Fifty Years of the CERN Proton Synchrotron: Volume 2
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CERN Courier–Digital Edition
CERNMarch/April 2021 cerncourier.com COURIERReporting on international high-energy physics WELCOME CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the March/April 2021 issue of CERN Courier. Hadron colliders have contributed to a golden era of discovery in high-energy physics, hosting experiments that have enabled physicists to unearth the cornerstones of the Standard Model. This success story began 50 years ago with CERN’s Intersecting Storage Rings (featured on the cover of this issue) and culminated in the Large Hadron Collider (p38) – which has spawned thousands of papers in its first 10 years of operations alone (p47). It also bodes well for a potential future circular collider at CERN operating at a centre-of-mass energy of at least 100 TeV, a feasibility study for which is now in full swing. Even hadron colliders have their limits, however. To explore possible new physics at the highest energy scales, physicists are mounting a series of experiments to search for very weakly interacting “slim” particles that arise from extensions in the Standard Model (p25). Also celebrating a golden anniversary this year is the Institute for Nuclear Research in Moscow (p33), while, elsewhere in this issue: quantum sensors HADRON COLLIDERS target gravitational waves (p10); X-rays go behind the scenes of supernova 50 years of discovery 1987A (p12); a high-performance computing collaboration forms to handle the big-physics data onslaught (p22); Steven Weinberg talks about his latest work (p51); and much more. To sign up to the new-issue alert, please visit: http://comms.iop.org/k/iop/cerncourier To subscribe to the magazine, please visit: https://cerncourier.com/p/about-cern-courier EDITOR: MATTHEW CHALMERS, CERN DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY IOP PUBLISHING ATLAS spots rare Higgs decay Weinberg on effective field theory Hunting for WISPs CCMarApr21_Cover_v1.indd 1 12/02/2021 09:24 CERNCOURIER www. -
Optical Stochastic Cooling Experiment at the Fermilab Iota Ring* J
FERMILAB-CONF-18-182-AD OPTICAL STOCHASTIC COOLING EXPERIMENT AT THE FERMILAB IOTA RING* J. D. Jarvis†, V. Lebedev, H. Piekarz, A. L. Romanov, J. Ruan, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510-5011, USA M. B. Andorf, P. Piot1, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL 60115, USA 1also at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510-5011, USA Abstract Beam cooling enables an increase of peak and average luminosities and significantly expands the discovery po- tential of colliders; therefore, it is an indispensable com- ponent of any modern design. Optical Stochastic Cooling (OSC) is a high-bandwidth, beam-cooling technique that Figure 1: Simplified conceptual schematic of an optical will advance the present state-of-the-art, stochastic cool- stochastic cooling section. A wavepacket produced in the ing rate by more than three orders of magnitude. It is an pickup subsequently passes through transport optics and enabling technology for next-generation, discovery- an optical amplifier. In the kicker undulator, each particle science machines at the energy and intensity frontiers receives an energy kick proportional to its momentum including hadron and electron-ion colliders. This paper deviation. presents the status of our experimental effort to demon- strate OSC at the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IO- pass through a SC system. In practice, the spectral band- TA) ring, a testbed for advanced beam-physics concepts width, W, of the feedback system (pickup, amplifier, and technologies that is currently being commissioned at kicker) sets a Fourier-limited temporal response T~1/2W, Fermilab. Our recent efforts are centered on the develop- which is very large compared to the intra-particle spacing ment of an integrated design that is prepared for final and limits the achievable cooling rate. -
Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration in AWAKE
Proton Driven Plasma Article submitted to journal Wakefield Acceleration in Subject Areas: AWAKE Plasma Wakefield Acceleration, 1 1 Proton Driven, Electron Acceleration E. Gschwendtner , M. Turner , **Author List Continues Next Page** Keywords: AWAKE, Plasma Wakefield Acceleration, Seeded Self Modulation In this article, we briefly summarize the experiments Author for correspondence: performed during the first Run of the Advanced Insert corresponding author name Wakefield Experiment, AWAKE, at CERN (European e-mail: [email protected] Organization for Nuclear Research). The final goal of AWAKE Run 1 (2013 - 2018) was to demonstrate that 10-20 MeV electrons can be accelerated to GeV- energies in a plasma wakefield driven by a highly- relativistic self-modulated proton bunch. We describe the experiment, outline the measurement concept and present first results. Last, we outline our plans for the future. 1 Continued Author List 2 E. Adli2,A. Ahuja1,O. Apsimon3;4,R. Apsimon3;4, A.-M. Bachmann1;5;6,F. Batsch1;5;6 C. Bracco1,F. Braunmüller5,S. Burger1,G. Burt7;4, B. Buttenschön8,A. Caldwell5,J. Chappell9, E. Chevallay1,M. Chung10,D. Cooke9,H. Damerau1, L.H. Deubner11,A. Dexter7;4,S. Doebert1, J. Farmer12, V.N. Fedosseev1,R. Fiorito13;4,R.A. Fonseca14,L. Garolfi1,S. Gessner1, B. Goddard1, I. Gorgisyan1,A.A. Gorn15;16,E. Granados1,O. Grulke8;17, A. Hartin9,A. Helm18, J.R. Henderson7;4,M. Hüther5, M. Ibison13;4,S. Jolly9,F. Keeble9,M.D. Kelisani1, S.-Y. Kim10, F. Kraus11,M. Krupa1, T. Lefevre1,Y. Li3;4,S. Liu19,N. Lopes18,K.V. Lotov15;16, M. Martyanov5, S. -
CERN to Seek Answers to Such Fundamental 1957, Was CERN’S First Accelerator
What is the nature of our universe? What is it ----------------------------------------- DAY 1 -------- made of? Scientists from around the world go to The 600 MeV Synchrocyclotron (SC), built in CERN to seek answers to such fundamental 1957, was CERN’s first accelerator. It provided questions using particle accelerators and pushing beams for CERN’s first experiments in particle and nuclear the limits of technology. physics. In 1964, this machine started to concentrate on nuclear physics alone, leaving particle physics to the newer During February 2019, I was given a once in a lifetime and more powerful Proton Synchrotron. opportunity to be part of The Maltese Teacher Programme at CERN, which introduced me, as one of the participants, to cutting-edge particle physics through lectures, on-site visits, exhibitions, and hands-on workshops. Why do they do all this? The main objective of these type of visits is to bring modern science into the classroom. Through this report, my purpose is to give an insight of what goes on at CERN as well as share my experience with you students, colleagues, as well as the general public. The SC became a remarkably long-lived machine. In 1967, it started supplying beams for a dedicated radioactive-ion-beam facility called ISOLDE, which still carries out research ranging from pure What does “CERN” stand for? At an nuclear physics to astrophysics and medical physics. In 1990, intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in ISOLDE was transferred to the Proton Synchrotron Booster, and the SC closed down after 33 years of service. December 1951, the first resolution concerning the establishment of a European Council for Nuclear Research SM18 is CERN’s main facility for testing large and heavy (in French Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire) superconducting magnets at liquid helium temperatures. -
The Large Hadron Collider Lyndon Evans CERN – European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
34th SLAC Summer Institute On Particle Physics (SSI 2006), July 17-28, 2006 The Large Hadron Collider Lyndon Evans CERN – European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland 1. INTRODUCTION The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is now in its final installation and commissioning phase. It is a two-ring superconducting proton-proton collider housed in the 27 km tunnel previously constructed for the Large Electron Positron collider (LEP). It is designed to provide proton-proton collisions with unprecedented luminosity (1034cm-2.s-1) and a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV for the study of rare events such as the production of the Higgs particle if it exists. In order to reach the required energy in the existing tunnel, the dipoles must operate at 1.9 K in superfluid helium. In addition to p-p operation, the LHC will be able to collide heavy nuclei (Pb-Pb) with a centre-of-mass energy of 1150 TeV (2.76 TeV/u and 7 TeV per charge). By modifying the existing obsolete antiproton ring (LEAR) into an ion accumulator (LEIR) in which electron cooling is applied, the luminosity can reach 1027cm-2.s-1. The LHC presents many innovative features and a number of challenges which push the art of safely manipulating intense proton beams to extreme limits. The beams are injected into the LHC from the existing Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at an energy of 450 GeV. After the two rings are filled, the machine is ramped to its nominal energy of 7 TeV over about 28 minutes. In order to reach this energy, the dipole field must reach the unprecedented level for accelerator magnets of 8.3 T. -
Free Electron Lasers and High-Energy Electron Cooling
BROPK EN L LABORATORY NAT,lY BNL-79509-2007-CP Free Electron Lasers and High-Energy Electron Cooling Vladimir N. Litvinenko (BNL), Yaroslav S. Derbenev (TJNAF') Presented at the FEL-07(2ghInternational Free Electron Laser Conference) 'Budker INP, Novosibirsk, Russia August 26-3 1,2007 October 2007 Collider-Accelerator Department Brookhaven National Laboratory P.O. Box 5000 Upton, NY 11973-5000 www.bnl.gov Notice: This manuscript has been authored by employees of Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the US. Depamnent of Energy. The publisher by accepting the manuscript for publication acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world- wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. This preprint is intended for publication in a journal or proceedings. Since changes may be made before publication, it may not be cited or reproduced without the author's permission. DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or any third party’s use or the results of such use of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof or its contractors or subcontractors. -
Il Nostro Mondo
IL NOSTRO MONDO THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE OF THE CERN INTERSECTING STORAGE RINGS (ISR) A RECOLLECTION OF WORLD’S FIRST PROTON-PROTON COLLIDER KURT HÜBNER CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 1 Design which had a beam energy of 160 MeV. The interaction points to increase the collision rate The concept of colliding beams appeared design of these colliders started in 1957. but without special lattice insertions as one first in a German patent by Rolf Widerøe In 1961, the Accelerator Research Group would use these days. registered in 1943 and published in 1952. Division was expanded into the Accelerator Combined-function magnets were chosen However, at that time the intensity of beams Division as experienced manpower had as in the PS, i.e. the main magnets had a was too low for an exploitable collision rate as become available after the running-in of the magnetic dipole field to bend the beam and a beam accumulation had not yet been invented. PS in 1960. At the same time it was decided quadrupole field to focus the beam. This type The first ideas of a realistic design were to construct a small accelerator to test rf of magnet provided space for the elaborate published in 1956 by Gerard O’Neill and by the stacking, a technique to be experimentally pole-face windings foreseen to control the MURA Group lead by Donald Kerst in the USA. proven, as it was essential for the performance magnetic field to a very high precision. It also MURA had come up with beam accumulation and success of the ISR. -
Beam–Material Interactions
Beam–Material Interactions N.V. Mokhov1 and F. Cerutti2 1Fermilab, Batavia, IL 60510, USA 2CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Abstract This paper is motivated by the growing importance of better understanding of the phenomena and consequences of high-intensity energetic particle beam interactions with accelerator, generic target, and detector components. It reviews the principal physical processes of fast-particle interactions with matter, effects in materials under irradiation, materials response, related to component lifetime and performance, simulation techniques, and methods of mitigating the impact of radiation on the components and environment in challenging current and future applications. Keywords Particle physics simulation; material irradiation effects; accelerator design. 1 Introduction The next generation of medium- and high-energy accelerators for megawatt proton, electron, and heavy- ion beams moves us into a completely new domain of extreme energy deposition density up to 0.1 MJ/g and power density up to 1 TW/g in beam interactions with matter [1, 2]. The consequences of controlled and uncontrolled impacts of such high-intensity beams on components of accelerators, beamlines, target stations, beam collimators and absorbers, detectors, shielding, and the environment can range from minor to catastrophic. Challenges also arise from the increasing complexity of accelerators and experimental set-ups, as well as from design, engineering, and performance constraints. All these factors put unprecedented requirements on the accuracy of particle production predictions, the capability and reliability of the codes used in planning new accelerator facilities and experiments, the design of machine, target, and collimation systems, new materials and technologies, detectors, and radiation shielding and the minimization of radiation impact on the environment. -
A Superconducting Shield to Protect Astronauts
Issue No. 32-33/2015 - Monday 3 August 2015 CERN Bulletin More articles at: http://bulletin.cern.ch A SUPERCONDUCTING SHIELD TO PROTECT ASTRONAUTS The CERN Superconductors team in the Technology department is involved in the European HOT NEWS FROM HOME AND ABROAD Space Radiation Superconducting Shield (SR2S) project, which aims to demonstrate the feasibility of using superconducting magnetic shielding technology to protect The heatwave affecting many parts of astronauts from cosmic radiation in the space environment. The material that will be used Europe has been often in the news this in the superconductor coils on which the project is working is magnesium diboride (MgB ), summer, but we’ve also had plenty of “hot 2 news” at CERN, in particular regarding the the same type of conductor developed in the form of wire for CERN for the LHC High Luminosity LHC and the experiments. Cold Powering project. (Continued on page 2) In this issue NEWS A superconducting shield to protect astronauts 1 Hot news from home and abroad 1 LHC Report: machine development 3 CERN’s Summer of Rock 3 Area of turbulence 5 Microcosm reloaded! 7 Family reunion for the UA2 calorimeter 7 Image : K. Anthony/CERN. CERN software developers gathering in September 8 Back in April 2014, the CERN Superconductors and long-distance power transportation. Rock stars for the day 9 Kids explore CERN’s universe 9 team announced a world-record current Now, the MgB2 superconductor has found in an electrical transmission line using another application: it will soon be tested Computer Security 10 Official news 10 cables made of the MgB2 superconductor. -
CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR)
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 619-626, February 1973 CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) K. JOHNSEN CERN It has been realized for many years that it would be possible to beams of protons collide with sufficiently high interaction obtain a glimpse into a much higher energy region for ele- rates for feasible experimentation in an energy range otherwise mentary-particle research if particle beams could be persuaded unattainable by known techniques except at enormous cost. to collide head-on. A group at CERN started investigating this possibility in To explain why this is so, let us consider what happens in a 1957, first studying a special two-way fixed-field alternating conventional accelerator experiment. When accelerated gradient (FFAG) accelerator and then, in 1960, turning to the particles have reached the required energy they are directed idea of two intersecting storage rings that could be fed by the onto a target and collide with the stationary particles of the CERN 28 GeV proton synchrotron (CERN-PS). This change target. Most of the energy given to the accelerated particles in concept for these initial studies was stimulated by the then goes into keeping the particles that result from the promising performance of the CERN-PS from the very start collision moving in the direction of the incident particles (to of its operation in 1959. conserve momentum). Only a quite modest fraction is "useful After an extensive study that included building an electron energy" for the real purpose of the experiment-the trans- storage ring (CESAR) to investigate many of the associated formation of particles, the creation of new particles. -
Pos(ICRC2019)446
New Results from the Cosmic-Ray Program of the NA61/SHINE facility at the CERN SPS PoS(ICRC2019)446 Michael Unger∗ for the NA61/SHINE Collaborationy Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany E-mail: [email protected] The NA61/SHINE experiment at the SPS accelerator at CERN is a unique facility for the study of hadronic interactions at fixed target energies. The data collected with NA61/SHINE is relevant for a broad range of topics in cosmic-ray physics including ultrahigh-energy air showers and the production of secondary nuclei and anti-particles in the Galaxy. Here we present an update of the measurement of the momentum spectra of anti-protons produced in p−+C interactions at 158 and 350 GeV=c and discuss their relevance for the understanding of muons in air showers initiated by ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays. Furthermore, we report the first results from a three-day pilot run aimed at investigating the ca- pability of our experiment to measure nuclear fragmentation cross sections for the understanding of the propagation of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. We present a preliminary measurement of the production cross section of Boron in C+p interactions at 13.5 AGeV=c and discuss prospects for future data taking to provide the comprehensive and accurate reaction database of nuclear frag- mentation needed in the era of high-precision measurements of Galactic cosmic rays. 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference -ICRC2019- July 24th - August 1st, 2019 Madison, WI, U.S.A. ∗Speaker. yhttp://shine.web.cern.ch/content/author-list c Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). -
Chariclia I.Petridou
CHARICLIA I.PETRIDOU Birthdate: September 12, 1952, Kavala, Greece Present affiliation: Associate Professor in Physics Office Address: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Nuclear and Particle Physics Division 54124, Thessaloniki e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS • Undergraduate Education in Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece (1970 – 1974) • MSc in Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse N.Y, USA (1977-1979) • Ph.D in Experimental Particle Physics:. (1979-1983) Title: In Search for Narrow proton-antiproton Bound States: ‘High Resolution Gamma and Charged Pion Spectra from Protonium.’ (July 1983) RESEARCH/PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES Antiproton-deutron system • Research Associate Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY (July 1983 - March 1984) Trigger, data acquisition, data analysis Rare Kaon decays • Research Associate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, N.Y. (March 1984 - July 1985) Development of a photon veto detector (BaF2 crystal read by low pressure drift chamber) Hadron Colliders-UA2 Experiment • CERN Fellow, UA2 Experiment,(SPS Collider) (1985 - 1988) • Senior Research Associate (A36), I.N.F.N. Pisa / CERN, UA2 Experiment. (1988 – 1992) Level1 trigger, online DAQ, optimization of the performance of the Jet Vertex Detector of UA2. Study of the properties of the W and Z bosons. Measurements of the Standard Model parameters of the electroweak and strong forces In partcular responsible of the analysis on the search for anomalous gauge boson couplings in UA2. Active in the anlysis on tau identification and missing energy measurement. LEPI & LEPII-DELPHI Experiment • Senior Research Associate(A36), INFN Trieste, DELPHI Experiment, LEP(e+e- collider) (Jan. 1992- April 1995) • Τeam Leader of the Thessaloniki DELPHI group in collaboration with INFN-Trieste (1995-2000) b-physics studies, properties of the Z boson and W boson production and measurement at LEPII.