Reviews About Early Nomads in Central Asia

The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2642-7478) 2020: 5. 498 Published: September 19, 2020 | Pages: 18-26 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/Volume02Issue09-03

Reviews About Early Nomads In Central Asia

Umidulla Isar ugli Isarov Teacher, Department of History of Uzbekistan and Source studies of Termez State University, Uzbekistan

Journal Website: http://usajournalshub.c om/index,php/tajiir

ABSTRACT

It is well known that nomads have played an important role in World history. Central Asian nomads in particular also played a major and important role in the political life of the continent. In this article geography of Central Asian nomads' distribution, the system of political governance and social life of early nomadic tribes of Central Asia is analyzed.

KEYWORDS

Early nomads, Central Asia, Bronze age, nomadic tribes, Scythians, Saks, Massagets, Bactria, confederation, animal husbandry, Herodotus, historical geography of nomads.

INTRODUCTION

Central Asia is geographically one of the state. Because the composition of the tribal crossroads of ancient Eastern civilization and alliance formed by the nomads to protect nomadic cultures. Ancient authors give many their territories was different. These alliances names of nomadic tribes living in Central Asia, were sometimes disbanded and reorganized. especially in the Amudarya and Syrdarya As some of the nomadic tribes left the political basins, Fergana and adjacent mountainous associations, their names and areas of areas, along the Aral Sea and in the desert and residence also changed. Due to the large various sources give different information. number of names and lifestyle similarities of This is due to the political associations of the Central Asian nomads, information about nomadic peoples and the governance of the

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them can be found in various contradictory Regular contacts with the settled population forms in historical sources. and other nomadic tribes also played an important role in the formation of political MAIN PART associations among Central Asian nomads. The main part of the geographical landscape Political associations formed by the nomadic of Central Asia is the steppe zone. The Amu tribes of Central Asia were formed on the Darya and Syr Darya, the largest rivers in basis of clear agreements and confederate Central Asia, start from mountain streams and rules. Their nomadic lifestyle has led to the join the steppe zone in the middle and lower slow development of this condition. part. Various nomadic tribes engaged in Political associations of Central Asian migrants animal husbandry since ancient times have were formed to protect their lands from inhabited the area. Researcher V.M. Masson neighboring tribes or invasions in the event of envisions a political map of Central Asia before a serious military threat. Bright examples of the Achaemenids as follows: “Bactria had a this can be seen in the formation of huge large political union (state) who’s cultural and political alliances during the military political scope extended to Margiana, possibly campaigns of the Achaemenid kings Cyrus II to the Aryans and Sogdians. The second and Darius I, as well as Alexander the Great. political force is the nomadic world. They had The assassination of Cyrus, the defeat of a confederation that united the various Darius, the failure of Alexander the Great's nomadic tribes. In the middle of the 6th military pressure in Central Asia to reach the century BC, the Massaget tribes played a lands of the nomads, or the cessation of the hegemonic role among the nomads”.[4, p. 73] invasions marked the enormous political and The main form of ownership among the military influence of the Central Asian nomadic nomads was livestock. Pastures that grazed confederations. [6, p. 164-170] livestock were common in the early stages of The factor influencing the subsequent community development. However, as a result duration of the union of tribes in the nomads of the increase in the number of livestock, is the confederate rules. In many cases, this pastures will also be divided among tribes or violation of the terms of the treaty led to the tribal allies. Water bodies are one of the main rapid disintegration of the alliances. This factors for feeding and breeding cattle. means that the demand for new lands has Nomads form armed guards or a group of been steadily increasing as a result of the warriors to guard pastures, cattle, and water increase in population among the tribes. To bodies. meet the need for new lands, the lands of There are more than two social strata in neighboring tribes were occupied, the weak nomadic communities. These rulers have a were squeezed out, and an alliance of large herd and the poor communities who are nomadic tribes was formed to defend their in their service. The issues of family relations lands or to organize large military campaigns. and social stratification of the first nomads of These nomads inherited the right to Central Asia are reflected in the Avesta [1, p. "kingdom" from generation to generation. 137-139], in the works of ancient Greek The role and status of women in governance historians. [2; 5, p. 84] and public life among Central Asian nomads

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was high. This can be seen as a manifestation RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS of social equality. There are many names of nomadic tribes living At the head of each nomadic tribe stands a in the Central Asian regions and different king or queen. Example: Queen Tomiris in sources. This can be seen as a situation related Massagets, Princes Zarina in Saks, King to the political associations of nomadic Amorg, Queen Sparetra, and others. The king peoples and public administration. [3, p. 304.] or queen also commanded the army during Because the composition of the tribal alliance the war. formed by the nomads to protect their territories was different. Ancient Greek historians recorded the multiplicity of nomadic kings. The reason for Demodamus, the commander of Seleucus I the multiplicity of kings is in the diversity of and Antiochus, marched to the lands beyond nations and tribes. Their election shows that the Syrdarya (300 BC) and information about the democratic ideas of the nomads have a the peoples there has been preserved. This high place in society. march of the Seleucids, with the intention of expanding their territory, initially sent Aristobulus wrote that ".... in the nomadic Demodam on a military expedition across the Scythians who lived on the banks of the river Syrdarya for reconnaissance purposes. Tanais, kings were elected and he was given a According to the historian Pliny, as a result of staff (" skeptron "), a symbol of the kingdom the Demodamus marches many large tribes by the river ...." [5, p. 84]. Strabo wrote, "... crossed the Syrdarya: Aryans, Rimniks, Peziks, The nomads have two assemblies, one of Amards, Ists, Edons, Kons, Kaniaks, Evharis, which is a gathering of relatives, and the other Katyars, Antoisians, Psaks, Antakats, of which is a gathering of sages and priests: Khroazars, Oyks, Yaseys, Napeys. [8, p.27] the king may be elected from among the members of both congresses". [7, p. 93] Based on the data of Avesto and ancient Greek historians, the names of the first

nomadic tribes of Central Asia and their habitats are analyzed in Table 1.

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Table № 1. Names of Central Asian nomadic tribes and their location.

№ Names of nomadic tribes Living areas Historical sources 1. “Tur” tribes In Central Asia Avesto .Yasht. XVII. 2. “Danay” tribes In Central Asia Avesto .Yasht. V. In Central Asia Herodotus. History. 3. “Sak” tribes I.131. Herodotus. History. 4. “Tigrahauda” Saks tribes In South Kazakhstan I.131. In mountainous areas of the Herodotus. History. 5. "Haumavarga" saks tribes Pamirs and Southern Tianshan I.133. In the middle reaches of the Herodotus. History. 6. "Tigradaraya" saks tribes Syrdarya. I.132. Around the Aral Sea, the lower Herodotus. History. 7. “Overseas” saks tribes reaches of the Syr Darya, the I.150. middle reaches and its shores. unknown Herodotus. History. 8. "Orthocoribanti" tribes .I.153. The lower reaches of the Amudarya and the Aral Sea, Herodotus. History. 9. “Massaget” tribes according to some sources, in the I.134. lower reaches of the Karakum and Syrdarya Herodotus. History. 10. “Scythian” tribes In Western Europe I.131. May be in the territories adjacent Herodotus. History. 11. “Amazon” tribes to Khorezm (perhaps in the Aral IV,110,115. Sea and Amudarya delta) "Get" tribes In the lands before reaching Istra, Herodotus. History. 12. (Those who call the western neighbor of the IV. 93. themselves immortal) Scythians To the east of the Girkans, around Herodotus. History. 13. “Issedon” tribes the Murgab oasis I.131. On the northern bank of the Strabo. Geography. 14. “Sakravl” tribes Syrdarya XI, 8,2. 15. “Adrasp” tribes In areas adjacent to Massaget Strabo. Geography.

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and Saks (may be around the Aral XI, 8,8. Sea and Khorezm) On the northern bank of the Strabo. Geography. 16. “Azi” tribes Syrdarya XI, 8,2. On the northern bank of the Strabo. Geography. 17. “Pasian” tribes Syrdarya XI, 8,2. On the banks of the Ox (Amu Strabo. Geography. 18. “Arakhot” tribes Darya), west of Bactria XI, 8. Strabo. Geography. 19. “ Атасий “ лар Contained in massaget tribes XI, 11,8. unknown Quintus Curtius Ruf. Histories of 20. “Soil” saks tribes Alexander the Great. V,6-17. Quintus Curtius Ruf. On the banks of the Tanais Histories of 21. “Arakhozi” tribes (Syrdarya) Alexander the Great. IV,5,4. Quintus Curtius Ruf. “Pard” tribes (it could also On the south coast of the Histories of 22. be the Persians) Amudarya Alexander the Great. V,6-17. Quintus Curtius Ruf. Histories of 23. “Mamasen” tribes Between Kiropol and Tanais Alexander the Great. VII ,6-10. Quintus Curtius Ruf. Histories of 24. “ Savromat” tribes On the shores of the Aral Sea Alexander the Great. VII ,6-10. Arrian. The Anabasis 25. “Amurgiy” saks tribes Between Bactria and India of Alexander , III. In Central Asia Arrian. The Anabasis 26. “Roksanaki ” saks tribes of Alexander. III. In Central Asia Arrian. The Anabasis 27. “Fastie” saks tribes of Alexander. III. 28. “Komedi” saks tribes In Central Asia Arrian. The Anabasis

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of Alexander. IV. In Central Asia Arrian. The Anabasis 29. “Komari” saks tribes of Alexander. IV. Arrian. The Anabasis 30. “Karatti” saks tribes In Central Asia of Alexander. IV. The southern neighbor of the Arrian. The Anabasis 31. “Ariasp” tribes Scythians of Alexander. III. On the other side of Tanais Arrian. The Anabasis 32. “Dai” tribes (Syrdarya) of Alexander. III, 28. Arrian. The Anabasis 33. “Abi” tribes On the other side of the Syrdarya of Alexander. IV,I In the territories adjacent to Arrian. The Anabasis 34. “Kholh” tribes Khorezm, along the Aral Sea and of Alexander. IV,15. in the Amudarya delta In the territories adjacent to Arrian. The Anabasis 35. “Paratek” tribes Sogdia of Alexander. IV,21. unknown Arrian. The Anabasis 36. “Auchasi” massaget tribes of Alexander. III. unknown Arrian. The Anabasis 37. “Aparni” dai tribes of Alexander. III. Between Ox and Yaksart 38. “Apasiak” tribes Polibius. Х,48. (Amudarya and Syrdarya) Diodorus Siculus. Lived in the Karakum Desert, the 39. “Debrik” tribes Historical Library. northern neighbor of the Days Book II. Chapter 2. Diodorus Siculus. 40. “Arimasp” tribes In the border areas with Hercania Historical Library. Chapter XVII, p.81. Diodorus Siculus. In the border areas with the 41. “Gidrozi” tribes Historical Library. country of Hyrcania Chapter VII, p.81. Ptolemy. 42. “Pazik” tribes Near the Ox Mountains Geography. Book IV, 12. In the northern part of the Ptolemy. 43. “Yati” tribes Syrdarya Geography. Book IV,

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12. At the foot of the Sogdian Ptolemy. 44. “Oxiadrank” tribes mountains Geography. Book IV, 12. At the foot of the Sogdian Ptolemy. 45. “Dribakt” tribes mountains Geography. Book IV, 12. At the foot of the Sogdian Ptolemy. 46. “Kandar” tribes mountains Geography. Book IV, 12. At the foot of the Sogdian Ptolemy. 47. “Mardien” tribes mountains Geography. Book IV, 12. Ptolemy. On the banks of the Ox 48. “Oxien” tribes Geography. Book IV, (Amudarya) 12. Ptolemy. In the lower reaches of the 49. “Urapsian” tribes Geography. Book IV, Amudarya and along the Aral Sea 12. Ptolemy. On the banks of the Tanais 50. “Aristi” tribes Geography. Book IV, (Syrdarya) 12. Ptolemy. On the banks of the Ox 51. “Kirrodi” tribes Geography. Book IV, (Amudarya) 12. In the south of Bactria Ptolemy. 52. “Orisp” tribes Geography. Book IV, 11. In the south of Bactria Ptolemy. 53. “Sabodi” tribes Geography. Book IV, 11. In the south of Bactria Ptolemy. 54. “Varn” tribes Geography. Book IV, 11. In the south of Bactria Ptolemy. 55. “Skord” tribes Geography. Book IV, 11.

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In the south of Bactria Ptolemy. 56. “Akinak” tribes Geography. Book IV, 11. In the south of Bactria Ptolemy. 57. “Kom” tribes Geography. Book IV, 11. In the south of Bactria Ptolemy. 58. “Khomar” tribes Geography. Book IV, 11. Ptolemy. 59. “Sagater” tribes In Bactria Geography. Book IV, 11. Ptolemy. 60. “Amarisp” tribes In Bactria, north of Ox. Geography. Book IV, 11.

Also, by analyzing the data on the first settlers 1. The territory around the Aral Sea; of Central Asia, the boundaries of their 2. Ettisuv, Tien-Shan, Fergana and Pamir habitats can be classified as follows: regions; 3. Tashkent oasis, middle reaches of the 1. Nomadic tribes living in areas with no Syrdarya and coastal areas of Central definite borders (indefinite borders). Asian rivers; 2. Nomads living in definite areas. 4. Khorezm and the territories of (boundary definite, unchanged) northwestern Turkmenistan. 3. Nomads living in neighboring oases or in lands suitable for farming. Archaeological excavations in the Aral Sea region began in the middle of the twentieth Of the above, the settlement of the tribes of century. As a result of research conducted the third group was relatively rapid. However, under the leadership of S.Tolstov, the culture in the 6th century BC, Central Asian nomads of "Chirikrabod" was formed. [9, p. 127-142] formed military tribal alliances or political The owners of the Chirikrabod culture, alliances to protect their lands from attack by according to the scientist, are the Apasiak other tribes. tribes. Archaeological sources about the first We can also cite the Kuyusay culture, settlers of Central Asia. Tagisken, Uygarak and other archeological According to the results of research sites. Many settlements of the early nomads conducted so far, Central Asia is divided into have also been studied in the Tien Shan and the following regions according to the Yettisuv, Fergana and Pamir regions. In complex forms of material culture samples addition, as a result of research in the South left by nomads: Kazakhstan and Tashkent oases, the middle

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reaches of the Syrdarya and the rivers of 4. Masson V.M. Ancient agricultural Central Asia, the culture of "Kovunchi (I-II-III)" culture of Margiana. MIA, 1959. – p. 73. was introduced into science. Material sources 5. Pyankov I. V. The social structure of studied in the monuments of nomads in the early nomads of Central Asia Khorezm and northwestern Turkmenistan also according to the data of ancient give us reliable information about nomadic authors. Early nomads of Central Asia peoples. and Kazakhstan. Leningrad, 1975 .-- p. 84. CONCLUSION 6. Shaydullaev Sh. Emergence and stages Historical sources prove that the first nomadic of development of statehood in the tribes of Central Asia created a unique culture. territory of Uzbekistan (on the Many nomadic tribes inhabited the steppe example of Bactria). dissertation for zones of Central Asia during the Bronze and the degree of Doctor of Historical Iron Ages. And they are united into Sciences. Samarkand - 2009. p. 164- confederations of different tribes. In 170. particular, in the 6th century BC, a 7. Strabo. Geography. Vol. IX-I. p 93. confederation of military tribes was formed in 8. Susan M. Sherwin-White, Amélie Central Asia by nomadic Sak-Massaget tribes Kuhrt. From Samarkhand to Sardis: A to defend their lands. The study of these New Approach to the Seleucid Empire. nomadic tribes is an actual issue in the science 1993. P.27 of history. Indeed, the study of these tribes 9. Tolstov S.P. The results of historical may play a key role in the study of the ancient and archaeological research in 1961 on history of Central Asia. the ancient channels of the Syrdarya. S.A., 1962, No. 4, pp. 127-142. REFERENCES 10. Oblomurodov Naim Khalimovich, 1. Boyce.A History of Zoroastrianism Vol Ismatullayeva Nargiza Rasuljanovna, III. Lieden: Brill, 1975. P. 137-139. Goyibnazarov Isobek Shakarovich. The 2. Herodotus. History. Book I.131. Purpose and Outcome of Diplomatic 3. Markov G.E. Nomads of Asia. The Missions in the II-I Centuries Between structure of the economy and social Central Asia And China. JCR. 2020; organization. M: Nauka, 1971, p. 304. 7(9): 126-128. doi:10.31838/jcr.07.09.23

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