CERN's Scientific Strategy

CERN’s Scientific Strategy

Fabiola Gianotti ECFA HL-LHC Experiments Workshop, Aix-Les-Bains, 3/10/2016 CERN’s scientific strategy (based on ESPP): three pillars

Full exploitation of the LHC:  successful operation of the nominal LHC (Run 2, LS2, Run 3)  construction and installation of LHC upgrades: LIU (LHC Injectors Upgrade) and HL-LHC

Scientific diversity programme serving a broad community:  ongoing experiments and facilities at Booster, PS, SPS and their upgrades (ELENA, HIE-ISOLDE)  participation in accelerator-based neutrino projects outside Europe (presently mainly LBNF in the US) through CERN Neutrino Platform

Preparation of CERN’s future:  vibrant accelerator R&D programme exploiting CERN’s strengths and uniqueness (including superconducting high-field magnets, AWAKE, etc.)  design studies for future accelerators: CLIC, FCC (includes HE-LHC)  future opportunities of diversity programme (new): “Physics Beyond Colliders” Study Group

Important milestone: update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP): ~ 2019-2020 CERN’s scientific strategy (based on ESPP): three pillars

Covered in this WS  I will say ~nothing Full exploitation of the LHC:  successful operation of the nominal LHC (Run 2, LS2, Run 3)  construction and installation of LHC upgrades: LIU (LHC Injectors Upgrade) and HL-LHC

Important milestone: update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP): ~ 2019-2020 A few recent (important) news

 March 2016: HL-LHC included in the ESFRI (European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures) roadmap as “landmark project” in March 2016

 ESFRI 2016

 Countries can apply for EU structural funds for Phase-2 detector upgrades

 June 2016: HL-LHC project formally approved by CERN’s Council

 September 2016: Council approved a credit facility with the European Investment Bank (EIB) to cope with the cash shortage in the peak years of the HL-LHC construction (2018-2025)

4 Cumulative Budget Deficit (CBD) vs time Year

MCHF

LHC construction

 Cost of HL-LHC project: ~ 950 MCHF (experiments and injectors not included)  Project will be realised within constant CERN budget  entering a phase of budget deficit (peak CBD is reached in 2020: ~ -388 MCHF)  EIB credit facility needed over 2018-2025 5 Medium Term Plan 2017-2021 includes East Area renovation

Unique facility in Europe: provides hadron beams down to ~ 1 GeV used by a broad community:  test beams: LHC, COMPASS, BabyMind, LC detectors, SHiP, AMS, PAMELA, …  irradiation facilities: IRRAD (detector components), CHARM (accelerator R2E)  experiments: CLOUD (previously DIRAC, HARP); Beam-Line-for-School

24 GeV beam from PS 

Today: very old equipment, lack of spares, manpower/time-consuming interventions, safety issues Renovation during LS2:  new pulsed magnets, power converters, cooling and ventilation, electrical infrastructure  significant energy savings  increase beam energy up to 15 GeV ( overlap with NA beams), better particle separation 6 CERN scientific strategy (based on ESPP): three pillars

Full exploitation of the LHC:  successful operation of the nominal LHC (Run 2, LS2, Run 3)  construction and installation of LHC upgrades: LIU (LHC Injectors Upgrade) and HL-LHC

Important milestone: update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP): ~ 2019-2020 CERN’s scientific diversity programme AD: Antiproton Decelerator for antimatter studies AWAKE: proton-induced plasma wakefield acceleration CAST, OSQAR: axions CLOUD: impact of cosmic rays on aeorosols and clouds  implications on climate COMPASS: hadron structure and spectroscopy ISOLDE: radioactive nuclei facility NA61/Shine: heavy ions and neutrino targets NA62: rare kaon decays NA63: radiation processes in strong EM fields NA64: search for dark photons Neutrino Platform: 훎 detectors R&D for experiments in US, Japan ~20 experiments, > 1200 physicists n-TOF: n-induced cross-sections UA9: crystal collimation8 Antiproton Decelerator and its upgrade (ELENA)

6 experiments: AEgIS, ALPHA, ASACUSA, ATRAP, BASE, GBAR (in construction). Precise spectroscopic and gravity measurements of antimatter using p-bar (traps) and anti-H (traps and beams)  some of today’s most stringent limits on CPT Upgrade: ELENA (additional decelerating and cooling ring) commissioning starting  p-bar decelerated to 100 keV with ELENA (3 MeV today at AD)  x 10-100 larger trapping efficiency and parallel operation of (more) experiments

9 Antiproton Decelerator and its upgrade (ELENA)

6 experiments: AEgIS, ALPHA, ASACUSA, ATRAP, BASE, GBAR (in construction). Precise spectroscopic and gravity measurements of antimatter using p-bar (traps) and anti-H (traps and beams)  some of today’s most stringent limits on CPT Upgrade: ELENA (additional decelerating and cooling ring) commissioning starting  p-bar decelerated to 100 keV with ELENA (~3 MeV today at AD)  x 10-100 larger trapping efficiency and parallel operation of (more) experiments

ELENA commissioning started. Experiments will be connected in LS2

10 CERN neutrino activities

11 European Strategy 2013 Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) at FNAL The CERN Neutrino Platform

South Dakota 1.2 MW p beam, 60-120 GeV Wide-band 휈 beam 0.5-2.5 GeV

DUNE experiment: 4x10 kt LAr detectors ~1.5 km underground

Far site construction starts ~2017, 1st detector installed ~2022, beam from FNAL ~ 2026

FNAL Short-Baseline Neutrino programme Neutrino beam from Booster Start ~2018

ICARUS T600 (476 t) MicroBooNE (89 t) SBND (112 t) CERN neutrino platform Ready for beam tests in 2018 (before LS2)

Goals:  Provide charged beams and test space to neutrino community  North Area extension  Neutrino detector R&D, e.g. to demonstrate the large-scale LAr technology (cryostats, cryogenics, detectors)  Support neutrino experiments in US and Japan (e.g. construction of first cryostat for DUNE; BabyMIND muon spectrometer for WAGASCI experiment at JPARC)

Refurbishment of ICARUS T600 Construction and test of two “full-scale” prototypes of DUNE for FNAL short baseline drift cells: ~ 6x6x6 m3, ~ 700 tons  ship beg 2017

single-phase (liquid) double-phase “proto-DUNE” (liquid+gas) “proto-DUNE” CERN scientific strategy (based on ESPP): three pillars

Full exploitation of the LHC:  successful operation of the nominal LHC (Run 2, LS2, Run 3)  construction and installation of LHC upgrades: LIU (LHC Injectors Upgrade) and HL-LHC

Important milestone: update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP): ~ 2019-2020 Compact Linear Collider (CLIC)

Linear e+e- collider √s up to 3 TeV

100 MV/m accelerating gradient needed for compact (~50 km) machine  based on normal-conducting accelerating structures and a two-beam acceleration scheme

 Direct discovery potential and precise measurements of new particles (couplings to Z/γ*) up to m~ 1.5 TeV Parameter Unit 380 GeV 3 TeV  Indirect sensitivity to E scales Λ ~ O(100) TeV Centre-of-mass energy TeV 0.38 3  Measurements of “heavy” Higgs Total luminosity 1034cm-2s-1 1.5 5.9 couplings: ttH to ~ 4%, HH ~ 10% Luminosity above 99% of √s 1034cm-2s-1 0.9 2.0 Repetition frequency Hz 50 50 Number of bunches per train 352 312 Most recent operating scenario: start Bunch separation ns 0.5 0.5 at √s=380 GeV for H and top physics Acceleration gradient MV/m 72 100 CLIC

Challenges: CDR completed end 2012  for ES update:  minimise RF breakdown rate in cavities  develop plan for staged implementation  efficient RF power transfer from drive to main beam  complete key R&D studies  reduce power consumption (600 MW at 3 TeV)  review cost and schedule  nm size beams, final focus  huge beamstrahlung in detectors

CTF3 facility: testing two-beam acceleration concept: efficient power transfer from high-intensity low-E “drive” beam to the accelerating structure of the main (“probe”) beam.  to be completed in 2016

CLIC construction could technically start ~2025, CLIC two-beam module under test in CTF3 duration ~6 years for √s ~ 380 GeV (11 km Linac)  physics could start by ~2035 Future Circular Colliders (FCC)

Conceptual design study of a ~100 km ring:  pp collider (FCC-hh): ultimate goal  defines infrastructure requirements √s ~ 100 TeV, L~2x1035; 4 IP, ~20 ab-1/expt  e+e- collider (FCC-ee): possible first step √s = 90-350 GeV, L~200-2 x 1034; 2 IP  pe collider (FCC-he): option √s ~ 3.5 TeV, L~1034

Goal: CDR in time for next ES

Also part of the study: HE-LHC: FCC-hh dipole technology (~16 T) in LHC tunnel  √s ~ 30 TeV

Machine studies are site-neutral. However, FCC at CERN would greatly benefit from existing laboratory infrastructure and accelerator complex 90-100 km ring fits geology FCC

FCC-hh: ~100 TeV pp collider is expected to:  explore directly the 10-50 TeV E-scale  conclusive exploration of EWSB dynamics The two machines are  say the final word about heavy WIMP dark matter complementary and synergetic FCC-ee: 90-350 GeV  measure many Higgs couplings to few permill  indirect sensitivity to E-scale up to O(100 TeV) by improving by ~20-200 times

the precision of EW parameters measurements, ΔMW < 1 MeV, Δmtop ~ 10 MeV

Many huge technological, design and operational challenges: e.g. ~16 T Nb3Sn magnets

“Natural” continuation of LHC and HL-LHC programmes: step-wise approach, each step deployed and operated in a (big) accelerator:  LHC: Nb Ti technology: 8.3 T

 HL-LHC: Nb3Sn technology (11 T dipoles in IR7, 12-13 T peak field low-훽 quads in IR1, IR5)

End 2015: Nb3Sn dipole (1.8 m) reached 11.3 T (> nominal) w/o quenches March 2016: Nb3Sn quadrupole (1.5 m long, aperture =150 mm) reached 18 kA (nominal: 16.5 kA). 2 coils from CERN + 2 coils from US “Physics Beyond Colliders” Study Group established in March 2016

Mandate Explore opportunities offered by the (very rich) CERN accelerator complex to address outstanding questions in particle physics through projects:

 complementary to high-energy colliders (HL-LHC, HE-LHC, CLIC, FCC, etc.)  we know there is new physics, we don’t know where it is  we need to be as broad as possible in our exploratory approach

 exploiting the unique capabilities of CERN accelerator complex and infrastructure and complementary to other efforts in the world:  optimise the resources of the discipline globally

Report by end 2018  in time for update of European Strategy

Goal is also to enrich and diversify CERN’s future scientific programme. Study Group will involve interested worldwide community, and create synergies with other laboratories and institutions in Europe (and beyond).

 Overall coordinators: Joerg Jaeckel (Heidelberg; theory), Mike Lamont (CERN; accelerator), Claude Vallée (CPPM and DESY; experimental physics) 19 6-7 September 2016: kick-off meeting

> 300 participants (75% from outside CERN)

20 Covered topics:  Theoretical motivations  Accelerator complex opportunities  Potential of upgrades of existing projects  Ideas for new projects

Presented ideas include:  Beam dump facilities to study hidden particles  Proton EDM measurement using a small storage ring  Searches for axions  Ultra-rare decays of known particles

Emphasis on extremely-weakly-coupled, light particles

21 SHiP = Search for Hidden Particles

 Goal: comprehensive investigation of ”dark sector” particles in the few GeV energy range: scalar (e.g. Higgs singlets), fermions (e.g. heavy neutral leptons), vectors (e.g. dark photons).

ℒ= ℒSM + ℒPORTAL + ℒDS

Present in several BSM scenarios addressing DM, neutrino masses, baryogenesis problems  Beam dump facility: 400 GeV protons from SPS on target  ~2x1020 POT in 5 years  Produced e.g. in D decays; detected via decays into lepton, photon, hadron, hadron-lepton pairs

 Long (50 m) evacuated decay vessel  Most crucial experimental issue is to reject huge backgrounds  heavy target, hadron absorber, active muon shield, veto and time detectors, particle ID, etc. SHiP = Search for Hidden Particles

Heavy Neutral Leptons Dark photons

SHiP

휈MSM: 3 RH neutrinos added to the SM

(N1: DM candidate; N2, N3: 휈 masses and baryogenesis ). They mix with active neutrinos. Conclusions

Full exploitation of the LHC physics potential with the HL-LHC phase is the top priority of the ESPP and the highest near-term large-project priority of the US P5 roadmap. LHC/HL-LHC is CERN’s flagship project for the next 20 years

Future colliders are an essential component of any strategy aiming at improving our knowledge of fundamental physics. N.B.: historically, accelerators have been our most powerful tool for exploration in particle physics

Scientific diversity is also crucial. Today’s outstanding questions in fundamental physics can only be successfully addressed through the variety of approaches the field has developed (thanks also to strong advances in accelerator and detector technologies): colliders, neutrino experiments, dark matter direct and indirect searches, precision measurements of rare processes, dedicated searches of very-weakly-interacting exotic particles, cosmic surveys, …

New ideas, vigorous technological developments, perseverance, judicious choices, as well as global collaboration, will be needed to realize a broad, compelling, financially and technically affordable programme, combining complementary approaches, and hopefully allowing the largest number of open questions to be addressed successfully.