Review of Verbs (Tense and Voice) And the Passive Voice (Pages 56 ff; 414 ff).

Active Voice = Subject does the action of the verb.

The man is praising the women. Present Tense, Active Voice The man was praising the women. Imperfect Tense, Active Voice The man will praise the women. Future Tense, Active Voice

Passive Voice = Subject receives the action of the verb.

The man is praised by the women. Present Tense, Passive Voice The man was praised by the women. Imperfect Tense, Passive Voice The man will be praised by the women. Future Tense, Passive Voice In Latin, in the present, imperfect, and future tenses, voice is determined by the personal ending found on the verb.

Active Voice Personal Endings o/m = subject is I mus = subject is we s = subject is you (sing.) tis = subject is you (pl.) t = subject is he, she, it or a nt = subject is they or a nom. sing. noun nom. pl. noun

Passive Voice Personal Endings or/r = subject is I mur = subject is we ris = subject is you (sing.) mini = subject is you (pl.) tur = subject is he, she, it or a ntur = subject is they or a nom. sing. noun nom. pl. noun Present Tense of voco vocare – call

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Stem + Personal Endings

1. voca+o = voco I call, I am calling, I do call 2. voca+s = vocas you call, you are calling, you do call 3. voca+t = vocat he calls, he is calling, he does call 1. voca+mus = vocamus we call, we are calling, we do call 2. voca+tis = vocatis you call, you are calling, you do call 3. voca+nt = vocant they call, they are calling, they do call

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Stem + Personal Endings

1. voca+or = vocor I am (being) called 2. voca+ris = vocaris you are (being) called 3. voca+tur = vocatur he is (being) called 1. voca+mur = vocamur we are (being) called 2. voca+mini = vocamini you are (being) called 3. voca+ntur = vocantur they are (being) called Imperfect Tense of voco vocare – call

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Stem + ba + Personal Endings

1. voca+ba +m = vocabam I was calling, I used to call, I did call 2. voca+ba+s = vocabas you were calling, you used to call, you did call 3. voca+ba+t = vocabat he was calling, he used to call, he did call 1. voca+ba+mus = vocabamus we were calling, we used to call, we did call 2. voca+ba+tis = vocabatis you were calling, you used to call, you did call 3. voca+ba+nt = vocabant they were calling, they used to call, they did call

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Stem + ba + Personal Endings

1. voca+ba +r = vocabar I was (being) called, I used to be called 2. voca+ba+ris = vocabaris you were (being) called, you used to be called 3. voca+ba+tur = vocabatur he was (being) called, he used to be called 1. voca+ba+mur = vocabamur we were (being) called, we used to be called 2. voca+ba+mini = vocabamini you were (being) called, you used to be called 3. voca+ba+ntur = vocabantur they were (being) called, they used to be called Regular Verbs = Verbs which follow a set of rules for their conjugation and translation.

Pres. Pres. Perf. Perf. Act. Act. Act. Pass. Indic. Infin. Indic. Participle

1st conjugation voco vocare vocavi vocatus – call

2nd conjugation moneo monere monui monitus – warn

Reg. 3rd conjugation rego regere rexi rectus - rule Tense Rule Translation

Active and Passive Voice

(1st & 2nd conj.) (Reg. 3rd conj.)

Present Pres. Stem + PE Pres. Root + i + PE (am, is are; do, does; simple pres.)

Imperfect Pres. Stem + ba + PE Pres. Root + eba + PE (was, were; used to; did)

Future Pres. Stem + bi + PE Pres. Root + a/e + PE (shall/will)

Present Stem = Present Active Infinitive (2nd principal part of verb) - re Present Root = Present Active Infinitive (2nd principal part of verb) - ere Present Tense of rego regere – rule

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Root + i +Personal Endings

1. reg+i+o = rego I rule, I am ruling, I do rule 2. reg+i+s = regis you rule, you are ruling, you do rule 3. reg+i+t = regit he rules, he is ruling, he does rule 1. reg+i+mus = regimus we rule, we are ruling, we do rule 2. reg+i+tis = regitis you rule, you are ruling, you do rule 3. reg+i+nt = regunt they rule, they are ruling, they do rule

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Root + i + Personal Endings

1. reg+i+or = regor I am (being) ruled 2. reg+i+ris = regeris you are (being) ruled 3. reg+i+tur = regitur he is (being) ruled 1. reg+i+mur = regimur we are (being) ruled 2. reg+i+mini = regimini you are (being) ruled 3. Reg+i+ntur = reguntur they are (being) ruled Imperfect Tense of rego regere – rule

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Root + eba +Personal Endings

1. reg+eba+m = regebam I was ruling, used to rule, did rule 2. reg+eba+s = regebas you were ruling, used to rule, did rule 3. reg+eba+t = regebat he was ruling, used to rule, did rule 1. reg+eba+mus = regebamus we were ruling, used to rule, did rule 2. reg+eba+tis = regebatis you were ruling, used to rule, did rule 3. reg+eba+nt = regebant they were ruling, used to rule, did rule

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Root + eba + Personal Endings

1. reg+eba+r = regebar I was (being) ruled 2. reg+eba+ris = regebaris you were (being) ruled 3. reg+eba+tur = regebatur he was (being) ruled 1. reg+eba+mur = regebamur we were (being) ruled 2. reg+eba+mini = regebamini you were (being) ruled 3. reg+eba+ntur = regebantur they were (being) ruled Future Tense of rego regere – rule

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Root + a/e +Personal Endings

1. reg+a+m = regam I shall rule 2. reg+e+s = reges you will rule 3. reg+e+t = reget he will rule 1. reg+e+mus = regemus we shall rule 2. reg+e+tis = regetis you will rule 3. reg+e+nt = regent they will rule

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Root + a/e + Personal Endings

1. reg+a+r = regar I shall be ruled 2. reg+e+ris = regeris you will be ruled 3. reg+e+tur = regetur he will be ruled 1. reg+e+mur = regemur we shall be ruled 2. reg+e+mini = regemini you will be ruled 3. reg+e+ntur = regentur they will be ruled Future Tense of voco vocare – call

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Stem + bi + Personal Endings

1. voca+bi +o = vocabo I shall call 2. voca+bi+s = vocabis you will call 3. voca+bi+t = vocabit he will call 1. voca+bi+mus = vocabimus we shall call 2. voca+bi+tis = vocabitis you will call 3. voca+bi+nt = vocabunt they will call

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Stem + bi + Personal Endings

1. voca+bi +or = vocabor I shall be called 2. voca+bi+ris = vocaberis you will be called 3. voca+bi+tur = vocabitur he will be called 1. voca+bi+mur = vocabimur we shall be called 2. voca+bi+mini = vocabimini you will be called 3. voca+bi+ntur = vocabuntur they will be called Regular Verbs = Verbs which follow a set of rules for their conjugation and translation.

Pres. Pres. Perf. Perf. Act. Act. Act. Pass. Indic. Infin. Indic. Participle

1st conjugation voco vocare vocavi vocatus – call

2nd conjugation moneo monere monui monitus – warn

Reg. 3rd conjugation rego regere rexi rectus - rule Tense Rule Translation

Active and Passive Voice

(1st & 2nd conj.) (Reg. 3rd conj.)

Present Pres. Stem + PE Pres. Root + i + PE (am, is are; do, does; simple pres.)

Imperfect Pres. Stem + ba + PE Pres. Root + eba + PE (was, were; used to; did)

Future Pres. Stem + bi + PE Pres. Root + a/e + PE (shall/will)

Present Stem = Present Active Infinitive (2nd principal part of verb) - re Present Root = Present Active Infinitive (2nd principal part of verb) - ere Present Tense of rego regere – rule

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Root + i +Personal Endings

1. reg+i+o = rego I rule, I am ruling, I do rule 2. reg+i+s = regis you rule, you are ruling, you do rule 3. reg+i+t = regit he rules, he is ruling, he does rule 1. reg+i+mus = regimus we rule, we are ruling, we do rule 2. reg+i+tis = regitis you rule, you are ruling, you do rule 3. reg+i+nt = regunt they rule, they are ruling, they do rule

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Root + i + Personal Endings

1. reg+i+or = regor I am (being) ruled 2. reg+i+ris = regeris you are (being) ruled 3. reg+i+tur = regitur he is (being) ruled 1. reg+i+mur = regimur we are (being) ruled 2. reg+i+mini = regimini you are (being) ruled 3. Reg+i+ntur = reguntur they are (being) ruled Imperfect Tense of rego regere – rule

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Root + eba +Personal Endings

1. reg+eba+m = regebam I was ruling, used to rule, did rule 2. reg+eba+s = regebas you were ruling, used to rule, did rule 3. reg+eba+t = regebat he was ruling, used to rule, did rule 1. reg+eba+mus = regebamus we were ruling, used to rule, did rule 2. reg+eba+tis = regebatis you were ruling, used to rule, did rule 3. reg+eba+nt = regebant they were ruling, used to rule, did rule

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Root + eba + Personal Endings

1. reg+eba+r = regebar I was (being) ruled 2. reg+eba+ris = regebaris you were (being) ruled 3. reg+eba+tur = regebatur he was (being) ruled 1. reg+eba+mur = regebamur we were (being) ruled 2. reg+eba+mini = regebamini you were (being) ruled 3. reg+eba+ntur = regebantur they were (being) ruled Future Tense of rego regere – rule

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Root + a/e +Personal Endings

1. reg+a+m = regam I shall rule 2. reg+e+s = reges you will rule 3. reg+e+t = reget he will rule 1. reg+e+mus = regemus we shall rule 2. reg+e+tis = regetis you will rule 3. reg+e+nt = regent they will rule

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Root + a/e + Personal Endings

1. reg+a+r = regar I shall be ruled 2. reg+e+ris = regeris you will be ruled 3. reg+e+tur = regetur he will be ruled 1. reg+e+mur = regemur we shall be ruled 2. reg+e+mini = regemini you will be ruled 3. reg+e+ntur = regentur they will be ruled Review of “io” Third Conjugation Verbs

Pres. Pres. Perf. Perf. Act. Act. Act. Pass. Indic. Infin. Indic. Participle

1st conjugation voco vocare vocavi vocatus - call

2nd conjugation moneo monere monui monitus - warn

Reg. 3rd conjugation rego regere rexi rectus - rule

“io” 3rd conjugation capio capere cepi captus - take Tense Rule Translation

Active and Passive Voice

(1st & 2nd conj.) (Reg. 3rd conj.)

Present Pres. Stem + PE Pres. Root + i + PE (am, is are; do, does; simple pres.)

Imperfect Pres. Stem + ba + PE Pres. Root + eba + PE (was, were; used to; did)

Future Pres. Stem + bi + PE Pres. Root + a/e + PE (shall/will)

Present Stem = Present Active Infinitive (2nd principal part of verb) - re Present Root = Present Active Infinitive (2nd principal part of verb) – ere

“io” verbs of the third conjugation add an i to the present root. Present Tense of capio capere – take

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Root + i +Personal Endings

1. capi+o = capio I take, am taking, do take 2. capi+s = capis you take, are taking, do take 3. capi+t = capit he takes, is taking, does take 1. capi+mus = capimus we take, are taking, do take 2. capi+tis = capitis you take, are taking, do take 3. capi+nt = capiunt they take, are taking, do take

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Root + i + Personal Endings

1. capi+or = capior I am (being) taken 2. capi+ris = caperis you are (being) taken 3. capi+tur = capitur he is (being) taken 1. capi+mur = capimur we are (being) taken 2. capi+mini = capimini you are (being) taken 3. capi+ntur = capiuntur they are (being) taken Imperfect Tense of capio capere – take

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Root + eba +Personal Endings

1. capi+eba+m = capiebam I was taking, used to take, did take 2. capi+eba+s = capiebas you were taking, used to take, did take 3. capi+eba+t = capiebat he was taking, used to take, did take 1. capi+eba+mus = capiebamus we were taking, used to take, did take 2. capi+eba+tis = capiebatis you were taking, used to take, did take 3. capi+eba+nt = capiebant they were taking, used to take, did take

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Root + eba + Personal Endings

1. capi+eba+r = capiebar I was (being) taken 2. capi+eba+ris = capiebaris you were (being) taken 3. capi+eba+tur = capiebatur he was (being) taken 1. capi+eba+mur = capiebamur we were (being) taken 2. capi+eba+mini = capiebamini you were (being) taken 3. capi+eba+ntur = capiebantur they were (being) taken Future Tense of capio capere – take

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Root + a/e +Personal Endings

1. capi+a+m = capiam I shall take 2. capi+e+s = capies you will take 3. capi+e+t = capiet he will take 1. capi+e+mus = capiemus we shall take 2. capi+e+tis = capietis you will take 3. capi+e+nt = capient they will take

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Root + a/e + Personal Endings

1. capi+a+r = capiar I shall be taken 2. capi+e+ris = capieris you will be taken 3. capi+e+tur = capietur he will be taken 1. capi+e+mur = capiemur we shall be taken 2. capi+e+mini = capiemini you will be taken 3. capi+e+ntur = capientur they will be taken Review of Fourth Conjugation Verbs

Pres. Pres. Perf. Perf. Act. Act. Act. Pass. Indic. Infin. Indic. Participle

1st conjugation voco vocare vocavi vocatus - call

2nd conjugation moneo monere monui monitus - warn

Reg. 3rd conjugation rego regere rexi rectus - rule

“io” 3rd conjugation capio capere cepi captus - take

4th conjugation audio audire audivi auditus - hear Tense Rule

Active and Passive Voice

(1st & 2nd conj.) (Reg. 3rd conj.) (4th conj.)

Present Pres. Stem + PE Pres. Root + i + PE Pres. Stem + PE

Imperfect Pres. Stem + ba + PE Pres. Root + eba + PE Pres. Stem + eba + PE

Future Pres. Stem + bi + PE Pres. Root + a/e + PE Pres. Stem + a/e + PE

Present Stem = Present Active Infinitive (2nd principal part of verb) - re Present Root = Present Active Infinitive (2nd principal part of verb) – ere

“io” verbs of the third conjugation add an i to the present root. Present Tense of audio audire – hear

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Stem + Personal Endings

1. audi+o = audio I hear, am hearing, do hear 2. audi+s = audis you hear, are hearing, do hear 3. audi+t = audit he hears, is hearing, does hear 1. audi+mus = audimus we hear, are hearing, do hear 2. audi+tis = auditis you hear, are hearing, do hear 3. audi+nt = audiunt they hear, are hearing, do hear

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Stem + Personal Endings

1. audi+or = audior I am (being) heard 2. audi+ris = audiris you are (being) heard 3. audi+tur = auditur he is (being) heard 1. audi+mur = audimur we are (being) heard 2. audi+mini = audimini you are (being) heard 3. audi+ntur = audiuntur they are (being) heard Imperfect Tense of audio audire – hear

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Stem + eba +Personal Endings

1. audi+eba+m = audiebam I was hearing, used to hear, did hear 2. audi+eba+s = audiebas you were hearing, used to hear, did hear 3. audi+eba+t = audiebat he was hearing, used to hear, did hear 1. audi+eba+mus = audiebamus we were hearing, used to hear, did hear 2. audi+eba+tis = audiebatis you were hearing, used to hear, did hear 3. audi+eba+nt = audiebant they were hearing, used to hear, did hear

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Stem + eba + Personal Endings

1. audi+eba+r = audiebar I was (being) heard 2. audi+eba+ris = audiebaris you were (being) heard 3. audi+eba+tur = audiebatur he was (being) heard 1. audi+eba+mur = audiebamur we were (being) heard 2. audi+eba+mini = audiebamini you were (being) heard 3. audi+eba+ntur = audiebantur they were (being) heard Future Tense of audio audire – hear

(Active Voice) Rule = Present Stem + a/e +Personal Endings

1. audi+a+m = audiam I shall hear 2. audi+e+s = audies you will hear 3. audi+e+t = audiet he will hear 1. audi+e+mus = audiemus we shall hear 2. audi+e+tis = audietis you will hear 3. audi+e+nt = audient they will hear

(Passive Voice) Rule = Present Stem + a/e + Personal Endings

1. audi+a+r = audiar I shall be heard 2. audi+e+ris = audieris you will be heard 3. audi+e+tur = audietur he will be heard 1. audi+e+mur = audiemur we shall be heard 2. audi+e+mini = audiemini you will be heard 3. audi+e+ntur = audientur they will be heard All Latin Verbs (Regular and Irregular) (Review Sheet)

Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect Tenses, Active Voice

Perfect Perfect Stem + i, isti ,it, imus, istis, erunt (has, have; simple past)

Pluperfect Perfect Stem + eram, eras erat, eramus, eratis, erant (had)

Future Perfect Perfect Stem + ero, eris,erit, erimus, eritis, erint (shall have/will have) All Latin Verbs (Regular and Irregular) (Review Sheet)

Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect Tenses, Active Voice

Perfect Perfect Stem + i, isti ,it, imus, istis, erunt (has, have; simple past)

Pluperfect Perfect Stem + eram, eras erat, eramus, eratis, erant (had)

Future Perfect Perfect Stem + ero, eris,erit, erimus, eritis, erint (shall have/will have) All Latin Verbs (that have a passive voice; ie. not the verb “to be”)

Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect Tenses, Passive Voice

Perfect = Perfect Passive Participle + sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt (has been, have been)

Pluperfect = Perfect Passive Participle + eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant (had been)

Future Perfect = Perfect Passive Participle + ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt (shall have been/will have been)

Perfect Passive Participle = 4th principal part of the verb. (It is a first and second declension adjective.) Perfect Passive Participle = 4th principal part of the verb.

1st conjugation voco vocare vocavi vocatus – call

Perfect Passive Participle = vocatus vocata vocatum - called, having been called

2nd conjugation moneo monere monui monitus - warn

Perfect Passive Participle = monitus monita monitum - warned, having been warned

Reg. 3rd conjugation rego regere rexi rectus – rule

Perfect Passive Participle = rectus recta rectum - ruled, having been ruled

“io” 3rd conjugation capio capere cepi captus – take

Perfect Passive Participle = captus capta captum - taken, having been taken

4th conjugation audio audire audivi auditus – hear

Perfect Passive Participle = auditus audita auditum - heard, having been heard Perfect Passive = Perfect Passive Participle + sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt (has been, have been)

1st conjugation voco vocare vocavi vocatus – call

Nominative Participle Endings

M F N Singular = us a um Plural = i ae a vocatus sum = I have been called vocatus es = you have been called vocatus est = he has been called vocati sumus = we have been called vocati estis = you have been called vocati sunt = they have been called Pluperfect Passive = Perfect Passive Participle + eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant (had been)

Reg. 3rd conjugation rego regere rexi rectus – rule

Nominative Participle Endings

M F N Singular = us a um Plural = i ae a rectus eram = I had been ruled rectus eras = you had been ruled rectus erat = he had been ruled recti eramus = we had been ruled recti eratis = you had been ruled recti erant = they had been ruled Future Perfect Passive = Perfect Passive Participle + ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt (shall have been/will have been)

4th conjugation audio audire audivi auditus – hear

Nominative Participle Endings

M F N Singular = us a um Plural = i ae a auditus ero = I shall have been heard auditus eris = you will have been heard auditus erit = he will have been heard auditi erimus = we shall have been heard auditi eritis = you will have been heard auditi erunt = they will have been heard Ablative of Agent

Prep. a/ab + Ablative Case Noun/Pronoun

When a passive voice verb is used, the Ablative of Agent is used to show the doer of the action of the verb.

The king was praised by the people. Noun Verb Prep. Noun Subject 3rd. Sing. Ablative Nom. Imperf. Of Agent Mas. Passive Mas. Sing. Indic. Sing.

Rex a populo laudabatur.