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CERN Courier–Digital Edition
CERNMarch/April 2021 cerncourier.com COURIERReporting on international high-energy physics WELCOME CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the March/April 2021 issue of CERN Courier. Hadron colliders have contributed to a golden era of discovery in high-energy physics, hosting experiments that have enabled physicists to unearth the cornerstones of the Standard Model. This success story began 50 years ago with CERN’s Intersecting Storage Rings (featured on the cover of this issue) and culminated in the Large Hadron Collider (p38) – which has spawned thousands of papers in its first 10 years of operations alone (p47). It also bodes well for a potential future circular collider at CERN operating at a centre-of-mass energy of at least 100 TeV, a feasibility study for which is now in full swing. Even hadron colliders have their limits, however. To explore possible new physics at the highest energy scales, physicists are mounting a series of experiments to search for very weakly interacting “slim” particles that arise from extensions in the Standard Model (p25). Also celebrating a golden anniversary this year is the Institute for Nuclear Research in Moscow (p33), while, elsewhere in this issue: quantum sensors HADRON COLLIDERS target gravitational waves (p10); X-rays go behind the scenes of supernova 50 years of discovery 1987A (p12); a high-performance computing collaboration forms to handle the big-physics data onslaught (p22); Steven Weinberg talks about his latest work (p51); and much more. To sign up to the new-issue alert, please visit: http://comms.iop.org/k/iop/cerncourier To subscribe to the magazine, please visit: https://cerncourier.com/p/about-cern-courier EDITOR: MATTHEW CHALMERS, CERN DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY IOP PUBLISHING ATLAS spots rare Higgs decay Weinberg on effective field theory Hunting for WISPs CCMarApr21_Cover_v1.indd 1 12/02/2021 09:24 CERNCOURIER www. -
Sensitivity Study and First Prototype Tests for the CHIPS Neutrino
Sensitivity study and first prototype tests for the CHIPS neutrino detector R&D program Maciej Marek Pfützner University College London Submitted to University College London in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 20, 2018 1 2 Declaration I, Maciej Marek Pfützner confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Maciej Pfützner 3 4 Abstract CHIPS (CHerenkov detectors In mine PitS) is an R&D project aiming to develop novel cost-effective detectors for long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments. Water Cherenkov detector modules will be submerged in an existing lake in the path of an accelerator neutrino beam, eliminating the need for expensive excavation. In a staged approach, the first detectors will be deployed in a flooded mine pit in northern Minnesota, 7 mrad off-axis from the existing NuMI beam. A small proof-of-principle model (CHIPS-M) has already been tested and the first stage of a fully functional 10 kt module (CHIPS-10) is planned for 2018. The main physics aim is to measure the CP-violating neutrino mixing phase (δCP). A sensitivity study was performed with the GLoBES package, using results from a dedicated detector simulation and a preliminary reconstruction algorithm. The predicted physics reach of CHIPS-10 and potential bigger modules is presented and compared with currently running experiments and future projects. One of the instruments submerged on board CHIPS-M in autumn 2015 was a prototype detection unit, constructed at Nikhef. -
A Mislivec, Minerva Coherent
Charged Current Coherent Pion Production in MINERνA Aaron Mislivec University of Rochester w/ Aaron Higuera Outline • Motivation • MINERνA Detector and Kinematics Reconstruction • Event Selection • Background Tuning • Contribution from Diffractive Scattering off Hydrogen • Systematics • Cross Sections Aaron Mislivec, University of Rochester NuInt14 2 K. HIRAIDE et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW D 78, 112004 (2008) 100 TABLE III. Event selection summary for the MRD-stopped DATA charged current coherent pion sample. CC coherent π Event selection Data MC Coherent % CC resonant π Signal BG Efficiency Other Generated in SciBar fid.vol. 1939 156 766 100% CC QE 50 SciBar-MRD matched 30 337 978 29 359 50.4% MRD-stopped 21 762 715 20 437 36.9% two-track 5939 358 6073 18.5% Entries / 5 degrees Particle ID (" %) 2255 292 2336 15.1% Vertex activityþ cut 887 264 961 13.6% CCQE rejection 682 241 709 12.4% 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Pion track direction cut 425 233 451 12.0% Reconstructed Q2 cut 247 201 228 10.4% ∆θp (degrees) FIG. 11 (color online). Á for the " % events in the MRD p þ stopped sample after fitting. which the track angle of the pion candidate with respect to the beam direction is less than 90 degrees are selected. Figure 13 shows the reconstructed Q2 distribution for the " % events after the pion track direction cut. Althoughþ a charged current quasielastic interaction is as- DATA 80 sumed, the Q2 of charged current coherent pion events is CC coherent π reconstructed with a resolution of 0:016 GeV=c 2 and a CC resonant π 2 ð Þ 60 shift of 0:024 GeV=c according to the MC simulation. -
Booklet 2008-09.Indd
The Shaw Prize The Shaw Prize is an international award to honour individuals who are currently active in their respective fields and who have achieved distinguished and significant advances, who have made outstanding contributions in culture and the arts, or who in other domains have achieved excellence. The award is dedicated to furthering societal progress, enhancing quality of life, and enriching humanity’s spiritual civilization. Preference will be given to individuals whose significant work was recently achieved. Founder's Biographical Note The Shaw Prize was established under the auspices of Mr Run Run Shaw. Mr Shaw, born in China in 1907, is a native of Ningbo County, Zhejiang Province. He joined his brother’s film company in China in the 1920s. In the 1950s he founded the film company Shaw Brothers (Hong Kong) Limited in Hong Kong. He has been Executive Chairman of Television Broadcasts Limited in Hong Kong since the 1970s. Mr Shaw has also founded two charities, The Sir Run Run Shaw Charitable Trust and The Shaw Foundation Hong Kong, both dedicated to the promotion of education, scientific and technological research, medical and welfare services, and culture and the arts. ~ 1 ~ Message from the Chief Executive I am delighted to congratulate the six distinguished scientists who receive this year’s Shaw Prize. Their accomplishments enrich human knowledge and have a profound impact on the advancement of science. This year, the Shaw Prize recognises remarkable achievements in the areas of astronomy, life science and medicine, and mathematical sciences. The exemplary work and dedication of this year’s recipients vividly demonstrate that constant drive for excellence will eventually bear fruit. -
The History of Neutrinos, 1930 − 1985
The History of Neutrinos, 1930 − 1985. What have we Learned About Neutrinos? What have we Learned Using Neutrinos? J. Steinberger Prepared for “25th International Conference On Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics”, Kyoto (Japan), June 2012 1 2 3 4 The detector of the experiment of Conversi, Pancini and Piccioni, 1946, 5 which showed that the mesotron is not the Yukawa particle. Detector with 80 Geiger counters. The muon decay spectrum is continuous. My thesis experiment, under Fermi, which showed that the muon decays into two neutral particles, plus the electron. Fermi, myself and others, in 1954, at a summer school in Varenna, lake Como, a few months before Fermi’s untimely disappearance. 6 Demonstration of the Neutrino In 1956 Cowan and Reines detected antineutrinos from a nuclear reactor, reacting with protons in liquid scintillator which also contained cadmium, observing the positron as well as the scattering of the neutron on cadmium. 7 The Electron and Muon Neutrinos are Different. 1. G. Feinberg, 1958. 2. B. Pontecorvo, 1959. 3. M. Schwartz (T.D. Lee), 1959 4. Higher energy accelerators, Courant, Livingston and Snyder. Pontecorvo 8 9 A C B D Spark chamber and counter arrangement. A are triggering counters, Energy spectra of neutrinos B, C and D are anticoincidence counters from pion and kaon decays. 10 Event with penetrating muon and hadron shower 11 The group of the 2nd neutrino experiment in 1962: J.S., Goulianos, Gaillard, Mistry, Danby, technician whose name I have forgotten, Lederman and Schwartz. 12 Same group, 26 years later, at Nobel ceremony in Stockholm. 13 Discovery of partons, nucleon structure, scaling, in deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons at SLAC in 1969. -
6.2 Transition Radiation
Contents I General introduction 9 1Preamble 11 2 Relevant publications 15 3 A first look at the formation length 21 4 Formation length 23 4.1Classicalformationlength..................... 24 4.1.1 A reduced wavelength distance from the electron to the photon ........................... 25 4.1.2 Ignorance of the exact location of emission . ....... 25 4.1.3 ‘Semi-bare’ electron . ................... 26 4.1.4 Field line picture of radiation . ............... 26 4.2Quantumformationlength..................... 28 II Interactions in amorphous targets 31 5 Bremsstrahlung 33 5.1Incoherentbremsstrahlung..................... 33 5.2Genericexperimentalsetup..................... 35 5.2.1 Detectors employed . ................... 35 5.3Expandedexperimentalsetup.................... 39 6 Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) effect 47 6.1 Formation length and LPM effect.................. 48 6.2 Transition radiation . ....................... 52 6.3 Dielectric suppression - the Ter-Mikaelian effect.......... 54 6.4CERNLPMExperiment...................... 55 6.5Resultsanddiscussion....................... 55 3 4 CONTENTS 6.5.1 Determination of ELPM ................... 56 6.5.2 Suppression and possible compensation . ........ 59 7 Very thin targets 61 7.1Theory................................ 62 7.1.1 Multiple scattering dominated transition radiation . .... 62 7.2MSDTRExperiment........................ 63 7.3Results................................ 64 8 Ternovskii-Shul’ga-Fomin (TSF) effect 67 8.1Theory................................ 67 8.1.1 Logarithmic thickness dependence -
SHELDON LEE GLASHOW Lyman Laboratory of Physics Harvard University Cambridge, Mass., USA
TOWARDS A UNIFIED THEORY - THREADS IN A TAPESTRY Nobel Lecture, 8 December, 1979 by SHELDON LEE GLASHOW Lyman Laboratory of Physics Harvard University Cambridge, Mass., USA INTRODUCTION In 1956, when I began doing theoretical physics, the study of elementary particles was like a patchwork quilt. Electrodynamics, weak interactions, and strong interactions were clearly separate disciplines, separately taught and separately studied. There was no coherent theory that described them all. Developments such as the observation of parity violation, the successes of quantum electrodynamics, the discovery of hadron resonances and the appearance of strangeness were well-defined parts of the picture, but they could not be easily fitted together. Things have changed. Today we have what has been called a “standard theory” of elementary particle physics in which strong, weak, and electro- magnetic interactions all arise from a local symmetry principle. It is, in a sense, a complete and apparently correct theory, offering a qualitative description of all particle phenomena and precise quantitative predictions in many instances. There is no experimental data that contradicts the theory. In principle, if not yet in practice, all experimental data can be expressed in terms of a small number of “fundamental” masses and cou- pling constants. The theory we now have is an integral work of art: the patchwork quilt has become a tapestry. Tapestries are made by many artisans working together. The contribu- tions of separate workers cannot be discerned in the completed work, and the loose and false threads have been covered over. So it is in our picture of particle physics. Part of the picture is the unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions and the prediction of neutral currents, now being celebrated by the award of the Nobel Prize. -
Curriculum Vitae Del Prof. LUCIANO MAIANI
Curriculum vitae del Prof. LUCIANO MAIANI Nato a Roma, il 16 Luglio 1941. Professore ordinario di Fisica Teorica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza” Curriculum Vitae 1964 Laurea in Fisica (110 e lode) presso l'Università di Roma. 1964 Ricercatore presso l’Istituto Superiore di Sanità. Nello stesso anno inizia la sua attività di fisico teorico collaborando con il gruppo dell'Università di Firenze guidato dal Prof. R.Gatto. 1969 Post-doctor per un semestre presso il Lyman Laboratory of Physics dell'Università di Harvard (USA). 1976/84 Professore Ordinario di Istituzioni di Fisica Teorica presso l'Università di Roma “La Sapienza” 1977 Professore visitatore presso l'Ecole Normale Superieure di Parigi. 1979/80 Professore visitatore, per un semestre, al CERN di Ginevra. 1984 Professore di Fisica Teorica presso l'Università di Roma “La Sapienza”. 1985/86 Professore visitatore per un anno al CERN di Ginevra. 1993/98 Presidente dell'Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare 1993/96 Delegato italiano presso il Council del CERN 1995/97 Presidente del Comitato Tecnico Scientifico, Fondo Ricerca Applicata, MURST 1998 Presidente del Council del CERN 1999/2003 Direttore Generale del CERN 2005 Socio Nazionale dell’Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Roma 2005-2008 Coordinatore Progetto HELEN-EuropeAid 2008 Presidente del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Laurea honoris causa Université de la Méditerranée, Aix-Marseille Università di San Pietroburgo Università di Bratislava Università di Varsavia Affiliazioni Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Socio Nazionale Fellow, American Physical Society Socio dell’Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta “dei XL” Socio dell’Accademia delle Scienze Russe Membro, Academia Europaea di Scienze ed Arti Premi 1980 Medaglia Matteucci, conferita dall'Accademia Nazionale dei XL. -
Measurement of the + ̅ Charged Current Inclusive Cross Section
Measurement of the �! + �!̅ Charged Current Inclusive Cross Section on Argon in MicroBooNE Krishan Mistry on behalf of the MicroBooNE Collaboration 15 March 2021 New Directions in Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering (NDNN) NuSTEC Workshop ICARUS T600 MicroBooNE SBND Importance of the �!-Ar cross section • MicroBooNE + SBN Program + DUNE ⇥ Employ Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LArTPCs) arXiv:1503.01520 [physics.ins-det] • Primary signal channel for these experiments is �!– Ar CC interactions arXiv:2002.03005 [hep-ex] 15 March 2021 K Mistry 2 Building a Picture of �! Interactions ArgoNeuT is the first A handful of measurements measurement made on on other nuclei in the argon hundred MeV to GeV range ⇥ Sample of 13 selected events Nuclear Physics B 133, 205 – 219 (1978) Phys. Rev. D 102, 011101(R) (2020) ⇥ Gargamelle Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 241803 (2014) ⇥ Phys. Rev. D 91, 112010 (2015) T2K J. High Energ. Phys. 2020, 114 (2020) ⇥ MINER�A Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 081802 (2016) !! " !! " Argon Other 15 March 2021 K Mistry 3 What are we measuring? ! /!̅ " # • Total �!+ �!̅ Charged Current (CC) ! ! $ /$ inclusive cross section • Signature: the neutrino event ? contains at least one electron-liKe shower Ar ⇥ No requirements on the presence (or absence) of any additional particle ⇥ Do not differentiate between �! and �!̅ Inclusive channel is the most straightforward channel to compare to predictions 15 March 2021 K Mistry 4 MicroBooNE • Measurement is performed • Features of a LArTPC using the MicroBooNE detector: LArTPC ⇥ Precise calorimetry ⇥ 4� -
Jet Structures in Higgs and New Physics Searches
Jet structures in Higgs and New Physics searches Gavin P. Salam LPTHE, UPMC Paris 6 & CNRS Focus Week on QCD in connection with BSM study at LHC IPMU, Tokyo, 10 November 2009 Part based on work with Jon Butterworth, Adam Davison (UCL), John Ellis (CERN), Tilman Plehn (Heidelberg), Are Raklev (Stockholm) Mathieu Rubin (LPTHE) and Michael Spannowsky (Oregon) LHC searches for hadronically-decaying new particles are challenging: ◮ Huge QCD backgrounds ◮ Limited mass resolution (detector & QCD effects) ◮ Complications like combinatorics, e.g. too many jets ◮ Especially true for EW-scale new particles New strategy emerging in past 2 years: boosted particle searches ◮ Heavy particles reveal themselves as jet substructure ◮ E.g. top/W/H from decay of high mass particle ◮ Or directly Higgs (etc.) production at high pt This talk ◮ 70% on one major search channel: pp HV with H bb¯ → → Butterworth, Davison, Rubin & GPS ’09 ◮ 30% on other applications of these ideas many groups, including Butterworth, Ellis, Raklev & GPS ’09; Plehn, GPS & Spannowsky ’09 LHC searches for hadronically-decaying new particles are challenging: ◮ Huge QCD backgrounds ◮ Limited mass resolution (detector & QCD effects) ◮ Complications like combinatorics, e.g. too many jets ◮ Especially true for EW-scale new particles New strategy emerging in past 2 years: boosted particle searches ◮ Heavy particles reveal themselves as jet substructure ◮ E.g. top/W/H from decay of high mass particle ◮ Or directly Higgs (etc.) production at high pt This talk ◮ 70% on one major search channel: pp HV with H bb¯ → → Butterworth, Davison, Rubin & GPS ’09 ◮ 30% on other applications of these ideas many groups, including Butterworth, Ellis, Raklev & GPS ’09; Plehn, GPS & Spannowsky ’09 LHC searches for hadronically-decaying new particles are challenging: ◮ Huge QCD backgrounds ◮ Limited mass resolution (detector & QCD effects) ◮ Complications like combinatorics, e.g. -
Works of Love
reader.ad section 9/21/05 12:38 PM Page 2 AMAZING LIGHT: Visions for Discovery AN INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM IN HONOR OF THE 90TH BIRTHDAY YEAR OF CHARLES TOWNES October 6-8, 2005 — University of California, Berkeley Amazing Light Symposium and Gala Celebration c/o Metanexus Institute 3624 Market Street, Suite 301, Philadelphia, PA 19104 215.789.2200, [email protected] www.foundationalquestions.net/townes Saturday, October 8, 2005 We explore. What path to explore is important, as well as what we notice along the path. And there are always unturned stones along even well-trod paths. Discovery awaits those who spot and take the trouble to turn the stones. -- Charles H. Townes Table of Contents Table of Contents.............................................................................................................. 3 Welcome Letter................................................................................................................. 5 Conference Supporters and Organizers ............................................................................ 7 Sponsors.......................................................................................................................... 13 Program Agenda ............................................................................................................. 29 Amazing Light Young Scholars Competition................................................................. 37 Amazing Light Laser Challenge Website Competition.................................................. 41 Foundational -
QCD at the Large Hadron Collider
QCD at the Large Hadron Collider Jon Butterworth SLAC Summer Institute SLAC August 2018 Outline • Total cross section and parton densities • The soft stuff • Jet production • Jet substructure • Heavy Flavour production • Measuring the coupling • Quark and gluon matter • Future prospects Aug 2018 JMB: QCD@LHC SSI 2 Outline • Total cross section and parton densities • The soft stuff • Jet production • Jet substructure • Heavy Flavour production • Measuring the coupling • Quark and gluon matter • Future prospects Aug 2018 JMB: QCD@LHC SSI 3 Modelling the Underlying Underlying the Event Modelling Aug 2018 JMB: QCD@LHC SSI 4 Modelling the Underlying Underlying the Event Modelling Aug 2018 JMB: QCD@LHC SSI 5 To the TeV scale and beyond… Pic from Sherpa/F.Krauss Aug 2018 JMB: QCD@LHC SSI 6 Measuring multiparton scattering ATLAS: arXiv:1301.6872 Aug 2018 JMB: QCD@LHC SSI 7 Measuring multiparton scattering CMS: arXiv:1312.5729 Aug 2018 JMB: QCD@LHC SSI 8 So what about jets then? Aug 2018 JMB: QCD@LHC SSI 9 ‘Hard’ QCD • When quarks and gluons make a break for it… Jets! Aug 2018 JMB: QCD@LHC SSI 10 ‘Hard’ QCD • When quarks and gluons make a break for it… Jets! Aug 2018 JMB: QCD@LHC SSI 11 ‘Hard’ QCD • When quarks and gluons make a break for it… Jets! Aug 2018 JMB: QCD@LHC SSI 12 What is a Jet? • Protons are made up of quarks and gluons. • Quarks and gluons are coloured and confined – we only ever see hadrons. • A jet of hadrons is the signature of a quark or gluon in the final state.