PoS(EPS-HEP2011)034

sa.it - Moreover, options options for . http://pos.sis

This contribution

proton collider - tron

ShareAlike ShareAlike Licence. - HEP2011 - y y be complemented by a linear electron energy physics and reports on energy elec - - NonCommercial - target experiments is outlined. -

ey ey messages for forward. the way by a highby and/or

rogramme with fixed an an outlook from Europe for high

Alpes - energy colliders at the energy frontier for the years to come. The immediate plans include - Rolf.Heuer@cern.ch 27 27 2011 -

Dieter Heuer

by the Internationalby Linear Collider, a rich particle physics p describes the various future directions, all of which have a unique value to add to experimental particle physics, and concludes by outlining k This paper presents high the exploitation of the LHC at its design luminosity and energy as well as upgrades to the LHC (luminosity and energy) and to its injectors. This ma positron collider, based on the technology being developed by the Compact Linear Collider and 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland - - mail: Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons the ofCommons author(s) the terms the Attribution Creative owned by Copyright under -

The 2011Grenoble, Rhône Europhysics ConferenceJuly 21 on High Energy Physics

Rolf CERN CH E An Outlook from Europe Europe from Outlook An

PoS(EPS-HEP2011)034

. - 1 - s

2 -

proton proton - cm

34

Dieter Heuer - up previously Rolf

ion collision mode, ion mode, collision sity sity of 10 - and LHCb experiments. experiments. and LHCb , , is primarily a proton LHCf, MoEDAL and TOTEM. MoEDAL LHCf,

- he he LHC is the elucidation of the nature of TeV TeV and nominal lumino

2

gluon plasma in the very early Universe. early the very in plasma gluon shown shown in Figure 1 -

, n mode. io - intensity intensity beams, the LHC is opening antimatter asymmetry. With the heavy asymmetry. antimatter - - mass mass energy of 14 ersymmetry ersymmetry (SUSY) theory, due to their high production cross - of - proton collision rate and the tens of interactions per crossing result in Collider Collider (LHC) [1] -

up. In Sup - energy energy and high lso operated in heavy lso operated - The LHC accelerator and the ALICE, ATLAS, CMS CMS ATLAS, the ALICE, and accelerator The LHC

: ensions and on matter ensions and There are also three smaller experiments experiments smaller three also are There Figure 1 Figure time dim time -

With With the excellent performance of the LHC machine, experiments and computing to date, The The Large Hadron The Large Hadron Collider and Key Questions in Particle Questions inPhysics and Particle Key Collider Hadron The Large sections, sections, squarks and gluinos of the number forces, of on the unification information will also LHC The provide luminosities. can be produced in space significant numbers even the quark of formation the probe will the LHC at modest inside inside matter and providing further understanding of processes that occurred very early in the history of the Universe. Of central importance to t electroweak symmetry breaking, for which the Higgs mechanism and the accompanying Higgs boson(s) are presumed to be responsible. The reach for new physics at the LHC is considerable already at LHC start data. The LHC is a is The LHC data. particle physics has entered a new and exciting era unparalleled of research high and discovery. By colliding unexplored territory at the TeV scale in great detail, allowing the experiments to probe deeper 1. collider with a design centre The high 40 MHz proton an enormous challenge for the experiments and for the collection, storage and analysis of the An Outlook from Europe PoS(EPS-HEP2011)034

up up -

Dieter Heuer -

energy energy proton - Rolf energy energy physics at - luminosity luminosity upgrade - , to complete the PS

installation of the pressure the pressure of installation 2012 will be followed by a

-

lowing:

stabilizers stabilizers (splices) to allow for safe - field magnets for a higher connect connect LINAC4 [2] -

stabilizer work, the stabilizer work, to - 3

ound 2030 is determined by the full exploitation full exploitation the by 2030 is determined ound

2014 with the following objectives: following the with 2014

magnet magnet copper -

ion operations periods in 2011 -

Upgrades magnet copper magnet -

, , the LHC will be operated towards 7 TeV/beam with increased onsolidation onsolidation to the machine and detectors and through the build

essitated essitated by the physics, these initiatives will position CERN as the

proton and Pb

- is shutdown, the collimation system will also be upgraded at Point 3. at Point be upgraded will also system collimation the is shutdown, Consolidation and Consolidation LHC), LHC), if nec - 2018, a long shutdown is scheduled Luminosity LHC Luminosity

intensities and luminosities. and intensities In Booster energy upgrade, to finalize the collimation system enhancement and to install LHC detector improvements. After this shutdown, a further period of three years of Preparation Preparation of the modifications and c LHC for inventory. a spares adequate of an long operational lifetime through appropriate In the years until 2018 Exploitation Exploitation of the physics potential of the LHC up to design conditions in the light of physics. for the schedule optimizing by and experience running The experiments will use the shutdown to implement a programme of and upgrades. improvements consolidation, rupture rupture disks (DN200) will be completed and around 20 magnets which are known to have problems for high energy will be repaired or replaced. In addition, out. carried will be work upgrade and consolidation PS and SPS th During To repair and consolidate the inter LHC. of the forlifetime the TeV/beam to 7 up operation inter the the shadow of In

The strategy for the LHC for the coming years is the fol the is years coming the for LHC for the strategy The

The The LHC proton The coming years will lay the foundation for the next decades of high

LHC). Together with superconducting higher - High LHC Consolidation LHC

The LHC 2.2 laboratory at the energy frontier. energy the at laboratory 2.1 into well extending 2013 and in shutdown long the LHC. The LHC research programme untilar programme research The LHC the LHC. of its physics potential, consisting of the design luminosity and (HL the high collider (HE An Outlook from Europe 2. PoS(EPS-HEP2011)034

the the LHC LHC 2022 ssues ssues - Flight - obtained obtained of - periments periments

Dieter Heuer - LHC LHC machine is Rolf - materials materials and the

search search ex The The success of the

with with good physics LHC LHC implies an annual

- here. TeV injector; emittance

&D &D to reach dipole fields - uminosity uminosity of the order of i.e. , the neutron Time LHC LHC studies have started at - , , the axion grade is scheduled for the for the is scheduled grade T with beam. arameter arameter of the HE sign sign luminosity is planned (with short

LHC up LHC . the magnet R

-

target target experiments can be found in the deteriorated deteriorated due to radiation effects, such -

erconductors erconductors ( target physics programme, consisting of

-

4

in in the second decade of running. The HL n Decelerator (AD) [3] gradient gradient quadrupole magnets for the arcs and the LHC project LHC - the the variety of superconducting

- f operating at 20 1 - Separator Separator (ISOLDE) [5] HE fb and only a few examples are given are a few examples and only

temperature temperature superconductor (HTS). Additional open i - 300 - the the practical sup is based on the hypothesis of allsubstituting the present dipoles

term term plans include a total integrated l - and at the external lines of the Proton Synchrotron (PS) and Super D D include high and

& and and high cycling cycling superconducting magnets for a 1

- &D and upgrades to make optimal use of the LHC luminosity. LHC of the use optimal make to and upgrades &D

Al

3 Line Isotope Mass - depends critically on the success of f Experiments [8] f Experiments (recorded) (recorded) by the end of the life of the LHC. The HL

1 - Sn, Sn, Nb LHC LHC 3 - he machine whose performance will have , the On to start the realization of the the of realization the to start eat eat load; and a study of the dynamic vacuum. The HE the inner triplet quadrupole magnets. The HL magnets. quadrupole triplet inner the Nb

LHC detector R detector LHC upgrade upgrade is also required to to implement modifications elements in the insertion regions of t as shutdown. long technical stops around the end of each year). of each end the around stops technical The ambitious longer 3000 fb luminosity of about 250 LHC LHC operation at 7 TeV/beam and at least the de 2033 Besides Besides the LHC, CERN has a rich fixed theenergy beyond the Increasing of beam energy 7 TeV thenominal can LHC be This strategy is also driven by the necessity to bring the LHC injector chain and

- Higher Energy LHC Energy Higher

Fixed Target Programme Target Fixed CERN Database o Database CERN experiments experiments at the facilities of the Antiproto (nTOF) [4] CAST [6] and OSQAR [7] Proton Synchrotron (SPS). Information on all fixed CERN CERN within an international collaboration and a first estimate provides a timeline of between 2030 3. are NbTi, that require continuing R interaction regions; fast control in the regime of strong synchrotron damping; cryogenic handling radiation of h the synchrotron the 16.5 TeV energy, beam with new, more powerful ones, capable o study for HE around 20 T in a continuous useful bore. new Despite discoveries, characteristics, good workability and suitability to cabling) are limited. The candidate materials 2.3 by raising the mean field in the dipole The magnets. main p technical technical and general infrastructure up to the high standards required for a world laboratory in complex. CERN the of operation reliable ensure toorder An Outlook from Europe PoS(EPS-HEP2011)034

.

n Figure 2 Dieter Heuer -

has has reported its

Rolf observed observed the first tau

hydrogen hydrogen atoms by the - and is shown i

experiment the first neutrino interaction interaction the neutrino first

[12]

, measure the oscillation of muon programme programme has the aim of studying

energy energy antiprotons for studies of antimatter

- he ATHENA and ATRAP experiments at the

5

atoms atoms for the first time. Currently, the AD serves

ICARUS ICARUS [11] - tiny liquid or solid particles suspended in the (CNGS) (CNGS) [9]

- in in this case to assess the suitability of antiprotons for and s

atoms. atoms. In 2002 t - results having been published in Nature. been published having results

shed shed in the journal Nature, the CLOUD Figure 2: The CNGS neutrino beam from CERN to Sasso. Gran CERN from beam neutrino The CNGS 2: Figure is is a unique machine providing low under controlled laboratory conditions. Atmospheric aerosols are thought to be

mation mation is therefore important for understanding the climate. The CLOUD results

experiments, experiments, OPERA [10] -

o candidate event in their detector and ICARUS has detected and ICARUS their detector in event candidate o In In a paper publi The AD

The The CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso the formation of atmospheric atmosphere aerosol responsible for a large fraction of the seeds that form cloud droplets. the Understanding process of aerosol for show that trace vapours assumed until now to account for aerosol formation in the lower cancer cancer therapy. Recent highlights inlcude the first ALPHA and ASACUSA trapping experiments, and of the precision measurements anti of the antiproton mass with both ASACUSA, by first results. The CLOUD experiment has been designed to study the effect of cosmic rays on and in particular for creating anti AD successfully made large numbers of anti three experiments that are studying antimatter: ALPHA, ASACUSA experiment, and ACE, also uses ATRAP. antiprotons, A fourth in their T600 module. T600 module. in their neutrino oscillations. The CNGS beam consists primarily of muon neutrinos sent from CERN toof consists The CERN neutrinos beam muon from primarily neutrinosent oscillations. CNGS the Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS), 732 km away in Italy There, two neutrinos to tau neutrinos in the intervening long baseline. OPERA has neutrin An Outlook from Europe PoS(EPS-HEP2011)034

- - m and and

HIE n. The The n. positron positron [13] - and and

luminosity luminosity Dieter Heuer -

d cooling ring Rolf energy energy electron - design design &D. &D. energy energy drive bea - from from the LHC will be

48.3 km. 48.3 , the accelerating gradient up to up 3 TeV, the . The collider is based on using energy energy main beam with a high 3 -

up to

hadron (e.g. SPS and the Tevatron), - C

energy energy electron and positron beams. The 6 -

he Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) l with the necessary detector R detector necessary the l with

mass mass energy is - s shown in Figure collaborations. collaborations. Options for a high i of

- target programme are being prepared. They include -

[14] being considered. As in the past, there is a synergy between between a synergy is there the past, in As considered. being

lepton lepton colliders (e.g. LEP and SLC). Such synergies should - also also are are out of the CLIC - [15] [15]

be be used to advantage. The discovery of the Standard Model over the past

lay Positron Collider Positron

- , the main linear accelerator frequency is 12 GHz 1 -

s

2 - cm

34 conceptual hadron (HERA) and lepton energy energy electron beams to drive high - - The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) Collider Linear Compact The

The Great opportunities are in store at the TeV scale and a fuller understanding of Nature will New New projects for CERN’s fixed

Linear Electron

Colliders at the Energy Frontier beyond LH the Energy Frontier at the Colliders

e continued in the future and thus a strategy has been developed along these lines. The above xceeds xceeds 10 is 100 MeV/m and the total length of the main linear accelerators is accelerators linear main the of length total and the MeV/m is 100 lower fundamental principle is that of a conventional AC transformer. The lower serves as a radiofrequency source that accelerates accelerating gradient. The nominal the centre high e effort on accelerators should advance in paralle advance should on accelerators effort 4.1 4.1.1 proton collider (LHeC) collider proton collider types that can few decades has advanced through the synergy of hadron lepton b indication indication of any new physics at energies up to several TeV. First results of take will Many in the the open physics future. particle that the direction decisive in indicating questions left by the LHC and its upgrades collider, may based be on addressed technology best developed by by an t electron International Linear Collider (ILC) being investigated. being 4. come about through a clearer insight at this energy level. The LHC will provide a first results also show that ionisation from cosmic rays significantly enhances aerosol formation. aerosol enhances significantly rays cosmic from ionisation that show also results ELENA, an upgrade to the AD which incorporates an additional decelerating an to bring the antiproton kinetic energy down to 100 keV ISOLDE, from an the intensity current and 5 energy upgrade MeV; to ISOLDE. Moreover, new neutrino projects are An Outlook from Europe productio aerosol atmospheric observed the of fraction a tiny only explain can atmosphere PoS(EPS-HEP2011)034

- a

wer wer after after rays rays are - length length Dieter Heuer - is underway and and underway is Rolf pulse pulse s the European X positron positron collider at lo tenth that of the ILC - nominal nominal -

. stage stage technical design phase - the out - for for &D &D on engineering and cost issues

onstruction of the XFEL of the onstruction f length one per per metre

7 7 -

10 is rays. up to The brought energy electron GeV 20

mass mass energy. A two -

- of The CLIC general lay general The CLIC -

is is an option for a linear electron . &D &D phase. In particular, the target accelerating gradient is , coherent X 4 - Figure 3: Figure

experimental stations. C stations. experimental

C C warrants, the next phase of R is based on a more conventional design for acceleration using

shown in Figure , high high and requires very aggressive performance from the accelerating structures. 2012 is presently underway, culminating in a Technical Design Report. A major - short of spatially pulses kdown kdown probability of less than 3 - The International Linear Collider (ILC) Collider Linear International The

The The ILC The The mandate of the team CLIC is to the of feasibility demonstrate the concept, CLIC to be The CLIC project is in its R

and ultra through a superconducting superconducting linear linear accelerator, and conveyed accelerator, to to the and delivered generated long o undulators where the X in 2015 start to planned is operation superconducting superconducting standing wave cavities with a nominal accelerating field of 31.5 MeV/m and total length of 31 km at 500 GeV centre during 2010 contribution from Europe and from DESY to the ILC Global Design Effort i ray Laser Project XFEL at DESY. The purpose of the facility is to generate extremely brilliant project approval. project 4.1.2 energies than CLIC and low low brea hours. 1200 for cavities radiofrequency the of conditioning published by 2012 in a Conceptual Design Report. If this effort is successful, physics and revealed by if the the LH new will be launched. This would serve as the basis for a Technical Design Report and a request for considerably considerably a with in structure an very has been exceeded unloaded accelerating gradient The CLIC nominal An Outlook from Europe PoS(EPS-HEP2011)034

respect respect and Dieter Heuer the the ILC and -

Rolf high high priority for both between

.

out of the ILC the out of -

8

A schematic lay schematic A

Figure 4: Figure

n measurements n measurements demand a new approach to the reconstruction. Particle

precisio -

on on would facilitate the exchange of concepts and R&D work &D &D on key components of the detector for a linear collider is and mandatory is also well in the future. In the meantime, items to be addressed as a matter of Detector Challenges Detector Towards a Single Linear Collider Project Collider Linear a Single Towards R The The strategy to address key issues common to both linear colliders involves close

underway. underway. High flow, namely reconstruction of all channels. detection the of dimensions in three granularity particles, is thus proposed and requires unprecedented CLIC CLIC linear collider projects engineering. include the construction costs, power 4.1.4 consumption and value 4.1.3 collaboration between ILC and CLIC. Recent progress has been encouraging in this a first common meeting between ILC collaborati and CLIC was held in February 2008. Such close An Outlook from Europe PoS(EPS-HEP2011)034

ssibly ssibly proton proton - based on a to to po

Dieter Heuer

- - tron tron Collider up Rolf density density matter at - &D should also be be also should &D R

. power proton sources, matic range by matic range a factor - C . The projected physics ring ring option e x - H consisting of a new ring in the of a new consisting in the ring

SPL), SPL), in line with European - - are being The considered. LHeC

- D D for high the the Large Hadron Elec and a linac & -

- ring ring option - datory, datory, as such machines could potentially

riments riments 9

proton proton collider and in the inverse Bjorken - precision study of QCD and of high , the LHeC could exceed the corresponding HERA

- 1 2 &D on the above collider projects, projects, collider on theabove &D - s . Both a Both ring . Q

5 2

- The projected physics reach of L of reach physics The projected

: cm

33

lerator lerator studies. For example, R Figure 5 Figure energy energy electron n in Figure -

a a high power superconducting proton linac (HP - momentum momentum squared -

Hadron Collider Hadron - is being considered for the high ddition to continuing focused R ddition to continuing

-

a In

The The option of 0 in the four Generic Accelerator R&D Accelerator Generic Lepton

such as the high participation in neutrino physics, should continue. Moreover, techniques studies based for on novel acceleration plasma acceleration is man provide the high acceleration gradients to reach the high energies required colliders. future by the physics at 4.3 supported for generic acce Conceptual Design Report will be completed by the end of 2011. end the by be completed will Report Design Conceptual values values of luminosity by integrated two orders of and magntitude the kine of 2 is the show reach LHeC of LHC tunnel with bypasses around the LHC expe linac recirculating recovery with or energy on a straight linac (LHeC) the energy frontier. The LHeC design consists of an electron beam of 60 GeV ( 140 GeV) colliding with protons of 7 TeV energy from the LHC. Assuming an electron design luminosity of about 10 An Outlook from Europe 4.2 PoS(EPS-HEP2011)034

term term - energy energy - . CERN le particle le particle Dieter Heuer -

Rolf n, construction and countries countries with particle up of the LHC allows - institutes, institutes, universities and

y y 2006 in Lisbon [16] energy physicsenergy today require projects - laboratories are changing their missions. changing are laboratories

physics, should be encouraged. be should physics,

&D &D and technical design work to enable the 10

ncil Strategy Group, which organized an open

coordinated coordinated European strategy. This process started article ordination ordination and more collaboration on a global scale. - -

eeds to define now the most appropriate organizational energy energy frontier to be the premier physics priority for the - onary advances in the understanding of the microcosm and of the microcosm the understanding in advances onary gh a new and exciting era. The start

2013. realized. Moreover, Moreover, realized. - out. It would be necessary to engage all - es of science) are larger becoming and more Funding expensive. for making making concerning the energy frontier will be in the next few years. -

d need intensified efforts in R

from from the LHC guide will the way in particle physics for years. many It is expected s as partners in accelerator development, construction, commissioning and xploitation xploitation leading to important input for the update of the European strategy for wide partnerships for global, regional and national projects, namely for the namely who and national for projects, wide regional global, partnerships - The particle physics community n Results Results Particle Particle physics has entered All this leads to the need for more co Particle Particle physics will need to adapt to the evolving situation. Facilities for high European European particle physics is founded on strong national Key Messages Key The European Strategy for Particle Physics Particle for Strategy The European

form form and needs to be open and inventive in doing so, and it should be a dialogue between the scientists, funding agencies and politicians. It is mandatory to have accelerator laboratories in all region and planning execution ofexploitation. Furthermore, high world Particle Particle physics is now in an exciting period of accelerator planning, desig running and woul decisions for the future course and global collaboration coupled with stability of support over scales. time long particle particle physics experiments at the highest collision energies. The expectations from the LHC revoluti provide itare great, as would a change fundamental to our view of the early Due Universe. to the location of the LHC, CERN term. long in the the microcosm of understanding further to to contribute position is a unique in that the period of decision stability stability and support through physics communities and to integrate the communities in the developing countries. The funding agencies should in their turn provide a global view and synergies between various domains of astrop and physics particle as such research, physics physics (as for other branch the field is not increasing and being facilities fewer in resulting the timescale for projects is becoming longer, both factors Expertise in particle physics needs to be maintained in all regions, ensuring the long particle physics planned for 2012 for planned physics particle 6. strategy strategy document being signed unanimously by Council in Jul considers that experiments at the hi coming years. This direction for future colliders at CERN follows the priorities set in 2006 by the CERN Council Strategy Group. The years 2010 and 2011 are seeing the start of the physics LHC e laboratories, laboratories, working in conjunction with CERN. The increased and globalization, scale of particle concentration physics require a well with the establishment of the symposium in CERN Orsay in Cou early 2006, a final workshop in Zeuthen in May 2006 and with the An Outlook from Europe 5. PoS(EPS-HEP2011)034

to to ear ear een een ing ing of positron positron - Dieter Heuer - Rolf Moreover, Moreover, studies Many Many thanks go

&D &D associated with future Member Member States to establish - present present and future colliders in energy energy linear electron

- of

egotiations egotiations with Israel for Associate collider. collider. The R

s s for a luminosity upgrade.

11

proton

conference, which also provided the opportinuty to to opportinuty the also provided which conference,

- . In the coming years, the priorities are the full ocess ocess of greater integration with CERN. Romania is a outlook outlook from Europe ations to examine the role of CERN in the light of n

h h preparation ey for Associate Membership have started. A number of other of other A number started. have for Membership Associate ey on collider of our Universe and the discovery of the Standard Model of

at an electron of the Universe. the of very interesting interesting very

hadr the organizers the fororganizers the invitation to make this contribution and for the - and and

t t 5%

art collider facilities at the energy frontier, the past decades have s stage stage to full Membership have been concluded; and negotiations with -

- the - embership embership status is to be introduced to allow non

of Europe’s Europe’s future plans and projects in particle physics. - Accession Accession to CERN Membership; n an electron per per we have provided a hysics hysics opportunities offered by proton colliders with those available at a lin

and and positron collider -

I I would like to thank In In this pa With With state Several Several countries are now in the pr CERN CERN Council opened the door to greater integration in particle physics when it recently Conclusions Opening Door the Acknowledgements

look look ahead to contribution. this preparing in assistance his for Tsesmelis Emmanuel 9. of the organization excellent for for increasing the beam energy of the LHC are underway. It will be review necessary to the keep under physics drivers for future proton accelerator compare options the p and it will be necessary to electron in parallel. continue to needs colliders exploring the remaining 95% remaining the exploring particle physics at the energy frontier, such as the LHC, high colliders, exploitation of the LHC together wit 8. precision studies of abou Particle Physics. With the advent of the LHC, particle physics is now at the beginn Candidate Candidate to Membership as a pre Turk and Slovenia Serbia, Cyprus, Membership. Associate in interest expressed also have countries increasing increasing globalization in particle physics. The key points agreed by states Council shall be include eligible for CERN a) Membership, irrespective of all their geographical location; b) a new Associate M or intensify their institutional links with CERN; and c) sited. are they wherever the be enabled to is projects participation of CERN in global partnerships. 7. unanimously adopted the recommend An Outlook from Europe physics programme. The exciting times ahead should be used to advantage to establish such PoS(EPS-HEP2011)034

Dieter Heuer -

Rolf DesignReport.html - _Statement.pdf \ Study/ -

ern.ch/lhec

strategygroup/Strategy -

study.web.cern.ch/CLIC -

SDoc/acc/ad/

http://lhc.web.cern.ch/lhc/LHC 12

cngs/ http://lhec.web.c

- ,

http://www.linearcollider.org/ , http://clic , (LHeC)

(ILC)

(CLIC)

http://linac4.web.cern.ch/linac4/ cngs.web.cern.ch/proj - strategygroup.web.cern.ch/council - target target Experiments, http://greybook.cern.ch/

- Linear Linear Collider http://proj

ompact http://council

OPERA, OPERA, http://operaweb.lngs.infn.it/ ICARUS, http://www.nu.to.infn.it/exp/all/icarus/ CLOUD, http://cloud.web.cern.ch/cloud/ C International ColliderLinear HadronLarge electron Collider The European Strategy for Particle Physics, AD AD Accelerator, http://psdoc.web.cern.ch/P The nTOF http://pceet075.cern.ch/ Facility, ISOLDE, http://isolde.web.cern.ch/isolde/ CAST, http://cast.web.cern.ch/CAST/ OSQAR, http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1045979 Fixed CERN CNGS, LHC LHC Design Report, Volumes I, II and III, LINAC4 Accelerator,

[15] [16] [12] [13] [14] [8] [9] [10] [11] [4] [5] [6] [7] [1] [2] [3] An Outlook from Europe References