hypothesized charged weak-interaction bosons, where the muon becomes a satellite of the W±, and detailed testing of the electroweak Standard Model became top atom in the same way as an electron. When the priority, especially at CERN. In 1983, W and Z bosons were created in the muon is in the higher atomic energy levels, it proton–antiproton collider, in 1989 experiments at LEP restricted the is sensitive to any asymmetry in movement of number of matter “generations” to three, and in 2012 Higgs bosons, the Linde Kryotechnik AG protons in the nuclear volume and it has been unverifi ed components of the model, were observed at the LHC. Daettlikonerstrasse 5, 8422 Pfungen, Switzerland possible to measure the quadrupole moment The SC improvement programme was started in July 1973 and Phone +41.52.304-0555, Fax +41.52.304-0550 associated with the rotation of ellipsoidal, or completed in January 1975. This versatile and venerable machine, CERN’s cigar-shaped, nuclei. www.linde-kryotechnik.ch fi rst accelerator, commissioned in 1957, delivered particle beams until its The peak internal beam current is about 1.5 μA. The main aims of the improvement closure in 1990. It now offers a unique look into CERN’s history as part of the visits programme. Linde Cryogenics programme are to increase this by a factor Division of Linde Process Plants, Inc. 6100 South Yale Avenue, Suite 1200, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74136, USA Phone +1.918.477-1200, Fax +1.918.477-1100, www.lppusa.com 62

Untitled-1 1 07/10/2015 11:22 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation NEW Gamma stream - S2580 Stand-alone Digital MCA tube base

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• Wireless and wired connectivity via USB, Ethernet, Bluetooth and WiFi • Internal battery and data-storage • Embedded GPS(*) for data geolocation • ARM based CPU for unattended operations • Specialized for NaI(Tl), LaBr3(Ce), and CeBr3 with standard 14-pin and 10-8 stages PMTs • Multiple acquisition modes: PHA, PHA with time stamp, MCS(*), SCA(*) and signal inspector • Gain stabilizer based on natural or calibration radioactivity • Supported by MC2Analyzer software GammaTOUCH App for Android and GammaTOUCH

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www.caen.it Typical NaI detector with 14-pin PMT. Small details… Great differences is plugged on the PMT tube.

Gennaio.indd 1 23/12/15 12:51 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 1 J a n u ary /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 CERNCOURIER V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 1 J a n u a r y /F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 Contents

5 V i ew p o i n t F e a t u r e s 32 Imaging science: physics laboratories under the spotlight 16 Networking against cancer with ENLIGHT Physics laboratories lift the curtain on their backstage activities. 7 ew s N The hadrontherapy community touches base. 35 PS beam extraction becomes more efficient A year of challenges and successes Latest ATLAS results with • • 20 XENON opens a new era for dark-matter searches Successful tests for more efficient proton-beam extraction. 13 TeV proton–proton collisions at the LHC CMS presents new • The first physics run is envisaged to start early this year. 13 TeV results at end-of-year jamboree • Fixed-target and heavy- 39 I n t e r a c t i o n s & C r o s s r o a d s 23 LHC surpasses design luminosity with heavy ions ion physics with LHCb • A new chapter opens with more Pb–Pb 45 F a ce s & P l a ce s collisions for a precision study of hot and dense QCD matter Lead nuclei collided with an average centre-of-mass energy per pair • MicroBooNE records first neutrino events of nucleons of 5.02 TeV. 55 R ec r u i t me n t 13 S c i e n cew a t c h 26 ATLAS and CMS upgrade proceeds to the next stage 59 B oo k s h elf Experiments get ready for the HL-LHC. 15 A s t r ow a t c h 62 A r c h i ve 29 CAST: enlightening the dark CAST widens its scientific programme.

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