317

Index

a Atomic Spectroscopy And Collisions Using absorptive capacity 280 Slow Antiprotons (ASACUSA) 165 acquired knowledge 49 a toroidal LHC apparatus (ATLAS) 82, 199 acquisition, of skills 55 ADA language 154 b adaptability 5, 6 backup 79 Adobe 79 battle-field awareness systems 154 advanced resource connector (ARC) 93 Bayh–Dole Act 260 aeroplane design 141 Beath’s analysis 285 aerosol chemistry 184 Big Data African university of science and technology – analysis 307 (AUST) 220 – analytics 180, 251–253 airborne collision avoidance systems – applications in medicine 252 154 – computational modelling in medicine 252 Airborne Collision Avoidance System X – healthcare singularity 251 (ACAS X) 154 –‘long-tail medicine’ drugs 253 airborne software 154 biomimicry 190 Airbus 380 143 Boeing 747 143 – CFD simulation 147 Boeing Company 146, 147 aircraft movement at peak traffic 155 bounded rationality concept 233 Air Data Monitor (ADM) 154 brain drain 1 airguns 98 B-Spline (Basis Spline) 150 air traffic control chart 155 bump bonds 200 Air Traffic Control (ATC) system 155 – interconnect technology 213 A large ion collider experiment (ALICE) bureaucratic regulatory environments 240 199 American Physical Society (APS) 217, 218 c analytical skill 8 CAD applications in aircraft design, and antimatter 159 manufacturing 152 – and CERN 162–164 CAD software 149, 150 – energy 167 cancer therapy ‘toolbox’ 168 – research 169 capacitor 104 Antiproton Cell Experiment (ACE) 169 carbon cycles 184 Antiproton Decelerator (AD) 164 career development 52 – at CERN 165 Cargo Smoke Detector System (CSDS), 154 Apple 97 Ceefax 70 Apple’s version of operating system central processing unit (CPU) 108 (‘Mavericks’)79 central receiver systems, STE technologies 121 astronomy, grid 86 – reflecting elements, helisotats reflect 121

From Physics to Daily Life: Applications in Informatics, Energy, and Environment, First Edition. Edited by Beatrice Bressan.  2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2014 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 318 Index

– solar flux incident 122 commercial CFD software 147 CERN 1 communications 55 – antimatter facility 164–166 – modern tools of 55 – centre of knowledge production/ – scattered software segments 182 dissemination 1 communities of innovation (CoI) 28 CERN SPS Accelerator, novelty for control communities of practice (CoP) 28 room community planners 173 – central processing unit (CPU) 108 compact disc read-only memory (CD- – cheaper touch detector circuits 108 ROM) 61 – computer-based message transmission compact linear fresnel concentrators, STE systems 106 technologies 122 – computer-controlled brake 107 – hybrid design 122 – computer-controlled knob 107 – link between parabolic-troughs and central – consoles for super proton synchrotron receiver systems 122 (SPS) 106 compact muon solenoid (CMS) 199 – fixed buttons 106 competencies, for labour market 55 – general-purpose consoles 106 complementary metal oxide semiconductor – general view, CERN accelerator control (CMOS) 201 console 110 comprehension skill 8 – intelligent touch terminal 108 CompuServe 70 – intelligent touch terminal for CERN computed tomography (CT) 205 antiproton accumulator (AA) 109 Computer-Aided Design (CAD) system – joint european torus (JET), 109 149–151 – microchips, development 107 Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) – microcomputer 108 system 149–151 – minicomputers 106 computer application 70 – mutual capacitance multitouch screen 107 Computer-Augmented Design And – network-orientated document abstraction Manufacturing (CADAM) system 150 language (NODAL) 107 computer-based message transmission – novelty for the control room 106–109 systems 106 – personal computer (PC) 108 computer-based simulation 177 – phase-locked loop circuits 108 computer-controlled valve 112 – self-capacitance transparent touch computers screen 107 – automatic check-in 141 – small table-top cabinet 108 – based simulation 177 – touch terminal from NESELCO. 109 – computing in structural and aerodynamic – TV raster scan displays 107 analysis 145–148 Citizen Science networks 173 – electronic reservation 141 Cloud 78 – microprocessor timeline 145 – computing 100, 182, 183 – multi petaflops performance 178 – formation 184 – supercomputers’ timeline 145 – services 92 – transform aspect CMS (compact muon solenoid) 82 –– aviation and aerospace 141 cognitive capitalism 241 – visual presentation of early history 143, 144 collaborations Computer Science 80 – pooling of resources and exploitation of latest computing and networking (CN) 67 CMOS processes 214 computing hierarchy 182 – and social media platforms 29 concentrated solar radiation 134 – university collaborations, France firms conceptualization with 257 – direction 38 – university collaborations, Switzerland firms – hierarchical levels 38 with 257 –– spiral of 39 combination 10 – leads to terminology or language 34 Index 319

– perception process 38 – elementary layers 183, 184 conducted expeditions 231 – hydrological cycle 184 control sequence applications – intrinsic complexity 184 – software developer 110 – Milankovitch cycles 184 convection 184 – oceans 184 cosmic radiation 196 – special phenomena 184 cost-effective, peer production 229 Earth Science applications, grid 86 creative destruction 233, 234 Earth Simulation Centre 173 culture Earth–Sun System 184 – of managing knowledge 22 Earth System 176, 177, 179, 184 – for sharing and collaboration 21 – computational modelling 185 – Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project 5 d (CMIP5) 192 daemons 77 – extreme events, prediction and uncertainty data handling division 66 of 186–189 data-intensive healthcare 251–253 – impact on cities and bioregions 189, 190 data-rich environment 180 – Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) 192 deforestation 174 – modelling the whole-earth system 191–193 demise of socialism 237 – multiple nonlinear feedback loops 187 democratizing scientific research 223 – simulation 182 detector – towards urban resilience 190, 191 – gas detector readout 208 Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) 99 – hybrid pixel (See hybrid pixel detector) Earth System Models 187, 189, 192 – LEEM 211 – features sequentially integrated into 186 – LHCb vertex detector 213 economic death 240 – Medipix3 212, 213 economic discourse 232 – PIXcel 208 economic growth 229, 239 – sensitive 206 – real engine of 237 – type of 195 economic planning 236 digital fly-by-wire (FBW) system 153 economic reasoning 247 disasters 174, 189 economic slowdown 237 – Big Data analytics 180 economies of scale 232 – challenges associated with management ecosystem of technologies 250–253 174 ECP. See electronics and computing for physics – cost of hurricane evacuation 180 (ECP) – forecasting tools 174 edge effects 177 – knowledge of planetary change 174 EDS. See electronic data systems (EDS) – natural catastrophes 175 EEC. See Electronic Engine Control (EEC) – prediction and uncertainty of extreme efficiency 5 events 186–189 EFPs. See European Framework Programmes –– challenges 186 (EFPs) –– current global models 187 EGI. See European Grid Infrastructure (EGI) –– Multiple Synchronous Collapse 187, 188 EGI-DS. See European Grid Initiative Design – storm track forecasting, improvements Study (EGI-DS) in 180 electromagnetic force 160 discovery procedure 237 electromagnetic waves 216 DNA molecule 219 electronic data systems (EDS) 88 Doppler radar 191 Electronic Engine Control (EEC) 154 Douglas Commercial-3 (DC-3) 141, 142 electronics and computing for physics (ECP) 67 e e-mail 8 Earth 183 emergency responders 173 – carbon and nitrogen cycles 184 energy budget, of the Universe 161 320 Index

energy, STE plants – and on-board systems 151–153 – thermal storage 137, 138 Fourier’s law 135 ––extension of electricity delivery period 139 fourmode of knowledge conversion 9, 12, 13, 40 –– mediums and their characteristics 138 Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) 251 –– photovoltaic plants 137 –– renewable energy systems 137 g –– salt mixture of potassium nitrates 137 gallium arsenide (GaAs) 200 –– salt mixture of sodium 137 gas electron multiplier (GEM) foils 202 –– Spanish Gemasolar plant 137 GBAR. See Gravitational Behaviour of –– working fluid 137 Antihydrogen at Rest (GBAR) enterprise content management (ECM) 28, 29 general theory of relativity 217 enterprise portal 29 geocluster 98, 99 environment geoengineering 178 – for collaborative knowledge sharing/ Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 191 ICTs 28, 29 geoscientists, petroleum reservoirs equity 240 knowledge 97 ESA. See European Space Agency (ESA) Germany ESRF. See European synchrotron radiation – firms with university collaborations 257 facility (ESRF) GIS. See Geographic Information Systems (GIS) ESTELA. See European solar thermal electricity gLite 93 association; European Solar Thermal Global Distribution Systems (GDSs) 156 Electricity Association (ESTELA) global economy 5 e-Therapeutics 94 Global Positioning System (GPS) 103 EUDET Collaboration 208 – system 162, 165 European Framework Programmes (EFPs) 268 Global Positioning System Sensor Unit European Grid Infrastructure (EGI) 91 (GPSSU) 154 European Grid Initiative Design Study global system for mobile (GSM) phone 70 (EGI-DS) 91 global warming 174, 186 European Solar Thermal Electricity Association Google 69 (ESTELA) 122 Google Earth 77, 181 European Space Agency (ESA) 101 Google’s applications 77 European synchrotron radiation facility GPS. See Global Positioning System (GPS) (ESRF) 205 graphene flakes 210 exosphere 184 Gravitational Behaviour of Antihydrogen at exploitation 231 Rest (GBAR) 166, 169 externalization 10 Grid – basic principles 87 f – communication channels 89 financial upheavals 6 – computing 182 fixed-broadband subscriptions 113 – enabling grids for e-science (EGEE) flexibility 6 –– to EGI transition 90, 91 Fluid Mechanics, STE plant – environment 99 – conduction losses in cylindrical tube 139 – fusion 86 – fluid velocity 139 – GridVideo 96 – heat convection coefficient 140 – hurdles 94 – heat transfer coefficient 139 – infrastructure 91 – plant efficiency 138 –– development 86 – Reynolds number (Re) 140 – from laboratory to market 97 – thermal conductivity 139 – lessons learned/anticipated evolution 91, 92 – turbulent flow 139 – life sciences research 86 fluid velocity 140 – needs 82–85 Fly-By-Wire (FBW) systems 151 – production infrastructure 85, 86 – digital 153 – reservoir simulation: 98, 99 Index 321

– scientific simulation, modelling and data –– large hadron collider beauty (LHCb) mining 95 199 – seismic imaging 98, 99 –– A large ion collider experiment – sharing resources 94 (ALICE) 199 – societal impact 99–101 –– LHC experiments 198 – stock analysis application 95, 96 –– noise-free images, radiation 198 – three-year phases 88–90 –– protons 197 – total group geoscience research centre (GRC) –– readout chips 198 in UK 97, 98 –– signal-to-noise ratio 198 – transferring technology 86, 92–94 –– a toroidal LHC apparatus (ATLAS) 199 – WLCG project 86, 87 – imaging, medipix chips 199–205 (See also GridVideo 96 Medipix, applications) ground-based computer systems 155, 156 –– ALICE pixel studies 201 groundwater 174 –– beta-ray imaging 200 –– chip, achievement 200 h ––complementary metal oxide semiconductor HBP. See Human Brain Project (HBP) (CMOS) 201 head-on-head proton collisions 199 –– cosmic ray 202 healthcare systems, knowledge-based –– electric field 202 redesign 230 –– EUDET collaboration 202 heat convection coefficient 140 –– European synchrotron radiation facility heat transfer coefficient 139 (ESRF) 205 heat transfer mechanisms 120 –– full-scale prototype 203 HEP. See High-Energy Physics (HEP), for –– gallium arsenide (GaAs) 200 detectors –– gas electron multiplier (GEM) foil, Hertz’s experiments 216 image 202 high-energy accelerator research –– mammography 200 organization 109 –– medipix1 chip 204 High-Energy Physics (HEP), for detectors 1, 31, –– microelectronics technology 200 196, 213, 307 –– Moore’s law 200 – bump bonding interconnect technology 213 –– Pixelman 205 – developing, chips 213 –– prototypes 201 – LHCb vertex detector 213 –– silicon wafers 200 – Medipix3 chips 213 –– smartphones, price 200 – Medipix3 Collaboration 213 –– three-dimensional (3D) image 203 – Smallpix chip 213 –– time over threshold (ToT) 203 – Timepix 213 –– Timepix chip 203 high-performance computing (HPC) 222 –– USB-based readout interfaces 204 – advancement in 178, 179 –– USB readout system 204 – resources 95 –– user-friendly readout software 205 high-technology developments 47 –– x-ray images 200 HPC. See high-performance computing (HPC) – origins of 196, 197 HP ProCurve 88 –– cosmic ray detector 196 Human Brain Project (HBP) 251 –– electronics chips 197 human creativity, remaining scarce –– illustration of 197 resource 246 –– radiation sensor 196 hybrid pixel detector –– sensor 197 – High-Energy Physics 197–199 –– tiny square of silicon 196 ––bump bonds on Medipix2 readout chip 199 –– two-dimensional (2D) array 197 –– bunch of particles, LHC 198 hydrological cycle for clouds 184 –– compact muon solenoid (CMS) 199 hyper-competition 6 –– electron microscopy image 198 hypertext markup language (HTML) files 61 –– head-on-head proton collisions 199 hypertext pre-processor (PHP) 73 322 Index

i – outputs/outcomes 19–31 ICT support systems 28, 29 –– creating a learning organization 24, 25 IMAX theatre 181 –– creating an environment for collaborative industrialization 174, 231 knowledge sharing/ICTs 28–30 Inertial Navigation System 154 –– creating culture for knowledge sharing Information and Communications Technology 20–22 (ICT) 245 –– creating knowledge 25–27 – environment 8 –– institutionalizing knowledge information gains 248 management 22, 23 information robots applications 29 –– maximizing intellectual capital 23, 24 information technology 55 –– networking 27, 28 information theory 217 –– transforming knowledge into initial public offerings (IPOs) 240 organizational wealth 30, 31 innovative developments 53 – scientific Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers –– protocols 7 (IEEE) 90 – sharing barriers 21 Intellectual Property 214 – specialization (See knowledge specialization) – rights 244 – tacit 8, 9 interactive and immersive 4D – theory of 7, 8 visualizations 180–182 – transfer in social process 51 Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change – worker 31–33 (IPCC) 99, 223 –– concept formation 37–39 internalization 10, 11 –– elements categorize 32 international space station (ISS) 210 –– hierarchical levels of Internet 179, 182, 183 conceptualization 37–39 – search 78 –– individual learning process 33–35 intuitive knowledge 7 –– scientific, technological and social invention 36 processes 36, 37 ionosphere 184 knowledge and technology transfer (KTT) 214, ion sputtering technologies 104 255, 308 IPCC. See Inter-Governmental Panel on – absorptive capacity of firm 295 Climate Change (IPCC) – categories of single forms 264 iron law of wages 230 – degree of specialization 265 irradiation of tumours 168 – determinants of 293 – econometric analysis 300, 301, 302 j – econometric analysis of propensity 292 JavaScript 72 – empirical model 296 joint European torus (JET) 109 – energy technologies 284 – exploitation-orientated firms 298, 299 k – exploration/exploitation 294–299 knowledge 7 –– factors determining 298 – acquisition 47 –– inherent tension 295 – based economy 5 – firms’ percentage 271 – explicit 8, 9 – forms and partners 262–267 – generating activities 245 – hypothesis of 289 – implicit 8 – impact of 270–272 – management 8, 41 –– economic 259 –– case study of CERN 41–46 –– innovation and labour productivity –– core processes 18, 19 288–291 –– ICT support systems for 29 –– innovation performance 291–294 –– LHC case study survey 47–56 – lack of financial resources 274 –– ultimate aim of value creation 31 – mediating institutions and motives 268–270 – matrix 20 – obstacles to 272–276 Index 323

–– categories of 273 –– curiosity 219 –– ranking of importance 278 –– sense of wonder 219 – R&D-active firms 267 – inter- governmental panel on climate change – science institution 264, 265 (IPCC) 223 – share of firms 261, 262 – invention, World Wide Web (WWW) 222 – size-dependency 262 – large hadron collider (LHC) experiment 222 – in Swiss economy 261–276 – no-nonsense quantitative approaches 224 –– determinants of 280, 281 – promotes, scientific studies 220 –– determinants of propensity 286, 287 – quantitative biology 222 –– drivers of 279, 280 – scientific career 219 –– empirical evidence 281–284, 287, 288 – scientific investigations 223 –– exploration of 278, 279 – socio-political events 220 –– incidence and forms 276 – study of theoretical physics 220 –– institutions and obstacles 276–278 – support of fundamental science 221 –– university point of view 284–286 – support science in developing countries 221 – technological fields of 267 – theoretical physicists 221, 224 – technological proximity 299–302 – the world academy of sciences (TWAS) –– of firms 259 220 knowledge creation 11 knowledge specialization – acquisition, and transfer model 39–41 – edge effects 177 –– Kurki-Suonio’s approach 39, 40 – institutions focusing on 177 –– Nonaka’s approach 39, 40 – numerical models 177 – within learning process, basic processes – and splintering 176 36 – Top500 Supercomputing Sites 177 – at ontological dimension 13 – Yokohama Earth Simulator 177 – two dimensions 11 KTT. See knowledge and technology transfer –– dimension/phases 13–18 (KTT) – two spirals 12 –– epistemological dimension 12 l –– ontological dimension 13 labour force 231 ‘knowledge libraries’ 2 laptops 179 – key elements 2 large electron positron (LEP) collider 67 – rules of library 2 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) 1, 81, 196, 222 knowledge management, and science for – ALICE 44, 199, 201 peace 219–224 – ATLAS 25, 43, 44, 82, 199, 204 – applied mathematics 222 – CMS 44, 82, 199 – applied science 225 – computing model 84 – applied subjects 219 –– grid 88 – basic science discoveries 222 – LHCb 44, 165, 199, 213 – basic science educational programmes for – TOTEM 44 younger generations 225 Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) 199 – challenges for humanity 220 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) project 308 – culture of science 220 law of reflection 124, 125 – democratizing scientific research 223 learning process 37 – enthusiastic research workers 224 – axiomatic-deductive approach 38 – essence of scientific and technical – empirical–inductive approach 38 education 224 – perceptional approach 38 – establishing, scientific culture 221 lidar 191 – high-performance computing (HPC) line mode browser (LMB) 71 222 Litton LTN-51 154 – high-quality personalities 224 Lockheed SR-71 142 – humanistic culture 224 low-energy antiproton ring (LEAR) 164 – human quality low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) 210 324 Index

m –– four spin-off companies 209 MAKE 6, 19, 23, 32 –– imaging system 209 mammography 200 –– Medipix2-based system 210 managerial techniques 234 – x-ray materials analysis 207, 208 many integrated core (MIC) 90 –– incarnation of the PIXcel detector, marginalism 232 image 208 market failure 245 –– PIXcel detector 208 market/non-market institutions Medipix Collaborations 214 – appropriate set of 239–241 mesosphere 184 market profit 241 Messerschmitt ME-264 142 markets uncertainty, reduction 248 micro-focus x-ray 212 Mars Exploration Rover experiments 211 microprocessors Massachusetts Institute of Technology – timeline 145 (MIT) 154 – transform aspect 141 Medipix, applications Milankovitch cycles 184 – art meets science 212, 213 mobile phones 179 –– micro-focus x-ray source 212 – subscriptions 113 –– x-ray images, wild flowers 213 mobile traffic forecast 114 – biology 206, 207 modelling and simulation –– low-contrast organisms 206 – advanced simulation methods 178 – chemistry 210 – compute cycles 178 –– fully unforeseen application 210 – numerical models 178 –– graphene flakes 210 – as a platform for collaboration 177, 178 –– low-energy electron microscopy – prediction centre with global capabilities 178 (LEEM) 210 Moore’s Law 178, 200, 218 –– scattered electrons 210 motivation –– silicon sensor 210 – due to increase in expertise 54 –– Timepix, use 210 MPEG3 (moving picture experts group audio – dosimetry in space 210, 211 layer 3) 76 –– conventional LEEM detector 211 multicultural, and multifield interaction 52 –– international space station (ISS), 210 –– Timepix-based detector 211 n – education 211, 212 NASA STRucture ANalysis (NASTRAN) –– astronaut Christofer Cassidy, image 212 software 146 –– Langton ultimate cosmic ray intensity National Aeronautics and Space detector (LUCID) 212 Administration (NASA) 146 –– TechDemoSat satellite 212 National Institute of Standards and Technology –– USB-based readout system 212 (NIST) 100 –– USB-based Timepix detector 211 natural catastrophes 175 – gas detector readout 208, 209 Navier–Stokes equations 147 –– amorphous silicon layer 208 NEC SX-6, supercomputer 177 –– beta-particles, strontium-90 209 networked information economy 246 –– CMOS readout 208 network-orientated document abstraction –– 3D reconstruction, particle tracks 208 language (NODAL) 107 –– GridPix 208, 209 networks 27, 28, 242, 243 – medical x-ray imaging 205, 206 – externalities 243 –– computed tomography (CT) 205 – research organizations 28 ––CT images of mouse head, comparison 206 Newton’s law 135, 159 –– Medipix3 silicon sensors 205 NeXT software 71 –– number of photons 205 – browser-editor 63 –– paradigm shift 205 NeXT system 62, 72 –– photon-counting technique 205 Nicomachean Ethics 7 – radiation monitoring 209, 210 nitrogen cycles 184 Index 325

Non-Governmental Organizations 173 practical extraction and reporting language numerical computation 181 (PERL) 73 numerical simulations 178 Primary Flight Computer (PFC) 154 NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline) 150 product obsolescence 6 profits o – accumulation without innovation oceans 184 236, 237 office computing systems 66 – creative destruction 233, 234 Open Access 2 – disappearance of 232 Open Innovation 2 – economic growth, real engine of 237 Open Science 2 – endogenous technological change 238, 239 Open Source 2 – entrepreneurs 232 operating systems (OS) 71 – risk and uncertainty 235, 236 opportunity 53 project development optical issues 120 – flow of information in team 50 organizational environment 6 property system implementation costs 247 organizational knowledge 9 Protection of the Intellectual Property 2 organizational learning 49 Protect Respond Inform Secure Monitor OS. See operating systems (OS) (PRISM) programme 8 overcoming uncertainty – different organizational modes for 247, 248 q quantum mechanics 169, 216, 218 p quantum superposition 218 PALS. See Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) r PANalytical 208 radiation detection parabolic-trough collectors, STE – circuit technologies 196 technologies 121 religious knowledge 7 – concentrate, solar radiation 121 research infrastructures 1 – focal line 121 research laboratories 13, 57, 80, 98, 245 – receiver pipe 121 – powerful tool to re-unite Europe through – specific enthalpy, working fluid 121 science 1 peer production reservoir simulation 99 – information and allocation gains of 248–250 Reynolds number (Re) 140 Peer Review 2 – find, correct fluid velocity 140 PEPT. See Positron Emission Particle Tracking – piping designer 140 (PEPT) – ratio of inertial forces 140 PET. See Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Pixelman, user-friendly readout software s 205 SABRE (Semi-Automated Business Research Planck’s law 128 Environment) 155 planetary changes 176 Satellite Communications (SATCOM) plasmasphere 184 system 154 policy makers 173 scalable vector graphics (SVG) 72 Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy scarcity to abundance 243 (PALS) 168 Schumpeter’s assumptions 235 Positron Emission Particle Tracking science institutions (PEPT) 168 – innovation collaborations 257 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 167, science for peace 219–225 217, 308 scientific organizations 55 positron-emitting radioactive source 167 scientific outcome, determined in project Positronium (Ps) 168 management 54 post-scarcity 242–244 scientific process 36 326 Index

scientific research, governments’ support 245, – cost-effective manner 124 246 – flux density per surface unit 124 Second Life 181 – law of reflection 124 seismic data processing 98 – parabolic concentrator 125 selective and anti-reflective coatings, in optical – solar collectors 124 issues STE Plant 124–128 – solar radiation by reflection 124 – anti-reflective coatings 126 – thermal energy conversion 124 – coating, opaque substrate 126 solar systems 177 – concentration ratio 126 – Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) 185 – high solar flux 124 – influence of 184–186 – ideal and commercial reflectance behaviour, – many body gravitational effects 185 solar receiver 127 – Space Weather phenomenon 185 – interference 126 solar thermal electricity (STE) plants – parabolic-trough concentrators 126 – aerial views 123 – ratio, energy flux 126 – dependence of STE plant efficiency 132 – reflection and refraction, light wave 127 – four STE Technologies 120–123 – refraction index, coating material 126 –– antireflective 120 – selective coatings 126 –– central receiver systems 121, 122 – solar absorbers 128 –– compact linear fresnel concentrators 122 – three-dimensional (3D)-concentrators 126 –– fluid mechanics 120 – wavelength range 126 –– heat transfer mechanisms 120 – waves superimpose 126 –– links with physics 120 sensor networks 180 –– main components and subsystems 121 service level agreements (SLAs) 101 –– optical issues 120 signal-to-noise ratio 198 –– parabolic-trough collectors 121 SI International System of Units 133 –– power block 120 SIMATIC WinCC system 90 –– selective coatings 120 SimCity 181 –– solar concentrators 120 simulation –– solar radiation 120 – based research, as potent tool –– stirling dishes 122 –– within scientific research community 176 –– thermal efficiency, solar receivers 120 – computer-based 177 –– thermal energy 120 – model –– thermodynamic issues 120 –– generic STE plant 131 – issues related to heat transfer 134–137 – numerical 178 –– concentrated solar radiation 134 SLC. See social learning cycle (SLC) –– conversion, radiation into heat 134 Smallpix chip 213 –– Fourier’s law 135 Smart devices 179 –– heat engine 134 smart eco-city architectures 191 –– Newton’s law of cooling 135 smart phone 115 –– pipes and components in STE plant SMS messages 8 employing parabolic-trough collectors 135 social behavioural trend analyses 7 –– specific enthalpy 134 socialization 10 –– steam turbine operating 134 socialization, externalization, combination and –– Stefan–Boltzmann constant 136 internalization (SECI) model 9, 10 –– stirling dishes 134 – and knowledge creation spiral 9–11 –– thermal insulation 134 social learning cycle (SLC) 43 –– thermal losses 134 social media 7 –– thermal storage system 134 social network 78 –– typical receiver tube for parabolic-trough social process 36 collector 136 software development system 70 – optical issues 124 solar concentrators, optical issues STE –– selective and anti-reflective coatings Plant 124 124–128 Index 327

–– solar concentrators 124 theoretical research history, importance –– thermography 128–130 of 216–219 – thermodynamic issues 131–133 – black hole, physics theory 218 –– Carnot efficiency 131 – cryptography 217 –– dependence of STE plant efficiency 132 – data compression, storage and –– intermetallic compounds 133 communication 217 –– plant efficiency versus receiver – electromagnetic waves 216 temperature 131 – general theory of relativity 217 –– problem 133 – genetics revolution 219 –– ratio, electricity produced and solar – global positioning system 217 radiation 131 – Hertz’s experiments 216 –– selective coatings 133 – information technology, development 217 –– simulation model 131 – information theory 217 –– working fluid 133 – mechanical view, and impact on society 3, 8, 17, 27, 30, 41–47, 55–57, 59, 64, 73, establishment 216 101, 161, 169, 173, 185, 191, 216, 218, 222, – medical applications 216, 217 223, 225, 229, 231, 232, 235, 244, 303, 308 – nanotechnology ideas 217, 218 Spanish Gemasolar plant 137 – quantum computer 218 spark chamber – quantum mechanics 216, 218, 219 – detects, cosmic particles 195 – stimulated emission 219 – example of 196 theory for development Spitfire 141 – CERN, crucial role in 215 Stefan-Boltzmann law 129 – theoretical scientific subjects and impact on stirling dishes, STE technologies 122, 123 funds 215 – convert, solar radiation into mechanical thermal insulation materials 135 energy 122 thermal storage system 134 – European solar thermal electricity thermodynamic association (ESTELA) 123 – cycle 120 – solarized Stirling engine 122 – issues 120 stratosphere 184 thermography in optical issues STE Plant 128 string theory 223 – black-body approximation 128 stylized model 257, 259 – contact-methods 129 – for knowledge and technology transfer 258 – glass transmissivity for two thicknesses subscription model 79 132 supercomputer 182 – Planck’s law 128 Supermarine Spitfire 141, 142 – ratio of radiant energy 129 super proton synchrotron (SPS) 103 – reduce, thermal losses 129 surgical simulation 181 – Stefan–Boltzmann constant 129 Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) – Stefan–Boltzmann law 129 268 – temperature measurements 129 synoptic rationality assumption 233 – thermal emission 129 – thermal-image camera 130 t – thermal image, infrared camera 130 tablet 115 – thermal radiation 128 technical skills 55 – Wien’s displacement law 128 technological developments 6 thermosphere 184 technological process 37 time over threshold (ToT) 203 Technology, Entertainment, Design (TED) Timepix chip 203 190 – clock signal 203 technology products 37 – Mars Exploration Rover experiments 211 tech-savvy 76 – 150 peer-reviewed scientific papers 203 Teletel 70 – silicon sensor 210 theoretical physicist 217 Top500 Supercomputing Sites 176 328 Index

touch screens transfer offices (TOs) 268 – birth of transfer recipient 259 –– cathode-ray tube 104 transfer strategy 292 –– CERN proton synchrotron (PS) control transforming knowledge, into organizational room 105 wealth 30 –– consoles 105 troposphere 184 –– contact of object 103 –– cost-efficient 104 u –– display device 103 Uniform Interface to Computing Resources –– electronic circuit 104 (UNICORE) 93 –– electronic device 103 UNISURF system 149 –– idea 104 United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel for –– ion sputtering technologies 104 Climate Change (IPCC) 192 –– novel device 104 Universal Serial Bus (USB) 204 –– prototypes 104 universities 28, 40, 42, 46, 65, 73, 95, 255–305 –– screen technology 103 urban development 190 –– self-capacitance 104 US Federal Aviation Administration –– self-capacitive transparent touch-button (FAA) 154 capacitor 105 –– separate overlay 103 v –– technology, evolution 105 victory of capitalism 237 –– traditional methods 104 video on-demand (VOD) service 96 –– transparent capacitors 104 virtualisation of economy 241 –– transparent multitouch-button screen visual computing 181 105 visual simulation 181 – early knowledge transfer, attempts 111, 112 –– Intelligent Oyster 111 w –– medical equipment 112 wealth of nations 230 –– touch watches 111 weather reporting 180, 181 –– treatments 112 Web programs 71 – evolution turned into revolution 113–115 Web’s developers 75 –– Global mobile subscription forecasts Web server 62 114 – first 71 –– machine-to-machine percontinent 114 Wien’s displacement law 128 –– mobile phone subscriptions 113 Windows Control Centre (WinCC) 90 –– mobile traffic forecasts 114 wireless communication 216 –– use of portable telephones 113 work-related wikis 30 – global positioning system (GPS) 103 the world academy of sciences (TWAS) 220 – human behaviour 115 World Bank 6, 20, 21 –– modern smart phones, use 115 Worldwatch Institute 190 –– real-time commercial transactions 115 World-wide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) –– smart phones, use 115 project 82 –– technical problems 115 – grid sites, worldwide distribution of 85 – interaction process 103 World Wide Web (WWW) 61 – replacement for mechanical buttons 110, – CERN’s role 65 111 –– commercial services 70 –– features, modern touch screen 110 –– computer-based document 66 – technology 114 –– definition 65 touch-sensitive devices 110 –– Director General 66, 67 touch watches 111 –– Hyper-G 69 Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System –– large hadron collider (LHC) 67, 68 (TCAS) 154 –– for money 68, 69 transfer agent 257 –– networked information systems 70 Index 329

– conferences 74 – public domain 73, 74 – Consortium 75, 76 – Web development 72 – first page 62, 63 WWW. See World Wide Web (WWW) – history of 64 –– approach 64 x –– matter of age 64 X-rays – nature of computing 76 – computed tomography (CT) images 205 –– changed of state 77, 78 – detector 206 –– digital world 78, 79 – photons 200 –– interface 78 – radiation 168 –– spy software 77 – tube with tungsten anode 213 – programming language 72, 73 x-teams 28