CERN 64 years of fundamental science, technology, innovation and global collaborations

Frédérick Bordry CERN Director for Accelerators and Technology

Accelerating Science and Innovation The Mission of CERN

 Push back the frontiers of knowledge E.g. the secrets of the Big Bang …what was the matter like within the first moments of the Universe’s existence?

 Develop new technologies for accelerators and detectors Information technology - the Web and the GRID Medicine - diagnosis and therapy

 Train scientists and engineers of tomorrow

 Unite people from different countries and cultures CERN: founded in 1954: 12 European States Science for Peace and Development Today: 22 Member States

~ 2500 staff ~ 1800 other paid personnel ~ 13000 scientific users Budget (2018) ~ 1150 MCHF

Member States: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom Associate Members in the Pre-Stage to Membership: Cyprus, Serbia, Slovenia Associate Member States: India, Lithuania, Pakistan, Turkey, Ukraine Applications for Membership or Associate Membership: Brazil, Croatia Observers to Council: Japan, Russia, United States of America; European Union, JINR and UNESCO 3 High Energy Physics is international By nature: By necessity: science has no borders pooling resources to afford large instruments

• sustained exponential development for more than 80 years • progress achieved through repeated jumps from saturating to emerging technologies • superconductivity, key technology of high- energy machines since the 1980s

superconductivity Science

is CERN: 110 staff, 11 fellows getting more and more global CERN’sCERN scientific accelerators diversity programme

AD: Antiproton Decelerator for antimatter studies AWAKE: proton-induced plasma wakefield acceleration CAST, OSQAR: axions CLOUD: impact of cosmic rays on aeorosols and clouds  implications on climate COMPASS: hadron structure and spectroscopy ISOLDE/HIE-ISOLDE: radioactive nuclei facility NA61/Shine: heavy ions and neutrino targets NA62: rare kaon decays NA63: radiation processes in strong EM fields NA64: search for dark photons Neutrino Platform: 훎 detectors R&D for experiments in US, Japan n-TOF: n-induced cross-sections UA9: crystal collimation ~20 experiments, > 1200 physicists

CERN: 64 years of fundamental science, technology, innovation and global collaborations Frédérick Bordry Belgium and CERN– Brussels – 30th November 2018 6 LINAC 2 : 2018 last year of operation

40 successful years • Very stable and reliable 2018 run, no issues (so far) • Key performance for allLinac CERN2 machines switching and off physics programs • Global availability for the12 lastth November 29 weeks (w9 2018-w38) was 99 % • 40th anniversary (6.9.2018) during a week with 100% machine uptime

February 1979 April 2008

CERN: 64 years of fundamental science, technology, innovation and global collaborations Frédérick Bordry Belgium and CERN– Brussels – 30th November 2018 7 LINAC 4

PIMS CCDTL DTL chopper line RFQ

160 MeV 104 MeV 50 MeV 3 MeV 86 m

September-November 2016: Commissioning with beam of 12 PIMS accelerating structures 160 MeV design energy reached on 25.10.2016

Reliability Run in 2017 and 2018 : 80 to 92 % (last week 95%)

LINAC4 Inauguration 9th May 2017

CERN: 64 years of fundamental science, technology, innovation and global collaborations Frédérick Bordry Belgium and CERN– Brussels – 30th November 2018 8 LHC (Large Hadron Collider)

1983 First studies for the LHC project 1988 First magnet model (feasibility) 1994 Approval of the LHC by the CERN Council 1996-1999 Series production industrialisation 1998 Declaration of Public Utility & Start of civil engineering ~ 25 years 1998-2000 Placement of the main production contracts 2004 Start of the LHC installation 2005-2007 Magnets Installation in the tunnel 2006-2008 Hardware commissioning 2008-2009 Beam commissioning

2010-2037… Physics exploitation 2010 – 2012 Run 1 ;7 and 8 TeV 2015 – 2018 Run 2 ; 13 TeV 2021 – 2023 Run 3 (14 TeV) ~ 30 years 2024 – 2025 HL-LHC installation 2026 – 2037… HL-LHC operation A 27 km circumference collider…

CERN: 64 years of fundamental science, technology, innovation and global collaborations Frédérick Bordry Belgium and CERN– Brussels – 30th November 2018 9 FourLHC: experimentsan accelerator : theof 27 coopetition km

LHCB Collaboration : ALICE Collaboration : 15 Countries, > 50 Institutes 35 Countries, > 110 Institutes and over 750 members and over 1000 members

CMS Collaboration : ATLAS Collaboration :  40 Countries, > 170 Institutes  40 Countries, > 170 Institutes and over 3000 members and over 3000 members LHC: technological challenges

The specifications of many systems were beyond the state of the art. Long R&D programs with many institutes and industries worldwide.

•The highest field accelerator magnets: 8.3 T (1232 dipole magnets of 15 m) •The largest superconducting magnet system (~10’000 magnets) •The largest 1.9 K cryogenics installation (superfluid helium, 150 tons of LHe to cool 42’000 tons) •Ultra-high cryogenic vacuum for the particle beams (10-13 atm, ten times lower than the Moon) •The highest currents controlled with high precision (up to 13 kA) •The highest precision ever demanded from the power converters (parts per million level) •A sophisticated and ultra-reliable magnet quench protection system (Energy stored in the magnet system: ~10 Gjoule, in the beams > 700 MJ)

CERN: 64 years of fundamental science, technology, innovation and global collaborations Frédérick Bordry Belgium and CERN– Brussels – 30th November 2018 11 Energy management challenges Energy stored in the magnet system: 10 GJoule

10 GJoule  flying 700 km/h

Energy stored in the two beams: 720 MJ [ 6 1014 protons (1 ng of H+) at 7 TeV ]

700 MJ melt one ton of copper 700 MJoule dissipated in 88 ms

700.106 / 88.106  8 TW

World Electrical Installed Capacity  3.8 TW

90 kg of TNT per beam

CERN: 64 years of fundamental science, technology, innovation and global collaborations Frédérick Bordry Belgium and CERN– Brussels – 30th November 2018 12 LHC 2010-2012: a rich harvest of collisions

 30 fb-1  2 1015 collisions

2010: 0.04 fb-1 7 TeV CoM Commissioning BEH boson -1 announcement 2011: 6.1 fb 7 TeV CoM … exploring limits 2012: 23.3 fb-1 8 TeV CoM … production 7 TeV and 8 TeV in 2012 Up to 1380 bunches With 1.5 1011 protons

CERN: 64 years of fundamental science, technology, innovation and global collaborations Frédérick Bordry Belgium and CERN– Brussels – 30th November 2018 13 From individual theoretical physicist idea…. …to collective innovation !

To design and construct this many thousands of technicians, engineers and physicists from many different disciplines, from all over the world, from different cultures,

had to develop new technologies, had to develop new engineering concepts,

had to work together over decades in full wide1964-open way, with mutual trust Discoveryand respect2012, Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 1964-2012 LHC performance: Run 1 and Run 2

Run 2 :160 fb-1 Run 1: 30 fb-1 at 13 TeV

CERN: 64 years of fundamental science, technology, innovation and global collaborations Frédérick Bordry Belgium and CERN– Brussels – 30th November 2018 15 RunRun 2 2and Run 3

Run 2 : 160 fb-1 (13 TeV)

Run 3 > 160 fb-1 (14 TeV)

• 45 fb-1 in 2017 and > 45 fb-1 in 2018 • YETS 2017/2018 : 15 (13+2) weeks but drastic optimization of the “recommissioning with beam” period (less than 2 weeks!) • Prepare for HL-LHC and post-LS2 LIU era (MD time  in 2018)

CERN: 64 years of fundamental science, technology, innovation and global collaborations Frédérick Bordry Belgium and CERN– Brussels – 30th November 2018 16 The High Luminosity LHC Project (HL-LHC)

Development of • New interaction Nb3Sn Conductor quadrupole magnets Nb3Sn (inner triplets) • New 11 T Nb3Sn dipoles (5.5 m) • RF Crab Cavities • Collimation upgrade • Cryogenics upgrade • Cold powering • Machine protection • …

Major intervention on more than 1.2 km of the LHC

CERN: 64 years of fundamental science, technology, innovation and global collaborations Frédérick Bordry Belgium and CERN– Brussels – 30th November 2018 17 HL-LHC project: construction phase

today

Cost to Completion Material : 950 MCHF

30 fb-1 150 fb-1 300 fb-1 3000 fb-1

FAV = Fabrication, Assembly and Verification https://project-hl-lhc-industry.web.cern.ch CERN: 64 years of fundamental science, technology, innovation and global collaborations Frédérick Bordry Belgium and CERN– Brussels – 30th November 2018 18 Post LHC accelerator studies Compact Linear Collider (CLIC)

Linear e+e- collider √s up to 3 TeV

100 MV/m accelerating gradient needed for compact (~50 km) machine  based on normal-conducting accelerating structures and a two-beam acceleration scheme

Future Circular Collider (FCC)

hh-collider (FCC-hh) 80-100 km tunnel infrastructure in Geneva area, ~16 T  100 TeV pp in 100 km - e+e- collider (FCC-ee) as potential 1st step

- HE-LHC in the present LHC tunnel with FCC-hh technology CERN: Particle Physics and Innovation

 Interfacing between fundamental science and key technological developments

 CERN Technologies and Innovation

Accelerating particle Detecting particles Large-scale beams computing (Grid) cern.ch/knowledgetransfer

open dissemination quality of life

health CERN innovation impact economy

protected education dissemination CERN’s Knowledge Transfer Goals

The goal is to maximise the positive impact of CERN innovations on society, Knowledge with the help of our partners, through both open and protected dissemination. Transfer CatalysingMedical & facilitating applications collaboration

From particle accelerators to cancer therapy

From particle detectors to medical imaging

From grid computing to medical data management and analysis

CERN: 64 years of fundamental science, technology, innovation and global collaborations Frédérick Bordry Belgium and CERN– Brussels – 30th November 2018 22 CERN-MEDICIS: innovative radioisotopes for medical research

Passively uses proton beams from ISOLDE

December 2017: first batch of isotopes produced (155Tb)

CERN: 64 years of fundamental science, technology, innovation and global collaborations Frédérick Bordry Belgium and CERN– Brussels – 30th November 2018 23 Knowledge transfer through procurement Of companies involved in technology-intensive procurement contracts, 38% developed new products and 52% had increased sales performance thanks to CERN! CERN: 64 years of fundamental science, technology, innovation and global collaborations Frédérick Bordry Belgium and CERN– Brussels – 30th November 2018 24 Industrial Returns: Belgian Industries (2013 to 2018)

* Provisional figures for the year

CERN: 64 years of fundamental science, technology, innovation and global collaborations Frédérick Bordry Belgium and CERN– Brussels – 30th November 2018 25 Industrial return, average

Belgium

target = 1.0

CERN: 64 years of fundamental science, technology, innovation and global collaborations Frédérick Bordry Belgium and CERN– Brussels – 30th November 2018 26 Belgium and CERN

Belgium was one of CERN’s founding Member States

Léon Van Hove: CERN Director-General (1976-1980) Belgian scientists have made significant contributions to progress in particle physics in general and have always been heavily involved at CERN

Significant involvement in  the CMS experiment at the LHC  the ISOLDE programme

Miniball

Belgian industry has also contributed to the LHC Example: The Belgian company JLD won a Golden Hadron award for its automatic cable inspection system Belgium and CERN

Visit of King of the Belgians

19 February 2009 21 May 2014 CERN Education Activities

Asia-Europe-Pacific Latin American School of School of High-Energy High-Energy Physics Physics Scientists at CERN Academic Training Programme Fukuoka, Japan, 2012 Natal, Brazil, 2011 Puri, India, 2014 Arequipa, Peru, 2013 China, 2016 Ibarra, Ecuador, 2015

Young Researchers CERN School of High Energy Physics CERN School of Computing CERN School of Physics CERN Accelerator School Norway, June 2016

Physics Students Summer Students CERN Teacher Schools Programme International and National Programmes CERN Teacher Programme In 2012 : CERN granted status of observer to the UN General Assembly

CERN contribution: . describe its functioning successful model . provide direct input on science, technology and education.

Contribution to the UN Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development a) Scientific research, and in particular basic research, must be adequately funded by the countries. Without adequate investments in science, both from rich and less rich countries, there is no future for the society.

b) STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) education is essential for the sustainable development of the society. CERN contributes de facto to Sustainable Development Goals, in particular:

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages - Medical applications

Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning for all - Education is one of CERN’s core missions

Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation - World-class fundamental physics research, Big Data Management, Technology Transfer, Incubators,…

Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development - Possible contribution to the Global technology facilitation mechanism and to the High Level Political Forum CERN is engaged actively to promote: . The role of science for the sustainable development of society : knowledge; technology and innovation; education. . Science as enabler for dialogue, peace and development Pakistani welders are explaining to Indian visitors the welding process applied for the LHC interconnections. 2015

Photo by S. Atieh (EN-MME) Accelerators bringing nations together : SESAME

SESAME (Synchrotron light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East)in Allan (Jordan) Members: Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Pakistan, Palestinian Authority, Turkey

Inauguration 16th May 2017

CERN involved in design, production, tests of magnets and power supplies within CESSAMag project (5 M€ from EC) The CERN model • A simple but strong Convention, excluding military applications. • An organisation for a domain (high energy physics) and not for a project • Researchers from everywhere, including from non-Member States. • European Intergovernmental Organization, globally used an infrastructure belonging to all its member states. An example of what Europe and its partners can achieve when they are working together. • A global budget (payment proportional to the member state GDP) and not “I want my money back” • No national or other quota for employment of personnel • No barriers of nationality, age, religion, gender, sex orientation, colour, … • International experimental collaborations, where CERN is minority. CERN builds and operates facilities, coordinates exploitation (Technical Competence) Users come from Universities, national Labs, etc. (Scientific Competence, Rejuvenation)

• Open Access concept for any field: data, technologies,… • Ambition to be at frontier of world excellence, in spite of high risks

CERN: 64 years of fundamental science, technology, innovation and global collaborations Frédérick Bordry Belgium and CERN– Brussels – 30th November 2018 35 CERN: Research, innovate, discover, share, publish, transfer,…

… and bring the world together

A mix of all cultures and nationalities a taste of a world society in the future ? CERN: Where the WEB was born !

13th September 2011 More info: www.cern.ch “If you want to build a ship, don’t drum up the men to gather wood, divide the work, and give orders. Instead, teach them to yearn for the vast and endless sea.” Antoine de Saint-Exupéry "The task of the mind is to produce future" Paul Valéry

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Accelerating Science and Innovation