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CERNNovember/December 2019 cerncourier.com COURIERReporting on international high- WELCOME CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the November/December 2019 issue of CERN Courier. The Extremely Large Telescope, adorning the cover of this issue, is due to EXTREMELY record first light in 2025 and will outperform existing telescopes by orders of magnitude. It is one of several large instruments to look forward to in the decade ahead, which will also see the start of high-luminosity LHC operations. LARGE TELESCOPE As the 2020s gets under way, the Courier will be reviewing the LHC’s 10-year physics programme so far, as well as charting progress in other domains. In the meantime, enjoy news of KATRIN’s first limit on the mass (p7), a summary of the recently published European strategy briefing book (p8), the genesis of a -therapy centre in Southeast Europe (p9), and dispatches from the most interesting recent conferences (pp19—23). CLIC’s status and future (p41), the abstract world of gauge–gravity duality (p44), ’s particle-physics origins (p37) and CERN’s open days (p32) are other highlights from this last issue of the decade. Enjoy!

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KATRIN weighs in on Maldacena on the gauge–gravity dual FPGAs that speak your language

EDITOR: MATTHEW CHALMERS, CERN DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY IOP PUBLISHING

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• Nuclear and Particle • Neutrino Physics • Solid organic and X-ray rhythm The galaxy that bursts Logical move Programming FPGAs is no Flourishing physics Delve into the history of the Physics • Environmental inorganic Scintillators three times per day. 11 longer only the preserve of experts. 29 CNRS, one of Europe’s largest research institutions. 37 • Dark Matter and Monitoring • Liquid Scintillators Astroparticle Physics • Homeland Security • HPGe • Fast Neutron .... and more • SiPM NeWS PeoPle Spectroscopy • Diamond Detectors ANALYSIS ENERGY FRONTIERS FIELD NOTES CAREERS OBITUARIES • Fusion Plasma Diagnostic .... and more KATRIN’s neutrino first Zooming in on top Superconducting RF Flying high after Gaspar Barreira • Strategy briefing book • Hypertriton • Three neutrinos the Higgs 1940–2019 • Giovanni • 2019 puzzle nears resolution • – Eleni Mountricha Muratori 1924–2019 Hadron therapy in Rarest strange decay interactions Topics Ernst-Wilhelm Precise signal reconstruction, advanced zero suppression algorithms, high energy • • • describes her transition • Southeast Europe • Open shrinks from sight in Toyama • Austria from ATLAS to Otten 1934–2019 resolution, pulse-shape discrimination and sub-ns timing capabilities ... all of these letter to EC • Croatia • CMS goes scouting for celebrations • Exotic data scientist. 53 • Gaurang Bhaskar Yodh are in 725/730 Digitizers, the ideal solutions for many applications in Physics and joins CERN • Galaxy dark . 15 • New trends 1928–2019. 59 Nuclear Engineering. pulsates in X-rays. 7 • Cooling in Siberia. 19 FeATureS FIRMWARE SOFTWARE ELT FPGAS CERN OPEN DAYS CNRS AT 80 & Astronomers scale FPGAs that speak The rise of French WAVE DUMP new summit your language inspires all particle physics CAEN The world’s largest Machine learning and Some 75,000 members A look back at the optical/near-infrared complex algorithms are of the public took part history of CNRS and CER N-PHO T O-201909-251-6 telescope may bring being brought within the in the CERN Open Days its achievements in ™ C and LabVIEW libraries available mysteries such as dark scope of trigger-level outreach event. 32 nuclear and high- for custom developments. energy into focus. 25 analysis. 29 energy physics. 37

Families - VME64, VME6 itizer 4X, NIM Dig , Des oPINIoN DePArTmeNTS rm ktop efo , Ra av ck VIEWPOINT INTERVIEW REVIEWS FROM THE EDITOR 5 W Why CLIC? Gauge–gravity Redeeming the role NEWS DIGEST 13 Steinar Stapnes duality opens new of mathematics LETTER TO 47 12/14-bit 12-bit 10-bit 12-bit 14-bit considers the past, The Universe Speaks horizons THE EDITOR 100/250 MS/s 62.5 MS/s 1-2-4 GS/s 3.2/5 GS/s @125 MS/s present and future Juan Maldacena’s work in Numbers The • APPOINTMENTS 54 of CERN’s proposed continues to offer Consolations of Physics & AWARDS . insights into black The Weil Conjectures. On the cover: • Artist’s rendering of the 41 holes and the search for 49 RECRUITMENT 55 Extremely Large Telescope. quantum gravity. 44 BACKGROUND 62 (Credit: ESO/L Calçada.) 25 720/724 Digitizer Family 740 Digitizer Family 751/761 Digitizer Family 742/743 Switched Capacitor R5560/ DT5560SE Digitizer 8/4/2 Ch. 64/32 Ch. 2/1/8-4/4-2 Ch. Digitizer Family Family 32+2/16+1 - 16/8 Ch. 32/128 Ch. CERN COURIER NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2019 3 Small details… Great differences www.caen.it

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CERNCOURIER.COM FROM THE EDITOR

Tooling up for the next decade ESO/L Calçada/ACe Consortium Calçada/ACe ESO/L he 2010s saw two great discoveries in fundamental physics: the Higgs in 2012 and gravitational waves Tin 2016. Both were the product of unique instruments at the limits of technology, built and operated by thousands of people from numerous countries over many years, and both provide rich physics programmes throughout the 2020s. What else lies in store for the decade ahead? Matthew The Extremely Large Telescope, adorning the cover of this Chalmers issue, is one of several large instruments to look forward to. The Editor product of the 16 member-state European Southern Observa- tor y, it is due to record first light in 2025 and will outperform existing telescopes by orders of magnitude (p25). Other facilities to come online in the 2020s include the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), the European Spallation Source in , the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, the Square Top of its class Artist’s rendering of the main mirror of the ELT, Kilometre Array, Cherenkov Telescope Array and ITER. The one of several major facilities to come online during the 2020s. fate of an -Ion Collider in the US, Hyper-Kamiokande in Japan and new third-generation gravitational-wave detec- a variety of novel experiments to search for -like and tors will be sealed, while other projects, such as a post-Planck feebly-interacting particles will come online. In addition to cosmic-microwave-background detector, gain momentum. DUNE and Hyper-K, neutrino have KM3NeT and JUNO to look forward to, along with upgrades of the IceCube obser- Dramatic landscape vatory and deeper searches for neutrinoless double-beta decay, Ten years ago, on 30 November 2009, having recovered from a while SuperKEKB’s flavour-physics programme will get into major repair, the LHC accelerated its twin beams of to full stride. These are just a taste of the numerous experiments, an energy of 1.18 TeV and became the world’s highest energy large and small, on the horizon. The 2020s will also be make- accelerator. Its results dominated particle physics in the 2010s or-break time for a clutch of anomalies – including those in the based on only a fraction of its expected total dataset and, from fl a v o u r s e c t or, c o s m i c r a y s a n d pr e c i s i o n m e a s u r e m e nt s o fthe 2026, its high-luminosity upgrade is due to bring an avalanche ’s magnetic moment – along with developments in theory. of new data. One of the biggest decisions ahead is which collider This year, the Courier has celebrated its 60th anniversary with a should follow the LHC, for which the outcomes of the European new design and website, and with a series of retrospective articles strategy for particle physics, due in May, are eagerly awaited that are available online under the section “In focus”. Next year, in Europe and beyond (p8). as the new decade gets under way, we will be reviewing the LHC’s The 2020s will The landscape of possible physics beyond the physics programme in full, as well as charting progress in other has changed dramatically during the past decade, and it is clear also be make- domains. In the meantime, enjoy news of K ATRIN’s first limit that new experimental strategies and theoretical insights are on the neutrino mass (p7), a hadron-therapy centre in Southeast or-break time needed. The 2020s will see WIMP dark matter meet its ulti- Europe (p9), CLIC’s status and future (p41), the abstract world of VACUUM SOLUTIONS for a clutch of mate test in upgraded and next-generation detectors, including gauge–gravity duality (p44), France’s particle-physics origins anomalies XENONnT, LZ, DarkSide-20k, SuperCDMS and DARWIN, while (p37), CERN’s open days (p32), and much more.

Reporting on international high-energy physics

FROM A SINGLE SOURCE CERN Courier is distributed Editor Laboratory correspondents INFN Antonella Varaschin UK STFC Jane Binks Production editor e-mail sales@ to governments, institutes Matthew Chalmers Argonne National Jefferson Laboratory SLAC National Accelerator Ruth Leopold cerncourier.com and laboratories affiliated Associate editor Laboratory Tom LeCompte Kandice Carter Laboratory Melinda Baker Technical illustrator Pfei er Vacuum is proud to have been a supplier of innovative and customized vacuum solutions to the particle accelerator with CERN, and to Mark Rayner Brookhaven National JINR Dubna B Starchenko SNOLABSamantha Kuula Alison Tovey General distribution individual subscribers. Archive contributor Laboratory Achim Franz KEK National Laboratory TRIUMF Laboratory Advertising sales Courrier Adressage, CERN, community for more than 50 years. Our complete product portfolio for vacuum technology, our focus on competent and It is published six times Peggie Rimmer Cornell University Hajime Hikino Marcello Pavan Tom Houlden 1211 Geneva 23, ; specialized advice supported by robust and reliable service, makes Pfei er Vacuum the partner of choice for the analytical per year. The views Astrowatch contributor D G Cassel Lawrence Berkeley Recruitment sales e-mail courrier- expressed are not Merlin Kole DESY Laboratory Laboratory Spencer Klein Produced for CERN by Chris Thomas adressage@.ch and research communities worldwide. necessarily those of the E-mail Till Mundzeck Los Alamos National Lab IOP Publishing Ltd Advertisement CERN management. [email protected] Centre Rajan Gupta Temple Circus, Temple production Katie Graham Published by CERN, 1211 Guido Piragino NCSL Ken Kingery Way, Bristol BS1 6HG, UK Marketing and Geneva 23, Switzerland ■ Pumps for vacuum generation down to UHV Advisory board Fermilab Kurt Nikhef Robert Fleischer Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481 circulation Laura Gillham Tel +41 (0) 22 767 61 11 ■ Vacuum measurement and analysis equipment Riesselmann Novosibirsk Institute Christine Sutton Forschungszentrum S Eidelman Head of Media Jo Allen Advertising Printed by Warners ■ Leak detectors and integrity test systems Claude Amsler Jülich Markus Buescher Orsay Laboratory Head of Media Tel +44 (0)117 930 1026 (Midlands) plc, Bourne, ■ Vacuum chambers and components Philippe Bloch GSI Darmstadt I Peter Anne-Marie Lutz Business Development (for UK/Europe display Lincolnshire, UK Roger Forty IHEP, Beijing Lijun Guo PSI Laboratory P-R Kettle Ed Jost advertising) or ■ Pumping stations and customized solutions Mike Lamont IHEP, Serpukhov Saclay Laboratory Art direction +44 (0)117 930 1164 (for © 2019 CERN Matthew Mccullough Yu Ryabov Elisabeth Locci Frédérique Swist recruitment advertising); ISSN 0304-288X

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INSTRUMENTATION LIBERA TECHNOLOGIES NEWS ANALYSIS Digital LLRF

NeutriNos feedback stepper motor & plunger system Low level RF system KATRIN sets new limit on neutrino mass B a s e d o n it s fi r s t fo u r w e e k s o f r u n n ing, KATRIN K AT R IN m a i n s p e c t r o m e t e r, w h i c h i s t h e probe researchers at the Karlsruhe Tritium largest ultra-high-vacuum vessel in the Neutrino (K ATRIN) ex periment in Ger- world – seven times larger than the LHC Forward m a n y h a v e s e t a n e w m o d e l-i n d e p e n d e nt beam-tube system,” explains KATRIN Reflected b o u n d o n t h e m a s s o f t h e n e ut r i n o. F i r s t co-spokesperson Christian Weinheimer pr e s e nt e d a t t h e i nt e r n a t i o n a l TAU P c o n- o f t h e Un i v e r s it y o f M ü n s t e r. “I n t h e a r e a fe r e n c e i n To y a m a, Ja p a n o n 13 S e p t e m b e r o f s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g m a g n e t e x p e r t i s e, w e (see p21), the collaboration reported an pr o fit e d a l o t f r o m t h e k n o w-h o w o f r e t i red upper limit on the electron–antineutrino CERN experts acting as consultants, while m a s s o f 1.1 eV a t 90% c o n fid e n c e, a l m o s t CERN’s ISOLDE facility also assisted with halv ing t he prev ious bound. t he product ion of radioact ive isotopes.” RF cavity Neutrinos are among the least well KATRIN collaborators are now in the understood particles in the Standard midst of a two-month measurement Model. Their three known mass eigen- campaign to increase the size of their states do not match up with the better- s a m pl e. It w i l l fe a t u r e a s i g n a l-t o -b a c k- drive known flavour eigenstates, electron, g ro u nd r at io t h at i s e x p e c t e d t o b e a b o ut muon and tau, but mix according to the one order of magnitude better than the HIGH POWER Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata initial measurement, due to an increase matrix, resulting in the flavour trans- in source activity and a decrease in RF AMPLIFIER mutations seen by neutrino-oscillation Weight watchers c ol l a b or a t i o n,” s a y s K AT R IN c o -s p o k e s- background due to hardware upgrades. HIGH POWER RF OUTPUT experiments. Despite their success in con- Inside the KATRIN person Guido Drexlin of Karlsruhe The goal is to achieve an activity of 10 11 E.G. KLYSTRON read more: s t r a i n i n g n e ut r i n o m i x i n g, s u c h e x p e r i- spectrometer at the Institute for Technology. “The great sci- beta-decay per second, while m e nt s a r e s e n s it i v e o n l y t o s q u a r e d m a s s Karlsruhe Institute ence potential of KATRIN in the future r e d u c i n g t h e c u r r e nt b a c k g r o u n d l e v e l b y differences between the eigenstates, and of Technology. is highlighted by the fact that the result about a factor of t wo. - LLRF is accurately measuring cavity probe signal not to t he neut rino masses t hemselves. of the first measurement campaign is - LLRF controls the power delivered to the cavity by controlling the drive feedback signal based on four weeks of data taking at Complementary limits - The feedback loop keeps cavity amplitude and phase stable Direct approach reduced source activity, equivalent to Direct measurements are not the only Physicists have pursued direct mass five days at nominal activity.” To reach handle on neutrino masses available to - Measured resonant frequency deviations are used to act on the cavity tuning system mea surement s si nce Rei nes a nd Cow a n its final sensitivity, KATRIN will collect p h y s ic i s t s, t h o u g h t h e y a r e c e r t a i n l y t h e observed electron antineutrinos in d a t a for 1000 d a y s a n d s y s t e m a t i c e r r or s most model-independent. Experiments inverse beta decays in 1956. The direct will be reduced. “This will allow us to searching for neutrinoless double-beta mass-measurement method hinges on probe neutrino masses down to 0.2 eV,” decay offer a complementary limit, Digital Signal precisely measuring the energy spec- continued Drexlin, “as well as many but must assume that the neutrino is a trum of beta-decay electrons, and is other interesting searches for beyond- Majorana fer mion. considered model independent as the the-Standard-Model physics, such as for T h e t i g ht e s t l i m it o n n e ut r i n o m a s s e s Processing extracted neutrino mass depends only a d m i x t u r e s o f s t e r i l e n e ut r i n o s f r o m t h e c u r r e nt l y c o m e s f r o m c o s m ol o g y. C o m- Amplitude Amplitude on t he k i ne m at ic s of t he d e c a y. K AT R IN eV up to the keV scale.” p a r i n g d a t a f r o m t h e Pl a n c k s a t e l l it e w it h Set Point Feed Forward is now the most precise experiment of Conceived almost two decades ago, simulations of the development of struc- this kind. It builds on the invention of K AT R IN o p e r a t e s u s i n g a h i g h-r e s olut io n, t u r e i n t h e e a rl y u n i v e r s e y i e l d s a n u p p e r gaseous molecular tritium sources and large-acceptance and low-background limit on the sum of all three neutrino Ampl.- + + + spectrometers based on the principle measurement of the decay spectrum masses of 0.17 eV at 95% confidence. 3 3 – – PI K, ϕ dac of magnetic adiabatic collimation with of tritium H → He e νe. Electrons are “T h e Pl a n c k l i m it i s f a i rl y r o b u s t, a n d Cavity adc d-mod mod RF electrostatic filtering. The combina- transported to the spectrometer via a one would have to go to great lengths to Probe - + Drive tion of these methods culminated in beamline that was completed in autumn avoid it – but it’s not impossible to do PI K, ϕ dac t he prev ious best limits of 2.3 eV at 95% 2016, a l low i ng e x p er i menters to sea rc h so,” says CERN theorist Joachim Kopp. Phase + confidence in 2005, and 2.05 eV at 95% for distortions in the tail of the elec- For example, it would be invalidated by + c o n fid e n c e i n 201 1, b y p h y s i c i s t s w or king The tightest t r o n e n e r g y d i s t r i b ut i o n t h a t d e p e n d o n a scenario where as-yet-undiscovered Phase Set Phase in Mainz, Germany and Troitsk, Rus- limit on the absolute mass of the neutrino. The r i g ht-h a n d e d n e ut r i n o s c o u pl e t o a n e w sia, respectively. The KATRIN analysis neutrino K AT R IN c ol l a b or a t io n h a s m or e t h a n 150 scalar field with a vacuum expectation Point Feed Forward improves on these experimental results members in addition to collaborations value that evolves over cosmological masses with systematic uncertainties reduced by with national and international insti- timescales. “Planck data tell us what - Cavity probe signal is digitized and demodulated - Feed Forward is applied to compensate beam loading a f a c t or o f s i x a n d s t a t i s t ic a l u n c e r t a i n- currently tutes, including CERN. n e ut r i n o s w e r e l i k e i n t h e e a rl y u n i v e r s e,” - Amplitude and phase are compared against set point values - The controller output is modulated to drive the RF t ies reduced by a factor of t wo. comes from “The CERN vacuum group helped us says Kopp. “The value of KATRIN lies in - Independent controllers are used to generate feedback signals system “These are exciting times for the cosmology in designing the vacuum system of the testing neutrinos now.”

Instrumentation Technologies, d.o.o. / Velika pot 22, SI-5250 Solkan, Slovenia / e: [email protected] / w: www.i-tech.si CERN COURIER NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2019 7

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NEWS ANALYSIS NEWS ANALYSIS

Policy AwArd Briefing book sets stage for strateg y update 2019 for cosmic perspectives The Nobel Prize in Physics for 2019 has in the Milky Way opened a new field Physicists in Europe have published a CERN to the W and Z and to third-generation recognised two independent bodies of of study. b lies 50 light years 250-page “briefing book” to help map charged is quite imprecise, and work that have transformed our view from Earth and takes just four days to out the next major paths in fundamen- the couplings of the to the of the universe and humanity’s place in complete its orbit. It was spotted by tal exploration. Compiled by an expert other charged fermions and to itself are it. One half of the SEK 9 million prize, tracking how it and its star orbit around physics-preparatory group set up by the unmeasured,” says Beate Heinemann announced on 8 October in Stockholm, their common centre of gravity: a subtle CERN Council as part of the 2020 update of of DESY, who co-convened the report’s was granted to James Peebles of Prince- wobbling seen from Earth whose speed the European strategy for particle phys- electroweak chapter. “The imperative to ton University for theoretical discoveries can be measured from the starlight via ics, the document captures the status study this unique particle further derives in physical cosmology, while the other the . The problem is that and prospects for experiment, theory, f r o m it s s p e c i a l pr o p e r t i e s a n d t h e s p e c i a l was shared between of the Profound view temperature and density in the formation the radial velocities are extremely low. accelerators, computing and other vital r ol e it m i g ht pl a y i n r e s ol v i n g s o m e o f t h e and of Left to right: of structure. With others, he arrived at a Mayor mounted his first spectrograph high-energ y physics mac hiner y. c u r r e nt p u z z l e s o f t h e u n i v e r s e, for e x a m- the universities of Geneva and Cambridge Laureates James model accounting for the density fluc- on a telescope at the Haute-Provence Last year, the European Strategy ple dark matter, the matter–antimatter for the discovery of an orbiting Peebles, Michel tuations in the CMB showing a series of Observatory near in 1977, but Group (ESG) – which includes scien- i n de pt h a re desig n st ud ies i n Eu rop e for Future focus asy mmet r y or t he hierarc hy problem.” a Sun-like star. Mayor and Didier acoustic peaks, which would demonstrate it was only sensitive to velocities above t ific deleg ates from CERN’s member and high-energy colliders, including a 3 TeV The European Peebles was instrumental in turning Queloz. (Credits: t h a t t h e u n i v e r s e i s g e o m e t r ic a l l y fl a t a n d 300 ms–1 – too high to see a pulling associate-member states, directors and CLIC (see p41) and a 100 TeV circular Strategy Group is One vision cosmology into the precision science it is D Applewhite/ that ordinary matter constitutes just 5% on its star. It took almost two decades of r e pr e s e nt at i v e s o f m aj or E u ro p e a n l a b o- hadron collider (FCC-hh). The briefing due to submit its T h e br ie fi n g b o o k l i s t s o ut s t a n d i n g p u z- today, with its ever closer links to collider Princeton; Inamori of its total matter and energy content. In work by him and his group to strike suc- ratories and organisations, and invitees book details the estimated timescales recommendations zles – including the reason for the pattern and particle physics in general. Following Foundation/ESO; the early 1980s, Peebles was the first to cess, with doctoral student Queloz tasked from outside Europe – was tasked with to develop some of these technologies, in May 2020. o f q u a r k a n d l e p t o n m a s s e s a n d t h e n e ut r i- the unexpected discovery of the cosmic BBVA Foundation.) consider non-relativistic “cold” dark mat- with developing new methods to increase formulating the latest European strategy observing that the development of 16 T nos’ – that can also be investigated microwave background (CMB) in 1965, he ter and its effect on st r ucture for mat ion, the machine’s light sensitivity. Today, for p a r t i c l e p h y s i c s (CERN Courier April 2018 dipole magnets for FCC-hh will take a by smaller scale experiments at lower and others at Princeton used it to support and he went on to reintroduce Einstein’s more than 4000 with a vast p 7). Fol l o w i n g a c a l l for i n p ut i n S e p t e m b e r c omp a r a ble t i m e (a b o ut 20 ye a r s) t o t h at , for example by CERN’s dedicated the idea that the universe began in a hot, forsaken cosmological constant – work variety of forms, sizes and orbits have 2018, w h i c h a t t r a c t e d 160 s u b m i s s i o n s, a n pr oj e c t e d for n o v e l a c c e l e r a t i o n t e c h n ol o - Physics Beyond Colliders initiative. Finally, dense state. While the idea of a “” that underpins today’s Lambda Cold Dark been discovered in our galaxy using the open symposium was held in Granada, gies such as plasma-wakefield techniques i n a d d r e s s i n g t h e v it a l r ol e s o f d e t e c t or a n d was already many years old, Peebles paired Matter model of cosmology. radial-velocity method and the newer Spain, on 13–16 May, at which more than to reach conceptual designs. a c c e l e r a t or d e v e l o p m e nt, c o m p ut i n g a n d it with concrete physics processes such as Mayor and Queloz’s discovery of an technique of transit photometry, chal- 600 delegates discussed the potential “The Granada symposium and the instrumentation, the report acknowledges nucleosynthesis and described the role of exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star lenging ideas about planetary formation. merits and challenges of the proposed briefing book mention the urgent need both the growing importance of energy gov.me/B Ćupić r e s e a r c h pr o g r a m m e s (CERN Courier July/ for intensifying accelerator R&D, includ- efficiency and the risks posed by “the FAcilities Political support institute were presented: a August 2019 p7). The ESG briefing book ing t hat for muon colliders,” says Lenny limited amount of success in attracting, Montenegro prime X-ray facility and a hadron-therapy cen- distills input from the working groups, Rivkin of the Paul Scherrer Institute, developing and retaining instrumenta- Hadron therapy minister Duško tre. The 10 participating parties of SEE- the Granada symposium and subsequent w h o s h a r e d r e s p o n s i bi l it y for t h e c h a p t e r t io n a n d c o m p ut i n g e x p e r t s”, u r g i n g t h a t makes headway in Marković marks the IIST’s newly formed intergovernmental inputs to prov ide a scient ific summar y. on accelerator science and technology. such activities be better recognised. Strong start of the SEEIIST steering committee chose the latter. “T h i s d o c u m e nt i s t h e r e s u l t o f m o nt h s “Another important aspect of the strat- support in computing and infrastructure Southeast Europe design phase on Europe has played a major role in the o f w or k b y hu n d r e d s o f p e o pl e, a n d e v e r y egy update is to recognise the potential is also key to the success of the high- 18 September. development of hadron therapy, with e ffor t h a s b e e n m ade to o bje c t ive ly a n a- impact of the development of accelerator luminosity LHC, which the report states A state-of-the-art facility for hadron nu m e r o u s c e nt r e s o ffe r i n g pr o t o n t her- l y s e t h e s u b m it t e d i n p ut s,” s a y s E S G c h a i r and associated technology on the pro- w i l l s e e a d y n a m ic pr o g r a m m e o c c up y i n g therapy in Southeast Europe has moved apy and four facilities offering and H a l i n a A br a m o w ic z o f Te l Av i v Un i v e r s it y. gress in other branches of science, such a l a r g e f r a c t i o n o f t h e c o m mu n it y d u r i n g from its conceptual to design phase, more advanced carbon-ion treatments. “It d o e s n o t t a k e a p o s it i o n o n t h e s t r a t e g y as astroparticle physics, cosmolog y and the next two decades – including a deter- following financial support from the But no such facility yet exists in South- process itself, or on individual projects, nuclear physics.” mination of the couplings between the European Commission. At a kick-off east Europe. but rather is intended to represent the The bulk of the briefing book details Higgs boson and Standard Model particles meeting held on 18 September in Budva, SEEIIST will conceptually follow the for w a rd t h i n k i ng of t he c om mu n it y a nd the current physics landscape and pros- at the percent level. Montenegro, more than 120 people met to “PIMMS” accelerator design started at b e t h e m a i n i n p ut t o t h e d r a f t i n g s e s s i o n p e c t s for pr o g r e s s, w it h c h a p t e r s d e v o t e d Following a drafting session in Bad discuss the future South East European Dubrovnik, Croatia, promoted by for- CERN two decades ago (CERN Courier in Ger many in Januar y.” to electroweak physics, strong interac- Ho n n e f, G e r m a n y, o n 20–2 4 Ja nu a r y, t h e International Institute for Sustainable mer CERN Director-General Herwig January/February 2018 p25), profiting t ion s, fl avou r phy sic s, neut r i nos, c osm ic E S G i s d u e t o s u b m it it s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s Technologies (SEEIIST) – a facility for Schopper and benefitting from a polit- from the experience at the dual proton– Next collider messengers, physics beyond the Stand- for the approval of the CERN Council in tumour therapy and biomedical research ical push from Montenegro minister of ion centres CNAO in Italy and MedAustron A key element of the strategy update is ard Model, and dark-sector exploration. May 2020 in Budapest, Hung ar y. that follows the founding principles of science Sanja Damjanović, who is also a in Austria, and also centres at GSI and in to consider which major collider should A preceding theory chapter argues that “No w c o m e s t h e m o s t c h a l l e n g i n g p a r t: CERN (CERN Courier March 2018 p5). physicist who works at CERN and GSI- Heidelberg. It will be a unique facility that fol l o w t h e L HC. T h e G r a n a d a s y m p o s iu m t h e or e t i c a l r e s e a r c h i n f u n d a m e nt a l p h y s- ho w t o t u r n t he e xc it i n g a nd we l l-m ot i- “The International Institute for Sus- FAIR in Darmstadt, Germany. SEEIIST splits its beam time 50:50 between treat- r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e r e i s c l e a r s u p p or t for a n ic s s hou ld b e ke pt “f re e a nd d ive r s e” a nd The briefing vated scientific proposals of the commu- tainable Technologies is an urgent need aims to create a platform for interna- ing patients and performing research electron–positron collider to study the not only limited to the goals of ongoing nity into a viable and coherent strategy of our region,” said Montenegro prime tionally competitive research in the spirit with a wide range of different ions for book lists SEEIIST aims Higgs boson in greater detail, but four e x p e r i m e nt a l pr oj e c t s. It p oi nt s t o h i s t or i- that will ensure progress and a bright minister Duško Marković during the of the CERN model “science for peace”, radiobiology, imaging and treatment possible options exist: an International c a l s u c c e s s s t or i e s s u c h a s P e t e r H i g g s’ c e l- outstanding f ut u r e for p a r t ic l e p h y s ic s i n E u r o p e,” s a y s o p e n i n g a d d r e s s. “I a m c o n fid e nt t h a t t he stimulating the education of young to create a planning. The latter will include studies L i n e a r C ol l i d e r (I L C) i n Ja p a n, a C o m p a c t ebrated 1964 paper, which had the purely puzzles that Abr amow ic z. “Its impor tance cannot be political support for this project is obvi- scientists, building scientific capacity platform for into the feasibility of heavier ions such Linear Collider (CLIC) or Future Circular t he ore t ic a l a i m o f s ho w i n g t h at Gi l b e r t’s can also be overestimated, coming at a time when the ous and indisputable. The memorandum and fostering greater cooperation and internationally as oxygen, making SEEIIST distinct in Collider (FCC-ee) at CERN, and a Circu- theorem is invalid for gauge theories at investigated field faces several crossroads and deci- of understanding was signed by six prime mobility in the region. competitive t his rapidly g row ing field. lar Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) in a time when applications to electroweak by smaller s i o n s a b o ut h o w b e s t t o m a i nt a i n pr o g r e s s ministers in July this year in Poznan. I In January 2018, at a forum at the Inter- research in the T h e n e x t s t e p s a r e t o pr e p a r e a d e fi n it e C h i n a. A s H i g g s f a c t or i e s, t h e r e p or t fi n d s i nt e r a c t i o n s w e r e w e l l b e y o n d t h e h or i z o n. in f undamenta l e x plor at ion, potent ia l ly believe that other countries in the region national Centre for Theoretical Physics in technical design for the facility and to scale spirit of the a l l fo u r t o h a v e s i m i l a r r e a c h, a l b e it w it h “W h i l e a n a m a z i n g a m o u nt o f pr o g r e s s for generat ions to come.” will formally join the initiative.” Italy held under the auspices of UNESCO, define the conditions for the site selec- different time schedules and with dif- has been made in the past seven years experiments The idea for SEEIIST germinated three the International Atomic Energy Agency CERN model tion. Says Damjanović: “If all goes well, fering potentials for the study of physics since the Higgs-boson discovery, our at lower Further reading years ago at a meeting of trustees of the and the European Physical Society, two “science for construction is expected to start in 2023, topics at other energies. Also considered knowledge of the couplings of the Higgs energies R K Ellis et al. 2019 CERN-ESU-004. World Academy of Art and Science in possibilities for a large international peace” w it h first pat ient t reat ment in 2028.”

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NEWS ANALYSIS NEWS ANALYSIS

Policy CERN Particle physicists challenge EC rebranding Croatia becomes an associate member of CERN J Ordan/CERN On 10 October CERN welcomed the in 2001 increased the country’s participa- An open letter addressed to the presidents of group of eight prominent particle physicists Republic of Croatia as an Associate Mem- tion in CERN’s research and educational the European Parliament and the European in Europe – Siegfried Bethke (MPI for Phys- ber State, following receipt of official programmes. As an Associate Member Commission (EC) demanding better recogni- ics), Nora Brambilla (TU-München), Aldo notification that Croatia has completed State, Croatia will be represented at the tion for education and research has attracted Deandrea (U-Lyon 1), Carlo Guaraldo (INFN its internal approval procedures in respect CERN Council and be entitled to attend more than 13,000 signatures. Prepared by a Frascati), Luciano Maiani (U-Roma La Sapienza), of an agreement signed on 28 February. meet i ngs of t he fina nce com m it tee a nd “It is a great pleasure to welcome Cro- t h e s c ie nt i fic p ol ic y c o m m it t e e. Na t io n als atia into the CERN family as an associate of Croatia will be eligible to apply for lim- member. Croatian scientists have made ited-duration positions as staff members important contributions to a large variety and fellows, while firms offering goods PT2026 NMR Precision Teslameter of experiments at CERN for almost four and services originating from Croatia will decades, and as an associate member, new be entitled to bid for CERN contracts, opportunities open up for Croatia in scien- creating opportunities for industrial Reach new heights t i fic c ol l a b or a t i o n, t e c h n ol o g i c a l d e v e lop - collaboration in advanced technologies. ment, education and training,” said CERN Croatia joins India, Lithuania, Director-General Fabiola Gianotti. Pakistan, Turkey and Ukraine as Asso- in magnetic eld Change afoot More than 13,000 scientists have Researchers from Croatia have con- Strong partners Vesna Batistic Kos, ambassador of Croatia to ciate Member States, while Cyprus and objected to changes in the representation of tributed to many experiments at CERN, the United Nations in Geneva (left), and CERN Director-General Slovenia are Associate Member States in measurement education and research in the European Commission. and a cooperation agreement concluded Fabiola Gianotti exchanged signed agreements on 10 October. the pre-stage to membership. Antonio Pich (U-València), Alexander Rothkopf AstRowAtCh The Metrolab PT2026 sets a new (U-Stavanger) and Johanna Stachel (U-Heidel- berg) – the letter follows the announcement of a The galaxy that feeds three times per day standard for precision magnetometers. new EC organisational structure on 10 September Nature Leveraging 30 years of expertise building in which former EC directorates for education, All galaxies are thought to contain a vations, published in Nature, has no

culture, sports and youth, as well as that for super-massive black hole (SMBH) at 573 clear explanation of what causes such the world’s gold standard magnetometers, 16 January 2019 381

research, science and innovation, have been their centre, one of which was famously ) extreme periodic behaviour in such 1.5 it takes magnetic  eld measurement to subsumed under a single commissioner with pictured for the first time by the Event –1 a massive object. One possibility, the new heights: measuring higher elds with the titular brief “innovation and youth”. Horizon Telescope only a few months ago paper claims, is that it is the result of 1.0 better resolution. “Words are important,” says Maiani, who (CERN Courier May/June 2019 p10). Both a second SMBH orbiting the main one: was CERN Director-General from 1999–2003. the sizes and activities of such SMBHs each time it crosses the disk of matter a “Omitting ‘research’ from the logo of the EC is differ significantly from galaxy to gal- 0.5 burst would be expected. However, the reason for concern. The response we received, axy: some galaxies contain an almost associated variation would be expected The PT2026 offers unprecedented  exibility light curve (counts s in the choice of parameters, interfacing including from prestigious personalities, reas- dormant black hole at their centre, while 0 to be smoother than is observed. Fur- sured us that this concern is widely shared.” in others the SMBH accumulates sur- 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 thermore, no such bursts were seen in the and probe placement, as well as greatly The letter, which closes on 22 November and rounding matter at a vast rate, resulting time (ks) 2010 observations, making this theory improved tolerance of inhomogeneous has also been signed by European, French and in bright emissions with energies ranging implausible. Another explanation is that German physical societies, demands that the EC from the radio to the X-ray regime. Cyclic emission The XMM-Newton satellite data showing a a semi-destroyed star is currently orbit- elds. And with Ethernet & USB interfaces revises the title to “Education, Research, Inno- While solar-mass black holes can show burst every nine hours. ing the SMBH, disturbing the accretion and LabVIEW software, it  ts perfectly into vation and Youth”. It states: “We, as members dramatic variations in their emission on rate. The last and most probable hypoth- modern laboratory environments. of the scientific community of Europe, wish to the time scale of days or even hours, such in the accretion rate and turbulence in esis is that the quasi-periodic explosions address this situation early on and emphasise time scales increase with size, meaning the disk. But subsequent observations are a result of complex oscillations in

www.agence-arca.com - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master le - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master www.agence-arca.com both to the general public, as well as to relevant that for an SMBH one would not expect with the ’s X-ray the disk of hot matter surrounding the politicians on the national and European Union much change during years or even cen- satellite XMM-Newton in 2018 revealed SMBH, which are induced by instabili- level, that without dedication to education and turies. However, observations during never-before-seen behaviour. The object ties. The authors make it clear, however, research there will neither exist a sound basis the past decade have revealed sudden emitted strong bursts of X-rays lasting that deeper studies are required to fully for innovation in Europe, nor can we fulfill the increases. In 2010 the X-ray emission about one hour. Even more surprising explain this new phenomenon. promise of a high standard of living for the cit- from a galaxy called GSN 069, which has was that the bursts occurred at very Although only observed in GSN 069, i z e n s o f E u r o p e i n a fie r c e g l o b a l c o m p e t it i o n.” a relatively small SMBH (400,000 solar consistent intervals of nine hours. Fol- it could very well be that other galaxies (www.futureofresearch.eu). masses), became 240 times brighter com- low-up observations in 2019 with both exhibit a similar behaviour. In particu- Acknowledging receipt of the letter on 8 Octo- pared to observations in 1989 – turning XMM-Newton and NASA’s Chandra X-ray lar, SMBHs with masses many orders ber, former president of the European Parliament, it into an active galaxy. In such objects te lescop e have now con fi r me d t h i s pic- of magnitude larger could exhibit the Antonio Tajani, stressed that the parliament is the matter falling into the central SMBH ture. While simultaneous observations same periodic burst but on time scales seeking a 50% increase in budget dedicated to releases radiation when it approaches at radio wavelengths showed no varia- The team of months or years, explaining why no Horizon Europe compared to the €80 billion allo- the event horizon (the boundary beyond bility, the intensity of the bursts at X-ray has no clear one has ever noticed them. So while it Pantone 286 Pantone 032 cated for the Horizon 2020 programme. which nothing can escape the black hole’s wavelengths decreased. An extrapolation explanation could be that GSN 069 is simply a strange “The fact that our open letter attracted such gravitational field). of this decrease indicates that, by now, of what causes g a l a x y, t h e s e fi n d i n g s c o u l d h a v e l a rge wide and prominent response so quickly shows The brightness of emissions typically the bursts should have fully disappeared, implications for galaxies in general. such extreme Magnetic precision has a name www.metrolab.com how deeply the scientific community cares about varies randomly on short time scales although further observations are needed the standing of research and education within as the SMBH feeds on the surround- to confir m t his. periodic Further reading Europe,” says Rothkopf. ing disk of matter, a result of changes The team behind the latest obser- behaviour G Miniutti et al. 2019 Nature 573 381.

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Currents from 100uA to 1000uA (or higher) depending on the Model prediction of 8.4 ± 1.0 × 10–11. turns of the ring, before recover- First tracks for dual-phase DUNE particle beam are available on all BCS cyclotrons KAGRA The NA62 result, derived from data ing this energy as the beams are Researchers at CERN have recorded taken in 2017 using a secondary K+ d e c e l e r a t e d, m a k i n g it t h e w orl d’s t he fi r st t r ac k s i n a nove l protot y p e Best 20u to 25 and 30u to 35 are fully upgradeable on site beam at CERN’s Super Proton Syn- first multi-turn superconducting detector for the international Deep chrotron, adds two signal events to radio-frequency ERL. Underground Neutrino Experiment Cyclotron Energy (MeV) Isotopes Produced the single candidate found in their (DUNE) in the US. If successful, the 10-times smaller 2016 data set. The Greener FCC-ee “dual-phase” technology will be 18F, 99mTc, 11C, 13N, 15O, previous best measurement of The synchrotron-radiation energy used alongside more traditional Best 15 15 64 67 124 103 17.3 +11.5 10–11, based on all seven losses of the electron and positron - Cu, Ga, I, Pd –10.5 × single-phase detectors to signif e v e nt s o b s e r v e d pr ior t o N A62, w a s beams of CERN’s proposed Future icantly amplify the faint signals Best 15 + 123I, Best 20u/25 20, 25–15 m a d e b y t he E787 a nd E949 c ol l a b- Circular Collider (FCC-ee) could created by neutrinos interacting in 111In, 68Ge/68Ga orations at Brookhaven. If the SM be reduced from 100 to 10 MW, l a r ge volu m e s o f l iq u id a r gon (L A r). Best 30u Best 15 + 123I, One of four mirrors for the KAGRA prediction is correct, NA62 will according to accelerator physicists Unlike the single-phase DUNE gravitational-wave observatory. collect ~50 events by Long Shutdown in the US (arXiv:1909.04437). After scheme demonstrated on a large 30 111 68 68 (Upgradeable) In, Ge/ Ga 3, yielding a 20% measurement of high-energy collisions have been s c a l e a t C E R N i n S e p t e m b e r 2018, i n Greater production of KAGRA complete the branching ratio and constraining accomplished, the novel scheme which wire planes and photosensors Best 35 35–15 Best 15, 20u/25 isotopes The construction of Japan’s first a range of new-physics models. would employ energy-recovery s ubme r ge d i n L A r de te c t ion i s at ion

gravitational-wave (GW) detector, linacs to decelerate the beams down ProtoDUNE plus 201Tl, 81Rb/81Kr K AGR A, w a s fi n i s h e d o n 4 O c t o b er. BESIII α– anomaly confirmed t o 2 GeV, at which point they would 82Sr/82Rb, 123I, 67Cu, Fol l o w i n g a g r e e m e nt w it h t h e L IG O David Ireland of the University of be cooled, before reacceleration to Best 70 70–35 Installation of Best 70 MeV 81Kr + research and Virgo collaborations, KAGRA Glasgow and colleagues at George operational energies. The frequent Cyclotron at INFN, Legnaro, Italy will now participate in their third Washington University, the Univer- cooling of the beams achieves a j oi nt o b s e r v a t io n r u n, w h ic h b e g a n s it y o f B o n n a n d For s c hu n g s z e nt r u m high luminosity with relatively low in April. The detector, which was Jülich have used -photo- beam currents, and therefore low A cosmic-ray muon encroaches from built by the University of Tokyo, production data from the CLAS synchrotron-radiation losses. The the left, near the anode, in this the National Astronomical Obser- collaboration at Jefferson Laboratory design would also extend FCC-ee’s 90°-rotated event display.

vatory of Japan and KEK, is the to measure α– – a parameter that e n e r g y r e a c h f r o m t h e t o p -a nt it o p world’s fourth major GW detector, d e s c r i b e s t h e i nt e r fe r e n c e b e t w e e n threshold to double-Higgs produc- s i g n a l s c a u s e d b y c h a r g e d p a r t i c l e s The BG-75 Biomarker Generator is a revolutionary 400 MeV Rapid Cycling Medical Synchrotron a l o n g s i d e L IG O i n Wa s h i n g t o n s t a t e parity-conserving and parity- t ion at 500 GeV, says t he team. from neutrino interactions, dual- development in radio-pharmaceutical production for Proton-to-Carbon Heavy Ion Therapy: and Louisiana and Virgo in Italy. violating amplitudes in the decay p h a s e t e c h n ol o g y u s e s a n a d d it io n a l that delivers a single or batch dose of 18F-FDG, and One of a suite of detectors in the Λ → p π– (PRL 123 182301). Their Non-Abelian Aharonov–Bohm l a y e r o f g a s e o u s a r g o n a b o v e t h e L A r 18 Intrinsically small beams facilitating in northern new value, 0.721 ± 0.006 (stat) ± 0.005 Physicists in the US have demon- target. This amplifies the signals additional advanced F biomarkers on demand. beam delivery with precision Japan, KAGRA is also the first GW (syst), confirms the recent value s t r a t e d t h e n o n-A b e l i a n A h a r o n o v– before they arrive at the sensors, The system provides integration of all components detector to operate at cryogenic from the BESIII collaboration of Bohm effect, proposed by Tai-Tsun lowering the energy threshold of needed to produce and qualify PET biomarkers Small beam sizes – small magnets, temperatures, improving sensi- 0.750 ± 0.009 (stat) ± 0.004 (syst) Wu and Chen-Ning Yang in 1975, the detector. Another advantage is light gantries – smaller footprint tivity at frequencies around 100 Hz (Nat. Phys. 15 631), which is signifi- wherein time-reversal symmetry e a s ie r a c c e s s t o t h e c r y o g e n ic f r o nt- into a single, self-contained system that occupies – an important feature for proposed c a nt ly ab ove t he c ur rent PDG v a lue is broken (Science 365 1021). Yi Yang end electronics. The eventual sin- a fraction of the space required by conventional Highly efficient single turn extraction third-generation detectors such as of 0.642 ± 0.013 – a listing that has (M I T), a n d c ol l e a g u e s, c r e a t e d s y n- gle- and dual-phase DUNE detector solutions, simplifying the implementation of PET. the Einstein Telescope in Europe remained unc hanged since 1978. thetic non-Abelian gauge fields in modules will have an active volume Efficient extraction – less shielding a n d t h e C o s m ic E x plor e r i n t h e US. fibre-optic systems using several approximately 20 times greater than Energ y recover y achieved non-reciprocal optical elements– in t he CERN protot y pes. Flexibility – heavy ion beam therapy NA62 doubles down Accelerator physicists at Cornell one case by passing light through (protons and/or carbon), beam The NA62 experiment at CERN has and Brookhaven have announced a terbium-gallium garnet crys- Dark matter down under delivery modalities reported a new measurement of the that their prototype energy- tal in an external magnetic field. The Australian government has extremely rare decay K+ → π +νν–. r e c o v e r y l i n a c (E R L) h a s a c h ie v e d They found that the gauge fields announced A$35 million of fund- A n n o u n c i n g t h e r e s u l t s a t K AON2019 full energy recovery for the first produced different interference ing to investigate dark matter. The i n Pe r ug i a, t he c ol l a b or at ion fo u nd time. The Cornell–Brookhaven patterns depending on the direc- n e w l y for m e d A u s t r a l i a n R e s e a r c h +7.2 –11 a br a n c h i n g f r a c t io n o f 4.7 –4.7 × 10 , ERL Test Accelerator (CBETA) is a t io n o f t r a v e l o f t h e l i g ht. S u c h s y s- Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in agreement with the Standard prototype technology that could t e m s m a y pr o v e u s e f u l for s t u d y i n g for Dark Matter Particle Physics will b e u s e d i n t h e pr o p o s e d E l e c t r o n– complex photonic topologies as they be led by Elisabetta Barberio and ion Rapid Cycling Medical Ion Collider in the US (CERN Courier can be tuned to be either Abelian based at the University of Mel- March 2018 p19). ERLs allow the (commutative) or increasingly bourne. An underground labora- Synchrotron (iRCMS) energy of particle bunches to be non-Abelian in nature. The Abe- tory will also be built at the Stawell recouped when they are decel- lian Aharonov–Bohm effect was Gold Mine in western Victoria – the

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if there is Reports from the experiments no second chance: ATLAS Zooming in on top quarks sensitivity & speed As the heaviest known particle, the top The striking eµ plays a unique role in the Stand- ATLAS preliminary ard Model (SM), making its presence felt √s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb–1 –2 signature gives a @ highest precision in corrections to the masses of the W 10 data 2015–16 and Higgs , and also, perhaps, total uncertainty clean and almost in as-yet unseen physics beyond the Powheg + PY8 PCO - the most versatile sCMOS SM. During Run 2 of the Large Hadron Powheg + PY8 RadDn background-free Collider (LHC), high-luminosity proton Powheg + PY8 RadUp aMC@NLO + PY8 camera portfolio on the market beams were collided at a centre-of-mass sample ) [1/GeV] T energy of 13 TeV. This allowed ATLAS μ + p

T –3 to record and study an unprecedented e 10 number of collisions producing top– muon that carries information relating antitop pairs, providing ATLAS physi- to the parent . By combin-

cists with a unique opportunity to gain σ d /d(p ing this muon with an isolated lepton

insights into the ’s properties. 1/ from a W-boson originating from the ATLAS has measured the top–anti- same top-quark decay, ATLAS has made top production cross-section using a new measurement of the top quark events where one top quark decays to 10–4 mass with a much-reduced dependence an electron, a neutrino and a bottom on modelling and calibration. The quark, and the other to a muon, a neu- result is ATLAS’s most precise individual trino and a bottom quark. The striking 1.1 top-quark mass measurement to date: eµ signature gives a clean and almost 1.0 174.48 ± 0.78 G eV.

background-free sample, leading to a MC/data At the LHC, top and antitop quarks are 0.9 result with an uncertainty of only 2.4%, not produced fully symmetrically with which is the most precise top-quark respect to the proton-beam direction, pair-production measurement to date. 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 with top antiquarks produced slightly dilepton pe + pμ [GeV] The measurement provides information T T more often at large angles to the beam, on the top quark’s mass, and can be used and top quarks, which receive more to improve our knowledge of the parton Fig. 1. Measured tt–-production cross section versus the sum of momentum from the colliding proton, distribution functions describing the the trans verse momenta of the final-state . emerging closer to the axis. Higher order internal structure of the proton. The QCD diagrams translate this imbalance kinematic distributions of the leptons into the so-called charge asymme- pco.dicam C1 NNLO QCD + NLO EW ATLAS preliminary produced in top-quark decays have also 0.06 try, which the SM predicts to be small pco.edge 5.5 been precisely measured, providing a √s = 13 TeV, 139 fb–1 (~0.6%), but which could be enhanced, • intensified sCMOS technology Powheg + Pythia8 benchmark to test programs that model or even suppressed, by new physics 100 fps @ 2556 x 2160 pixel high resolution 2048 x 2048 pixel • pco.edge 4.2 bi • top-quark production and decay at the 0.04 data (stat./total) processes interfering with the known and 16 bit digitization • minimum exposure time 4 ns LHC (fig ure 1). production modes. Using its full Run-2 • 30 000 : 1 intra scene dynamic • up to 95% quantum efficiency with 25 mm image intensifier The mass of the top quark is a fun- data sample, ATLAS finds evidence of C

damental parameter of the SM, which A 0.02 charge asymmetry in top-quark pair rolling / global / global reset back • illuminated • double image mode with impacts precision calculations of certain e v e nt s w it h a s i g n i fic a n c e o f fo u r s tand- shutter modes bi 300 ns interframing time quantum corrections. It can be measured ard deviations, confidently showing that • compact design • 10G FOL data interface kinematically through the reconstruc- 0 the asymmetry is indeed non-zero. The • multi channel option • uv version available tion of the top quark’s decay products. measured charge asymmetry of 0.0060 pco.sdk with 13.8 million fps • The top quark decays via the weak ± 0.0015 is compatible with the latest SM for Windows and Linux –0.02 • deep cooled to -25 °C • 10G FOL data interface interaction as a free particle, but the predictions. ATLAS also measured the resulting bottom quark interacts with charge asymmetry versus the mass of • pco.sdk • pco.sdk for Windows and Linux for Windows and Linux other particles produced in the collision <500 [500,750][750,1000][1000,1500] >1500 the top–antitop system, further probing and eventually emerges as a collimated mtt [GeV] t he SM (fig ure 2). “b-jet” of hadrons. Modelling this pro- cess and calibrating the jet measurement Fig. 2. Measured value of the top-quark pair charge asymmetry Further reading

in the detector limits the precision in (AC) versus the reconstructed top–antitop mass, compared to a ATLAS Collab. 2019 ATLAS-CONF-2019-026. many top-quark mass measurements, Monte Carlo prediction (red) and the latest SM calculation, which also ATLAS Collab. 2019 ATLAS-CONF-2019-041. pco.de however, 20% of the b-jets contain a includes NNLO QCD and NLO electroweak contributions (green). ATLAS Collab. 2019 ATLAS-CONF-2019-046.

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ENERGY FRONTIERS ENERGY FRONTIERS

ALICE LHCb’s unique ability to select low 90% confidence. This is approximately 2 transverse-momentum in real 10 four times more stringent than the LHCb preliminary total time makes the search feasible. Accord- 0 + – previous world-best limit, set by Hypertriton lifetime puzzle nears resolution KS → μ μ 0 + – ing to SM predictions, just two signal K L → μ μ LHCb with Run-1 data. This result has 1 0 + – events are expected in the Run-2 data, 10 KS → π π implications for physics models with Hypernuclei are bound states of Studying the potentially making this the rarest decay leptoquarks and some fine-tuned 500 and . Studying their properties properties of Λ lifetime (PDG) theoretical predictions: ever recorded. regions of the Minimal Supersym- H Kamada et al. 1998 PRC 57 1595 is one of the best ways to investigate The analysis uses two machine- 0 metric SM. hypernuclei average 3H lifetime 10 – interactions and Λ R H Dalitz and M Rayet 1966 Nuo. Cim. 46 786 learning tools: one to discriminate The upgraded LHCb detector, sched- J G Congleton 1992 J. Phys G Nucl. Part. Phys. 18 339 offers insights into the high-density offers insights 400 muons from , and another to dis- uled to begin operating in 2021 after into the A Gal and H Garcilazo 2019 PLB 791 48–53

inner cores of neutron stars, which criminate signal candidates from the candidates/1.0 MeV the present long shutdown of the LHC, –1 favour the creation of the exotic nuclear high-density so-called combinatorial background 10 will offer excellent opportunities to 300 states. Constraining such astrophysi- inner cores of that arises from coincidental decays. improve the precision of this search cal models requires detailed knowledge neutron stars Additionally, a detailed and data- a n d e v e nt u a l l y fi n d a s i g n a l. I n a d d it i on of hyperon–nucleon and three-body driven map of the detector material –2 to the increased luminosity, the LHCb lifetime (ps) 200 10 hyperon–nucleon–nucleon interactions. PRL 20 (1968) 819 PRD 1 (1970) 66 ALICE around the interaction point helps to upgrade will have a full software trigger, PR 180 (1969) 1307 NPB 67 (1973) 269 Pb–Pb 5.02 TeV 480 500 520 540 560 580 The strengths of these interactions can NPA 913 (2013) 170 reduce the “fixed-target” background M(μ+μ–) [MeV] which is expected to significantly be determined in collider experiments Science 328 (2010) 58 PLB 754 (2016) 360 caused by particles interacting with improve the signal efficiency for 100 PRC 97 (2018) 054909 NPB 16 (1970) 46 0 + – 0 + – by precisely measuring the lifetimes the detector material. A background of Fig. 1. The invariant mass of KS → μ μ candidates, and the fit KS → μ μ and other decays with very PR 136 (1964) B1803 0 + – 0 + – of hypernuclei. KS → π π decays dominates the selec- to one of the most sensitive search regions. The KL → μ μ sof t final-state par t icles. 0 Hypernuclei are produced in signifi- 0 tion, and in the absence of a compelling background (orange) is suppressed with respect to KS due to the cant quantities in heavy-ion collisions at signal, an upper limit to the branch- longer distance of flight. The observed number of signal decays Further reading LHC energies. The lightest, the hyper- Fig. 1. (Anti-)hypertriton lifetime measurements, including the latest from ALICE, using ing fraction of 2.1 × 10–10 has been set at is consistent with zero. LHCb Collab. 2019 LHCb-CONF-2019-002.

triton, is a bound state of a proton, a Pb–Pb collisions at √s NN = 5.02 TeV (red). The first six measurements were made using neutron and a Λ. With a Λ-separation photographic emulsions and bubble chambers in the 1960s and 1970s. The remaining CMS energy of only ~130 keV, the average four are heavy-ion-collider measurements in the last decade. The orange band is the distance between the Λ and the deu- average of the lifetime values and the dashed lines represent theoretical predictions. teron core is 10.6 fm. This relatively CMS goes scouting for dark photons

large separation implies only a small lisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV, which were it i s t he fi r s t mea su re me nt w it h a l a rge perturbation to the Λ wavefunction collected in 2015. The lifetime of the data sample that is close to theoretical One of the best strategies for searching red cur ve in fig ure 1. 96.6 fb–1 (13 TeV scouting); 137 fb–1 (13 TeV full reco.) inside the hypernucleus, and therefore (anti-)hypertriton is determined by expectations. Larger and more precise for new physics in the TeV regime is to A dedicated set of high-rate dimuon 108 a hypertriton lifetime close to that of a reconstructing the two-body decay data sets are expected to be collected look for the decays of new particles. CMS barrel category “scouting” triggers, with some addi- preliminary data free Λ, 263.2 ± 2.0 ps. Most calculations channel with a charged , namely during LHC Runs 3 and 4, following the The CMS collaboration has searched in 40000 2 –5 tional kinematic constraints on the scouting ZD (25 GeV) ∈ = 4 × 10 3 3 – 3 – 3— + predict the hypertriton lifetime to be in H → He + π (–H → He + π ). T h e br a n c h- ongoing major upgrade of ALICE. This the dilepton channel for particles with background only fit dimuon system and significantly Λ Λ 106 full reconstruction the range 213 to 256 ps. ing ratio of this decay channel, taken will allow a significant improvement masses above a few hundred GeV since 20000 lower muon pT thresholds, was deployed T h e fi r s t m e a s u r e m e nt s o f t h e h yper- from the theoretical calculations, is in the quality of the present lifetime the start of LHC data taking. Thanks to during Run 2 to overcome this lim- events/0.05 GeV triton lifetime were performed in the 25%. The measured lifetime is measurement, and the determination newly developed triggers, the searches 4 0 itation. Only a minimal amount of +34 10 events/0.1 GeV 24 25 26 1960s and 1970s with imaging tech- 242–38 (stat) ± 17 (syst) ps. This result of the Λ binding energy with high pre- are now being extended to the more resonance mass (GeV) high-level information from the niques such as photographic emulsions shows an improved statistical resolution cision. The combination of these two difficult lower range of masses. A online reconstruction is stored for the and bubble chambers, and were based and reduced systematic uncertainty measurements has the potential to promising possible addition to the 102 selected events. The reduced event on very small event samples, leading to compared to previous measurements constrain the branching ratio for this Standard Model (SM) that could exist s i z e a l l o w s s i g n i fic a nt l y h i g h e r t r i g g er large statistical uncertainties. In the last and is currently the most precise decay, which cannot be determined in this mass range is the dark photon 20 60 100 140 180 220 rates, up to two orders of magnitude dimuon mass (GeV) decade, however, measurements have measurement. It is also in agreement directly without access to the neutral (ZD). Its coupling with SM particles and higher than the standard muon trig- been performed using the larger data with both theoretical predictions and a n d n o n-m e s o n i c d e c a y c h a n n e l s. T h i s production rate depend on the value of Fig. 1. Dimuon invariant-mass distributions obtained from data gers. The g reen c ur ve i n fig ure 1 shows s a m pl e s o f h e a v y-io n c ol l i s io n s. T h o u g h the free-Λ lifetime, even within the will be a crucial step towards under- a kinetic mixing coefficientε , and the collected by the standard dimuon triggers (red) and the dimuon the dimuon invariant mass distribution compatible with theory, the measured statistical uncertainty. Combining this s t a n d i n g i f t h e n o w p a r t i a l l y c o n fi r m e d resulting strength of the interaction of scouting triggers (green). obtained from data collected with the

lifetimes were systematically below ALICE result with previous measure- theoretical description of the hypertri- the ZD with ordinary matter may be sev- scouting triggers. The increase in kin- theoretical predictions: thus the ments gives a weighted average of ton is finally resolved. eral orders of magnitude weaker than 96.6 fb–1(13 TeV scouting); 137 fb–1 (13 TeV full reco.) ematic acceptance for low masses can +15 so-called “lifetime puzzle”. 206–13 ps (fig ure 1). the . CMS be well appreciated. The ALICE collaboration has recently This result represents an important Further reading The CMS collaboration has recently 10–3 preliminary The full data sets collected with the reported a new measurement of the step forward in solving the longstand- ALICE Collab. 2019 arXiv:1907.06906 presented results of a search for a narrow muon scouting and standard dimuon electroweak constraints 95% CL hypertriton lifetime using Pb–Pb col- ing hypertriton lifetime puzzle, since (Phys. Lett. B 797 134905). resonance decaying to a pair of muons triggers during Run 2 are used to probe 10–4 90% CL observed in the mass range from 11.5 to 200 G eV. 90% CL expected masses below 45 GeV, and between 45

2 68% expected LHCb ε This search looks for a strikingly sharp 95% expected and 200 GeV, respectively, excluding the peak on top of a smooth dimuon mass 10–5 mass range from 75 to 110 GeV where Rarest strange decay shrinks from sight spectrum that arises mainly from the Z-boson production dominates. No sig- Drell–Yan process. At masses below 10–6 nificant resonant peaks are observed, approximately 40 GeV, conventional scouting full reco. and limits are set on ε2 at 90% confi- 0 0 For every trillion KS, only five are to be observed directly at the LHC, such Despite the unprecedented KS pro- triggers are the main limitation for 11 20 30 40 50 100 200 dence as a function of the ZD m a s s (fi g u r e expected to decay to two muons. Like the as leptoquarks or supersymmetric part- duction rate at the LHC, searching this analysis as the thresholds on 2). These are among the world’s most mZ (GeV) + – 0 + – D better known Bs → μ μ decay, which was ners. These particles could significantly for KS → μ μ is challenging due to the the muon transverse momenta (pT), stringent constraints on dark photons 2 fi r s t o b s e r v e d j oi nt l y b y L HC b a n d C M S enhance the decay rate, up to existing low transverse momentum of the two which are applied online to reduce the Fig. 2. Upper limits on ε as a function of the ZD mass. Results in this mass range. in 2013, the decay rate is very sensitive experimental limits, but could also sup- muons, typically of a few hundred rate of events saved for offline analy- obtained with data collected by the dimuon scouting triggers are t o p o s s i bl e c o nt r i b ut io n s f r o m y e t-t o -b e press it via quantum interference with MeV/c. Though primarily designed for sis, introduce a significant kinematic to the left of the dashed line. Constraints from measurement of Further reading s discovered particles that are too heavy t he Standard Model (SM) amplit ude. the study of heavy-flavour particles, acceptance loss, as evident from the the electroweak observables are shown in light blue. CMS Collab. 2019 CMS-PAS-EXO-19-018.

16 CERN COURIER NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2019 CERN COURIER NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2019 17

CCNovDec19_Energyfrontiers_v3.indd 16 29/10/2019 13:17 CCNovDec19_Energyfrontiers_v3.indd 17 29/10/2019 13:17 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 9 N u m b e r 6 N o v e mber /D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 9 CERNCOURIER.COM CERNCOURIER.COM ADVERTISING FEATURE FIELD NOTES When SCADA is the right solution Reports from events, conferences and meetings Throughout Cosylab’s work in developing supervisory control and data acquisition InternatIonal ConferenCe on rf SuperConduCtIvIty (SCADA) solutions, we have often noticed that our customers have a lack of understanding of the role of SCADA in a Superconductivity heats up in Dresden system when we are asked to provide a SRF2019 solution. This poses a risk when it comes to Accelerator experts from around the whether or not our customers will find our world met from 30 June – 5 July in Dres- solution useful for their work. As it is in our den’s historic city centre for six days of best interests to provide a useful resolution intense discussions on superconduct- to our customers, and since this is also ing radio-frequency (SRF) science and what we strive for, we would like to share technology. The Helmholtz-Zentrum what we see as the role of SCADA. In cases Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) hosted the when SCADA really is the right solution 19th conference in the biannual series, for the given problem, then a number of which demonstrated that SRF has matured questions must be asked in order to design to become the enabling technology for a successful SCADA solution. many applications. New SRF-based large- Our ultimate aim is to bring clarity to those scale facilities throughout the world include the European XFEL in Germany, thinking about whether they need SCADA LCLS-II and FRIB in the US, ESS in Sweden, or not. RAON in Korea, and SHINE in China. Vacuum The conference opened on Germany’s What is a SCADA system? hottest day of the year with a “young sci- SCADA systems are used all over the world entists” session comprising 40 posters. for supervisory control and data acquisition. This is the purpose of SCADA. It centralises 3. What supervisory information is required to The following week featured a programme Understanding a useful SCADA and how to control, congregates and exposes data to enable improvements to the system? packed with 67 invited oral presentations, Dresden have demonstrated performance levels leading up to the conference, HZDR make it begins with an understanding about other system components on higher levels, o Here is where different types of SCADA more than 300 posters and an industrial discussions commensurate with established niobium hosted tutorials covering all aspects the role of SCADA in a system. and attempts to minimise human interaction statistics come in, including data mining exhibition. Keynote lecturer Thomas More than 300 systems, but at a much higher operating from superconductivity fundamentals with process control. and key performance indicators. Tschentscher (European XFEL) discussed delegates discussed temperature (≥ 4.2 K rather than ≤ 2 K). to cryomodule design, which attracted The need for SCADA evolved over time applications of high-repetition-rate SRF- new insights into RF Such performance was unthinkable just a 89 students and young scientists. During after agrarian and handicraft economies Determining the right SCADA solution 4. Which parts of the work defined in the based X-ray sources, while Andreas Maier power dissipation. few years ago. Coupled with technological the conference, 18 young investigators shifted rapidly to industrial and machine- Only after we have decided whether SCADA first three questions can be automated; (University of Hamburg) reviewed rap- developments for tuners, digital control were invited to give presentations. Bianca manufacturing economies during the is the correct solution to a problem or not which parts do we want to automate; and idly advancing laser-plasma accelerators, systems and cavity processing, turn-key Giaccone (Fermilab) and Ryan Porter Industrial Revolution in the 18th century. can we start asking ourselves what we want which parts require human intervention/ emphasising their complementarity with high-field and continuous-wave oper- (Cornell University) received prizes for Initially, machines were developed that SCADA to do. This can be achieved through supervision? SRF-based systems. ation at 4.2 K and above appears within the best talks, alongside Guilherme could perform repeatable processes faster, the following set of questions: o In the case of a fully automated process, Much excitement in the community reach. The potential benefit for both Semione (DESY) for best poster. with more consistency and with greater you would need a graphical user was generated by new, fundamental large-scale facilities as well as compact The SRF conference rotates between precision than people. Much of this was 1. What does the system need to be interface with a single start button. insights into power dissipation in RF SRF-based accelerators in terms of cost Europe, Asia and the Americas. SRF 2021 also about eliminating human error. While supervised and acted upon (by SCADA) to superconductors. A better understanding and complexity is enormous. will be hosted by Michigan State Univer- this first step in the Industrial Revolution ensure that the process will do what we In conclusion o f t h e r ol e o f m a g n e t i c flu x t r a p pi n g a nd The SRF conference traditionally plays sity/FRIB, while SRF 2023 moves on to replaced many people with machines for want it to do? The key to getting a useful SCADA starts impurities for RF losses has pushed state- an important role in attracting new, Japan’s Riken Nishina Center. work that was previously done by hand, it o What are the building blocks of the with a conversation with the customer about of-the-art niobium to near its theo retical young researchers and engineers to the opened up questions about whether it was process that need supervision and what what they need and a clear conceptual limit. However, recent advances with field, and provides them with a forum to Jens Knobloch Helmholtz-Zentrum

possible to completely eliminate the human exactly does the supervision mean for design, guided by the above questions. Only Nb3Sn (CERN Courier July/August 2019 p9) present their results. In the three days Berlin and Universität Siegen. factor from the whole process, including the every single building block? after this process has been completed does management of connecting all the different o What are the supervision tasks that are it make sense to choose a specific SCADA renContreS du vIetna m within a mere three weeks of running had produced by electron– or muon–neutrino aspects of the manufacturing process, as common for all the building blocks of technology (for example, WinCC OA, EPICS or established that the number of species beams (for example Fermilab’s E531 well as the hands-on aspects. the process? TANGO) that best fits the job. Three neutrinos of light active neutrinos is three (CERN experiment in 1986). Courier September/October 2019 p32). This A neutrino-oscillation industry then For example, there was a time when 2. What are the possible events in the system and beyond was a great opportunity to emphasise sprang into being, following the dis- mechanised processes were made of that would negatively impact on what Author the important role that colliders have covery that neutrinos have mass. An multiple machines operated by many we want the system to do (e.g. machine Matevž Žugelj, Since 1993 the Rencontres du Vietnam played and will continue to play in neu- abundance of recent results on oscil- people, including at least one who would failure, software bugs, human error) and Project Manager, have fostered exchanges between scien- trino physics. Before the three-neutrino For a fortunate lation parameters were presented from be the supervisor of the whole process. The which of these need be handled by SCADA? WinCC OA Expert t ists in t he A sia-Pacific reg ion and col- measurement of LEP, the tau neutrino had combination accelerator-neutrino beams, nuclear process supervisor was there to make sure o How can these events be handled to leagues from other parts of the world. The been established in the years 1975–1986 of parameters, reactors, and atmospheric and astro- 15th edition, which brought together more by a combination of e+e–-collider obser- physical neutrinos. Interestingly, the that the system worked accurately, and avoid negative impacts on the system? this could to ensure that this happened the machine o Is it possible to detect these events? than 50 physicists in Quy Nhon, Vietnam vations of tau decays, pp collisions (the data now seem to indicate at > 3σ that lead to a operators had to report any problems that o How will SCADA receive notifications from 4–10 August, celebrated the 30th W → τ ν τ decay was observed at CERN in neutrinos follow the natural (rather anniversary of the start of the Large Elec- 1985) and neutrino-beam experiments, spectacular than inverted) mass ordering, in which

could hinder the operation to the supervisor. about these events? Cosylab., Control System Laboratory s As the supervisor had an overview of the o Are there any preventative actions that Tel +386 1 477 66 76 tron Positron collider (LEP) in 1989, which where it was observed that taus are never signature the most electron-like neutrino has a whole process, they could make the most we can take to prevent these events Email [email protected] appropriate decisions to keep it running. from happening? Web www.cosylab.com CERN COURIER NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2019 19

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FIELD NOTES FIELD NOTES

mass smaller than that of the muon and LPNHE such as FASER and Mathusla (for masses Topics in AsTropArTicle And UndergroUnd physics tau neutrinos. The next 10 years should from the pion to the B meson); proposed see this question resolved, as well as a high-luminosity and high-energy col- determination of the CP-violating phase liders such as the TAUP tackles topical questions of the neutrino-mixing matrix, with a would extend the search up to the Z mass TAUP 2019 TAUP precision of 5–10 degrees. for mixings between the heavy and light The 16th International Conference on e v e n – i f t h e n e ut r i n o m a s s i s s u ffic i e nt l y The fact that neutrinos have mass neutrinos down to 10–11. Until recently Topics in Astroparticle and Underground large – the actual mass will be deter- requires an addition to the Standard classified as exotic, these experiments Physics (TAUP 2019) was held in Japan mined. Due to their oscillatory nature, Model (SM), wherein neutrinos are mass- could yield the long-sought-after expla- from 9–13 September, attracting a record it has been known since 1998 that neu- l e s s b y d e fi n it i o n. T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l solu- nation for the matter–antimatter asym- 540 physicists from around 30 countries. trinos have tiny, but non-zero, masses. tions, of which a minimal modification metry of the universe by combining CP The 2019 edition of the series, which cov- However, their absolute values have not is to introduce right-handed neutrinos violation with an interaction that trans- ered recent experimental and theoretical yet been measured. in addition to the normal ones, which forms particles into antiparticles. For a developments in astroparticle physics, Diversity is a key feature of the have left-handed chirality. The prop- fortunate combination of parameters, this was hosted by the Institute for Cosmic TAUP conference. Topics discussed erties of these heavy neutral leptons could lead to a spectacular signature: the Ray Research of the University of Tokyo, included cosmology, dark matter, would be very well predicted were it not Founding father tion in the case where neutrinos possess production of a heavy neutrino in a W and held in Toyama – the gateway city to neutrinos, underground laboratories, that their mass can lie anywhere from Jean Tran Thanh a Majorana mass term that transforms decay, tagged by an associated charged the Kamioka experimental site. new technologies, gravitational waves, less than an eV to 1010 GeV or more. Being Van, founder of neutrinos into antineutrinos. lepton, and followed by its transformation Discussions first focused on grav- high-energy and cos- sterile they only couple to SM parti- the Rencontres de The meeting reviewed the status of all into its antineutrino, which could then be itational-wave observations. During mic rays. Multi-messenger cles via mixing with normal neutrinos. Moriond and the aspects of massive neutrinos, from direct i d e nt i fie d b y it s d e c a y i nt o a l e p t o n o fthe their first two observing runs, reported – which combines information from Consequently, they should be very rare Rencontres du mass measurements of the sort success- same sign as that initially tagged (and Patricia Schmidt from Radboud Uni- gravitational-wave observation, optical and have long lifetimes, perhaps allow- Vietnam, welcomes fully executed shortly after the confer- possibly of a different flavour). versity, LIGO and Virgo confidently Mass appeal a highlight being a report on the first astronomy, neutrino detection and other ing a spectacular observation in either delegates to the ence by the KATRIN experiment (see p7) The meeting was thus concluded in detected gravitational waves from 10 Guido Drexlin of the result of the KATRIN experiment (p7). electromagnetic signals – is quickly fi x e d-t a r g e t or h i g h-lu m i n o s it y c ol l i d e rs International to the search for heavy sterile neutrinos in continuity with its initial commemora- binary black-hole coalescenses and one Karlsruhe Institute Co-spokesperson Guido Drexlin revealed becoming established and is expected at the electroweak scale. One possible Center for ATLAS and CMS. A new feature of the field tion: could the physics of neutrinos be binary neutron star inspiral, seeing one of Technology t h e fi r s t m e a s u r e m e n t r e s u l t s o n t h e u per to play an even more important role in the low-energy indication could be the exist- Interdisciplinary is the abundance of experimental projects one of the highlights of future high- gravitational-wave event every 15 days presents the first limit of the neutrino mass: < 1.1 eV at 90% future in gaining a deeper understanding ence of neutrinoless double-beta decay. Science and searching for very weakly, or, to use the energy colliders? of observation. It was also reported that, direct measurement confidence. This world-leading direct of the universe. Such decays, currently being searched for Education . newly coined parlance, “feebly”, interact- during the ongoing third observing run, of the neutrino limit – which measures the neutrino mass The next TAUP conference will be directly in dedicated experiments world- ing particles. These range from CERN’s Alain Blondel LPNHE Paris, CERN and LIGO and Virgo have already observed mass by the KATRIN by precisely measuring the kinematics held in Valencia, Spain, from 30 August wide, violate lepton–number conserva- SHiP experiment to future LHC projects University of Geneva. 26 candidate events. Among them is the collaboration. of the electrons emitted from tritium to 3 September 2021. first signal from a black hole–neutron beta decays – was obtained based on only Lepton–photon 2019 star merger. four weeks of data. With the continu- Masafumi Kurachi, Masayuki The programme continued with pres- ation of the experiment, it is expected Nakahata and Masatake Ohashi Lepton–photon interactions in Toronto entations from various research fields, that the limit will be reduced further, or ICRR, University of Tokyo. AUsTriA–cern AnniversAry Diamond this long-term endeavour together with A M Rodriguez Vera A M Rodriguez The 29th International Symposium on followed by a presentation on outreach anniversary the other countries that participate in Lepton–Photon Interactions at High and education initiatives from Kétévi Austria and CERN Austrian physicists CERN’s research programme,” said Man- Energies was held in Canada from 5–10 Assamagan (Witwatersrand and BNL), Manfred Krammer fred Krammer, both of HEPHY and head of August at the Westin Harbour Castle and perspectives on future facilities. In celebrate 60 years (left) and Jochen CERN’s experimental physics department. hotel, right on the Lake Ontario water- the discussion on future flavour facili- Schieck, both of The long-standing relationship with front in downtown Toronto. Almost ties, Tatsuya Nakada (EPFL) offered his Since joining in 1959, Austria has never HEPHY and CERN, CERN has offered broad benefits to the 300 delegates provided a snapshot of v ie w s on flavou r f ac tor ie s, e mph a si si ng stopped contributing to CERN. Associated flank CERN A u s t r i a n s c i e nt i fic c o m m u n it y, a n o t i ce- the entire field of particle physics and, their important role in guiding future in bygone days with the UA1 experiment Director-General able example being the Vienna Confer- for the first time, parallel sessions were experiments. He stressed the fact that at the SPS, where the were Fabiola Gianotti. ence on Instrumentation, and since 1993 convened from abstracts submitted by yesterday’s discoveries (most recently the discovered, and later with LEP’s DELPHI the Austrian doctoral programme, which collaborations and individuals. Higgs boson) become today’s workhorses, experiment, which helped to put the has now trained more than 200 partic- The symposium opened with a providing stringent tests of the SM. In the Standard Model on a solid footing, today ipants, has been fully integrated with welcome from Chief Laforme of the coming decades we are likely to have W hundreds of Austrian scientists contribute CERN’s PhD programme. Today, Austria’s Mississauga First Nation. It was fol- and Higgs factories that will further illu- to CERN’s experimental programme, and collaboration with CERN extends far lowed by highlights from the LHC minate the remaining shadows in the SM. its institutes participate in ALICE, ATLAS, beyond particle physics. Business incu- experiments and updates on plans for A packed public lecture by 2015 Nobel- CMS and in experiments at the Antipro- bation centres were launched in Austria the CERN accelerator complex, the CEPC Prize winner Art McDonald demonstrated ton Decelerator. Two of the laboratory’s following day, 2017 Nobel Prize winner in 2015, and the MedAustron advanced project in China and the recently inau- the keen interest of the broader public in directors, Willibald Jentschke and Victor presented his vision for grav- hadron-therapy centre (CERN Courier gurated Belle II programme in Japan. the continued developments in particle Frederick Weisskopf, were born in Austria. itational-wave detectors and the dawn of September/October 2019 p10), which was The Belle-II collaboration showed physics, including those in Canada at the To celebrate the 60th anniversary of multi-messenger astronomy. The pro- developed in collaboration with CERN, early results from their first 6.5 fb–1 of SNOLAB underground laboratory, which Austria’s membership, the public were gramme continued with public lectures is among the world’s leading medical SuperKEKb data, including measure- now hosts several experiments engaged invited to “Meet the Universe” during a by Jon Butterworth of University College research facilities. ments of previously studied Standard in neutrino physics and dark-matter series of exhibitions and public events London, presenting the various experi- “CERN is the place to push the fron- Model (SM) phenomena and a new QCD, exotic-particle searches, flavour The puck searches, following the seminal results from 5–12 September, organised by the mental paths that could reveal hints for tiers, and scientists from Austria will limit on dark-photon production near physics and neutrino physics. stops here from the SNO experiment. Institute of High Energy Physics (HEPHY) new physics, and Christoph Schwanda of contribute to make the next steps 10 GeV. Further plenary sessions covered The symposium ended with a progress Belle and Belle II of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. CERN HEPHY discussing the matter–antimatter towards the unknown,” said HEPHY dark-matter searches, multi-messen- report on the European strategy for parti- collaborators at Hirohisa Tanaka SLAC/University of Director-General Fabiola Gianotti opened asymmetry in the universe. director Jochen Schieck. ger astronomy, Higgs, electroweak and cle physics and summaries on advances in the Lepton–Photon Toronto and William Trischuk proceedings by discussing the role of par- “We’d like to celebrate this important top-quark physics, heavy-ion physics, particle detection and instrumentation, conference gala. University of Toronto. ticle colliders as tools for exploration. The anniversary and continue to contribute to Panos Charitos CERN.

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FIELD NOTES FIELD NOTES

HADRON 2019 New TreNds iN HigH eNergy PHysics Exotic hadrons take centre stage in Guilin Odessa conference surveys new trends A Burgazli

HADRON2019 The 2019 edition of New Trends in High high-luminosity collisions of particles Energy Physics took place in Odessa, ranging from polarised protons to gold Ukraine, from 12 to 18 May, with 84 par- ions at JINR–Dubna’s NICA facility, com- ticipants attending from 21 countries. pl e m e nt e d b y fi x e d-t a r g e t a nt i pr o t o n a nd Initiated by the Bogolyubov Institute ion studies with unprecedented colli- for Theoretical Physics at the National sion rates at FAIR, the new international Academy of Sciences in the Ukraine and accelerator complex at GSI Darmstadt. the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Talks on general relativity and cos- (JINR) in Dubna, the series focuses on mology, dark matter and black holes new ideas and hot problems in theory and explored the many facets of modern experiment. The series started in 1992 in astrophysical observations. Future Kiev under the name HADRONS, changed multi-messenger observations, combin- its title to “New Trends in High-Energy ing the measurements of the electromag- Physics” at the turn of the millennium, netic radiation spectrum and neutrinos took place for a decade in the Crimea, with gravitational wave signals, are then moved to Natal () and Becici expected to contribute significantly to an (Montenegro), before coming back to improved understanding of the dynamics Ukraine this year. Future searches for and other Into the abyss of binary black-hole and neutron-star This year’s conference had an empha- exotic hadronic states will contribute Maciej Trzebinski mergers. Such measurements are of great sis on heavy-ion physics and strong to an improved understanding of (PAN Cracow) significance for a variety of open issues, interactions, with aspects of the QCD non-perturbative aspects of QCD. describes the for example, nuclear physics at densi- phase diagram such as signatures of the Parallel to the quest for the highest perilous journey ties far beyond the regime accessible in transition from quark– plasma to possible energies, many problems of low- from classical laboratory experiments. hadrons highlighted in several talks. and intermediate-energy physics are still physics to The next edition of the conference will The interpretation of recent experi- unresolved, such as the critical behaviour the future. be held in Kiev from 27 June to 3 July 2021. mental results on collectivity (the bulk of excited baryonic matter, the nature of motion of nuclear matter at high tem- exotic resonances and puzzles relating to Jamal Jalilian-Marian CUNY, peratures) in terms of the formation of . The construction of new facilities Richard Lednicky JINR-Dubna and a “perfect liquid” was also discussed. will help answer these questions, with Rainer Schicker Heidelberg.

cOOL19 BINP tests of coherent electron cooling, and, at long last, results from the Muon Ion- Cooling experts isation Cooling Experiment – notably, The 18th International Conference on Pentaquark of exotic hadron candidates. Illustrating the difficulty of under- the first observation of muon ionisation Hadron Spectroscopy and Structure, pushers The conference began with a report standing the inner structure of hadrons, head to Siberia cooling (first conceived at BINP almost 50 HADRON2019, took place in Guilin, HADRON 2019 took on LHCb measurements of the doubly the X(3872) discovered by Belle 16 years years ago), and a measurement of multiple ++ China, from 16 to 21 August, co-hosted place in Guilin, charmed Ξ cc , and the discovery ago is still the subject of intensive inves- scattering in a lithium-hydride energy

by the Guangxi Normal University and China. of pentaquark particles called Pc. The tigations. Its mass is extremely close to Accelerators of unstable or non-naturally absorber. Results with liquid hydrogen, the Institute of Theoretical Physics of higher statistics of the LHC Run-2 data the sum of the masses of two charmed occurring particles, such as the proton– and a wedge-shaped plastic absorber 0 –*0 the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The have resolved the Pc(4450) reported by mesons, D and D , and its decay width antiproton colliders with which the W, Z designed to demonstrate emittance conference brought together more LHCb in 2015 into two narrower struc- (< 1.2 MeV) is anomalously small for a and top quark were discovered, famously exchange between the transverse and

than 330 experimental and theoretical tures, Pc(4440) and Pc(4457). In addition, hadron of such a mass. New results on rely on “beam-cooling” techniques, longitudinal planes, are expected soon. physicists from more than 20 countries a third hidden-charm pentaquark, its decays into lighter particles were which reduce the beam’s phase-space Another highlight of the workshop

to discuss topics ranging from meson Pc(4312), with a smaller mass, was reported by BESIII. Alongside proposals volume in order to achieve sufficient was the report from Brookhaven, “Cool-

and baryon spectroscopy to nucleon observed for the first time. These Pc for precise measurements of its mass, interaction rates. Cooling techniques ing commissioning results of the first structure and hypernuclei. The central structures are very likely exotic width and polarisation at Belle-II, PANDA continue to improve, enhancing cur- RF-based electron cooler LEReC,” which issue was exotic hadrons: the strongly consisting of at least five quarks, includ- and the LHC experiments, a deeper rent and future experiments using low- was delivered remotely by Alexei Fedotov. interacting particles that deviate from ing a –antiquark pair. Many understanding of the X(3872) may be energy antiprotons, heavy ions and Fighting Electron-cooling R&D platforms were It was unfortunate that no one from a US t h e t e x t b o o k d e fi n it i o n s o f m e s o n s a nd theorists believe that these pentaquarks just around the corner. molecular beams, and enabling future phase space represented in profusion, including in the national laboratory was able to travel bary ons. Searches for exotic hadrons and can be described as hadronic molecules A close collaboration between exper- muon colliders. The community of sci- Beam-cooling US (RHIC at Brookhaven and the planned to Novosibirsk in person – apparently a studies of their properties have been a of a charmed meson and a charmed imentalists and theorists is required, entists and engineers developing and experts met in EIC at Brookhaven and JLab), Germany casualty of anti-Russia sanctions. Even focus for many high-energy physics baryon, analogous to the deuteron, and this conference provided a valuable applying beam cooling has been meeting Novosibirsk in (COSY at the Forschungszentrum Jülich, at the height of the Cold War, US–USSR experiments, and many fascinating which is a bound state of a neutron and opportunity to exchange ideas. Inter- to exchange ideas for more than 20 years September. the CSR at MPI-K Heidelberg, and R&D s c i e nt i fic c o nt a c t s i n p a r t i c l e a n d a cel- results have been reported since 2003 a proton. A series of parallel talks esting discussions will continue at the at the COOL workshops. at HIM Mainz), China (EICC and HIAF at erator physics were successfully pursued. w h e n t h e fi r s t p a r t i c l e s o f t h i s s or t w er described theoretical predictions that next HADRON conference, to be held in It was gratifying to see the prolif- IMP Lanzhou), CERN (the AD and ELENA), The argument that by cutting off such discovered: the hidden-charm X(3872) will be useful in motivating further Mexico in 2021. eration and progress of beam-cooling and Russia (NICA at JINR Dubna). Most of contacts one is shooting oneself in the * and the open-charm Ds0 (2317) observed measurements, such as searches for the technologies at the 12th biennial inter- these are joint efforts with BINP, which foot seems quite plausible – after all, we by Belle and BaBar, respectively. The decay to a charmed baryon and a Feng-Kun Guo Institute of Theoretical national workshop on beam cooling and continues to be the primary source for go in order to learn. most cited physics papers of Belle and charmed meson, and searches for the Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and related topics, held from 23–27 Septem- high-voltage, electron-gun and solenoid BESIII and the second most cited of BaBar various new pentaquarks predicted by Simon Eidelman Budker Institute of Nuclear ber at the Budker Institute of Nuclear systems for such coolers. Also represented Daniel M Kaplan Illinois Institute and LHCb are reports of the discoveries theoretical models. Physics and Novosibirsk State University. Physics in Novosibirsk (BINP), Russia. were stochastic cooling installations, of Technology.

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FEATURE EXTREMELY LARGE TELESCOPE ASTRONOMERS SCALE NEW SUMMIT The world’s largest optical/near-infrared telescope, the Extremely Large Telescope, under construction in , will bring mysteries such as dark energy into focus.

Analyze laser- material interaction with simulation.

Laser-material interaction, and the subsequent heating, is often studied with simulation using one of several modeling techniques. To select the most suitable approach, you can use information such as the material’s optical properties, the relative sizes of the objects to be heated, and the laser wavelength and beam characteristics as a guide. For the simulation, you can use COMSOL Multiphysics®. The COMSOL Multiphysics® software is used for simulating designs, devices, and processes Visualization of a laser beam in all fields of engineering, manufacturing, and Peak construction focused through two lenses. scientific research. See how you can apply it to The foundations of ESO’s The focal point shifts as the modeling laser-material interactions. Extremely Large Telescope atop lenses heat up due to the Cerro Armazones in Chile, G Hüdepohl/ESO G high-intensity laser light. comsol.blog/laser-heating photographed in October 2018.

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FEATURE EXTREMELY LARGE TELESCOPE FEATURE EXTREMELY LARGE TELESCOPE ESO he 3 km-high summit of Cerro Armazones, located in the of Northern Chile, is a con- European Southern Observatory’s particle-physics roots T struction site for one of most ambitious projects ever The ELT’s success lies in ESO’s vast mounted by astronomers: the Extremely Large Telescope experience in the construction of innovative (ELT). Scheduled for first light in 2025, the ELT is centred telescopes. The idea for ESO, a 16-nation around a 39 m-diameter main mirror that will gather intergovernmental organisation for research 250 times more light than the Hubble Space Telescope in ground-based astronomy, was conceived and use advanced corrective optics to obtain exceptional in 1954 with the aim of creating a European image quality. It is the latest major facility of the European observatory dedicated to observations of Southern Observatory (ESO), which has been surveying the southern sky. At the time, the largest the southern skies for almost 60 years. such facilities had an aperture of about 2 m; The science goals of the ELT are vast and diverse. Its more than 50 years later, ESO is responsible sheer size will enable the observation of distant objects for a variety of observatories, including its that are currently beyond reach, allowing astronomers to first telescope at La Silla, not far from Cerro better understand the formation of the first stars, galax- Armazones (home of the ELT). ies and even black holes. The sharpness of its images will Like CERN, ESO was born in the aftermath Changed days The location of ESO’s Telescope Project Division (TP) and Sky Atlas Laboratory (SA) also enable a deeper study of extrasolar , possibly of the war to allow European countries to in the 1970s on the main CERN site (left), near what is now the language centre (right). even the characterisation of their atmospheres. “One new develop scientific projects that nations were direction may become possible through very high precision unable to do on their own. The similarities are regulations. A stronger collaboration ensued collaboration saw ESO facilities established at

spectroscopy - direct detection of the expansion rate of the SCHOTT by no means a mere coincidence. From the in 1969, when ESO approached CERN to CERN: the Telescope Project Division and, a universe, which would be an amazing feat,” explains Pat beginning, CERN served as a model regarding assist with the powerful and sophisticated few years later, ESO’s Sky Atlas Laboratory. A Roche of the and former president of important administrative aspects of the instrumentation of its 3.6 m telescope similar collaboration has since been organised the ESO council. “But almost certainly the most exciting organisation, such as the council delegate and other challenges ESO was facing, both for EMBL and, more recently for a new results will be from unexpected discoveries.” structure, the finance base or personnel administrative and technological. This hadron-therapy facility in Southeast Europe.

Technical challenges Approved in 2006, civil engineering for the ELT began are European, but also include contracts with the Chilean The amount of data In addition to its astro- in 2014. Construction of the 74 m-high, 86 m-diameter companies ICAFAL, for the road and platform construc- nomical goals, the ELT will dome and t he 3400-tonne main str ucture began in 2019. tion, and Abengoa for the ELT technical facility. Among the produced by the ELT is contribute to the growing I n Ja nu a r y 2018 t h e fi r s t s e g m e nt s o f t h e m a i n m i r r or wer European contracts, the construction of the telescope dome c o n flue n c e o f c o s m olo g y a nd successfully cast, marking the first step of a challeng- and main structure by the Italian ACe consortium of Astraldi estimated to be around fundamental physics. Specif- ing five-mirror system that goes beyond the traditional and Cimolai is the largest in ESO’s history. The total cost ically, it will help elucidate two-mirror “Gregorian” design. The introduction of a estimate for the baseline design of the ELT is €1.174 billion, 1–2 TB per night the nature of dark energy third powered mirror delivers a focal plane that remains while the running cost is estimated to be around €50 million by identifying distant type u n-a b e r r at e d at a l l fie ld lo c at io n s, w h i le a fo u r t h a n d a fi fth per year. Since the approval of the ELT, ESO has increased 1a supernovae, which serve mirror correct distortions in real-time due to the Earth’s its number of member states from 14 to 16, with Poland and as excellent markers of the universe’s expansion his- atmosphere or other external factors. This novel arrange- Ireland incorporating in 2015 and 2018, respectively. Chile tory. The ELT will also measure the change in redshift ment, combined with the sheer size of the ELT, makes is a host state and Australia a strategic partner. with time of distant objects – a feat that is beyond the almost every aspect of the design particularly challenging. capabilities of current telescopes – to indicate the rate of The main mirror is itself a monumental enterprise; Unprecedented view expansion. Possible variations over time of fundamental it consists of 798 hexagonal segments, each measuring Ahead of the curve Top: architectural concept drawing of the 80 m-high ELT at work. A telescope of this scale has never been attempted before p h y s ic s c o n s t a nt s, s uc h a s t h e fi n e-s t r uc t u r e c o n s t a nt a n d approximately 1.4 m across and 50 mm thick. To keep the Bottom: the three-tonne “blank” for the ELT’s secondary mirror, machined from a slab in astronomy. Not only must the ELT be constructed and the strong coupling constant, will also be targeted. Such surface unchanged by external factors such as temperature of the low-expansion ceramic ZERODUR, in January 2019. operated within the available budget, but it should not measurements are very challenging because the strength or wind, each segment has edge sensors measuring its impact the operation of ESO’s current flagship facil- of the constraint on the variability depends critically on the location within a few nanometres – the most accurate ever budget,” says Roche. “A great deal of careful planning and ities (such as the VLT, the VLT interferometer and the accuracy of the wavelength calibration. The ELT’s ultra- used in a telescope. The construction and polishing of the design, most of it with input from industry, was undertaken ALMA observatory). stable high-resolution spectrograph aims to remove the segments, as well as the edge sensors, is a demanding task to understand the costs and the cost drivers, and the choice The amount of data produced by the ELT is estimated to systematic uncertainty currently present in the wavelength and only possible thanks to the collaboration with industry; of primary mirror diameter emerged from these analyses.” b e a r o u n d 1-2 T B p e r n i g ht, i n c lud i n g s c ie nt i fic o b s e r v at io n s c a l i br at io n m e a s u r e m e nt s, offe r i n g t h e p o s s i bi l it y t o m a ke at least seven private companies are working on the main The task is not much easier for the other mirrors. The plus calibration observations. The data will be analysed an unambiguous detection of such variations. mirror alone. The size of the s e c o n d a r y m i r r or, m e a s u r i n g 4 m across, is highly convex automatically, and users have the option to download the The ELT construction is on schedule for completion, and mirror was originally 42 m, Currently, 28 and will be the largest secondary mirror ever employed on processed data or, if needed, download the original data first light is expected in 2025. “In the end, projects suc- but it was later reduced to a telescope and the largest convex mirror ever produced. and process it in their own research centres. To secure ceed because of the people who design, build and support 39 m, mainly for costs rea- companies are actively The ELT’s tertiary mirror also has a curved surface, con- observation time with the facility, ESO makes a call for them,” Roche says, attributing the success of the ELT to sons, but still allowing the trary to more traditional designs. The fourth mirror will proposals once or twice a year, at which researchers pro- rigorous attention to design and analysis across all aspects ELT to fulfill its main sci- collaborating on be the largest adaptive mirror ever made, supported by pose desired observations according to their own fields. of the project. The road ahead is still challenging and full entific goals. “The ELT is different par ts of t he more t h a n 5000 ac t uator s t h at w i l l de for m a nd adjust it s “A committee of astronomers then evaluates the proposals of obstacles, but, as the former director of the Paris obser- ESO’s largest project and we shape in real-t ime to ac hieve a factor-500 improvement and ranks them according to their relevance and potential THE AUTHOR vatory André Danjon wrote to his counterpart at the Leiden have to ensure that it can ELT design, mostly in resolution. s c ie nt i fic i m p a c t, t h e h i g h e s t r a n k e d o n e s a r e t h e n c hosen Emilia Cruz Observatory, Jan Oort, in 1962: “L’astronomie est bien l’ecole be constructed and oper- Currently 28 companies are actively collaborating on to be followed,” explains project scientist Miguel Pereira Alaniz University de la patience.” No doubt the ELT will pay extraordinary ated within the available from Europe d i ffe r e nt p a r t s o f t h e E LT d e s i g n; m o s t o f t h e s e c o m p anies of the University of Oxford. of Liverpool, UK. scientific rewards. 

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FEATURE FELPROGRAMMALE GATE ARRAYS GAS DOSING VALVES for rough to extreme vacuum PGAs TAT SPEA OUR LANGUAGE A Rose Long the preserve of professional engineers coding in low-level languages, PGAs can now be programmed in C and ava, bringing machine learning and complex algorithms within the SWITZERLAND (HQ) USA JAPAN KOREA CHINA T +41 81 771 61 61 T +1 800 935 1446 T +81 45 44003 40 T +82 31 662 6856 T +86 21 5032 6658 scope of trigger-level analysis. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] TAIWAN SINGAPORE GERMANY FRANCE UNITED KINGDOM T +886 3 516 90 88 T +65 62525121 T +49 351 501 93400 T +33 4 85 88 00 72 T +44 192 645 2753 eeming with radiation and data, the heart of a [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.vatvalve.com hadron collider is an inhospitable environment T in which to make a tricky decision. Nevertheless, the LC experiment detectors have only microseconds after each proton–proton collision to make their most critical analysis call: whether to read out the detector or reject the event forever. As a result of limitations in read- out bandwidth, only .2 of the terabits per second of data generated by the detectors can be saved for use in physics analyses. Boosts in energy and luminosity – and the accompanying surge in the complexity of the data from the high-luminosity LC upgrade – mean that the technical challenge is growing rapidly. New techniques are therefore needed to ensure that decisions are made with speed, precision and fl exibility so that the subsequent physics measurements are as sharp as possible. The front-end and read-out systems of most collider detec- tors include many application-specifi c integrated circuits (ASICs). These custom-designed chips digitise signals at the interface between the detector and the outside world. The algorithms are baked into silicon at the foundries of some of the biggest companies in the world, with limited prospects for changing their functionality in the light of changing Stilbene. The gold standard in conditions or detector performance. inor design changes r e q u i r e s u b s t a nt i a l t i m e a n d m o n e y t o fi x, a n d t h e r e pl a c e- neutron-gamma PSD. ment chip must be fabricated from scratch. In the LC era, the tricky trigger electronics are therefore not implemented with ScintinelTM stilbene ASICs, as before, but with fi eld-programmable gate arrays (PGAs). Previ- NOW AVAILABLE IN SIZES UP TO 5 INCHES ously used to prototype the ASICs, PGAs may EASY INTEGRATION WITH PMT AND SiPM be re-programmed DIRECT DETECTION OF FAST NEUTRONS “in the fi eld”, without a trip to the foundry. Now also prevalent in high-perfor- Purple rain Visualisation of logic gates fi ring as an FPG A evaluates energies in www.inradoptics.com | 201-767-1910 mance computing, with leading tech the CMS calorimeter trigger.

ilinx

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FEATURE FIELD-PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAYS FEATURE FIELD-PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAYS ewbold Ne D Fig. 1. Code put of 6.5 terabits per second. Data are read out from the 70 snippets illustrating detector into the trigger-system FPGAs in the counting VHDL the difficulty in room in a cavern adjacent to CMS. The official FPGA code 60 MaxJ writing even simple was implemented in VHDL over several months each algorithms in VHDL 50 of development, debugging and testing. To investigate (top), compared to w h e t h e r h i g h-le v e l F P G A pro g r a m m i n g c a n b e pr a c t ic a l,

implementations in ents 40 the same algorithms were implemented in MaxJ by an ev Java-variant MaxJ inexperienced doctoral student (figure 2), with the low- (middle) and C++, 30 le v e l c lo c k i n g a n d m a n a g e m e nt o f h i g h-s p e e d s e r i a l l i n k s

as compiled by number of s t i l l u n d e r t a k e n b y t h e pr o fe s s io n a l l y d e v e lo p e d c o d e. T h e Vivado HLS 20 h i g h-le v e l c o d e h a d c o m p a r a ble l at e n c y a n d r e s o u rc e u s a g e (bottom). w it h o n e e x c e p t io n: t h e h a n d-c r a f t e d V H DL w a s s up e r ior 10 when it came to quickly sorting objects by their trans- verse momentum. With this caveat, the study suggests 0 t h at u s i n g h i g h-le v e l d e v e lo p m e nt t o ol s c a n d r a m at ic a l l y 0 500 1000 1500 2000 lo w e r t h e b a r for d e v e lo pi n g F P G A fi r m w a r e, t o t h e e x t ent total E (0.5 GeV) T t h at s t ud e nt s a n d p h y s ic i s t s c a n c o nt r i b ut e t o l a r g e p a r t s Workhorse Nine calorimeter-trigger cards process CMS events in parallel, while a 1800 of t he development of laby rint hine electronics systems. 10th receives their outputs. The 11th is spare. Each card has a Xilinx Virtex 7 FPGA VHDL Kalman filtering is an example of an algorithm that is (pictured on p29). The cards were installed at the beginning of LHC Run 2 and will be 1600 MaxJ c o n v e nt io n a l l y u s e d for offl i n e t r a c k r e c o n s t r uc t io n o n C PUs, upgraded for high-luminosity running. 1400 away from the low-latency restrictions of the trigger. The m at h e m at ic a l a s p e c t s o f t h e a l g or it h m a r e d i ffic u lt t o i m ple- w a s a c h ie v e d u s i n g on l y a s m a l l p e rc e nt a g e o f t h e s i l ic on 1200 m e nt i n a lo w-le v e l l a n g u a g e, for e x a m ple r e q u i r i n g t r aj e c- area of the FPGA, so leaving room for other algorithms. 1000 t or y fit s t o b e it e r at i v e l y o p t i m i s e d u s i n g s e q ue nt i a l m at rix A n o t h e r t o ol c a p a ble o f e x e c ut i n g m a c h i n e-le a r n i n g m o d-

of candidates algebra calculations. But the advantages of a high-level lan- els in tens of nanoseconds is the “hls4ml” FPGA inference 800 guage could conceivably make Kalman filtering tractable in engine for deep neural networks, built on the Vivado HLS

number 600 the trigger. To test this, the algorithm was implemented for compiler of Xilinx. With the use of such tools, non-FPGA t h e p h a s e-II up g r a d e o f t h e C M S t r a c k e r i n M a xJ. T h e s c h e d- experts can trade-off latency and resource usage – two 400 companies using them to accelerate critical processing in uler of Maxeler’s tool, MaxCompiler, automatically pipelines critical metrics of performance, which would require t he i r d at a c e nt re s, FP G A s offe r t he b e ne fit s of t a s k-s p e c i fic 200 the operations to achieve the best throughput, keeping the significant extra effort to balance in collaboration with c u s t o m i s at io n o f t h e c o m p ut i n g a rc h it e c t u r e w it h o ut h a v i n g flow of data synchronised. This saves a significant amount engineers w rit ing low-level code. 0 to set the chip’s functionality in stone – or in this case silicon. of effort in the development of a complicated new algorithm Though requiring a little extra learning and some knowl- 0 100 200 300 400500 600 c o m p a r e d t o a lo w-le v e l l a n g u a g e, w h e r e t h i s mu s t b e d o n e edge of the underlying technology, it is now possible for jet ET (0.5 GeV) Architecture of a chip by hand. Additionally, MaxCompiler’s support for fixed- ordinary physicists to programme FPGAs in high-level FPGAs can compete with other high-performance com- Fig. 2. The official VHDL implementation of the CMS point arithmetic allows the developer to make full use of the languages, such as Maxeler’s MaxJ and Xilinx’s Vivado puting chips due to their massive capability for parallel calorimeter trigger for missing transverse energy (top) and c a p a bi l it y o f F P G A s t o u s e c u s t o m d at a t y p e s. T a i lor i n g t h e HLS. Development time can be cut significantly, while pr o c e s s i n g a n d r e l at i v e l y lo w p o w e r c o n s u m p t io n p e r o p e r- jet trans verse energy (bottom) are consistent with high-level data representation to the problem at hand results in faster, maintaining latency and resource usage at a similar level at io n. T h e d e v ic e s c o nt a i n m a n y m i l l io n s o f pr o g r a m m a ble Java-based MaxJ code written by a doctoral student. more lightweight processing, which would be prohibitively to hand-crafted FPGA code, with the fast development of lo g ic g at e s t h at c a n b e c o n fi g u r e d a n d c o n n e c t e d t o g e t her labour-intensive in a low-level language. The result of the m at h e m at ic a l l y i nt r ic at e a l g or it h m s a n e s p e c i a l l y pr o m i s- to solve specific problems. Because of the vast numbers of have matured, allowing FPGAs to be programmed in variants study was hundreds of simultaneous track fits in a single ing use case. Opening up FPGA programming to physicists t i n y pr o c e s s i n g u n it s, F P G A s c a n b e pr o g r a m m e d t o wor k of hig h-level lang uages suc h as C++ and Jav a, and br ing ing FPGA in just over a microsecond. w i l l a l lo w offl i n e a p pr o a c h e s s uc h a s m a c h i n e le a r n i n gto o n m a n y d i ffe r e nt p a r t s o f a t a s k s i mu lt a n e o u s l y, t h erby FPGA coding w it hin t he reac h of physicists t hemselves. be transferred to real-time detector electronics. achieving massive throughput and low latency – ideal But can high-level tools produce FPGA code with low- Ghost in the machine Novel approaches will be critical for all aspects of for increasingly popular machine-learning applications. enough latency for trigger applications? And can their Deep neural networks, which have become increasingly computing at the high-luminosity LHC. New levels of FPGAs can also support high bandwidth inputs and out- resource usage compete with professionally developed low- prevalent in offline analysis and event reconstruction complexity and throughput will exceed the capability of puts of up to about 100 dedicated high-speed serial links, le v e l c o d e? D u r i n g t h e p a s t c o uple o f y e a r s C M S p h y s ic i s t s thanks to their ability to exploit tangled relationships in C P Us a lo n e, a n d r e q u i r e t h e e x t e n s i v e u s e o f h e t e r o g e n o u s making them ideal workhorses to process the deluge of h ave t r i a l le d t he us e of a Jav a-b a s e d l a ng ua ge, M a xJ, a nd data, are another obvious candidate for processing data accelerators such as FPGAs, graphics processing units data that streams out of particle detectors (see CERN Courier tools from Maxeler Technologies, a leading company in more efficiently. To find out if such algorithms could be (GP Us) a n d p e r h a p s e v e n t e n s or pr o c e s s i n g u n it s (T P Us) i n September 2016 p21). accelerated computing and data-flow engines, who were implemented in FPGAs, and executed within the tight offline computing. Recent developments in FPGA interfaces FPGAs can The difficulty is that programming FPGAs is traditionally partners in the studies. More recently the collaboration latency constraints of the trigger, an example application are therefore most welcome as they will allow particle t h e pr e s e r v e o f e n g i n e e r s c o d i n g lo w-le v e l l a n g u a g e s s uc h a s has also gained experience with the C++-based Vivado was developed to identify fake tracks – the inevitable physicists to execute complex algorit hms in t he trigger, compete due to VHDL and Verilog, where even simple tasks can be tricky. For high-level synthesis (HLS) tool of the FPGA manufac- byproducts of overlapping particle trajectories – in the a n d m a k e t h e c r it ic a l i n it i a l s e le c t io n m or e e ffe c t i v e t h a n their massive example, a function to sum two numbers together requires t u r e r X i l i n x. T h e w or k h a s d e m o n s t r at e d t h e p o t e nt i a l for o ut p ut o f t h e M a xJ K a l m a n fi lt e r d e s c r i b e d a b o v e. M a c h ine ever before.  capability s e v e r a l l i n e s o f c o d e i n V H DL, w it h t h e d e s i g n e r e v e n r e q u i r e d g round-brea k i ng ne w tools to be used i n f ut ure t r ig gers, le a r n i n g h a s t h e p o t e nt i a l t o d i s t i n g u i s h s uc h b o g u s t r a c k s for parallel to define when the operations happen relative to the proces- without significantly increasing resource usage and latency. better than simple selection cuts, and a boosted decision Further reading THE AUTHORS processing sor clock (figure 1). Outsourcing the coding is impractical, tree (BDT) proved effective here, with the decision step, R Aggleton et al. 2017 JINST 12 P12019. and relatively Sioni Summers given the imminent need to implement elaborate algorithms Track and field-programmable w h ic h e m plo y s m a n y s m a l l a n d i n d e p e n d e nt d e c i s io n t r e e s, J Duarte et al. 2018 JINST 13 P07027. CERN and low power fe at u r i n g m a c h i n e le a r n i n g i n t h e t r i g g e r t o q u ic k l y a n a l y s e Tasked with finding hadronic jets and calculating missing implemented with MaxCompiler. A latency of a few hun- O Pell and V Averbukh 2012 Comput. Sci. Eng. 14 98. Alexander Tapper consumption data from high-granularity detectors in high-luminosity transverse energy in a few microseconds, the trigger of dredths of a microsecond – much shorter than the iterative S Summers et al. 2019 EPJ Web Conf 214 01003. Imperial College per operation environments. During the past five years, however, tools the CMS calorimeter handles an information through- K a l m a n fi lt e r a s BD T s a r e i n h e r e nt l y v e r y p a r a l le l i s a ble– S Summers et al. 2017 JINST 12 C02015. London.

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FEATURE CERN OPEN DAYS PARTICLE PHYSICS INSPIRES ALL

Some 75,000 members of the public took part in the CERN Open Days on 14 and 15 September. Bathed in autumn sunshine, the lab offered visitors of all ages the opportunity to visit its underground and surface facilities, discover new technologies and engage with 150 activities at nine sites. Around 3000 staff and user volunteers, resplendent in bright-orange T-shirts, brought CER N’s sc ience a nd eng i ne er i ng to l i fe. Here a re a sa mple of shot s a nd a smat ter i ng of v isitor reac t ions c apt ure d by t he Courier dur i ng CER N’s big gest out reac h e vent si nce t he la st O p en Days i n 2013. CER N-PHO T O-201909-243-9 O-201909-243-9 T N-PHO CER “It’s a huge “There is place full high-tech of ideas to science going CER N-PHO T O-201909-247-9 CER N-PHO T O-201909-255-14 try in case on. You’re something trying to make revolutionary applications to turns up.” real life, such as non-destructive testing.”

Sparking imagination in the power-converters lab. CERN-PHOTO-201909-239-55 CERN-PHOTO-201909-239-55

Director-General Fabiola Gianotti with visitors at LHC Point 4. All smiles at LHC Point 6. CER N-PHO T O-201909-249-9 O-201909-249-9 T N-PHO CER O-201909-248-13 T N-PHO CER E -H O-201909-254-8 T N-PHO CER

John Ellis and Mónica Bello talk art and science. “We’re not here for the “I thought it science, was all about we’re here programming, for the but you actually machines!” Down under with ATLAS. Awestruck by ALICE. build things.” New arrivals.

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR OPERATIONS

Cool demonstrations in the cryogenics lab. •Beamline parameters optimization

CMS-PHO-PUBLIC-2019-007-75 CMS-PHO-PUBLIC-2019-007-75 O-201909-245-23 T N-PHO CER • Virtual machines and simulators “CERN is here •Reinforcement learning for accelerator control systems to test out how • Deep neural network solutions for beam prediction particles behave and exploring the limit MOI AI SOLUTION FOR PARTICLE ACCELERATORS of the universe, •Fully integrated AI framework for accelerator control like matter • Machine learning technology for mission-critical designs (which we know) •Real-Time interlocks and protection systems and antimatter (which we don’t).” Marvelling at CMS. Virtual welding was a hit in the main workshop. “If you understand materials and energy at the basic scale, you have a BPM Controller for RAON Accelerator EPICS ported Step-Motor Controller Bespoke Electronics for Particle • 16 RF inputs and 4 BPM processors • Fast and stable control of up to CER N-PHO T O-201909-239-47 Accelerators: better chance of creating per controller eight motors • Position and phase resolution better • Compact design with Ethernet •BPM and LLRF Controllers new energy sources and than 5 μm and 0.1º communication •Step-motor, HV and Vacuum Controllers • Embedded EPICS IOC and Channel • Embedded EPICS IOC, Channel Access Access materials for the future.” Software and Hardware Solutions for Integrated Control: •Distributed control systems & SCADA: EPICS, WinCC, LabView The beauty of LHCb. •PLC engineering: Siemens, Beckoff, TwinCAT “I read an article recently that said •FPGA solutions this was all a waste of taxpayers’ Interlocks and Safety Systems: money, but now I am less sure CER N-PHO T O-201909-250-28 •Mission-critical systems for fusion reactors and accelerators because I have seen today that LLRF Controller for PAL X-FEL Accelerator Vacuum Controller • Excellent stability performance of • Integrated and compact (2U) control •High-dependable solutions for there are a lot of applications.” 0.02% (amplitude) and 0.03o (phase) of beamline vacuum instrumentation occupational safety • Independent channel amplifier • Up to 20 valves, 8 motors and gauge control control (RS232) • Embedded EPICS IOC and Channel • Control of up to 64 motors (RS485) Access • Embedded EPICS IOC, Channel Access Physics fun in the superconductivity lab. mobiis.com/en [email protected]

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FEATURE CNRS AT 80

High performance analogue Barué/GANIL-CNRS C signal transmission over fibre montena technology sa 80 Hz – 3.5 GHz bandwidth 1728 Rossens · Switzerland montena.com R Remote controlled input attenuator and preamplifier R Compact shielded module with embedded battery R Available in point-to-point and multilink versions

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS Fast impulse or high bandwidth analogue signal transmission over long distance. Measurements in physics research labs, particle accelerators, high-voltage substations, railways, etc.

MOL2000T ink l KEEP ptical o Modular polygone.ch CALM

Flourishing physics The interior of a radio-frequency cavity used in a cyclotron at the GANIL (Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds) facility of the CEA and CNRS, showing regions that have been pulverised by the high-voltage electric arcs.

TRANSMISSION LINES, COAXIAL & WAVEGUIDE THE RISE OF FRENCH • Legal Support PATCH PANELS & SPLITTERS • PARTICLE PHYSICS CUSTOMISED RF COMPONENTS Research Infrastructures and Founded 80 years ago, the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) Innovative Companies is one of Europe’s largest research institutions. Ursula Bassler and Denis Guthleben look back at its history and achievements in nuclear and high-energy physics.

arie Curie once described the laboratory she French laboratories were in. “There are some in attics, THE AUTHORS shared with her husband Pierre as “just a clap- others in cellars, others in the open air...” the Petit Journal Ursula Bassler M board hut with an asphalt floor and glass roof newspaper reported in 1921. Increasing research funding CNRS National giving incomplete protection against the rain, without to elevate France to the level of countries like Germany Institute of Nuclear any amenities”. Even her colleagues abroad were shocked became a rallying point for the nation. and Particle Physics and president of the by their paltry resources. German chemist Wilhelm Ost- In the inter-war years, Jean Perrin, winner of the 1926 CERN Council; and www.xofficio.eu wald noted: “The laboratory was a cross between a stable Nobel Prize in Physics for his work showing the existence www.exirbroadcasting.com Denis Guthleben and a potato shed, and if it hadn’t been for the chemical of atoms, championed the development of science and had Exir Broadcasting AB scientific attaché to apparatus, I would have thought it a practical joke.” In the support of many other scientists. Thanks to financial Industrigatan 17 - SE-242 31 Hörby - Sweden the committee for the +46 415 30 14 00 - [email protected] the 1920s, newspapers showed the desperate situation the support from the Rothschild Foundation, he founded the history of CNRS.

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FEATURE CNRS AT 80 FEATURE CNRS AT 80

r e s e a rc h b ud g e t s, s a l a r ie s a n d g r a nt s for r e s e a rc h fe l lo w s. into exile or tried to continue running their laboratories LAL A f t e r h e r r e s i g n at io n, P e r r i n t o o k o v e r. T h i s s e x a g e n a r i a n in inevitable isolation. w it h t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f a d i s h e v e l le d s c ie nt i s t “i m m e d i at e l y Frédéric Joliot-Curie, buoyed by his involvement in s h o w e d t h e a rd o u r o f a yo u n g m a n a n d t h e e nt hu s i a s m o f a the Resistance, took up the reins of CNRS in August 1944

Agence de presse Meur isse beg inner, not for t he prest ige, but for t he means of act ion and strove to help France catch up again after the war, the post provided”, Jean Zay, the very young minister of particularly in nuclear physics. After atomic bombs were national education at the time, noted in his memoirs. Over dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, General de Gaulle the next four years, his achievements included the opening asked Frédéric Joliot-Curie and Raoul Dautry, who was of laboratories such as the Paris Institute of Astrophysics minister for reconstruction and urbanism, to set up the and culminated in the decree founding CNRS, published Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA). Frédéric Joliot- in October 1939. Six weeks after the outbreak of the Sec- Curie saw this organisation as a means of bringing together ond World War, Perrin announced: “Science is not possi- and coordinating all fundamental research in nuclear ble without freedom of thought, and freedom of thought physics, including research undertaken in university labo- cannot exist without freedom of conscience. You cannot ratories. From 1946, all the big names – Auger, Joliot-Curie, require chemistry to be Marxist and expect to produce great Perrin and Kowarski – joined CEA. CNRS was therefore c h e m i s t s; yo u c a n n o t r e q u i r e p h y s ic s t o b e 100% A r y a n a n d not greatly involved in this area. In 1947 the decision was e x p e c t t o k e e p t h e g r e at e s t p h y s ic i s t s i n yo u r c o u nt r y... E a c h taken to build a facility in Saclay combining fundamental of us can die, but we w ant our ideals to live on.” and applied research. André Berthelot was the director of T h e fo u n d i n g pr i n c i ple o f t h e C N R S “t o id e nt i f y a n d c o n- the nuclear physics division at Saclay and installed several duct, alone or with its partners, every type of research in the accelerators there. Founding father CNRS founder Jean Perrin, winner of the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics for interest of science and the technological, social and cultural his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, in his laboratory in 1927. advancement of the country” stands strong today. Around Founding CERN 32,000 people, including 11,000 academics and researchers, In the 1950s French physicists played a key role in the currently work at CNRS in collaboration with universi- establishment of CERN: , the first well- Le Monde. The government under Pierre Mendès France Big impact t ie s, pr i v at e l a b or at or ie s a n d o t h e r or g a n i s at io n s. M o s t o f known scientist to call for the creation of a multinational made research a priority and in 1954 granted funds for the The Italian AdA Cur ie A rc h ives t he 1100 CN R S l a b or ator ie s a re c o-d i re c te d w it h a p a r t ne r laboratory; Auger, who was director of the depart- construction of two accelerators, a synchrocyclotron at collider was institution and host CNRS personnel and, in the majorit y ment of exact and natural sciences at UNESCO; Dautry, Irène Joliot-Curie’s Radium Institute and a linear accel- installed at LAL in of cases, fac ult ies a nd academ ics. These “m i xed resea rc h director-general of CEA; Perrin, the high commissioner; erator for Yves Rocard’s Physics Laboratory at the École Orsay to take units”, which were introduced in 1966, form the backbone of a n d K o w a r s k i, o n e o f C E R N’s fi r s t s t a ff m e m b e r s w h o l ater normale supérieure. Irène Joliot-Curie secured the plots advantage of the French research and allow cutting-edge research to be done b e c a m e d i r e c t or o f s c ie nt i fic a n d t e c h n ic a l s e r v ic e s. He is required in Orsay for the construction of the Orsay Insti- linear accelerator’s whilst being rooted in teaching and contact with students. credited with the construction of the first tute of Nuclear Physics (IPNO) and the Linear Accelerator higher energies, at CERN and the introduction of computers. Joliot-Curie, Laboratory (LAL). Irène Joliot-Curie did not live to see the giving rise to the The evolution of nuclear and high-energy physics relieved of his duties at CEA owing to his political beliefs, new laboratory, but Frédéric Joliot-Curie became the IPNO’s first electron– Under the auspices of the national ministry of higher edu- was very upset not to be appointed to the CERN Coun- first director, while Hans Halban was called back from positron collisions, cation, research and innovation, CNRS is France’s largest cil – unlike Perrin, who succeeded him at CEA. Alive to England to manage LAL. These two emblematic institutes before being research institution. With an annual budget of €3.4 billion, CERN’s potential, Louis Leprince-Ringuet shifted the focus still play a major role in French contributions to CERN. returned to Frascati. it covers the whole gamut of scientific disciplines, from the of his teams’ research from cosmic rays to accelerators. humanities to natural and life sciences, the science of matter He became the first French chair of the scientific policy From strength to strength and the universe, and from fundamental to applied research. committee (SPC) in 1964 and his laboratory contributed During the 1950s and 1960s CNRS went from strength T h e d i s c i pl i n e s a r e or g a n i s e d t h e m at ic a l l y i nt o 10 i n s t it ut e s, greatly to the involvement of French physicists at CERN. to strength and set up more laboratories for high- Marital bliss Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie in 1935, the year they shared the Nobel w h ic h m a n a g e t h e s c ie nt i fic pr o g r a m m e s a n d a s i g n i fic ant Another CNRS recruit of the post-war period who also energy and nuclear physics. A Cockroft-Walton acceler- Prize in Chemistry for the synthesis of new radioactive elements. share of t he investment in research infrastr ucture. CNRS made a name for himself at CERN was . ator, built in Strasbourg by the Germans during the war, plays a coordination role, particularly through its three Securing a research position at CNRS in 1948, he wrote his was the seed that grew into the Nuclear Research Centre Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, the first place to national institutes, the National Institute of Nuclear and under the supervision of Frédéric Joliot-Curie, who directed by Serge Gorodetsky. Maurice Scherer’s chair in employ researchers full-time. In 1935 he managed to get Particle Physics (IN2P3), together with the National Institute had wanted to nudge Charpak towards nuclear physics. But nuclear physics in Caen, created in 1947, evolved into the t he Nat ion a l S c ie nt i fic Re s ea rc h F u nd s e t up to f u nd ac a- of Sciences of the Universe and the National Institute for he picked his own area: detectors. He was hired at CERN Cor pusc ula r Physics Labor ator y. One of its first doc tor a l demic projects and research fellowships. One of its first Mathematical Sciences and their Interactions. by Leon Lederman in 1963 and went on to develop the students, Louis Avan, founded the eponymous laboratory fellows was the young Lew Kowarski in 1937, who had When CNRS was founded, French physicists were among multiwire proportional chamber, which replaced bubble in Clermont-Ferrand in 1959. Louis Néel laid the foun- joined Frédéric Joliot-Curie’s laboratory at the Collège de the world-leading: Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie, Jean chambers and spark chambers by enabling digital pro- dations for important physics research in , and F r a n c e. I n M a y 1939, t o g e t h e r w it h Ha n s v o n Ha l b a n, t h e y Perrin, Louis de Broglie and Pierre Auger are among the cessing of the data. The invention won him the 1992 Nobel CEA set up a centre for nuclear studies there in 1956. The filed patents via the fund that outlined the production of names that have entered the history books from this time. Prize in Physics. Franco-German research reactor was built at the “Institut nuclear power and the principle of the atomic bomb. Frédéric Joliot-Curie’s laboratory at the Collège de France When he returned to the Collège de France, Frédéric Laue-Langevin” in Grenoble in 1967. In the same year, A new government under Léon Blum took office in played a crucial role thanks to its cyclotron, as did Irène Joliot-Curie joined forces with Irène to create the Orsay the Grenoble Nuclear Science Institute was established, 1936, and with it came the appointment of France’s first Joliot-Curie’s Radium Institute, Louis Leprince-Ringuet’s campus. Given the prospect of new facilities at CERN, they hosting a cyclotron used in particular for the production under-secretary of state for scientific research. Another laboratory at the École polytechnique and Jean Thibaud’s felt that France needed to develop its own infrastructure to of radioisotopes for medicine. Its director, Jean Yoccoz, fi r s t w a s t h e i n c lu s io n o f t h r e e wo m e n i n t h e g o v e rnment in Lyon. The newly established CNRS put up the funds for enable French physicists to train and prepare their exper- later became a director of IN2P3. The Centre of Nuclear at a time when women still did not have the vote in France. facilities, research fellows, technical personnel and chairs iments for CERN. “Helping to create and sustain CERN Studies of Bordeaux-Gradignan was established in a dis- Irène Joliot-Curie took up her post for three months in of nuclear physics at universities and the elite Grandes w h i l s t le t t i n g f u n d a m e nt a l nuc le a r-p h y s ic s r e s e a rc h fi z z le used Bordeaux château in 1969. support of women’s rights and scientific research. During Écoles. The war broke out the same year CNRS was founded, out in France would be to act against the interests of our The physicists at these laboratories played an active role t h i s s h or t p e r io d, s h e s e t o ut m aj or o bj e c t i v e s: a n i n c r e a s e i n bringing everything to a halt: researchers either went country and those of science,” Irène Joliot-Curie wrote in i n C E R N e x p e r i m e nt s, t h a n k s i n p a r t ic u l a r t o t h e fle x i ble

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jects ever got off the ground. Jean Teillac, who succeeded CERN Frédéric Joliot-Curie as head of the IPNO, founded IN2P3 in 1971, federating the laboratories and the universities of Why CLIC? CNRS. It was only later, in 1975, that CEA and IN2P3 decided to collaborate in building a national machine in Caen, the Large Heavy Ion National Accelerator (“Grand Accéléra- Steinar Stapnes considers the past, teur National d’Ions Lourds”, GANIL), which specialised in present and future of CERN’s proposed nuclear physics. Despite the fact that the CEA laboratories Compact Linear Collider. involved were not part of IN2P3, the physicists of the two organisations collaborated extensively. There is an increasing consensus that In this context, André Lagarrigue, who had been the the next large accelerator after the LHC director of LAL since 1969, proposed the construction of a should be an electron–positron collider. new bubble chamber, , on a neutrino beam at Several proposals are on the table, circu- Straight thinking CLIC is one of several options being considered for a post-LHC collider. CERN. The scientist had previously investigated the feasibil- lar and linear. Around 75 collaborating ity of bubble chambers containing heavy liquids that would institutes worldwide are involved in the can potentially push linear colliders even to the present normal-conducting 12 GHz CERN-hosted studies for the Compact f u r t h e r i n e n e r g y, a lt h o u g h s i g n i fic a nt l y “X-band” accelerating structures with an favour interactions with neutrinos instead of hydrogen at Linear Collider (CLIC), which offers a more work is needed on beam qualities accelerating gradient of up to 100 MV/m. the École polytechnique. After its construction at Saclay, long-term and flexible physics pro- and energy efficiency for such options. In parallel, CLIC’s energy use at 380 GeV the chamber filled with liquid freon was installed at CERN Steinar Stapnes gramme that is able to react to discov- High-energy proton and muon colliders has been scrutinised to keep it well below and detected neutral currents in 1973. This was a major is linear-collider eries and technological developments. are also potential future directions that CERN’s annual consumption today, and High ambitions André Lagarrigue in front of the Gargamelle bubble chamber at CERN. discovery, which certainly would have won Lagarrigue a study leader The 11 km-long initial stage of CLIC is need to be developed. While for protons less than 50% of the estimation for a Nobel prize had he not died of a heart attack in 1975. at CERN. proposed for operation at a centre-of- the challenges are related to magnet future circular electron–positron collider. secondment policy at CNRS. Among them was Bernard mass energy of 380 GeV, providing a rich performance, collider size and costs, The next steps needed for CLIC are Gregory, who worked at Leprince-Ringuet’s laboratory Then to now programme of precision Higgs-boson for muons the technical design con- clear. The project-implementation plan and focused on the construction of a large, 81 cm liquid- Today, IN2P3 has around 20 laboratories and some 3200 and top-quark measurements that reach cepts need to mature and the radiation foresees a five-year preparation phase hydrogen bubble chamber in Saclay in preparation for the staff, including 1000 academics and researchers in nuclear well beyond the projections for the high- and experimental conditions need to be prior to construction, which is envisaged luminosity LHC. From a technical point better understood. to start by 2026. The preparation phase impending commissioning of the (PS) physics, particle physics, astroparticle physics and cos- of view, operation of the initial stage by CLIC offers a unique combination of would focus on further design optimisa- at CERN. It produced more than 10 million pictures of mology. The institute contributes to the development of around 2035 is possible, with a cost of precision and energy reach, and has a tion and technical and industrial devel- particle interactions, which were shared all over Europe. accelerators, detectors and observation instruments and approximately 5.9 billion Swiss francs. long history dating back to around 1985. opment of critical parts of the accelerator. In 1965 Gregory became the Director-General of CERN. their applications to societal needs. Its data centre in Lyon This is similar to the cost of the LHC and At that time, the LEP tunnel was under System verification in free-electron- Five years later, he replaced Louis Leprince-Ringuet as plays an important role in processing and storing large of the proposed International Linear c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d t h e fi r s t L HC w or k s h o p laser linacs and low-emittance rings the head of the École polytechnique laboratory, and then volumes of data, as well as housing the digital infrastruc- Collider in Japan, and considerably less had just taken place. The motivation will be increasingly important for per- became director general of CNRS. He was elected President ture for other disciplines. than that of future circular lepton colliders. then was to move well beyond the W- formance studies, while civil engineer- of the CERN Council in 1977. IN2P3 has had strong links with CERN through many Extensions beyond the initial CLIC and Z-boson studies foreseen at LEP to ing and infrastructure preparation will projects and experiments. These include: the discovery of energy into the multi-TeV regime allow search for and study the top quark, Higgs become progressively more detailed, in Managing expansion the W and Z bosons by UA1 and UA2; contributions to ALEPH, much improved precision on Stand- boson and possible supersymmetric par- parallel with an environmental impact In the 1960s research facilities were becoming so large DELPHI and L3 at LEP; the discovery of the Higgs boson by ard Model (SM) measurements and ticles in a mass range from hundreds of study. Detector preparation will need to greater reach for physics beyond the GeV to several TeV. After the top-quark be scaled up, too. that the idea came about within CNRS to create national ATLAS and CMS at the LHC; flavour studies at LHCb and SM, with upgrade costs of 5 (to 1.5 TeV) discovery at Fermilab and Higgs-boson The increasing use of X-band technol- institutes to coordinate the laboratories’ resources and heavy-ion physics at ALICE; neutrino physics; CP violation; and 7 billion Swiss francs (to 3 TeV) for discovery at CERN, we know that CLIC ogy – either as the main RF acceleration programmes. LAL director André Blanc-Lapierre cam- antimatter experiments, as well as nuclear physics. These the two further stages. A key part of the can do exactly that – even though the for CLIC or for compact test facilities, paigned for a National Institute of Nuclear and Particle joint ventures also involve other CNRS institutes like the CLIC study has been the physics and search arena for new physics is much light sources, medical accelerators or Physics, following the example of the Italian INFN founded INP (), with its specialists in quantum detector studies showing that beam-in- more open than considered at that time. low-energy particle physics studies – in 1951. The aim was to organise the funding allocated to physics and lasers, as well as in strong magnetic fields. duced backgrounds can indeed be provides new collaborative opportunities Around the various laboratories by CNRS, the universities and CEA. Future CERN projects are currently being discussed in the The question mitigated, compatible with the clean Successful formula towards a technical design report for the experimental conditions expected in High-energy electron–positron colli- CLIC accelerator. 32,000 people Discussions between the partners then began. update of the European strategy for particle physics. They of what In parallel, French physicists were engaged in another offer the prospect of new collaborations between CERN electron–positron colliders. sions, together with proton–proton or It is for the broader particle-physics currently work follows debate. After the construction of the 3 GeV proton accel- and CNRS in high-energy physics, but also in engineering, The question of what follows after the proton–antiproton collisions, have been a community and CERN to decide whether at CNRS in after the initial stage of a linear electron–positron successful formula for progress in particle CLIC proceeds. We are therefore eagerly erator SATURNE at CEA in Saclay in 1958 and the 1.3 GeV computing, biomedical applications and even the human- collaboration initial stage collider is premature to answer. It is cru- physics for half a century. Increasing the looking forward to the conclusion of the electron linear accelerator at LAL in Orsay in 1962, as well ities and social sciences. No doubt the synergy between of a linear c i a l t o c h o o s e t h e m o s t fle x i bl e a p pr o a c h energy and luminosity of such machines European strategy process next year. For with as the later ACO collider at ALA in Orsay, opinions were these two organisations, with their exceptionally rich sci- universities, electron– now, and to develop technically mature is challenging. CLIC’s drive-beam concept now, it is important to communicate how divided about building a national machine that would com- entific knowledge, will continue to give birth to exciting and affordable options, encouraging a was instrumental in providing a credible CLIC-380 can be implemented rapidly positron private plement CERN’s experimental capabilities and strengthen new research.  broad and exciting R&D programme. The and scalable powering option at multi-TeV involving many collaborative partners, laboratories t h e F r e n c h s c ie nt i fic c o m mu n it y. T wo o p t io n s w e r e i n the collider is option of expanding CLIC from its ini- energies. A cost optimisation combined and at the same time provide unique and and other running: a proton machine and an electron machine. This  A French version of this article is available at cerncourier. premature to tial phase is already built into its staging with the practical need of radio-frequency timely opportunities for R&D to keep organisations decision was especially important since other machines com/a/lessor-de-la-physique-des-particules-en-france. answer scheme. Novel acceleration technologies (RF) power units for R&D and testing led future options open.

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For mass flow rates > 0 kg/h Instead of conventional brazing, the inflow of the tubes, instead possessing a contentedly. Furthermore, with the aid of magnet holders are mounted onto the reservoir – in which the process pressure the simulation technology, customer- tubes using a special laser-welding distributes the fluid exactly into the specific requirements can be captured The world’s smallest dual-tube Coriolis mass flow metre: technology. Utilising this method, measuring tubes, hence preventing the and individual solutions presented in the Heinrichs Messtechnik aims to keep the flow disturbances generally caused by shortest of time frames. high-precision measurements within 150 mm production costs of the sensor to an splitters. This technique has the time- absolute minimum, which not only saving advantage of one less component Providing a flexible installation concept, Device in dual-tube design insensitive to pressure, impact and vibrations allows for a stress free connection, but to weld as well as one less potential different versions of the HPC are available also eliminates the time-consuming and material stress source. The result is an Besides the traditional inline version, For the measurement of very small flow flow rates,” explains Frank Schramm, elaborate process of brazing in a extremely robust device capable of which can be inserted directly into the rates, due to the weight influence of the managing director of Heinrichs vacuum oven. withstanding temperatures and process line, there are three further sensor coils it is common practice to use Messtechnik GmbH. The current problem pressures of up to 180 °C and 600 bar, models available, which are suitable for single-tube Coriolis flow metres. The is that the state-of-the-art stipulates the respectively. “In principle, the device either wall or table mounting. sensor coils of dual-tube Coriolis use of dual-tube technology, where the may also be ordered with Hastelloy sensors are mounted onto one of two magnets are mounted onto one tube, the tubes and other alloys,” adds Schramm. The HPC was presented for the first time measuring tubes, and as the diameters exciter and sensor coils to the other. at the Hannover trade fair from 23–27 of the tubes are very small, they have a However, for very small flow rates this Variable assembly concept April, which was simultaneously the significant weight influence on the tube principle has a decisive limit. For For flexible installations, different official sales launch. Furthermore, ATEX on which they are mounted. example, where extremely small flow Instead of mounting the coils onto the tubes, constructive variations of the HPC are and IECEx approvals are also planned, as rates demand a tube diameter of just the manufacturer chose to mount them onto available: besides the traditional inline well as a patent registration of the Therefore, the influence of the sensor 1 mm, the vibrating behaviour of the a PCB situated between the measuring tubes. With the exception of the laser-welded version, which can be inserted directly technology. Parallel to the sales launch, By simultaneously doubling the number of measuring tubes, the HPC essentially consists coils on the measurement results weight of the coils can influence the pick-up coils from two to four, the resolution is of a solid, drilled and tapped stainless-steel into the process line, there are three Heinrichs Messtechnik is also working increases with decreasing tube measurement results significantly. “It is increased significantly. block. The result is an extremely robust further models that are suitable for on a new miniaturised transmitter with diameter. For this reason, single tubes therefore common practice to use one Source: Heinrichs Messtechnik GmbH device capable of withstanding temperatures either wall mounting, by means of wall flexible interfaces, which is specially are often favoured for the measurement tube system for these applications, in and pressures of up to 180 °C and 600 bar, brackets, or may simply be placed on a designed for compatibility with the HPC. respectively. Source: Heinrichs Messtechnik GmbH of very small flow rates, where the coils which the coils are mounted to the Reducing the influence of disturbances by table. “For our table model there are two are mounted onto the chassis and not on chassis of the sensor. This system has positioning the sensor coils between the Insensitive to external influences available options: with the measuring Further information can be found at: tube. However, with the use of just one the decisive disadvantage in that the measuring tubes Using the dual-tube design, the new HPC pipes pointing either downwards below www.heinrichs.eu measuring tube the influence of external second tube, which also serves as a “Due to the sensitivity of single-tube displays extreme insensitivity towards the supply line or upwards above it. For interference increases dramatically. To measurement reference, is omitted, Coriolis sensors, a costly mechanical external influences, allowing for precise the measurement of gas, upward- Founded in 1911 in Dusseldorf, reduce this sensitivity and at the same requiring the sensor coils to be mounted decoupling is often required, rendering measurements with a maximum pointing tubes are recommended to Heinrichs Messtechnik has played a time deliver accurate measurements at onto the chassis of the enclosure, thus them inappropriate for many deviation of ±0.1% of the mean value prevent any issues with fluid collecting decisive role in the development and very small flow rates, Heinrichs making the sensor more susceptible to applications. Our quest was therefore to and a zero-point stability between 0.001 in the tubes. The same is also the case, marketing of flow metres for over 100 Messtechnik has developed the dual- vibrations and other disturbances. find a means of unifying a dual-tube and 0.005, making a mechanical vice versa, for the measurement of years, one of its core target groups tube Coriolis principle to a new level. design with very small diameter tubes,” decoupling superfluous in most cases. fluids,” Schramm remarks. from the very beginning being the explains Schramm. Since the Owing to the measuring tubes’ high chemical and petrochemical industries. For this reason, the development of In this new state-of-the-art technology, fundamental problem lies in the weight working frequency of over 200 Hz, the Collectively, the devices are available in full-metal area flow metres was driven the sensor coils are no longer mounted of the coils, which when compared with coupling of installation vibrations or three measuring ranges: 0–20, 0–50 and from the early 1960s onwards. In the onto the tubes, but rather between tube diameters of 1.5 mm or less similar oscillations into the measuring 0–160 kg/h. On request, other mid-1980s Heinrichs was the first them, thus freeing the measuring tubes presents a significant weight, Heinrichs system is prevented, and so avoids adaptations can also be provided, for European company to develop and from the influence of the coils’ weight, Messtechnik adopted the following fault signals. A further advantage in example, customer-specific enclosures, market a mass flow metre according to and allowing for extremely small tube solution: a conventional approach of mounting the sensor coils on a connectors or interfaces. In particular for the Coriolis principle, systematically increasing its range of Coriolis metres diameters in the dual-tube design. mounting the coils onto the tubes was motionless PCB is the elimination of the chemical and semiconductor Heinrichs Messtechnik GmbH have developed in the following years. The result is the world’s smallest dual- the smallest dual-tubed Coriolis mass flow abandoned in favour of their mounting open wiring within the sensor, as is the industry, fully-welded stainless-steel tube Coriolis mass flow metre: the high- on a printed circuit board placed case in standard, commercially available enclosures are also available. Today, Heinrichs Messtechnik metre in the world: the high-performance supplies customers in numerous Coriolis (HPC). With an installation length of performance Coriolis (HPC). With an between the tubes. This method also devices. This wiring often presents a industries such as chemical, oil/gas, just 150 mm, high-accuracy measurements are installation length of just 150 mm, it is enables the use of four sensor coils vulnerable weak point, since the wire Rapid development success with high- energy, construction and mechanical achieved with deviations of just ±0.1% now possible to achieve high-accuracy instead of two, as is usually the case and its point of connection must vibrate end simulation engineering. In 2008 Heinrichs Source: Heinrichs Messtechnik GmbH measurements with deviations of just with a dual-tube Coriolis, providing a continuously with the frequency of the The whole of the development phase Messtechnik was integrated into the ± 0.1%. Furthermore, the sensor shows For this reason, Heinrichs Messtechnik higher resolution. measuring tubes. took a mere 1.5 years. To achieve this, Kobold Group, providing it with insensitivity to temperatures of up to GmbH set an objective to develop a high- Heinrichs Messtechnik utilised a state- immediate access to the group's substantial worldwide sales network. At 180 °C, to pressures of up to 600 bar and precision, shock-resistant Coriolis mass On the measuring tubes themselves, With the exception of the laser-welded of-the-art simulation technology. “By present, a staff of 60 is employed at the to strong vibrations. flow metre. Called the high-performance only very light magnets are mounted, measuring tubes, the HPC consists these means the required number of company’s main site in Cologne, where Coriolis (HPC), it has an installation length which, with a weight of only 0.08g, have essentially of a solid drilled and tapped prototypes was drastically reduced, thus all products are developed and “Market observations have revealed an of just 150 mm, the smallest Coriolis mass little to no influence on the vibrating stainless-steel block. Furthermore, the lowering the development costs manufactured within its own premises. open gap in the measurement of small flow metre in dual-tube design. behaviour of the tubes. HPC has been stripped of a splitter at the significantly,” Schramm says

CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 9 N u m b e r 6 N o v e mber /D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 9 CERNCOURIER.COM CERNCOURIER.COM OPINION OPINION INTERVIEW applies to the black hole as seen from One can find solutions of the force of gravity within the wormhole INTERVIEW the outside. But to explore the interior is doing the acceleration and you have to jump in, and you cannot Standard Model plus gravity deceleration. So, in theory, you can tell the outside observer what you travel with no energy cost. encountered inside. that look like two microscopic One of the most interesting recent How does AdS/CFT relate to broader lessons is the important role that magnetically charged black ideas in quantum information theory entanglement plays in constructing and holography? Gauge–gravity duality opens new horizons the geometry of spacetime. This is holes joined by a wormhole Quantum information has been particularly important for the black- playing an important role in hole interior. understanding how holography (or In 1997, Juan Maldacena conjectured a deep relationship between gravity and I suspect that with the advent of AdS/CFT) works. One important that continues to offer insights into black holes and the search for quantum gravity. quantum computers, it will become Einstein–Rosen bridge, between the development is a formula, due to Ryu increasingly possible to simulate these two systems. The Einstein–Rosen and Ta kay anag i, for t he fine-g rained complex quantum systems that have bridge is the geometric connection entropy of gravitational systems, IAS What, in a nutshell, did you uncover in Are you surprised by its lasting impact? some features similar to gravity. This between two black holes present in such as a black hole. It is well known your famous 1997 work, which became Yes. At the time I thought that it was will likely lead to more surprises. the full Schwarzschild solution. that the area of the horizon gives the the most cited in high-energy physics? going to be interest ing for people coarse-grained, or thermodynamic, The paper conjectured a relation thinking about quantum gravity In what sense does AdS/CFT allow us Are there potential implications of ent ropy of a blac k hole. The fine- bet ween cer ta i n qua nt um field t heor ies and black holes. But the applications to discuss the interior of a black hole? this relationship for intergalactic grained entropy, by contrast, is the and g rav it y t heories. The idea w as t hat that people found to other areas of It gives us directly a view of a travel? actual entropy of the full quantum a strongly coupled quantum system physics continue to surprise me. It is black hole from the outside, more Gao, Jafferis and Wall have show n t hat density matrix describing the system. can generate comple x quant um states important for understanding quantum precisely a view of the black hole an interesting new feature appears Surprisingly, this entropy can also be t hat have an equiv alent descript ion in aspects of black holes. It was also from very far away. In principle, when one brings two entangled black computed in terms of the area of the ter ms of a g rav it y t heor y (or a st ring useful for understanding very strongly from this description we should be holes close to each other. Now there surface. But it is not the horizon, it t heor y) in a higher dimensional space. coupled quantum theories. Most of able to understand what goes on in can be a direct interaction between the is typically a surface that lies in the The paper considered special theories our intuition for quantum field theory the interior. While there has been two black holes and the thermofield interior and has a minimal area. t hat have lots of sy mmet ries, including is for weakly coupled theories, but some progress on understanding double state can be close to the ground scale inv ariance, con for mal inv ariance interest ing new phenomena can arise some aspects of the interior, a full state of the combined system. In this If you could pick any experiment to be and , and the fact that at strong coupling. These examples understanding is still lacking. It case, the geometry changes and the funded and built, what would it be? t hose sy mmet ries were present on bot h of strongly coupled theories can is important to understand that wormhole becomes traversable. Well, I would build a higher sides of t he relat ionship w as one of t he be viewed as useful calculable toy there are lots of weird possibilities In fact, as shown by Milekhin, Popov energy collider, of say 100 TeV, to pieces of ev idence for t he conject ure. models. The art lies in extracting the for black-hole interiors. Those we and myself, one can find solutions of understand better the nature of the The main argument relating the right lessons from t hem. Some of t he get from gravitational collapse the Standard Model plus gravity that Higgs potential and look for hints t wo descript ions involved objects lessons include possible bounds on are relatively simple, but there are look like two microscopic magnetically of new physics. As for smaller scale t hat appear in st ring t heor y called transport, a bound on chaos, etc. These solutions, such as the full two-sided charged black holes joined by a worm- experiments, I am excited about the D-branes, whic h are a t y pe of soliton. applications involved a great deal of Schwarzschild solution, where the hole. We could construct a controllable current prospects to manipulate Polc hinsk i had prev iously g iven a ver y ingenuit y since one has to e x t ract t he interior is shared between two black solution only for small black holes quantum matter and create highly precise descript ion for t he dy namics Lasting impact Theorist Juan Maldacena of the Institute right lessons from t he e xamples we holes that are very far away. The full because we needed to approximate the entangled states that would have of D-branes. At low energ ies a soliton for Advanced Study in Princeton. have in order to apply them to real- Schwarzschild solution can therefore fermions as being massless. some of the properties that black can be described by its cent re-of-mass world systems. be viewed as two entangled black If one wanted a big macroscopic holes are supposed to have, such as posit ion: i f you have N solitons you connect ion bet ween D-branes and holes in a particular state called the wormhole where a human could being maximally chaotic and allowing w ill have N posit ions. Wit h D-branes black holes. The first major result in What does the gravity–gauge duality t her mofield double, a suggest ion travel, then it would be possible with the kind of traversable wormholes it is t he same, e xcept t hat when t hey t his direct ion w as t he computat ion of tell us about nature, given that it made by Werner Israel in the 1970s. suitable assumptions about the dark described earlier. coincide t here is a non-Abelian SU(N) St rominger and Va fa, who considered an relates two pictures (e.g. involving The idea is that by entangling two sector. We’d need a dark U(1) gauge g auge sy mmet r y t hat relates t hese e x t remal blac k hole and compared it to different dimensionalities of space) black holes we can create a geometric field and a ver y large number of How close are we to a unified theory of posit ions. So t his low-energ y t heor y a collect ion of D-branes. By comput ing that have not yet been shown to connection through their interiors: massless fermions charged under U(1). nature’s interactions? resembles t he t heor y of quant um t he number of states into whic h t hese correspond to the physical world? the black holes can be very far away, In that case, a pair of magnetically String theory gives us a framework c hromody namics, e xcept t hat w it h N D-branes can be ar ranged, t hey found It suggests that the quantum but the distance through the interior charged black holes would enable that can describe all the known colours and special mat ter content. t hat it matc hed t he Bekenstein– descript ion of spacet ime can be in could be very short. However, the one to travel between distant places. interactions. It does not give a unique On t he ot her hand, t hese D-brane Hawk ing blac k-hole ent ropy g iven in terms of degrees of freedom that are geometry is time-dependent and There is one catch: the time it would prediction, and the accommodation solitons also have a g rav itat ional terms of the area of the horizon. Such One of not localised in space. It also says signals cannot go from one side take to travel, as seen by somebody of a small cosmological constant is descript ion, found earlier by Horow it z blac k holes have zero temperat ure. the most t hat blac k holes are consistent w it h to the other. The geometry inside who stays outside the system, would possible thanks to the large number and St rominger, in whic h t hey look By slight ly e xcit ing t hese blac k holes interesting , when we look at is like a collapsing wormhole that be longer than the time it takes light of configurations that the internal li ke “blac k branes” – objects similar to some of us were at tempt ing to e x tend them from the outside. More recently, closes off before a sig nal can go to go between the two mouths of dimensions can acquire. This whole recent blac k holes but e x tended along cer tain such results to non-zero temperatures, it was understood that when we try through. In fact, this is a necessary the wormhole. This is good, since framework is based on Kaluza–Klein spat ial direct ions. The conject ure w as whic h allowed us to probe t he dy namics lessons is the to describe the black-hole interior, condition for the interpretation of we expect that causality should be compactifications of 10D string simply t hat t hese t wo descript ions of t hose nearly e x t remal blac k holes. important t hen we find sur prises. What we these geometries as entangled states, respected. On the other hand, due to theories. It is possible that a deeper should be equiv alent. The g rav itat ional Some computations gave similar role that encounter in t he interior of a blac k since we cannot send signals using the large warping of the spacetime in understanding of quantum gravity for descript ion becomes simple when N and answers, sometimes exactly, sometimes entanglement hole seems to depend on what t he entanglement. Susskind and myself the wormhole, the time the traveller cosmological solutions will give rise to t he effect ive coupling are ver y large. up to coefficients. It was clear that there plays in black hole is entangled with. At first have emphasised this connection via experiences could be much shorter. a probability measure on this large set w as a deep relat ion bet ween t he t wo, but this looks inconsistent with quantum the “ER=EPR” slogan. This says that So it seems similar to what would of solutions that will allow us to make Did you stumble across the duality, or it w as unc lear what t he concrete relat ion constructing mechanics, since we cannot influence EPR correlations (or entanglement) be experienced by an observer that more concrete predictions. had you set out to find it? w as. The g rav it y–g auge (AdS/CFT) the geometry a system through entanglement. But it should generally give rise to some accelerates to a very high velocity and It w as based on prev ious work on t he conject ure clarified t he relat ionship. of spacetime is not. Standard quantum mechanics sort of “geometric” connection, or then decelerates. Here, however, the Interview by Matthew Chalmers editor.

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GELL-MANN’S The True State-of-the-Art COLOURFUL LEGACY A Tovey

Quirks in the quark story n p Your tributes to Murray Gell-Mann (CERN • New in-house manufacturing 0 – Λ Σ + Courier July/August 2019 pp25–35) missed Σ Σ • Lower noise interesting details about the history of the – 0 + . During the 1950s, 1960s and K0 K+ Ξ Ξ K*0 K* • Lower leakage current

0 early 1970s, Gell-Mann was indeed a dom- – η + – ρ–0 + π π ρ p ρ • Better charge collection 0 00 inant figure in theoretical particle physics, ηʹ π0 ω ϕ

– 0 making many seminal contributions, par- K– K0 K* K* Compatible with EPICS tools & libraries ticularly in the classification of particles and Δ– Δ0 Δ+ Δ++ their symmetries. These included the pro- 25 mm2 FAST SDD® 55Fe Spectrum posal of the strangeness , 25 mm2 FAST SDD® – Σ* Σ*0 Σ*+ 800,000 230K, Tpk = 8 µs 1,000,000 the SU(3) symmetry of hadrons and the eight- Peak to 1 keV background Mn Kα Ξ*– Ξ*0 fold way, current algebra and quarks. Others 26,000:1 100,000 Mn Kβ a l s o c o nt r i b ut e d t o s o m e o f t h e s e i d e a s, s u c h 600,000 – 10,000 as Kazuhiko Nishijima and Abraham Pais for Ω CERN Courier at 60  European Strategy updates  Lessons from LEP COUNTS strangeness and Yuval Ne’eman for SU(3). Strong architecture Hadron multiplets. 400,000 122 eV FWHM 1,000 I n r e c e nt y e a r s, t h e r ol e o f G e or g e Zw e i g i n CCJulAug19_Cover_v3.indd 1 27/06/2019 15:39 100 t h e q u a r k s t or y h a s b e e n i n c r e a s i n g l y r e c o g- Serber also writes that he worked out 200,000 n i s e d. W h i l e a p o s t d o c a t C E R N, o n 17 January shortly later that his model would make quite 10 1964, just a couple of weeks after Gell-Mann’s g o o d pr e d i c t i o n s for t h e m a g n e t i c m o m e nt s 0 1 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 p a p e r o n q u a r k s w a s r e c e i v e d b y Physics Letters of the proton and neutron. However, Serber Energy (keV) (4 January, though rumour says it had pre- never published his idea, supposedly because Resolution vs Peaking Time www.goodfellow.com | [email protected] | 0800 731 4653 viously been considered by Physical Review h e t h o u g ht it m u s t b e f a m i l i a r t o t h e e x p e r t s 180 Letters), Zweig wrote a paper proposing in the field. As a result, his claim to credit for 25 mm2 hadronic constituents that he called “aces”, t h e q u a r k i d e a i s w e a k e r t h a n t h a t o f Zw e i g or 170 Untitled-2 1 17/09/2019 13:41 fol lo we d on 2 4 Fe br ua r y b y a more c omple te Petermann. However, Gell-Mann acknowl- 160 Standard SDD description of his model. Zweig’s ideas were edges him in his quark paper: “These ideas ® treated with scepticism by the CERN theo- w e r e d e v e l o p e d … i n M a r c h 1963; t h e a ut h or 150 FAST SDD retical leadership of the day, and he was would like to thank Professor Robert Serber denied permission to submit his work to a for st imulat ing t hem.” 140 on (eV FWHM @ 5.9 keV) @ 5.9 FWHM on(eV US journal. His papers remained unpublished, It took some time for the quark idea to ti 130 Resolution (eV FWHM @ 5.9 keV)

w h i c h u n d o u b t e d l y d i m i n i s h e d t h e i r i m p a c t. gain wide acceptance, a contributing factor Resolu Less well known are the contributions of b e i n g G e l l-M a n n’s i n s i s t e n c e for s o m e t i m e 120 0.000 1.00 1 2.00 2 3.00 3 4.00 4 5.00 5 Peaking Time (μs) two other theorists. One was André Peter- that quarks should be regarded as “purely Peaking Time (µs) mann of CERN, who proposed hadronic con- mathematical” entities. For several years, stituents in a paper that was submitted to one of t he pr inc ipa l proponents of t he rea l- Options: Nuclear Physics on 30 December 1963, before ity of quarks was Richard Dalitz of Oxford 2 2 Gell-Mann’s Physics Letters submission. How- University, who led the way in showing that • 25 mm active area collimated to 17 mm ever, the impact of Petermann’s work was t h e q u a r k m o d e l g i v e s a n e x c e l l e nt d e s c r i p - • 70 mm2 collimated to 50 mm2 reduced by the fact that he wrote his paper t i o n o f t h e s p e c t r u m o f s t r o n g l y i nt e r a c t i n g • Windows: Be (0.5 mil) 12.5 µm, or i n F re nc h, a n d t h at p ubl ic at ion w a s d e l a ye d particles. But the quark model did not gain C Series (Si3N4) u nt i l M a r c h 1965. Wa s t h i s b e c a u s e o f a s c e p - g e n e r a l a c c e p t a n c e u nt i l s o m e t i m e a f t e r t h e t ic a l r e fe r e e, or p e r h a p s P e t e r m a n n’s d i l a t or y a d v e nt o f d e e p -i n e l a s t ic e l e c t r o n- a n d n e u- • TO-8 package fits all Amptek configurations handling of the proofs? Additionally, there trino-hadron scattering. These results also • Vacuum applications are no records of Petermann ever making prov ided t he first tent at ive e v idence for t he any effor t to publicise t hese ideas. physical reality of , which Gell-Mann Digging deeper, according to Robert Serber had also doubted. (a professor at Columbia University at the The proposal of a new underlying layer of time) in his book Peace & War, he came up strongly-interacting constituents required w it h t h e i d e a o f t h r e e c o n s t it u e nt s o f h a d r o n s considerable temerity and met widespread in March 1963 while trying to understand doubts: perhaps it is not surprising that many representations of SU(3), and mentioned the of its proponents were so timorous? i d e a t o G e l l-M a n n o v e r lu n c h w h e n h e c a m e t o give a colloquium at Columbia. Again, accord- John Ellis King’s College London. 40 Years of ing to Serber, Gell-Mann immediately fig- Products for Your Imagination u r e d o ut t h a t t h e s e c o n s t it u e nt s w o u l d h a v e  Further details about the early history f r a c t i o n a l c h a r g e s, a n d s a i d t h a t t h e i r e x i s t- of quarks can be read in an article by CERN ® AMPTEK Inc. ence “would be a strange quirk of nature, and theorist Alvaro De Rujula (CERN Courier May [email protected] q u i r k w a s j o k i n g l y t r a n s for m e d i nt o q u a r k”. 2014 p35) and on cerncourier.com. www.amptek.com

CERN COURIER NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2019 47

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Redeeming the role of mathematics Jgmoxness The Universe Speaks in Numbers: How Modern Math Reveals Nature’s Deepest Secrets

By Graham Farmelo Basic Books

A currently popular sentiment in some quarters is that theoretical physics has When Compromise is Not an Option. NEW! dived too deeply into mathematics, and lost contact with the real world. Perhaps, it ADQ8-8C i s s u r m i s e d, t h e e d i fic e o f q u a nt u m g rav- High-Performance Digitizers for 8 CHANNELS, it y a n d s t r i n g t h e or y i s i n f a c t a c o nt r i v e d 10-BIT, 1 GSPS Rube–Goldberg machine, or a house of cards that is about to collapse – especially Big Physics Applications given that one of the supporting pillars, namely supersymmetry, has not been dis- Pieces of E8 With applications in supergravity and string theory, the Lie group represented here is an example covered at the LHC. Graham Farmelo’s of mathematical complexity in theoretical physics that is not yet grounded in experiment. Digitizers from Teledyne SP Devices utilize patented new book sheds light on t his issue. calibration technology, the latest data converters, and The universe speaks in numbers, reads way it peeks into the thinking of nota- the quark model, the geometr y of gauge Farmelo’s title. With hindsight this allows bl e m a t h e m a t ic i a n s a n d p h y s ic i s t s, o f t e n theories, the algebraic geometry of super- state-of-the-art FPGAs in order to achieve an unrivaled a double interpretation: first, that it is w it h s t r o n g o pi n io n s. For e x a m pl e, D i r a c, s y m m e t r ic t h e or ie s a n d fi n a l l y s t r i n g s, i s combination of high resolution and sampling rate. Their primarily mathematical structure which a favourite of the author, is quoted as there a new divorce ahead? It appears that underlies nature. On the other hand, one reflecting both that “Einstein failed s o m e n o t o n l y d e s i r e, b ut r e l i s h t h e l a c k o f versatility makes them ideal for applications such as can read it as a caution that the universe because his mathematical basis… was supporting experimental evidence. This beam position monitoring, plasma diagnostics, and speaks to us purely via measured numbers, not broad enough” and that “theoretical concern is also expressed by the author, and theorists should pay attention to that. physicists should not allow themselves to w h o c r it i c i s e s s e l f- d e c l a r e d e x p e r t s w h o more. The majority of physicists would likely b e d i s t r a c t e d b y e v e r y s u r pr i s i n g e x p e r- “write with a confidence that belies the support both interpretations, and agree imental finding”. The belief that mathe- e v i d e nt s l i g ht n e s s o f t h e i r u n d e r s t a n d i n g that there is no real tension between them. m a t i c a l s t r u c t u r e i s a t t h e h e a r t o f p h y s i c s of t he subject t hey are at tac k ing.” Supported features include: The author, who was a theoretical and that experimental results ought to The last part of the book is the least physicist before becoming an award- have secondary importance holds sway in readable. Based on personal interactions • Up to 10 GSPS sampling rate with 14 bits resolution w i n n i n g s c ie n c e w r it e r, d o e s n o t e m b a r k t h i s s e c t i o n o f t h e b o o k . S u c h t h i n k i n g i s w it h p h y s i c i s t s, t h e e x p o s it i o n b e c o m e s • Open FPGA for custom real-time signal processing o n a d e t a i l e d s c ie nt i fic d i s c u s s io n o f t h e se p e r h a p s t h e r e s u l t o f s e l e c t i o n bi a s, h o w- too detailed to be of use to the casual, or matters, but provides a historical tour de ever, as only scientists with successful l a y r e a d e r. W h i l e t h e r e i s n o t h i n g w r o n g • Multiple form factors including MTCA.4, PXIe and PCIe force of the relationship between math- theories are remembered. with the content, which is exciting, it ematics and physics, and their tightly The detailed exposition makes the will only be meaningful to people who • Multi-channel synchronization capabilities correlated evolution. At the time of the reader vividly aware that the relation- are already familiar with the subject. ancient Greeks, there was no distinction ship between mathematics and physics On the positive side, however, it gives a • White Rabbit synchronization (MTCA.4 only) between these fields, and it was only is a roller coaster loaded with mutual lively and accurate snapshot of today’s from about the 19th century onwards admiration, contempt, misunderstand- s o c i ol o g y i n t h e or e t i c a l p a r t i c l e p h y s i c s, • Peer-to-peer streaming to GPU (PCIe only) that they were viewed as separate. Evi- ings, split-ups and re-marriages. Which and of influential but less well known • Application-specific firmware speed up development dently, a major factor was the growing br i n g s u s, t o w a rd s t h e e n d o f t h e b o o k, t o c haracters in t he field. role of experiments, which provided a t he c ur rent st ate of a ffa i rs i n t he oret ic a l The Universe Speaks in Numbers illumi- firmer grounding in the physical world high-energy physics, which most of us nates the role of mathematics in physics than what had previously been called in the profession would agree is char- in an easy-to-grasp way, exhibiting in natural philosophy. acterised by extreme mathematical and detail their interactive co-evolution until T h e b o o k fol l o w s t h e m ut u a l fe r t i l i s a- intellectual sophistication, paired with t o d a y. A w or t h w h i l e r e a d for a n y b o d y, t h e tion of mathematics and physics through a stunning lack of experimental sup- b o o k i s b e s t s u it e d for p a r t i c l e p h y s i c i s t s the last few centuries as the disciplines port. After many decades of flourishing who are close to t he field. gained momentum with Newton, and interplay, which provided, for example, Learn more on our website exploded in the 20th century. Along the the group-theoretical underpinning of Wolfgang Lerche CERN. www.spdevices.com

CERN COURIER NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2019 49

CCNovDec19_Reviews_v3.indd 49 29/10/2019 14:30 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 9 N u m b e r 6 N o v e mber /D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 9 CERNCOURIER.COM OPINION REVIEWS 300kW All Solid-State RF Amplifier Model : CA500BW2-8085RP The Consolations of Physics: exploration of human curiosity. Right The overall effect is a bit like a roller- R&K Company Limited R&K provides the world’s most reliable high performance solid-state RF Power Amplifiers. Why the Wonders of from the opening lines, the reader is coaster ride in the dark: you’re never taken on a breathtaking tour of the full q u it e s u r e w h e n t h e n e x t t u r n w i l l c o m e, AMPLIFIER DESIGN the Universe Can Make spectrum of human inventiveness, from or where it will take you. That’s part of ・Consists of four (4) rack-mounted 75kW SSAs. You Happy science to religion, and from art to phi- the joy of the book. There are few writers losophy. On the way, we encounter think- who could pull so many diverse threads ・Able to deliver 300kW via 4-way power combiner. By Tim Radford ers as diverse as St Augustine, Dante and together, spanning such a broad spec- ・96-way radial combiner for final power combining Sceptre H G Wells. Boethius, who took consolation trum of time and subjects. Radford pulls it of 75kW SSA. in philosophy as he languished in a sixth- off brilliantly. ・Long-term & highly reliable operation achieved As someone who lives and breathes phys- century jail is another recurring presence, Someone expecting a popularisation of by protecting each final-stage transistor with built-in circulator at its output. ics every day, I have to confess that when the book’s title being a nod to him. physics might be disappointed. Indeed, the 96-way Radial Combiner I curl up with a book, it’s rarely a popu- We’re treated to a concise and clear physics is sometimes a little cursory. Yes, Output Power Linearity ■Output Pulse 86 Frequency = 500MHz, Po = 300kW 85 X：50μs / DIV Y：200mV / DIV 84 FWD LIMIT larisation of science. But when I saw that consideration of the roles of science and t h e L HC t a k e s u s b a c k t o t h e fi r s t u n i m ag- 83 82 81 80 Tim Radford had written such a book, and religion in human societies. “Religious inably brief instants of the universe’s life, 79 78 77 that it was all about how physics can make devotion demands unquestioning faith,” and that’s indeed something that catches 76 75 74 73 you happy, it went straight to the top of says Radford, whereas “science demands the imagination. But that’s just a part of 72

Output Power (dBm) 71 Frequency 70 my reading list. a state of mind that is always open to what the LHC does – it’s also about the 69 499MHz 68 500MHz 67 501MHz Despite Radford’s refusal to be pigeon- doubt”. While many can enjoy both, he here and now, and it’s about the future as -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 Input Power (dBm) holed as a science journalist, insisting concludes that it may be easier to enjoy well. But to dwell on such things would ■Pulse Rise ■Pulse Fall Frequency = 500MHz, Po = 300kW Frequency = 500MHz, Po = 300kW instead that a good journalist moves from science because it represents truth in a be to miss the point of this book entirely. X：200ns / DIV Y：200mV / DIV X：50ns / DIV Y：200mV / DIV beat to beat, never colonising any individ- way that can be tested. An elegant manifesto for physics is SPECIFICATION ual space, he was science correspondent No sooner have we dealt with religion how the publisher describes this book, Frequency Range : 500MHz±1MHz for for a q u a r t e r o f a c e nt u r y. t h a n w e fi n d o u r s e l v e s l i s t e n i n g t o e c hoes but it’s more than that. It’s a celebration Output Power : 320kW @Peak, 300kW (min.) Now retired, he remains one of the most of the great as Rad- of the best in humanity, built around the *Each rack-mounted amplifier section individually delivers 75kW. (75kW/rack ×4 outputs) respected science writers around. ford considers the beauty of a dew-laden successes of CERN, LIGO and most of all Pulse Width : 1μs～300μs (max.) The book is a joy to read. More a cele- cobweb on an English autumn morning. the Voyager mission. What such projects Duty : 0～3% (max.) bration of human curiosity than a popular “Does it make it any less magical a sight bring us may be intangible and uncertain, R&K Company Limited Operation Mode : Class AB science book, it’s an antidote to the kind to know that this web was spun from but their results are available to all, and www.rk-microwave.com AC Supply Input : AC200V±10%／3φ, 50／60Hz of narrow populism so prevalent in pop- a protein inside the spider?”, he asks, they enrich anyone who cares to look. CryogenFreeProbe#2-CERN721-1 Maeda, Fuji-City, Shizuoka, 9/21/13 416-8577 2:58 JPMapa n Page 1 Size : (W)2240mm×(D)1300mm×(H)1510mm ular discourse today: a timely reminder of bringing to mind Feynman’s wonderful Like any good roller coaster, when you Tel:+81-545-31-2600 Fax:+81-545-31-1600 Email:[email protected] what we humans are capable of when we monologue about the beauty of a flower get off, you just want to get right back put differences aside and work together i n C h r i s t o p h e r S y k e s’ e q u a l l y wo n d e r f u l on again, because if there’s something to achieve common goals. 1981 documentary, The Pleasure of Finding else that can make you happy, it’s Tim The Voyager mission, along with LIGO Things Out. Both conclude that science Radford’s writing. and the LHC, serves as a guiding thread can only enhance the aesthetic beauty of through Radford’s vast and winding the natural world. James Gillies CERN.

The Weil Conjectures instead zeroes in on the people in orbit is exercised over science by the most around the maths. abstract forms of mathematics.” Cryogen By Karen Olsson Olsson is particularly fascinated by Peppered with anecdotes about other Simone Weil. An iconoclastic public mathematicians – Girolamo Cardano is Bloomsbury Free Probe intellectual in France, and possessed described as a “total dick” – and more a by an intensely authentic humanity that succession of scenes than a biography, Stations “I am less interested in mathematics than the author presents as quite alien the book is as much about Olsson herself in mathematicians,” wrote Simone Weil to André, Simone was nevertheless as the Weils. The prose zig-zags between to her brother André, a world-class math- envious of her brother’s mathematical vignettes from the author’s own life and ematician who was imprisoned in Rouen insight, writing that she “preferred to the Weils without warning, leaving the Applications include at the time. The same might be said about die than to live without that truth”. reader to search for connections. Facts nano science, materials US novelist and onetime mathematics Olsson is clearly empathetic, and so, are unsourced, and readers are left to and spintronics student Karen Olsson. Despite the title, one would suspect, will be most guess what is historical and what is <5 K - 675 K cryocooler- her new book, The Weil Conjectures, stars readers in a profession where intellect the author’s impressionistic charac- based systems the extraordinary siblings at the expense is all. Whether one is a grad student or ter portrait. Charming and quirky, the Vibration isolated for Stilbene. The gold standard in of André’s mathematical creation. a foremost expert in the field, there is text transforms dusty perceptions of the sub-micron sample stability First conceived by André in prison, always someone smarter, whose insights meetings of the secret Bourbaki society neutron-gamma PSD. and finally proven three decades later seem inaccessible. of French mathematicians into scenes Up to 8 probes, DC to 67 GHz, plus fiber optics by Pierre Deligne in 1974, the Weil conjec- Physicists may also detect echoes of of lakeside debauchery and translucent Zoom optics with camera and monitor TM tures are foundational pillars of algebraic the current existential crisis in theoret- camisoles that are almost reminiscent Horizontal, vertical or vector magnetic field Scintinel stilbene geometry. Linking the continuous and ical physics (see Redeeming the role of of Pride and Prejudice. Olsson even takes options are available the discrete, and the realms of topology mathematics, p49) in Simone’s think- us into Simone’s dreams, with the con- NOW AVAILABLE IN SIZES UP TO 5 INCHES and number theory, they are pertinent to ing. While she feels that “unless one jectures only cropping up at the end of Other configurations: LHe, LN2, room temperature e ffor t s t o u n it e g r a v it y w it h t h e q u a nt um has exercised one’s mind at the gym- the book. If you limit your reading to and UHV systems EASY INTEGRATION WITH PMT AND SiPM theories of the other forces. Frustrat- nastics of mathematics, one is incapable the maths and the Weils, the resulting Contact us today: ingly, though, mathematical hobbyists of precise thought, which amounts to slim volume is a page turner. [email protected] DIRECT DETECTION OF FAST NEUTRONS hoping for insights into the conjectures saying that one is good for nothing,” she www.janis.com /CryogenFreeProbeStation.aspx will be disappointed by this book, which criticises “the absolute dominion that Mark Rayner CERN. www.facebook.com /JanisResearch www.inradoptics.com | 201-767-1910

50 CERN COURIER NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2019

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ucle G: N ar an cs d si Pa y r PEOPLE h t ic P f le o Journal of Physics G P l h a

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S ince 1975 Flying high after the Higgs AGB/Inmarsat Eleni Mountricha doing it at CERN was much more sophisticated and complex. Many New open access agreement with CERN describes her people in my team are physicists, transition from ATLAS a l l o f t h e m f r o m C E R N. B e s id e s t h e physicist to data technical aspects though, it is really Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics is at CERN that I learned how to col- now fully compliant with the CERN publication policy, scientist in a satellite laborate, discuss with people, bring making it even easier to publish with us. communications firm. and collect ideas, solve problems, present arguments, and all those soft skills that are very important Submit your next article and enjoy the quality and In 2018, Eleni Mountricha’s career in my cur rent job.” service of our community-led journal. in particle physics was taking off. As for advice to others who are Having completed a master’s thesis considering taking the leap, Moun- Image: inspired by a figure in the first issue published at the National Technical University tricha thinks that people should in 1975, in celebration of its 40th anniversary iopscience.org/jphysg of Athens (NTUA), a PhD jointly with not feel disappointed for having to D D Warner et al 1975 J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys. 1 95 NTUA and Université Paris-Sud, and m o v e o ut s i d e p h y s i c s. “F u n d a m e n- a postdoc with Brookhaven National tal research is a lot of fun and does Laboratory, she had just secured a equip us with much sought-after fellowship at CERN and was about s k i l l s a n d e x p e r ie n c e. O n t h e o t h e r to select a research topic. A few hand, there are many exciting pro- weeks later, she ditched physics for jects out there, where we can apply a career in industry. Having been New plains Eleni Mountricha in Inmarsat’s offices. everything that we have learned based at CERN for more than a dec- and develop muc h f ur t her.” ade, and as a member of the ATLAS People should not e x c it i n g t h i n g s t o d o.” T h e n e t w or k- team working on the Higgs boson i n g e v e nt n o w t a k e s pl a c e a n nu a l l y. Higgs nostalgia Journal of Physics G at the time of its discovery in 2012, feel disappointed The Inmarsat job was brought to While happy to be on a new career IOP Expanding Physics Energy Density Functional Methods leaving academia was one of the Mountricha’s attention by a fellow path at the age of 37, working on Nuclear and Par ticle Physics toughest decisions she has faced. for having to CERN alumnus and it was the only the search for the Higgs boson will Energy Density for Atomic Nuclei “On the one hand I was looking job that she had applied for out- t a k e s o m e b e a t i n g. “T h e a n n o u n c e- Functional Methods for a more permanent position, move outside side physics. “I believe that I was ment of the discovery was made in Edited by which looked quite hard to achieve physics lucky but I also had invested a lot of July, the papers were published in Enjoy thefor quality Atomic and Nuclei service of our journal – now in research, and on the other, in the personal time to polish my skills, August and I defended my PhD thesis Edited by Nicolas Schunck years after the Higgs-boson dis- prepare for the interview and, in the in September, so there was much fully compliantNicolas Schunck with the CERN publication policy. covery, my excitement and expec- something that I didn’t expect I had e n d, it a l l c a m e t o g e t h e r,” s h e s a y s. pressure to finalise my work for all In the past 20 years, energy density functional (EDF) approaches have become a powerful tation about more new physics had many chances for, and frustration at Today, Mountricha’s official of those deadlines,” recalls Moun- iopscience.org/jphysg framework to study the structure and reactions of atomic nuclei. This book provides an updated started to fade,” she says. “There the prospect of leaving something job title is “aero-service perfor- t r ic ha. “Even t he t i mes when I w as presentation of non-relativistic and covariant energy functionals, single- and multi-reference was always the hope of staying in that I had spent many years on with m a n c e m a n a g e r”. S h e w or k s i n t h e sleeping on top of my PC, exhausted, academia, conducting research a lot of dedication,” she explains. data-science team of the compa- I still remember them with love and ucle methods, and techniques to describe small- and large-amplitude collective motion or nuclei at high G: N ar an - “What made it even harder was the ny’s aviation department collect- ics d P and ex ploring new fields of phys n o s t a l g i a. I n p a r t i c u l a r, I r e m e m b e r ys ar excitation energy. Detailed derivations, practical approaches, examples and figures are h t ic P ics. But when the idea of possibly discussions with other CERN exper- ing and reporting on data about the day of the announcement of the f le o P used throughout the book to give a coherent narrative of topics that have hitherto rarely been l h a

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40 s o EDITOR’SJ years I should explore the potential of the fellowship, which sparked my This involves the use of Python ing outside the main auditorium the PICK Nicolas Schunck is research scientist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. His work is all alternatives.” physics excitement again.” to develop custom applications, night before in order to make it to the S Mountricha had just completed analysing data using Python and presentation. As a result, I ended up ince 1975 centred on the development and applications of computational methods for nuclear energy initial discussions about her CERN New pastures SQL, and developing reporting and watching it remotely from building density functional theory, with a particular focus on the development of a fundamental description research project when she received Mountricha’s idea to leave physics monitoring tools such as web appli- 40 together with the whole analysis of nuclear fission. an offer of a permanent contract first formed after attending, out of cations. Her daily tasks vary from team. I was slightly disappointed at Inmarsat – a provider of mobile curiosity, a career networking event data analysis to developing new not to be physically present in the satellite communications based for LHC-experiment physicists in products. “Much of the work that I packed auditorium, but this never- To access this title visit iopscience.org/books. If you have an idea for a book you’d like to discuss please in the nearby Swiss town of Nyon. November 2017. “The main benefit do, I had no clue about in the past theless remains such an important e-mail [email protected]. It was unexpected, given how few I got out of the event was a feeling a n d I h a d t o l e a r n. S o m e o t h e r pi e c e s moment of my li fe.” positions she had applied for. “I that, even if I left, this would not be of work, like the data analytics, I

Image: inspired by a figure in the first issue published in 1975, felt a mixture of happiness and the end of the world; and that, if I used to do in a research context. Orestis Galanis and in celebration of its 40th anniversary D D Warner et al 1975 satisfaction at having succeeded in s e a r c h e d e n o u g h, I c o u l d a l w a y s fi n d However, the level at which I was Matthew Chalmers CERN. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys. 1 95

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CCNovDec19_Careers_v3.indd 53 29/10/2019 14:34 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 9 N u m b e r 6 N o v e mber /D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 9 CERNCOURIER.COM CERNCOURIER.COM PEOPLE CAREERS RECRUITMENT Appointments and awards CMS collaboration CMS M Brice/CERN six papers published by the particle physics with particular EHT collaboration on 10 April. regard to the BaBar experiment For advertising enquiries, contact CERN Courier recruitment/classified, IOP Publishing, Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol BS1 6HG, UK. Also announced were six and the discovery of CP symmetry Te l +4 4 (0)1 17 930 1 264 E-m a i l s a le s@c e r nc ou r ie r.c om. New Horizons Prizes worth violation in the B meson systems Please contact us for information about rates, colour options, publication dates and deadlines. $100,000 each, which recognise with beauty quarks”, while early-career achievements. In Nakada is recognised for his physics, Jo Dunkley (Princeton), conception and crucial leading Samaya Nissanke (University role in the realisation of the of Amsterdam) and Kendrick LHCb experiment that led earlier Smith (Perimeter Institute) were this year to the discovery of rewarded for the development CP violation in D mesons with Spiro appointed IUPAP of novel techniques to extract charm quarks. The prize was president fundamental physics from presented on 23 September Prize theses in CMS Prominent French particle astronomical data. Simon during the opening ceremony Young researchers Thomas James FACULTY POSITION IN EXPERIMENTAL PARTICLE PHYSICS physicist Michel Spiro has been Caron-Huot (McGill University) of the 105th national congress (above), Joosep Pata (middle) appointed president of the and Pedro Vieira (Perimeter of the Italian Physical Society in and Daniel Salerno (bottom) The Department of Physics and Astronomy in the College of Science at Purdue University seeks applications for a faculty International Union of Pure Institute) were recognised for L’Aquila, Italy. have won the CMS prize for best position at the level of Assistant Professor in the area of experimental particle physics. All areas of experimental particle and Applied Physics (IUPAP), their “profound contributions to thesis defended in 2018. James physics will be considered. We are interested in outstanding scientists with an established track record, international stature, replacing theorist Kennedy Reed the understanding of quantum Brightness Award for ion source received his PhD from Imperial of Lawrence Livermore National field theory”. Anatoli Zelenski (below) of College, London, for his crucial a commitment to leading a preeminent research program, and a clear vision for future developments that will complement Laboratory. IUPAP, which Brookhaven National Laboratory work towards the upgrade of the the current efforts within the department. Purdue has major involvement in the CMS, Mu2e, XENON1T/nT, LBECA, STAR aims to stimulate and promote Giorgi and Nakada share is the recipient of the 2019 CMS tracker. Pata and Salerno, and LSST experiments. Synergies exist with groups in astrophysics, theory, nuclear physics and condensed matter physics. international cooperation in Fermi Prize Brightness Award, presented at who received their PhDs from The department offers a state-of-the-art in-house facility with resources applicable to silicon detector design, development INFN physics, was established in 1922 the International Conference ETH Zurich and the University and fabrication.

with 13 member countries and on Ion Sources (ICIS) held in collaboration CMS now has close to 60 members. September in Lanzhou, China. Qualifications Spiro, who participated in the Granted since 2003 at the Applicants must have a Ph.D. in particle physics or a closely related field, an outstanding record of research accomplishments, UA1 experiment, the GALLEX biennial ICIS conferences, the and evidence of potential excellence in teaching at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Candidates are expected to solar-neutrino experiment and award recognises significant develop vigorous research programs, supervise graduate students, and teach both undergraduate and graduate level courses.

the EROS microlensing dark- ICIS2019 matter search, among other experiments, has held senior The Department and College positions in the French CNRS and The Department has 57 tenured and tenure-track professors, 150 graduate students, and over 250 undergraduates. Over the CEA, and was president of the last 5 years the Department has added 14 faculty and significant investment has been made in our key areas of discovery. The CERN Council from 2010 to 2013. College and Department have launched initiatives in new emerging areas, such as Data Science and Quantum Information Science, and committed the resources necessary to make the new growth impactful. Breakthrough Prize for Marcello Giorgi (above) of the black-hole image University of Pisa and Tatsuya Physics and Astronomy is part of the College of Science, which comprises the computing, physical, and life sciences at The first direct image of a black Nakada (below) of the Swiss of Zurich, respectively, focused Purdue. It is the second-largest college at Purdue, with over 350 faculty and more than 6000 students. Purdue itself is one of hole, obtained by the Event Federal Institute of Technology on two different channels in the nation’s leading land-grant universities, with an enrollment of over 41,000 students primarily focused on STEM subjects. Horizon Telescope (EHT, a in (EPFL) have been the successful search for Higgs network of eight radio dishes awarded the Enrico Fermi bosons produced in association For more information, see https://www.purdue.edu/purduemoves/initiatives/stem/index.php. that creates an Earth-sized Prize from the Italian Physical recent achievements in ion- with top quarks. The award interferometer) earlier this Society for their outstanding source physics and technology. committee recognises one (and in EHT collaboration EHT contributions to the experimental Zelenski was recognised for special cases, more than one) PhD Application Procedure evidence of CP violation in the his outstanding work in the thesis that stands out in terms of heavy-quark sector. Giorgi development of high-current the quality of content, originality, Applications need to be submitted to https://career8.successfactors.com/sfcareer/ is cited “for his leading role optically pumped polarised clarity of writing, and impact jobreqcareer?jobId=7330&company=purdueuniv&username= and must include (1) a complete curriculum vitae, (2) a in experimental high-energy ion sources. By replacing within and outside of CMS. publication list, (3) a brief statement of present and future research plans, and (4) a statement of teaching philosophy. CMS collaboration CMS

CERN Brookhaven’s usual electron In addition, candidates should arrange for at least 3 letters of reference to be sent to [email protected]. cyclotron resonance (ECR) Questions regarding the position and search should be directed to [email protected]. proton source with a hydrogen injector and helium-ioniser Applications completed by November 15, 2019 will be given full consideration, although the search will continue until cell inside a new 5 T the position is filled. superconducting solenoid, he increased the polarised H– Purdue University’s Department of Physics and Astronomy is committed to advancing diversity in all areas of faculty year, has been recognised by output of the optically pumped effort, including scholarship, instruction, and engagement. Candidates should address at least one of these areas in their the 2020 Breakthrough Prize polarised ion source by three cover letter, indicating their past experiences, current interests or activities, and/or future goals to promote a climate in Fundamental Physics. The orders of magnitude – leading that values diversity and inclusion. A background check will be required for employment in this position. $3 million prize will be shared to a reduction in polarisation equally between 347 researchers losses at the Relativistic Heavy Purdue University is an EEO/AA employer. All individuals, including minorities, women, individuals with disabilities, and veterans are who were co-authors of the Ion Collider. encouraged to apply.

54 CERN COURIER NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2019

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Postdoctoral Research Positions Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY A Research Centre of the Helmholtz Association A Research Centre of the Helmholtz Association LIGO Laboratory

For our location in Hamburg we are seeking: For our location in Hamburg we are seeking: The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) has as its Applications for postdoctoral research positions with Scientist for the Low Level RF Controls of the 2 Junior Staff Scientists in Theoretical goal the development of gravitational wave physics and astronomy. The LIGO LIGO Laboratory should indicate which of the LIGO Laboratory is managed by Caltech and MIT, and is funded by the National sites (Caltech, MIT, Hanford, or Livingston), if any, are European XFEL (LLRF) Particle Physics Science Foundation. It operates observatory sites equipped with laser preferred by the applicant, and which (if any) are likely to interferometric detectors at Hanford, Washington and Livingston, Louisiana, be unworkable. Applications should be sent to DESY DESY which recently made the first confirmed detection of gravitational waves. [email protected] (Electronic Portable Document DESY is one of the world’s leading research centres for photon science, DESY is one of the world’s leading research centres for photon science, A vigorous LIGO Laboratory R&D program supports the development of Format (PDF) submittals are preferred) and information particle and astroparticle physics as well as accelerator physics. More than particle and astroparticle physics as well as accelerator physics. More than enhancements to the LIGO detector as well as astrophysical data analysis, and provided is subject to the LIGO GDPR Policy – development of future detectors and detector technologies. 2400 employees work at our two locations Hamburg and Zeuthen in science, 2400 employees work at our two locations Hamburg and Zeuthen in science, https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/gdpr-policy. technology and administration. technology and administration. The LIGO Laboratory anticipates having one or possibly more postdoctoral Applications should include curriculum vitae, list of The group MSK is responsible for the controls, feedback regulations and The DESY theory group pursues a vigorous research programme in the research positions at one or more of the LIGO sites – Caltech, MIT and at the publications (with refereed articles noted), and the synchronization of the particle accelerators at DESY. We are an international investigation of the fundamental interactions of nature and the fabric of two LIGO Observatories in Hanford, WA and Livingston, LA – beginning in names, addresses, email addresses and telephone team of technicians, engineers and scientists who develop, install and operate matter, space and time. Research topics include collider phenomenology, Fall 2019. Hires will be made based on the availability of funding. Successful numbers of three or more references. Please attach a complex instruments for the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser. particle cosmology and string theory. DESY, Hamburg location, is seeking for applicants will be involved in the operation of LIGO itself, analysis of LIGO cover letter describing past experience and current and data, both for diagnostic purposes and astrophysics searches, and/or the R&D future research interests. Applicants should request that two Junior Scientists in Theoretical Physics. The position program for future detector improvements. We seek candidates across a broad three or more letters of recommendations be sent directly range of disciplines. Expertise related to astrophysics, modeling, data analysis, to [email protected] (Electronic Portable Document l Further development of high precision field control of the The position electronics, laser and quantum optics, vibration isolation and control systems Format (PDF) submittals are preferred). Consideration of superconducting cavities at the European XFEL l Research on particle physics phenomenology, physics of the early is desirable. Most importantly, candidates should be broadly trained scientists, applications is ongoing. l Coordination of LLRF systems operation with the XFEL machine universe and cosmology at an internationally competitive level willing to learn new experimental and analytical techniques, and ready to share operation group l Participation in the research activities of the DESY theory group in the excitement of building, operating and observing with a gravitational-wave l Quality control towards optimal operation of the LLRF system and observatory. Appointments at the post-doctoral level will initially be for one-year investigations of RF trips Requirements with the possibility of renewal for up to two subsequent years. l Operation anlysis and further development of the field regulation l Ph.D. in physics and automation algorithms l Excellent research record and international reputation in the area Caltech and MIT are Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employers l Documentation and maintenance of the LLRF systems of particle physics phenomenology, physics of the early universe Women, Minorities, Veterans, and Disabled Persons are encouraged to apply and cosmology More information about LIGO available at www.ligo.caltech.edu Requirements l Team ability and very good English language skills l PhD degree in Physics, Electronics or Computer Science or For further information please contact Geraldine Servant equivalent qualification +49-40-8998-1484. l Several years experience in RF control of superconducting particle accelerators Applications should include a statement of research interests, CV, list of l Advanced understanding of the system architecture and operation publications, as well as three letters of references. Please note that it is of particle accelerators necessary that all material, including letter of references, reach DESY before the deadline for the application to be considered. l Skills in automation and system control l Computer science skills in Linux, Python, Firmware and Software The positions are limited to 5 years. l Strong motivation and pragmatism towards problem solving as well as Salary and benefits are commensurate with those of public service highly proficient English skills organisations in Germany. Classification is based upon qualifications and assigned duties. Handicapped persons will be given preference to other For further information please contact Julien Branlard equally qualified applicants. DESY operates flexible work schemes. DESY is an +49-40-8998-1599. equal opportunity, affirmative action employer and encourages applications The position is limited to 3 years. from women. Vacant positions at DESY are in general open to part-time-work. Salary and benefits are commensurate with those of public service During each application procedure DESY will assess whether the post can be organisations in Germany. Classification is based upon qualifications and filled with part-time employees. assigned duties. Handicapped persons will be given preference to other We are looking forward to your application via our application system: equally qualified applicants. DESY operates flexible work schemes. DESY www..de/onlineapplication is an equal opportunity, affirmative action employer and encourages Accelerate your career! applications from women. Vacant positions at DESY are in general open Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY to part-time-work. During each application procedure DESY will assess Human Resources Department | Code: FHMA043/2019 whether the post can be filled with part-time employees. Notkestraße 85 | 22607 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 40 8998-3392 Join CERN for a unique work experience at the cutting edge of technology, in a place like We are looking forward to your application via our application system: http://www.desy.de/career nowhere else on earth. www.desy.de/onlineapplication Deadline for applications: 2019/12/01 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Human Resources Department | Code: MMA054/2019 CERN has diverse student, graduate and professional opportunities open for application. Notkestraße 85 | 22607 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 40 8998-3392 Apply now and take part! http://www.desy.de/career Deadline for applications: Until the position is filled. Gain unique insights on the latest research and project https://careers.cern developments in particle physics and related fields cerncourier.com CERN COURIER NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2019 57

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Professor or Assistant The Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn is an international Professor (Tenure Track) of Gaspar Barreir a 1940–2019 research university that offers a wide range of degree programs. With 200 years of history, about 38,000 students, over 6,000 employees, and Theoretical Cosmology an excellent domestic and international reputation, Bonn University is A leader with a grand vision among Germany’s leading universities and has just been awarded the title

University of Excellence. The Department of Physics and Astronomy of → The Department of Physics (www.phys.ethz.ch) at P Gomes the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn invites applications for Experimental particle physicist level. Gaspar was responsible for the ETH Zurich invites applications for the above-mentioned the position of Gaspar Barreira, co-founder of creation of the Portuguese Tier-2 in position. the Portuguese Laboratory for the CERN Worldwide LHC Comput- Technical Coordinator of the Research and Instrumentation and Experimental ing Grid, and was active in several Technology Center Detector Physics (FTD) (100%) → Successful candidates are outstanding scientists Particle Physics (LIP), passed away related initiatives. in the field of theoretical cosmology and will perform on 1 June. He was the Portuguese From the turn of the century, to be filled as soon as possible. The FTD currently hosts 9 groups from pioneering theoretical research in the exploration of delegate to the CERN Council and Gaspar was fully involved in sci- the fields of particle physics and photonics specialized in the development to the SESAME Council, and was a ence policy. He was the Portu- the fundamental laws of nature. The new professor will of novel detector technologies for the detection of radiation and strong proponent of international guese representative to a variety i) aim to formulate new realistic theories which extend particles at accelerator-based and non-accelerator-based experiments. cooperation. of international organisations Among others, the groups are actively contributing to the construction the known fundamental laws of physics and pursue the Gaspar’s life proceeded in cycles, and boards, and coordinated the and upgrade of the pixel detectors for ATLAS (LHC) and BELLE-II deep questions about the origin and evolution of the each lived intensely with great Portuguese participation in the (SuperKEKB), the ALICE TPC (LHC), and the electromagnetic calorimeter universe, ii) profit from the fast paced progress which is energy and focus. He had a vision to Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer for of the PANDA experiment (FAIR), as well as to experiments at the local anticipated in observational cosmology and from future foster progress, to change the world its shuttle flight in 1998. Gaspar accelerators ELSA and the cyclotron. advances in other related fields such as experimental or here and now. Each time, despite was always particularly concerned Your tasks: theoretical particle physics, and iii) identify the important arriving as an outsider, he was able with knowledge-transfer to soci- to make great impact thanks to his ety. He co-coordinated the training • Head of the extensive technical infrastructure in the FTD (clean rooms, future milestones in the general field of cosmology and measurement laboratories, major research instrumentation, etc.) intelligence and capability to trans- programmes for young Portuguese offer theoretical guidance for their accomplishment by • Supervision and inter-group coordination of resources mit enthusiasm. He always chose engineers at CERN, ESA and ESO, • Introduction and optimal exploitation of novel technologies and the wider scientific community. He or she is expected to grand objectives: let’s build some- and the creation of the Portuguese methods for detector development at the FTD provide inspiration and leadership in research, to be an thing that doesn’t exist at all in the language teachers programme. • Supporting the preparation and implementation of scientific projects in effective and enthusiastic teacher, and to develop and country; let’s do something that was Before and after the revolution particle physics teach theoretical physics courses at the bachelor (in never done before. He was not afraid Gaspar Barreira was a strong believer in international cooperation. of 1974, Gaspar worked towards • Responsibility for radiation protection and safety at work German or English) and master (in English) level. The of dreaming, nor of obstacles. the construction of a world where • Responsibility for scientific and technical personnel Born in Braga, in the north of entered into pioneering collabo- an institution. He greatly contrib- knowledge, freedom and ration- • Participation in teaching (4 hours per week). Department of Physics offers a stimulating environment Portugal, Gaspar arrived in Lisbon rations with archaeologists to date uted to establish LIP as a reference ality were decisive. We have lost in mathematical, theoretical, and computational physics, at the age of 18 to study physics and ancient artefacts – a path that in laboratory in particle and astropar- a great friend of CERN, LIP and Your profile: as well as in experimental high-energy physics, con- • University degree and PhD in physics mathematics. He fought against 1980 led him to the International ticle physics, instrumentation, physics, an excellent scientist and densed matter physics, astrophysics and observational • Relevant experience in project coordination the dictatorship of Salazar, which Centre for Theoretical Physics technology and computing. a truly unique personality. Though • Experience in the development, design, construction, test and operation cosmology, quantum optics, and neuroinformatics. gagged Portugal for more than in Trieste, Italy, where he soon Gaspar was a strong believer in departed, Gaspar leaves us an of particle detectors 40 years until the Carnation Rev- become director of the micropro- CERN and international coopera- immense legacy of vision, endur- • Ability to cooperate and work in a team → Assistant professorships have been established olution of 25 April 1974, and was cessors laboratory. tion. He had a fundamental role in ance and resilience. His last big • Experience in human resources management to promote the careers of younger scientists. ETH imprisoned more than once. In the In 1985 Gaspar retuned to Por- bringing Portugal into the DELPHI project, the installation in Portugal • Fluent in German and English. Zurich implements a tenure track system equivalent early 1970s he taught himself elec- tugal to get involved in the coun- experiment at LEP, and was a strong of a treatment and research centre We offer: to other top international universities. The level of the tronics, and soon found himself ty’s accession to CERN, founding supporter of the LHC from the early for cancer therapy with protons, is at the Nuclear Physics Centre in LIP with José Mariano Gago and days. He was a strong advocate of not yet accomplished. For this we • Permanent full-time employment, salary scale E 14 TV-L appointment will depend on the successful candidate’s Lisbon, saving the day for many Armando Policarpo, and building distributed computing, and did will strive. • Responsible, multi-faceted and challenging field of work qualifications. • Participation in cutting-edge international research projects colleagues with his ability to fix LIP’s instrumentation division. not spare efforts to have Portugal • Occupational retirement scheme (VBL) the scarce equipment or assem- NA38 at the SPS was the first exper- and LIP in the main projects in this His friends and colleagues • An excellent transport infrastructure with the opportunity to obtain a → Please apply online: www.facultyaffairs.ethz.ch ble non-existing parts. He also iment in which LIP participated as area, at CERN and at a European at LIP. discounted employee ticket for public transportation (VRS) or to use assigned affordable parking. → Applications should include a curriculum vitae, a Giovanni Mur atori 1924–2019 The University of Bonn is committed to diversity and equal opportunity. It is list of publica tions, a statement of future research certified as a family-friendly university and aims to increase the proportion of and teaching interests, a description of the three most Remembering a superb engineer women employed in areas where women are underrepresented and to promote important achievements, and the names of five refe- their careers. To that end, it urges women with relevant qualifications to apply. rences. The letter of application should be addressed Applications will be handled in accordance with the Landesgleichstellungsgesetz Giovanni Muratori received a dou- where he worked on the heavy- backs, the chamber was ready for stream). Giovanni embarked on the to the President of ETH Zurich, Prof. Dr. Joël Mesot. (State Equality Act). Applications from suitable candidates with a certified ble degree in naval and mechani- liquid bubble chamber designed data-taking in early 1961. Finding design of the mechanics and optics disability or equivalent status are particularly welcome. Submissions will be reviewed starting on 15 December cal engineering at the University to study neutrino physics. Gio- the event rate to be insufficient, a for these spark chambers, which 2019, but applications are welcome until the position of Genoa in 1949, after which he vanni oversaw the design of the crash programme was set in motion were operational in 1963. Complete applications (consisting of a CV, certificates, list of publications, is filled. ETH Zurich is an equal opportunity and family worked at ENI-AGIP on the con- cameras – not an easy task in to improve the beam (using van At the end of 1961 he was trans- and a letter of motivation) should be submitted until 30th of November struction of instruments for oil view of the strong magnetic field der Meer’s ) and to ferred to the nuclear physics divi- 2019 via email as a single PDF file [email protected] with friendly employer, strives to increase the number of exploration. He started at CERN that precluded the use of electric increase the total mass of detectors sion and in April 1966 was appointed the application code 12/19/331. women professors, and is responsive to the needs of s in August 1959 in the PS division, motors – and, after some initial set- (by adding spark chambers down- leader of the technical assistance dual career couples. For further information please contact Prof. Dr. J. Dingfelder (Tel.: 0228 / 73 3532) or Prof. Dr. B. Ketzer (Tel.: 0228 / 73 2539). CERN COURIER NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2019 59

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PEOPLE OBITUARIES PEOPLE OBITUARIES Family photograph Family group, which was involved in the and built a rotor that generated Gaur anG Bhask ar Yodh 1928–2019 J Goodman design and construction of optical a dynamic gravitational field at of pions with protons and neu- laborators pursued these detection and mechanical equipment. The around 450 Hz, which was used From the trons. With Panofsky he studied techniques, and their high-altitude group developed and constructed in the first absolute calibration of electron–nucleon scattering. He offspring, in two major collabora- a wide variety of detectors and the gravitational wave detector continued this work until the late tions – MILAGRO and HAWC – and at associated equipment, including EXPLORER at CERN. ground to 1960s when his interests shifted UC Irvine Gaurang was a contribu- the R-108 experiment at the ISR Giovanni remained at CERN for from accelerators to cosmic rays. tor to the IceCube collaboration. He where the group built a set of novel several years after his retirement in the skies In 1972, with Yash Pal and James was also a strong advocate for the cylindrical drift chambers allow- 1986, during which time he worked T refi l, he showe d t hat t he proton– ARIANNA project, which is devel- ing track positions along the wire on several problems including the proton cross section increased with oping radio techniques to look for t o b e m e a s u r e d u s i n g t h e d i ffe r e n c e initial design of a prototype liquid Gaurang Yodh, a passionate parti- energy – a finding later confirmed astrophysical neutrinos. Through- of arrival times of the signal at the argon chamber for use in under- cle and cosmic-ray physicist and at CERN. out his career, Gaurang mentored ends of each wire. For NA31 the ground experiments at Gran musician, passed away on 3 June at Prominent work followed with many PhD students and post-docs group built drift chambers installed Sasso. He was a superb engineer. age 90. He was born in Ahmedabad the development of transition who went on to successful careers. in a helium-filled tank as well as a His work was highly appreciated in India. After graduating from the Gaurang Yodh was also an radiation detectors for parti- Gaurang was a renowned sitar lightweight Kevlar window separat- and his opinions respected. He University of Bombay in 1948, he accomplished sitar player. cle identification. His 1975 paper player who gave concerts at uni- ing the helium from a vacuum tank. participated actively in the design was recruited by the University of “Practical theory of the multilay- versities and physics conferences, Early-on, the group designed and of equipment with innovative and Chicago to join the group of Enrico a physics faculty job at the Carn- ered transition radiation detector” and in 1956 recorded one of the very constructed an automatic machine ingenious ideas. He also loved solv- Fermi and Herb Anderson. After egie Institute of Technology (later is still a standard reference in high- fi r s t a l b u m s o f I n d i a n m u s i c i nthe for winding large wire spark ing machining and manufacturing Fermi’s death in 1954, he finished Carnegie Mellon University). In 1961 energy and cosmic-ray physics. US: Music of India (volumes 1 & 2). He chambers and soon became special- problems, whether on a large or his PhD with Anderson in 1955, after he joined the physics and astron- In the 1980s, Gaurang’s interests was a gentle and caring man with ised in the construction of arrays Giovanni Muratori’s analyses of technical problems were invariably correct. Swiss-watch scale. With his com- which he moved to Stanford where omy department at the University shifted again, in this case to study an infectious optimism and a joy for the new multiwire proportional mon-sense attitude and his warm he worked with Wolfgang Panofsky. of Maryland and stayed there until high-energy gamma rays from for life. His friends enjoyed his good chambers. Led by Giovanni, the rors coated with highly reflecting career he worked on the initial and generous spirit, his advice was He and his wife returned to 1988, when he moved to the Univer- space. His ideas led to the devel- humour, charm and enthusiasm. He group developed equipment and aluminium coatings. Mirrors made designs of the TPC detector for often sought on personal matters. Bombay (Mumbai) in 1956, where sity of California at Irvine, where opment of ground-based water is survived by his three children, facilities for Cherenkov detectors, using these techniques were later another LEP detector, ALEPH. He Giovanni will be remembered with he started accelerator physics he finished his career. Cherenkov telescopes for the eight grandchildren and his sister. including a dry lab for handling used in the RICH detector at LEP’s also started a collaboration with a respect and affect ion by all. programmes at the Tata Institute Gaurang’s PhD research work study of gamma rays and searches lithium foil and methods of produc- DELPHI experiment. group searching for the existence of Fundamental Research, but he at Chicago with Anderson and for sources of cosmic rays. In the Jordan Goodman, colleagues and ing precision glass spherical mir- Towards the end of his CERN of a “fifth force” and designed His friends and colleagues. was lured back to the US and took Fermi studied the interactions 1990s and 2000s, Gaurang and col- friends University of Maryland.

Ernst-WilhElm OttEn 1934–2019 Breadth and eminence across disciplines

Ernst-Wilhelm Otten received his Ernst Otten initiated the KATRIN reported a 30 eV mass of the anti- doctorate in 1962 at the University of neutrino experiment, among many neutrino, Ernst developed a novel Heidelberg under the supervision of other achievements. high-resolution beta spectrometer atomic and nuclear physicist Hans at Mainz to determine the neutrino University of Mainz Kopfermann. From 1972 until his early as 1972. In Mainz, his group mass very precisely from tritium retirement in 2002, he headed the developed the high-resolution decay. Together with his team he department of experimental atomic method of collinear laser spec- succeeded in setting an upper limit and nuclear physics (EXAKT) at the troscopy – now a workhorse at of 2 eV. After the discovery of neu- University of Mainz. Ernst spent ISOLDE for the determination of trino oscillations in 1998, proving numerous research stays abroad, nuclear ground-state properties of the existence of finite neutrino including at CERN and at the Ecole short-lived nuclei – and with his masses, Ernst initiated the KATRIN Normale Supérieure in Paris. After collaborators initiated laser-based experiment at the Karlsruhe Insti- his retirement Ernst continued his trace analysis for the detection of tute of Technology to measure the research activities, especially for radionuclides in the environment. neutrino mass. The construction of the KATRIN neutrino experiment. The electron accelerators at this technically extremely difficult The hallmark of his work was Mainz enabled spectacular exper- spectrometer started in 2001, and the extraordinary breadth across iments: the test of parity non- Ernst was very actively involved almost all disciplines of physics, conservation by neutral currents in until his death on 8 July. As such, which earned him a large number polarised–electron nucleon scat- he was able to witness the first suc- of distinctions and prizes. tering, and the determination of the cessful result: the setting of a new In Heidelberg, Ernst developed neutron electric form factor using upper limit on the neutrino mass the method of optical pumping polarised 3He targets at high den- of 1 eV (see p7). for polarising the nuclear spins of sity. With hyperpolarised 3He gas, Ernst leaves deep traces in sci- radioactive isotopes to determine Ernst performed lung diagnostics ence and in the physics commu- their nuclear moments. He also with accelerators. The discovery of by magnetic resonance imaging nity. We will remember him as a recognised, from its start-up in unexpected nuclear-shape coex- in collaboration with the German great scientist, teacher, mentor the late 1960s, the opportunities istence and nuclear-size changes Cancer Research Centre in Heidel- and friend. o ffe r e d b y t h e o n-l i n e i s o t o pes - in neutron-deficient mercury iso- berg and the department of radi- arator ISOLDE at CERN. He became topes is one of the most outstand- ology at the University of Mainz. Gerda Neyens for the a pioneer of optical spectroscopy ing results obtained at ISOLDE, as In the 1980s, when a group ISOLDE collaboration.

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V a c u u m I n s t r u m e n t s Notes and observations from the high-energy physics community Meet us at the Eleventh Joint BER II and BESSY II User Meeting Doomsayers decried From the archive: November/December 1976 Booth 45b! Prowess and prizes Railing against the notion that the world is sinking Wim Klein (right), the human computer, TM into chaos, hatred and irrationality, cognitive has retired after 18 years in the Theory The digital vacuum gauges of the measure psychologist Steven Pinker of Harvard University Smartline series

CERN 217.8.76 -10 brought rapid-fire feel-good factoids to the Division. His phenomenal abilities at absolute pressure in the range of CERN auditorium on 14 October. His colloquium mental arithmetic are legendary. 1200 to 5 x 10 mbar. “Enlightenment now: the case for reason, science, Not many people understand the In addition to their standard RS485 interface/ 0-10 V output, humanism, and progress”, after his 2018 book complication of extracting, for example, of the same name, saw the bestselling and the 37th root of a 220 digit number. Wim they are optionally available with and now also with sometimes controversial academic flash numerous marked his departure with a “Farewell EtherCAT plots suggesting a relentless upward trend in human progress, which Show” in the CERN Auditorium on 10 December. Profinet. he attributes to enlightenment values. Life expectancy has risen from The 1976 physics Nobel Prize was shared equally between 35 to 80 in 250 years, child mortality is down by a factor 100, and there Burt Richter, SLAC, and Sam Ting, MIT, who led the teams which has been a 75% reduction in extreme poverty in the last 30 years alone. found the J/ψ just two years ago, cited as “a heavy elementary Homosexuality is now legal in the vast majority of the world, and the death particle of a new kind”. This rapid recognition reflects the dramatic penalty abolished – along with witch-hunts and duelling. We’ve never effect of t he J/ψ on the world of high-energy physics – so dramatic enjoyed such levels of freedom, democracy, literacy, safety and happiness, that since the events of 1974, we talk of “the new physics”. he claimed. Even deaths from lightning strikes are plummeting.  Compiled from text on p440 and p384 of CERN Courier Met with resolute scepticism, Pinker’s rejoinder was that the news we consume is strongly biased towards the negative. “Progress is November and December 1976. something intellectuals don’t like,” he said. “But it is an empirical issue.” Compiler’s note Probably few millennial readers will have heard of Number of people, across 170 Willem Klein, an idiosyncratic Dutchman of prodigious countries, who took part in the mathematical acuity. Wim led a colourful though not always happy life, between science and circus. LHC’s first mass-participation 42,280 At CERN he filled a techno-gap, outpacing mechanical citizen science project “Higgs desk calculators but sadly becoming redundant when Hunters”, initiated by physicists electronic computers took over. On 27 August 1976 at the University of Oxford. Wim calculated the 73rd root of a 500-digit number in 2 minutes and 43 seconds, delighting the CERN audience and earning a place in the Guinness World Records. Brexit bites science Media corner “According to the UK Public On 16 October the UK’s The Royal Society published a report stating Attitudes to Science Survey, 79% that, due to Brexit uncertainty, the UK is becoming a less attractive of those surveyed agree that even destination for top international science talent. Despite government “Salam was the first Pakistani to if it brings no immediate benefits, underwrites in the event of a no-deal Brexit, it finds the UK’s annual win a Nobel, and his victory should research that advances knowledge have been a historic moment for the share of EU research funding has fallen by €0.5 billion since 2015, with should be publicly funded.” country. But instead, 40 years on, almost a 40% drop in applications to Horizon 2020 and some 35% President of the British Academy his story has largely been forgotten fewer scient ists ar riv ing v ia Marie Sk łodowska-Curie fellowships. David Cannadine on the historical by the country in which he was born importance of blue-sky research – in part because of the religious (New Scientist, 12 October). UK research rebranded identity he held so dear.” BBC Online (15 October) reviews a “Concentric rings of gold and On 10 October UK Research and new film about titled candy-apple red detectors encircle Innovation (UKRI) – a recently The First ****** Nobel Laureate. the proton beam tubes at its center. now available with created body to direct government Lime-green supports help hold the funding via the UK’s major “Why jump ship if the vessel’s still electronics in place. Shimmering research councils – announced new branding “to support its vision going strong, even though we don’t metal that looks like aluminum foil and ambition as a world-class funder”. The logo for UKRI’s Science and fully understand how it functions?” catches the industrial lights. It could Technology Facilities Council (STFC), which deals with high-energy be a space station. Or a half-billion- physics (pictured), will soon replace existing ones that have been taking Philosopher of science Michela dollar piece of art.” root across STFC’s sites since 2007 when STFC was created. “UKRI has an Massimi referring to the Standard impor tant role to play and an impor tant stor y to tell. The unified brand Model in an article about model Journalist Richard Morin experiences INTELLIGENT VACUUM MEASUREMENT will help us to communicate this story nationally and internationally,” independence in the September CMS during the CERN open days said UKRI chief executive Mark Walport. issue of . (Washington Post, 20 September). SINCE 1970

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