STFC , Accelerator Review Panel Report
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CERN Courier–Digital Edition
CERNMarch/April 2021 cerncourier.com COURIERReporting on international high-energy physics WELCOME CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the March/April 2021 issue of CERN Courier. Hadron colliders have contributed to a golden era of discovery in high-energy physics, hosting experiments that have enabled physicists to unearth the cornerstones of the Standard Model. This success story began 50 years ago with CERN’s Intersecting Storage Rings (featured on the cover of this issue) and culminated in the Large Hadron Collider (p38) – which has spawned thousands of papers in its first 10 years of operations alone (p47). It also bodes well for a potential future circular collider at CERN operating at a centre-of-mass energy of at least 100 TeV, a feasibility study for which is now in full swing. Even hadron colliders have their limits, however. To explore possible new physics at the highest energy scales, physicists are mounting a series of experiments to search for very weakly interacting “slim” particles that arise from extensions in the Standard Model (p25). Also celebrating a golden anniversary this year is the Institute for Nuclear Research in Moscow (p33), while, elsewhere in this issue: quantum sensors HADRON COLLIDERS target gravitational waves (p10); X-rays go behind the scenes of supernova 50 years of discovery 1987A (p12); a high-performance computing collaboration forms to handle the big-physics data onslaught (p22); Steven Weinberg talks about his latest work (p51); and much more. To sign up to the new-issue alert, please visit: http://comms.iop.org/k/iop/cerncourier To subscribe to the magazine, please visit: https://cerncourier.com/p/about-cern-courier EDITOR: MATTHEW CHALMERS, CERN DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY IOP PUBLISHING ATLAS spots rare Higgs decay Weinberg on effective field theory Hunting for WISPs CCMarApr21_Cover_v1.indd 1 12/02/2021 09:24 CERNCOURIER www. -
CERN Celebrates Discoveries
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS CERN COURIER VOLUME 43 NUMBER 10 DECEMBER 2003 CERN celebrates discoveries NEW PARTICLES NETWORKS SPAIN Protons make pentaquarks p5 Measuring the digital divide pl7 Particle physics thrives p30 16 KPH impact 113 KPH impact series VISyN High Voltage Power Supplies When the objective is to measure the almost immeasurable, the VISyN-Series is the detector power supply of choice. These multi-output, card based high voltage power supplies are stable, predictable, and versatile. VISyN is now manufactured by Universal High Voltage, a world leader in high voltage power supplies, whose products are in use in every national laboratory. For worldwide sales and service, contact the VISyN product group at Universal High Voltage. Universal High Voltage Your High Voltage Power Partner 57 Commerce Drive, Brookfield CT 06804 USA « (203) 740-8555 • Fax (203) 740-9555 www.universalhv.com Covering current developments in high- energy physics and related fields worldwide CERN Courier (ISSN 0304-288X) is distributed to member state governments, institutes and laboratories affiliated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for January and August, in English and French editions. The views expressed are CERN not necessarily those of the CERN management. Editor Christine Sutton CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Fax:+41 (22) 782 1906 Web: cerncourier.com COURIER Advisory Board R Landua (Chairman), P Sphicas, K Potter, E Lillest0l, C Detraz, H Hoffmann, R Bailey -
A Time of Great Growth
Newsletter | Spring 2019 A Time of Great Growth Heartfelt greetings from the UC Riverside Department of Physics and Astronomy. This is our annual newsletter, sent out each Spring to stay connected with our former students, retired faculty, and friends in the wider community. The Department continues to grow, not merely in size but also in stature and reputation. For the 2018-2019 academic year, we were pleased to welcome two new faculty: Professors Thomas Kuhlman and Barry Barish. Professor Kuhlman was previously on the faculty at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He joins our efforts in the emerging field of biophysics. His research lies in the quantitative imaging and theoretical modeling of biological systems. He works on genome dynamics, quantification of the activity of transposable elements in living cells, and applications to the engineering of genome editing. Professor Barry Barish, who joins us from Caltech, is the winner of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics. He brings great prestige to our Department. Along with Professor Richard Schrock of the Department of Chemistry, who also joined UCR in 2018, UCR now has two Nobel Prize winners on its faculty. Professor Barish is an expert on the detection and physics of gravitational waves. He has been one of the key figures in the conception, construction, and operation of the LIGO detector, where gravitational waves were first discovered in 2015, and which led to his Nobel Prize. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the winner of many other prestigious awards. The discovery of gravitational waves is one of the most exciting developments in physics so far this century. -
CERN to Seek Answers to Such Fundamental 1957, Was CERN’S First Accelerator
What is the nature of our universe? What is it ----------------------------------------- DAY 1 -------- made of? Scientists from around the world go to The 600 MeV Synchrocyclotron (SC), built in CERN to seek answers to such fundamental 1957, was CERN’s first accelerator. It provided questions using particle accelerators and pushing beams for CERN’s first experiments in particle and nuclear the limits of technology. physics. In 1964, this machine started to concentrate on nuclear physics alone, leaving particle physics to the newer During February 2019, I was given a once in a lifetime and more powerful Proton Synchrotron. opportunity to be part of The Maltese Teacher Programme at CERN, which introduced me, as one of the participants, to cutting-edge particle physics through lectures, on-site visits, exhibitions, and hands-on workshops. Why do they do all this? The main objective of these type of visits is to bring modern science into the classroom. Through this report, my purpose is to give an insight of what goes on at CERN as well as share my experience with you students, colleagues, as well as the general public. The SC became a remarkably long-lived machine. In 1967, it started supplying beams for a dedicated radioactive-ion-beam facility called ISOLDE, which still carries out research ranging from pure What does “CERN” stand for? At an nuclear physics to astrophysics and medical physics. In 1990, intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in ISOLDE was transferred to the Proton Synchrotron Booster, and the SC closed down after 33 years of service. December 1951, the first resolution concerning the establishment of a European Council for Nuclear Research SM18 is CERN’s main facility for testing large and heavy (in French Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire) superconducting magnets at liquid helium temperatures. -
The AWAKE Acceleration Scheme for New Particle Physics Experiments at CERN
AWAKE++: the AWAKE Acceleration Scheme for New Particle Physics Experiments at CERN W. Bartmann1, A. Caldwell2, M. Calviani1, J. Chappell3, P. Crivelli4, H. Damerau1, E. Depero4, S. Doebert1, J. Gall1, S. Gninenko5, B. Goddard1, D. Grenier1, E. Gschwendtner*1, Ch. Hessler1, A. Hartin3, F. Keeble3, J. Osborne1, A. Pardons1, A. Petrenko1, A. Scaachi3, and M. Wing3 1CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 2Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany 3University College London, London, UK 4ETH Zürich, Switzerland 5INR Moscow, Russia 1 Abstract The AWAKE experiment reached all planned milestones during Run 1 (2016-18), notably the demon- stration of strong plasma wakes generated by proton beams and the acceleration of externally injected electrons to multi-GeV energy levels in the proton driven plasma wakefields. During Run 2 (2021 - 2024) AWAKE aims to demonstrate the scalability and the acceleration of elec- trons to high energies while maintaining the beam quality. Within the Physics Beyond Colliders (PBC) study AWAKE++ has explored the feasibility of the AWAKE acceleration scheme for new particle physics experiments at CERN. Assuming continued success of the AWAKE program, AWAKE will be in the position to use the AWAKE scheme for particle physics ap- plications such as fixed target experiments for dark photon searches and also for future electron-proton or electron-ion colliders. With strong support from the accelerator and high energy physics community, these experiments could be installed during CERN LS3; the integration and beam line design show the feasibility of a fixed target experiment in the AWAKE facility, downstream of the AWAKE experiment in the former CNGS area. The expected electrons on target for fixed target experiments exceeds the electrons on target by three to four orders of magnitude with respect to the current NA64 experiment, making it a very promising experiment in the search for new physics. -
Barry Barish and the Gde: Mission Achievable
INTERVIEW Barry Barish and the GDE: mission achievable The head of the Global Design Effort for a future International Linear Collider talks about challenges past, present and future. Barry Barish likes a challenge. He admits to a complete tendency to go for the difficult in his research – in his view, life is an adventure. Some might say that his most recent challenge would fit well with a certain famous TV series: “Your mission, should you choose to accept it… is to produce a design for the International Linear Collider that includes a detailed design concept, performance assessments, reliable international costing, an industrialization plan, and siting analysis, as well as detector concepts and scope.” Barish did indeed accept the challenge in March 2005, when he became director of the Global Design Effort (GDE) for a proposed International Linear Collider (ILC). He started in a directorate of one – himself – at the head of a “virtual” laboratory of hundreds of physicists and engineers around the globe. To run the “lab” he has set up a small executive committee, which includes three regional directors (for the Americas, Asia and Europe), three project manag- ers and two leading accelerator experts. There are also boards for R&D, change control and design cost. Barish operates from his base at Caltech, where he has been since 1962 and ultimately became Linde Professor of Physics (now emeri- tus). His taste for research challenges became evident in the 1970s, when he was co-spokesperson with Frank Sciulli (also at Caltech) of the “narrow band” neutrino experiment at Fermilab that studied Barish became director of the Global Design Effort for the International weak neutral currents and the quark substructure of the nucleon. -
Beam–Material Interactions
Beam–Material Interactions N.V. Mokhov1 and F. Cerutti2 1Fermilab, Batavia, IL 60510, USA 2CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Abstract This paper is motivated by the growing importance of better understanding of the phenomena and consequences of high-intensity energetic particle beam interactions with accelerator, generic target, and detector components. It reviews the principal physical processes of fast-particle interactions with matter, effects in materials under irradiation, materials response, related to component lifetime and performance, simulation techniques, and methods of mitigating the impact of radiation on the components and environment in challenging current and future applications. Keywords Particle physics simulation; material irradiation effects; accelerator design. 1 Introduction The next generation of medium- and high-energy accelerators for megawatt proton, electron, and heavy- ion beams moves us into a completely new domain of extreme energy deposition density up to 0.1 MJ/g and power density up to 1 TW/g in beam interactions with matter [1, 2]. The consequences of controlled and uncontrolled impacts of such high-intensity beams on components of accelerators, beamlines, target stations, beam collimators and absorbers, detectors, shielding, and the environment can range from minor to catastrophic. Challenges also arise from the increasing complexity of accelerators and experimental set-ups, as well as from design, engineering, and performance constraints. All these factors put unprecedented requirements on the accuracy of particle production predictions, the capability and reliability of the codes used in planning new accelerator facilities and experiments, the design of machine, target, and collimation systems, new materials and technologies, detectors, and radiation shielding and the minimization of radiation impact on the environment. -
Event Recorded by ATLAS When the LHC's Beam 2 Reached Closed
A ‘beam splash’ event recorded by ATLAS when the LHC’s beam 2 reached closed collimators near the detector on 20 November. 12 | CERN “The imminent start-up of the LHC is an event that excites everyone who has an interest in the fundamental physics of the Universe.” Kaname Ikeda, ITER Director-General, CERN Bulletin, 19 October 2009. Physics and Experiments The moment that particle physicists around the world had been The EMCal is an upgrade for ALICE, having received full waiting for finally arrived on 20 November 2009 when protons approval and construction funds only in early 2008. It will detect circulated again round the LHC. Over the following days, the high-energy photons and neutral pions, as well as the neutral machine passed a number of milestones, from the first collisions component of ‘jets’ of particles as they emerge from quark� at 450 GeV per beam to collisions at a total energy of 2.36 TeV gluon plasma formed in collisions between heavy ions; most — a world record. At the same time, the LHC experiments importantly, it will provide the means to select these events on began to collect data, allowing the collaborations to calibrate line. The EMCal is basically a matrix of scintillator and lead, detectors and assess their performance prior to the real attack which is contained in ‘supermodules’ that weigh about eight tonnes. It will consist of ten full supermodules and two partial on high-energy physics in 2010. supermodules. The repairs to the LHC and subsequent consolidation work For the ATLAS Collaboration, crucial repair work included following the incident in September 2008 took approximately modifications to the cooling system for the inner detector. -
Gravitational Waves from the Early Universe
Gravitational Waves from the Early Universe Lecture 1A: Gravitational Waves, Theory Kai Schmitz (CERN) Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea j June 2 – 4 1/21 ◦ 1916: Albert Einstein predicts GWs based on his general theory of relativity ◦ 2016: The LIGO/Virgo Collaboration announces the detection of GW150914 ◦ 2017: Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to Rainer Weiss, Barry Barish, and Kip Thorne → Milestone in fundamental physics, triumph of general relativity → Discovery of a new class of astrophysical objects: heavy black holes in binary systems First direct detection of gravitational waves [Nicolle Rager Fuller for sciencenews.org] 2/21 ◦ 2016: The LIGO/Virgo Collaboration announces the detection of GW150914 ◦ 2017: Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to Rainer Weiss, Barry Barish, and Kip Thorne → Milestone in fundamental physics, triumph of general relativity → Discovery of a new class of astrophysical objects: heavy black holes in binary systems First direct detection of gravitational waves [Nicolle Rager Fuller for sciencenews.org] ◦ 1916: Albert Einstein predicts GWs based on his general theory of relativity 2/21 ◦ 2017: Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to Rainer Weiss, Barry Barish, and Kip Thorne → Milestone in fundamental physics, triumph of general relativity → Discovery of a new class of astrophysical objects: heavy black holes in binary systems First direct detection of gravitational waves [Nicolle Rager Fuller for sciencenews.org] ◦ 1916: Albert Einstein predicts GWs based on his general theory of relativity ◦ 2016: The LIGO/Virgo -
NA61/SHINE Facility at the CERN SPS: Beams and Detector System
Preprint typeset in JINST style - HYPER VERSION NA61/SHINE facility at the CERN SPS: beams and detector system N. Abgrall11, O. Andreeva16, A. Aduszkiewicz23, Y. Ali6, T. Anticic26, N. Antoniou1, B. Baatar7, F. Bay27, A. Blondel11, J. Blumer13, M. Bogomilov19, M. Bogusz24, A. Bravar11, J. Brzychczyk6, S. A. Bunyatov7, P. Christakoglou1, T. Czopowicz24, N. Davis1, S. Debieux11, H. Dembinski13, F. Diakonos1, S. Di Luise27, W. Dominik23, T. Drozhzhova20 J. Dumarchez18, K. Dynowski24, R. Engel13, I. Efthymiopoulos10, A. Ereditato4, A. Fabich10, G. A. Feofilov20, Z. Fodor5, A. Fulop5, M. Ga´zdzicki9;15, M. Golubeva16, K. Grebieszkow24, A. Grzeszczuk14, F. Guber16, A. Haesler11, T. Hasegawa21, M. Hierholzer4, R. Idczak25, S. Igolkin20, A. Ivashkin16, D. Jokovic2, K. Kadija26, A. Kapoyannis1, E. Kaptur14, D. Kielczewska23, M. Kirejczyk23, J. Kisiel14, T. Kiss5, S. Kleinfelder12, T. Kobayashi21, V. I. Kolesnikov7, D. Kolev19, V. P. Kondratiev20, A. Korzenev11, P. Koversarski25, S. Kowalski14, A. Krasnoperov7, A. Kurepin16, D. Larsen6, A. Laszlo5, V. V. Lyubushkin7, M. Mackowiak-Pawłowska´ 9, Z. Majka6, B. Maksiak24, A. I. Malakhov7, D. Maletic2, D. Manglunki10, D. Manic2, A. Marchionni27, A. Marcinek6, V. Marin16, K. Marton5, H.-J.Mathes13, T. Matulewicz23, V. Matveev7;16, G. L. Melkumov7, M. Messina4, St. Mrówczynski´ 15, S. Murphy11, T. Nakadaira21, M. Nirkko4, K. Nishikawa21, T. Palczewski22, G. Palla5, A. D. Panagiotou1, T. Paul17, W. Peryt24;∗, O. Petukhov16 C.Pistillo4 R. Płaneta6, J. Pluta24, B. A. Popov7;18, M. Posiadala23, S. Puławski14, J. Puzovic2, W. Rauch8, M. Ravonel11, A. Redij4, R. Renfordt9, E. Richter-Wa¸s6, A. Robert18, D. Röhrich3, E. Rondio22, B. Rossi4, M. Roth13, A. Rubbia27, A. Rustamov9, M. -
CERN's Scientific Strategy
CERN’s Scientific Strategy Fabiola Gianotti ECFA HL-LHC Experiments Workshop, Aix-Les-Bains, 3/10/2016 CERN’s scientific strategy (based on ESPP): three pillars Full exploitation of the LHC: successful operation of the nominal LHC (Run 2, LS2, Run 3) construction and installation of LHC upgrades: LIU (LHC Injectors Upgrade) and HL-LHC Scientific diversity programme serving a broad community: ongoing experiments and facilities at Booster, PS, SPS and their upgrades (ELENA, HIE-ISOLDE) participation in accelerator-based neutrino projects outside Europe (presently mainly LBNF in the US) through CERN Neutrino Platform Preparation of CERN’s future: vibrant accelerator R&D programme exploiting CERN’s strengths and uniqueness (including superconducting high-field magnets, AWAKE, etc.) design studies for future accelerators: CLIC, FCC (includes HE-LHC) future opportunities of diversity programme (new): “Physics Beyond Colliders” Study Group Important milestone: update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP): ~ 2019-2020 CERN’s scientific strategy (based on ESPP): three pillars Covered in this WS I will say ~nothing Full exploitation of the LHC: successful operation of the nominal LHC (Run 2, LS2, Run 3) construction and installation of LHC upgrades: LIU (LHC Injectors Upgrade) and HL-LHC Scientific diversity programme serving a broad community: ongoing experiments and facilities at Booster, PS, SPS and their upgrades (ELENA, HIE-ISOLDE) participation in accelerator-based neutrino projects outside Europe (presently mainly -
Around the Laboratories
Around the Laboratories such studies will help our under BROOKHAVEN standing of subnuclear particles. CERN Said Lee, "The progress of physics New US - Japanese depends on young physicists Antiproton encore opening up new frontiers. The Physics Centre RIKEN - Brookhaven Research Center will be dedicated to the t the end of 1996, the beam nurturing of a new generation of Acirculating in CERN's LEAR low recent decision by the Japanese scientists who can meet the chal energy antiproton ring was A Parliament paves the way for the lenge that will be created by RHIC." ceremonially dumped, marking the Japanese Institute of Physical and RIKEN, a multidisciplinary lab like end of an era which began in 1980 Chemical Research (RIKEN) to found Brookhaven, is located north of when the first antiprotons circulated the RIKEN Research Center at Tokyo and is supported by the in CERN's specially-built Antiproton Brookhaven with $2 million in funding Japanese Science & Technology Accumulator. in 1997, an amount that is expected Agency. With the accomplishments of these to grow in future years. The new Center's research will years now part of 20th-century T.D. Lee, who won the 1957 Nobel relate entirely to RHIC, and does not science history, for the future CERN Physics Prize for work done while involve other Brookhaven facilities. is building a new antiproton source - visiting Brookhaven in 1956 and is the antiproton decelerator, AD - to now a professor of physics at cater for a new range of physics Columbia, has been named the experiments. Center's first director. The invention of stochastic cooling The Center will host close to 30 by Simon van der Meer at CERN scientists each year, including made it possible to mass-produce postdoctoral and five-year fellows antiprotons.