3rd Stage contrastive Grammar 8th week Arabic Aspects 1) The imperfect Aspect: The Arabic imperfect aspect is indicated by the imperfect form ( present form). It may theoretically be linked with absolute present tense to indicate present time or with a relative tense to take its time from a point of reference in the past or future. The uses of Arabic imperfect aspect :- 1) The imperfect aspect basically used to denotes unfinished/ incomplete action or state. a) Imperfect aspect, absolute present tense: .(Ali is writing the lecture now ) يكتب علي المحاضرة االن. - b) Imperfect aspect , relative past tense: I saw Ali yesterday. He was ) شاهدث علي البارحت وهى يكتب المحاضرة. - writing the lecture). c) Imperfect aspect, present tense referring to future time: I shall visit Ali tomorrow. He will be ) سأزور علي غداً وهى يكتب المحاضرة - writing the lecture). 2) Because the imperfect aspect is used to convey the idea that an event or action is not completed yet. Therefore, it may denote a durative/ continuous progressive event. .(Zaid is fighting the enemy now ) يحارب زيد العدو االن. - This use is more commonly appears in the sense that the subject precedes the verb, as in: زيد يحارب العدو االن. - 3) The imperfect aspect is used to express a habit, a custom, or repeated action; for example: .(Mohammed visits his friends every Friday ) يسور دمحم اصدقائه كل جمعت. - Note) The durative, habitual uses of Arabic aspect is only shown by the context, what is meant by the Arabic aspect is indicated by the context not by the form of the verb or the aspect. 4) The imperfect aspect is used to express a durative or a habitual action in the past when it is combined with relative tense and takes its reference from a point in the past. .( I heard him while he was singing ) سمعته وهى يغىي. - He said that he traveled to the ) قال اوه يسافر الى الريف مرة كل شهر. - countryside once a month). This use can be render into past more explicitly by means of using the :for example ,"كان" incomplete verb He was visiting / used to visit his aunt in the ) كان يسور عمته في المديىت. - town). 2) The Perfect Aspect in Arabic:- Arabic perfect aspect is indicated by perfect form ( past form). This form also expresses both the absolute and the relative past tenses. The uses of the perfect Aspect:- 1- The Arabic perfect aspect is used with absolute past tense to express a completed action with present relevance sense ( e.g , its result is within the present ) ; for example :- .(I have lost my suitcase now ) فقدث محفظتي االن. - .(I have finished my work ) اوتهيج مه عملي. - The use of perfect aspect in past tense with present relevance can be is used with قد rendered more explicitly by means of using particles. The particle the prefect form usually to express additional meaning of '' already'' or '' just''; for example : .(The manager has already finished his work) قد اوهى المدير عمله. - .(He has just discussed the matter ) لقد واقش المسألت. - is confined to positive statement, it cannot be '' قد'' However, the particle used with negative. 2- The perfect aspect is combined with relative tense and takes its point of reference from a point in the past. It expresses an event completed before the point in the past. And it is rendered into English by prefect aspect in past tense ( past participle); for example: - .(He entered after the lecture had finished ) دخل بعد ان اوتهج المحاضرة. - .(She traveled where she had studied before ) سافرث حيث درسج مه قبل. - is sometimes employed to express the use of this aspect; for "قد '' The particle example : .(I met him; he had finished his study ) قابلته وقد اوتهى مه دراسته. -