Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

1974-08-01

Relief Society Grain Storage Program, 1876-1940

Jessie L. Embry Brigham Young University - Provo

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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Embry, Jessie L., "Relief Society Grain Storage Program, 1876-1940" (1974). Theses and Dissertations. 4667. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4667

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. RELIEF SOCIETY GRAIN STORAGE PROGPPROGRAM4 NK

1876 1940

thesis presented department history brigham young university

partial fulfillment requirements degree master arts

jessie L embry

august 197410 74

f thesis jessie louise embry accepted present form department history brigham young university satisfying thesis requirement degree master arts

i ry wh thomas GU alexander committeeuommittee unchairmanairman g ted J ealernalerwaierr committee member qa c atelateyatee ted J apnerwpnerer department chairman

11 acknowledgments

thesis never completed without aid many people author especially grateful dr leonard J arrington william G hartley suggesting topic offering valuable research aids entire staff church archives history division historical department LDS church assisted author offering encouragement needed noting sources author might missed delivering dusty old minute books special thanks should given john F bluth always willing listen authors problems offer

encouragement then members committee dr thomas G

alexander dr ted J warner along dr gary L shumway read completed thesis offered valuable suggestions ways improved elaine lund volunteered type final paper finally author wishes thank five charming roommates two loving parents two understanding sisters shared joys pains writing thesis

iiilii111 TABLE CONTENTS acknowledgementsACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii introduction 1

CHAPTER

I1 MORMON GRAIN STORAGE PROGRAMS 3

II11 millennialism GRAIN STORAGE 17 lilIII111 INTERNAL CHANGES GRAIN STORAGE PROGRAM 28 IV WORLD WAR I1 42

V RELIEF SOCIETY GRAIN STORAGE 191819401918 1940 59 VI conclusion 71

SOURCES CONSULTED 81

iai7IV introduction

during 1930s leaders church jesus christ latter day saints established welfare program help members church overcome economic distresses great depression since then continued stress importance being ready meet shortages occur during famines wars natural dis asters help saints prepare these difficulties mormon leaders asked saints set aside year supply food commodities stored through welfare program addi- tional wheat large elevators salt lake city kaysvillewaysvilleKaysville utah although present system did start until depres- sion 1930s church always aware need ready meet disasters might occur unexpectedly shortly organization church joseph smith told saints ye prepared ye shall fear i mormon prophets since president smith warned saints ready meet these problems established programs help members prepare them 1876 brigham young started program asked members womens relief society store grain sisters accepted responsibility throughout rest nineteenth

ithe doctrine covenants hereinafter cited D & C 3830

1 2 early part twentieth century maintained storage program during period many same duties saving grain welfare coltCoitcommitteetee today thesis describe interpret development relief society wheat storage program inception 1876 1940 program transferred general church welfare committee emphasis placed sisters attempts store grain problems encountered thesis discuss effects outside forces program different ways sisters used grain final chapter deal relationship between movement history relief society

parent organization0 mormon church CHAPTER I1

MORMON GRAIN STORAGE PROGRAMS

history

joseph smith organized mormon church 1830he1830 announced beginning dispensation time before christ return usher millennium rule earth said during period before savior came gospel spread throughout world righteous gathered natural disasters wars rumors wars cover earth 1 many saints believed these days destruc- tion come during generation needed prepared weather troubled times ready these problems during days leaders church encouraged mormon people become economieconome cally independent babylon rely rest world food necessities life need separated rest mankind reinforced saints established temporary homes great basin while waited call return jackson county missouri home isolated rest world leaders asked

ad1d & C 4526

3 4 members self sustaining produce possible soil elements manufacture articles practicable n home 2 although cormonsmormons attempted follow counsel successful during first few years utah harsh weather valley crickets ruined crops failed raise enough food feed saints these problems strengthened belief should prepared days should become independent babylonbecausebabylon saw hard times warning famine disasters ahead result these problems leaders church encouraged men save grain saints go hungry during miliarsimiliarsisimilian famines days example heber C kimball asked men lay stores grain against time need you see time kernel raised thousands millions come people bread tt3tta unfortunately men church usually did follow counsel sold grain stores outside traders anyone else give them good price encourage brethren sell produce heber C ballandbailandkimballandKimkimball brigham young repeated grain saving message several times each time saints seemed various reasons conserving

n hemmeline2emmelineemmeline B wells home manufacturing storing grain comanswomans exponent VI june 15 1877 12

3hebergheberheber C kimball devil cast earth march 9 1856 journal discourses george D watts ed 26 vols liverpool F D ichardsrichardsPv 85518551 lilIII111 258 5 wheat 4 excuse men used sold grain wives daughters wanted proceeds 3 buy hats bonnets eliminate problem heber C kimball suggested sisters better let fine shoes fine dresses fine bonnets ribbons veils laces imported finery stay store until rot let grain go articlearticiearticles 6 although leaders church continued ask men women hold ontolheirontotheirontotheir wheat members did store very much during first twenty years salt lake valley utah war civil war convinced leaders end world might come before saints ready looked new ways encourage members store grain since men fallen short assignment brigham young asked women 1876 responsible storing grain

unusual calling LDS women sisters saw themselves equal partners men dependent women history world 77 way sisters able express freedom through female relief society

ifor4for examples speeches given grain question see E cecil mcgavin collaboration albert L zobell jr grain storage among latter day saints improvement era XLIV march 1941 142 5wellsdwellsells grain question relief society bulletin I1 september 1914 1

ghebereber C kimball saints should prepare future eme- rgenciesgencies june 29 1956 journal discourses IV 4 7susasusa young gates women politics susa young gates papers church archives historical department church jesus christ latter day saints salt lake city utah hereinafter cited church archives 6

joseph smith organized 1842 program care poor needy church although group disbanded shortly death president smith brigham young reorganized women gave them responsibility economic affairs designed mitigate impact railroad mormon community utah sisters placed charge projects establish- ing retrenchment societies encourage women use home grown goods organizing cooperative stores raising silkworms man- facufacturingturing silk women accepted call store grain continuation these economic policies 8

relief society grain storage brigham young decided ask women save wheat needed publicize new program therefore asked emmeline

B wells editor comanswomans exponent served official voice relief society write strongest editorial you subject magazine later wells recalled accepted president youngs request mission god answer blessing eliza R snow president relief society gave blessing snow told wells live do work never done woman since creation 9 shortly president young gave wells assignment published two editorials womanscomans exponent first

bleonard8leonardleonard J arrington economic role pioneer women western humanities review IX spring 1955 158 elisdwells9wellsells mission storing grain relief society magaz- ine II11 february 1915 48 7

sisters earnest appeared october 15 1876 issue explained purpose saving wheat asked sisters collect funds buy wheat build storehouses where deposit 10 later editorial wells asked LDS women make immediate plans store grain reminding them food shortage faced during first years valley explaining face same problems did store grain prayed women might catch spirit program requested local societies submit report storage activities 111 leaders relief society indicated support wells attempts encourage grain storage met november 11 1876 salt lake city fourteenth ward meeting house plan program meeting president eliza R snow appointed central grain committee coordinate activities local societies adopt plan action entire church chose emmeline B wells president priscilla M stainer treasurer E barney elizabeth howard sarah 12 M kimball committee members local relief societies then followed pattern set general president forming committees promote storage

cowells1owellseellsneliswells sisters earnest comanswomans exponent V october 15 1876 89

eellseelis1lwellsL wells wise hearken counsel ibidib id V march 1 1877 149 welisweils12wells12wells history relief society ibid XXXIIII september 1903 29 general meeting central11ward committees comanswomans exponent V december 1 1876 99 8 make plans granaries during 1877 these committees wrote letters comanswomans exponent expressing support program desire save grain these letters sisters explained why sustained new program majority women accepted call revela- tion god given help church members meet famine proceed millennium prepare them natural disasters might occur suddenly felt just god warned joseph prepare time famine called store wheat feed hungry families nanymany people flee zion safety during period starvation 131 dedicated themselves new mission believed brigham young right speak god earth considered great blessing privilege prophet lead us may escape listening council impending calamities befallbefbeaailali disobedient 14 besides seeing program call god many sisters agreed heber C kimball made impossible demands husbands fathers wheat hoped being frugal industrious source 11 comfort11comfort strength men 15 felt

13relief13 relief society reports wellsville comanswomans exponent V february 15 1877 138 14wellsville14wellsville relief society storing grain womantcomanswomans exponent november 1 1879 84

15items15 items storing grain gunnison lomaniswomaniswomans exponent V march 1 1877 152 9

responsibility help men save grain should famine come women suffer hunger well men 16 women excited new pursuit accomplish task necessary build kingdom god further work lord did offer excuses failure support program saw call prophet prepare saints millennium succeeded where men failed ignored those tried discourage them explored new methods gather- ing wheat

methods gathering wheat ladies tried several ways accumulate extra grain method leaders suggested go fields glean grain left harvest emmeline B wells told sisters should view gleaning part mission god degrading drudgery said like ruth faithful reaping wheat blessed efforts 177 members relief society young ladies mutual improvement association spanish fork responded call glean 1877 gathered fifty bushels wheat 1018 societies reported ladies gone fields glean few

16report16 report dedication kaysvillewaysvilleKaysville relief society comanswomans exponent V march 1 1877 149 eeliskells17wells17wells homanscomanswomans grain movement utah comanswomans exponent VI september 1 1877 52 18relief18 relief society reports comanswomans exponent VI december 1 1877 98 10 kernels continued important way collecting wheat even during twentieth century 1914 sisters spring ville still collecting unreaped grain fields 199 cases relief society women donated extra wheat homes smaller communities like greenville later known north logan ladies brought half two bushels wheat committee 2090 larger towns members relief society visited sisters homes asked them give extra grain hand example richfield relief society block teachers checked see sisters grain donate 21 spanish fork priscilla merriman evans took team horses wagon homes first visiting teaching district collect wheat women 2299 areas where sisters glean fields did extra grain give donated money produce relief society committee sold buy grain local farmers kanosh those extra wheat gave molasses corn

19hannah19 hannah M clyde relief society history springvilleSpringville mapleton utah springvilleSpringville kolobdolob stake relief society board 1953 p 16 20these9nthese accounts recorded minutes example 1894 following account included report 371437 14 bushels rent portion loaned 4124 12 bushels margaret larsen 2 mary ann crockett 1 mary R smith 1 susannah J smith 1 total 463446 34 bushels greenville ward relief society financial reports 189118971891 1897 1894 church archives 2lrichfieldrichfield first ward relief society minutes richfield first ward october 5 1882 187418841874 1884 p 207 church archives 22katekate B carter ed priscilla merriman evans heart throbs west 12 vols salt lake city daughters utah pioneers 1948 IX 12 13 11 flour peaches committee exchanged wheat 23J sisters deweyvilleDeweyville gave relief society eggs gathered sunday proceeds bought fifty bushels wheat 224 women peoageoa unusual way supporting program brethren ward planted three hundred acres white touse wheat promised give relief society grain reaped six acres men harvested wheat exchange these services society furnished food supplies men while working 25 women church accepted call accumulate wheat set collect much although some- times difficult raise money buy grain used imagination discover ways amass grain

granaries sisters gathered wheat needed find places shelter although wells suggested each society build granary initially did money build them attempts find places keep grain sisters stored cellars majority relief societies received permission bishops keep ward storehouses

23relief23 relief society reportsRepottsports woman exponent V may 1 1877 182

24 24graingrain meetingC comanswomans exponent VI december 1 1877 102 25relief25 relief society report comanswomans exponent VI october 15 1877 74 12

bins local tithing offices cases women put grain bins borrowed placed them bishops relief society presidents barn example central 26r grain committee stored wheat daniel H wellsswellas barn member bishopric husband relief society members already owned granary wheat often stored until society afford build own 27 sisters believed although called organize program hus- bands should help position brigham young encouraged cases societies delighted support men gave them storing grain fortunate ones agreed members relief society mantua our bishop always ready lend helping hand 112828 though brethren tried help sisters save grain nearly storage arrangements created tensions be- tween members ward example women stored produce tithing offices ward leaders distributed grain needy wheat stored individual barns sometimes separated farmers supply used without relief societysSocie tys permission local granaries exploited sisters selling wheat general board

26ary26mary F kelley brigham young famine new west magazine IX june 1918 63

27relief27 Relief society reports fayette comanswomans exponent V april 15 1877 169 28relief28 relief society reports comanswomans exponent VI february 1 1878q1878 130 13 afraid elevator owners continue capitalize program selling grain famine came these difficulties relief society leaders wanted sisters complete control program believed strongly each society needed own granary encouraged those societies did safe storehouse wheat turn century QQ sell grain afford build 29 order emphasize importance building granaries comanswomans exponent published articles types cost storehouses various societies building first granaries completed 1877 salt lake city fifteenth seventeenth wards used examples sisters areas follow october president sarah M kimball reported fifteenth ward completed fireproof granary built rock tin roof foundation concrete twenty foot square granary hold thousand bushels grain cost 375 same year seventeenth ward paid 275 construct sixteen eighteen foot granary hold 1200 bushels since storehouse lined concrete sisters assured mouseproof 0030 throughout rest nineteenth century general board encouraged relief society members build granaries often local relief society built what thought especially

29relief29relief society general board minutes general officers board missionaries meeting december 1 1905 II11 p 110 church archives 30homehome affairs comanswomans exponent VI october 1 1877 69 14 good inexpensive Cgranary like box elder st george stake comanswomans exponent published article 31 sisters throughout church then followed these examples soon nearly every ward little granary beside relief society meeting house although varying size shape capacity each main tainedbainedtainedto protect wheat these activities announced relief society central grain committee first annual meeting held november 17 1877 meeting emmeline B wells reported societies accumulated 10500 bushels wheat 300 gleaned members relief society young ladies society put aside 7000 pounds flour saved 300 cash leaders priesthood relief society heard report delighted presiding bishop edward hunter thought 11the storing grain commendable zina young complimented sisters success then told them very little compared what before us ought least fifty thousand bushels wheat next year 32 sisters did keep program second annual meeting 1878 stored 24000 bushels wheat 900 pounds flour completed thirteen granaries 33 responding

31editorial31 editorial comanswomans exponent XVII august 1 1889 36 how build granary nothing comanswomans exponent VI september 1 1877 52

32tigraingrain meeting womancomanswomans exponent VI december 1 1877 102

33journal33 journal history november 23 1878 church archives 15 call brigham young given themselves own meagersuppliesmeager supplies saw program mission god prepare saints famine during days support priesthood reached achieve goal adopted many ways amass protect graigralgrainn prepared like five wise virgins parable women sure obedience counsel blessed efforts 34

34wells34weliswells comanswomans grain movement andcharitiescharities industries utah comanswomans exponent VI september 1 1877 52 CHAPTER II11 millennialism GRAIN STORAGE

during these first years relief society grain storage program leaders mormon church womanscomans organization reminded sisters should protect wheat saints ready destruction world members church enough food during days leaders advised relief society sisters lend grain individuals aid poor build churches purposes stressed grain should loaned many members church expected savior come 1890 1891 saints believed millennium begin during nineteenth century statements joseph smith made during 1830s implied end near 1835 smith promised revelation thou livest until thou art eighty five years old thou shalt see face son man i belief millennium increased smith wrote fifty six years shall wind scene fifty six years date state- ment set second coming march 14 1891 2 warnings sisters hoarded wheat even though many poor latter day saints needed looked

ID & C 13015 2josephajoseph2joseph smith history church jesus christ latter day saints period I1 brigham H roberts ed 6 vols salt lake city church jesus christ latter day saints 1948 II11 182

16 17 past individual members needs attempt prepare entire welfare church

year jubilee members relief society made exception policy during year jubilee fiftieth anniversary founding church during year john taylor announced plans israelitish jubilee included canceling half debts owed perpetual emigrating company encouraging mormon bankers businessmen annul debts saints asked saints give thousand head cattle five thousand sheep needy mormon communities 3 part program share wealth president taylor asked eliza R snow relief societies loan without in- terest wheat poor used seed conference president taylor announced president snow agreed request explained sisters loaning 35000 bushels brethren should returned harvest time asked women conference support proposal voted unanimously favor 4 obtaining sisterssisters11 permission taylor sent letter president central grain committee presidents

bleonard3leonard3leonard J arrington great basin kingdom economic history LDS 1830 1900 cambridge harvard university press 1959 appp 365 6 athe4the year jubilee full report proceedings fiftieth annual conference church jesus christ latter day saints salt lake city deseret news 1830 p 64 18 various branches relief society throughout stakes zion being charged store wheat explaining plan reminded bishops borrowing sacred trust recommended give relief society receipt exact amount wheat loaned returned circumstances permitted believed grain should returned should ask use wheat again 5 bishops made good use wheat despite president taylors counsel many felt policy loaning grain poor should continue 1880 them ignored taylors message attempted borrow grain general board told local presidents discuss importance storage them inform them grain property although local relief society leaders followed advice tried maintain absolute control wheat ward leaders continued ask local societies share grain general board wrote first presidency complaining numerous abuses asking do something help protect project leaders church demonstrated support sisters attempts control program writing letters bishops explaining purpose grain stated first notice them wheat collected members society various wards considerable trouble proper custodians thereof responsible therefore

51ournaljournal history april 16 1880 p 2 church archives 19

parties whom obtained bishop right authority presiding officer ward take possession grain 6

change emphasis grain storage year jubilee sisters returned policy storing wheat ready famines wars come believed final destruction world very near viewed edmunds edmunds tucker acts examples supporting joseph smiths prophecy whole nation turn against zion make war upon saints days 7 felt even though church members partly sheltered during these times needed prepared meet difficulties proceed saviors second coming 1890 many LDS people beginning realize kingdom god established through natural means near future klaus J hansen argued became parentapparentLp enemy willing retreat return painful concessions lord destroy adver

Q saries kingdom hope miraculous delivery receded 8 decline millennial fervor expressed manifesto dis- couragedcouraged practice polygamy mormon church issuing

6tito bishops various wards homanscomanswomans exponent XII july 15 1883 28 lifordtwilford7wilfordilford woodruff diary december 31 1889 wilford woodruff papers church archives 8klauskiausklaus J hansen quest empire political kingdom god council fifty mormon history east lansing michigan state university press 1967 p 23 20

revelation wilford woodruff concluded come point where act temporal rather spiritual salvation church 9 should thought millennial fervor completely died 1891 members church spanish american war seen wars lead final destruc- tion world example president salt lake stake relief society said sisters should wake realize awful conditions world saw war series joseph smith prophesied proof withdrawal spirit come soon 10 however popular mormon view spanish american war leaders church war part disaster predicted end justified fight free oppressed people bondage 11 change many Morcormonsmormonsmons perception millennium came change many sisters attitudes toward grain storage degree 1890 especially turn century longer felt program prepare church final destruction world began realize may live see famine still felt

wilfordtwilford9wilford woodruff diary september 25 1890 wilford woodruff papers church archives lojournallOjournal history march 21 1898 church archives llin masters thesis jeff stott examines views mormon leaders spanish american war although found them violently opposed fight leaders felt war justified sees change millennial thought causes chancechange mormon view war information see robert jeffrey stott monismmormonismMo war selected mormon thought regarding service american wars unpublished masters thesis brigham young university 1974 appp 456245 62 21 purpose storing grain however did what asked them everything right 12 although relief society members longer storing grain days did continue program members relief society did say explicitly why continued amass grain yet evidence leads conclusion assist needy throughout 1870s 1880s reasons continuing program provide saints during natural disasters famines earthquake lirefire might destroy crops thus create temporary food shortage anticipation imminency millennium receding storing time immediate emergencies seems become major reason program ememmelineeline

B wells explained new emphasis comanswomans exponent stressed grain should stored crickets grasshoppers should destroy crops next year saints prepared feed families 13 reasons suggested why program discontinued evidence lacking them explanation goal displacement program continued result goal displacement then women continued store grain simply thought something ought do case program become institution instiansti

12relief12 Relief society conference comanswomans exdonentexponent XXX december 1901 55 13wells13Wells saving grain comanswomans exponent XXVII september 15 1898 36 22 tutionaution rather specific goal become purpose sustaining program 14

new uses relief society wheat new policy storing wheat physical disasters relief society started use grain help members church world community survive immediate emergencies natural catastrophes before shift policy sisters responded needs new approach however allowed relief society view program means spread gospel give aid those need general board used these natural disasters object lessons show types emergencies sisters might face importance being prepared meet them wells explained new attempts then prepared meet immediate problems general board adopted program distributing grain needy members church instances occurred 1898 a-lid 1901 drought destroyed wheat crops carowanparowan members church afraid might bread shorshortagelacetacedace area 1915 central wheat committee recalled given two thousand bushels wheat people parovan help them cope these difficult timestimes1515

1for14forifor information concept goal displacement see peter M blair marshall W meyer bureauacyBureau acy modern society 2 ed new york random house 1917 appp 106 10 15grain15 Grain saving relief society relief society maga zine II11 february 1915 58 unfortunately local records do mention these incidents smallpox epidemic town Pacarowanparowanrowan relief society meetings held therefore ward relief society minutes church archives carowanparowan stake relief society minutes journals diaries people carowanparowan do mention incident either 23 occasionally relief society gave grain gentiles example sisters gave victims san francisco earthquake april 18 1906 earthquake shook state california hit area san francisco especially hard quake destroyed many citescitys brick struc- tures opened large cracks earth ruptured water system add destruction fire spread unchecked throughout city area four square miles 28000 buildings destroyed 16 thousands san francisco residents lost homes 450 died during earthquake fire starving people seeking allotment three four loaves bread formed bread lines four abreast several blocks long even then many disappointed distribution centers ran food 17 soon relief society leaders received word nationwide plea aid earthquake victims met decide how help deliberating sent railroad car loaded flour clothing bedding san francisco first reach bay area mayor eugene E schmitz 1 0 san francisco telegraphed thanks generosity 18 addition donation general board number stake local relief societies sent carloads flour

16john10 john william caughey california englewood bluffs new jersey prentice hall 1953 p 124 171 7 william G hartley LDS history manuscripts san francisco earthquake unpublished article possession hartley LDS history division salt lake city utah 18relief society general board minutes general board meeting april 18 1906 II11 p 9 church archives 24 san francisco shortly general relief society dispatched shipment carload flour sent bingham county idaho donations flour commodities continued sent utah until longer needed area 19 citizens mt pleasant fairview manti richfield provo american fork small towns state sent carloads flour since relief societies these areas stored large quantities wheat might given supplies help fill these cars 20 members general board san francisco earthquake fire example members relief society disasters might face editorial comanswomans exponent emmeline B wells said sisters dilatory indifferent regard saving grain may realize importance attached storing grain women zion object lesson 21

weils19wells19wells report national comanswomans relief society comanswomans exponent XXXVIII june 1909 5 railroad car hold 60000 pounds 666 bushels wheat deseret news may 24 1918 p 1 20 article deseret news included amount flour sent utah residents different railroads denver rio grande railroad carload flour sent each follow- ing towns mt pleasant Ephraephraimtm fairview eureka provo richfield springvilleSpringville heber san pedro los angeles salt lake city carload sent manti american fork spanish fork fillmore tooelethoelethree provo although article does say relief society wheat great deal grain stored these towns sisters might given cause deseret news may 19 1906 p 2 reasons why relief society grain wells states areas donated grain report ones until stakes reported wells earthquake fire comanswomans exponent XXXIV may 1906 68 neils2lwellswells earthquake fire 25 relief society responded similiar way call help during famine china 1907 intense people dug dead bodies satisfy need food 22 calls sent across united states flour help chinese mormon church relief societies passed resolutions pledging aid those attendance churchschurche semiannualsemi annual conference adopted proposal made john winder counselor president joseph F smith send twenty tons flour china 23 relief societysisterssociety sisters agreed during conference ship carload flour asian country 24 time relief society flour reached china however famine longer needed therefore chinese officials sold flour shanghai sent money governor john C culter utah forwarded 5800 check president smith returned relief society 25 like san francisco earthquake incident reinforced relief societysSocie tys resolution set aside grain saw problems created famine decided should do everything avoid similiar situation motivation program shifted millennialism welfare though seems clear sisters longer saw program means help members

22deseret news april 20 1907 p 25 231bidibid april 8 1907 p 5 24general240 general conference relief society comanswomans exponent XXXV may 1907 71

lecler25letter25 letter john C culter president joseph F smith july 11 1901 relief society records church archives 26 church reporting activities relief society national council women emmeline B wells described grain storages program charity outside our own locality domain 260 thus throughout nineteenth century sisters continued store wheat until 1891 main reason storing seems prepare disasters anticipated shortly before second coming savior result sisters encouraged loan grain needy ward members bishops although exception made policy during year jubilee general program based upon expectation millennium immediate need decline millennialism during latter part nineteenth century led change programs purpose sisters main reason saving grain prepare immediate disasters accordance new policy gave wheat flour both members church gentiles help them overcome immediate problems began view grain storage program way help people need looked forward being able help future emergencies

ealis26wells26wells report national homanscomanswomans relief society 5 CHAPTER lilliiIII111

INTERNAL CHANGES GRAIN STORAGE PROGRAM

during first twenty years twentieth century relief societies continued amass grain prepare saints meet millennium help them meet natural disasters change emphasis many ways grain storage program became means relief society realize primary goal helping needy result grain movement stagnant relief society constantly changing programC serve members church improve storage methods turn century leaders society convinced sisters importance improving program storing wheat help members church reminding members priorities leaders told sisters filling our granaries should our first work looking sick poor 1 carry plan many local relief societies like those sanpete stakes own granaries accumulated large quantities wheat 1894 sanpete stake

ili111 general relief society conference homans exponent XXXII june 1902 7 alpine stake relief society conference susa young gates stressed importance grain storage said three important programs relief society needed develop time 1 grain storage 2 development libraries 3 support womantcomanswomans exponent relief society report comanswomans exponent XL october 1911 24

27 28 8700 bushels hand during each succeeding year wards area stored nearly thousand bushels saving much grain sisters accumulated 12500 bushels wheat turn

Q century stake divided 2 1914 several stakes large stores wheat partial sampling 1914 showed five stakes alpine oneida sevier utah box elder stored sixty percent approximately 63500 bushels probably represented less half wheat actually stored year though report did include many leading grain storage stakes including north south sanpeteSanpete 3 1915 complete report relief society showed inventory 157000 bushels wheat 6000 reserve funds 22000 recent sales time sisters spent 33000 build granaries stakes like sanpeteSanpete 4 every ward owned granary these figures show success relief society fulfilling mission originally received brigham young demonstrated sisters trying sustain program yet despite apparent success many problems plagued program sisters changed policies attempt solve them

0 2sanpetesanpete stake relief society financial reports 1894 1900 sanpete stake relief society minute book 189319051893 1905 church archives 3 aletter3letterletterlecter emmeline B wells presiding bishopric january 13 1915 susa young gates papers church archives 4t grain saving relief society relief society magazine II11 september 1915 50 58 29 relief society policy loaning grain major problem sisters faced trying decide whether should loan grain farmers bishops although relief society willing loan grain during batascatas trophic disasters leaders stressed grain should used absolutely necessary first presidency continued support hands off policy 1896 president wilford woodruff told zina young eliza R snows successor president relief society even president church right take handful wheat dispose wheat held sacred trust day scarcity famine 53 even type advice churchschurche prophet brethren still tried persuade relief societies loan grain them discontinue program example wards like bear lake ward wanted sell grain use money help pay logan temple church buildings 06 these instances general board told sisters sell wheat build meeting houses purpose 7 relief society leaders adopted miliarsisimiliarsimilian policy bishop salt lake city twenty first ward encouraged ward relief society continue store wheat instead allowing groups suspend

5reliefrelief society general board minutes general conference relief society april 2 1896 II11 p 24 church archives 6relieff relief society general board minutes general board meeting april 6 1893 II11 p 12 church archives 7reliefrelief society general board minutes general conference relief society october 5 1898 II11 p 41 church archives 30 program encouraged ward relief society presidents Q remind bishops urgency project 8 although official stand general board never loan wheat occasionally modified policy felt project worthwhile borrower offered security 9 return wheat example 1908 board permitted Grantsgrantsvilleville ward sell wheat buy piece property annie wells cannon sarah J tooelethoele visited tooelethoele stake recommended loan made sisters needed land relief society leaders gave permission sell wheat money taken loan repaid bought wheat money 10 relief societies loan wheat members wards help them personal disasters society given type security advance local priesthood leaders stake relief society president gave permission make sure these conditions met societies drew legal agreements individuals borrowing wheat set date return interest rate example richfield ward drew contract 0 F pearson enwoodglenwoodGi pearson borrowed 665 bushels agreed repay october 1 1901 along

8reliefrelief society general board minutes general board meeting october 5 1898 II11511 p 41 church archives 9reliefrelief society general board minutes general conference relief society october 3 1903 lisils115II11 p 88 church archives 1oreliefrelief society general board minutes general board june 5 1908 II11 127 church archives 31 nine percent interest 11 cases societies received peck per bushel interest farmers returned wheat harvest 12 although relief societies appear taken careful steps prevent loss wheat numerous abuses bishops used grain tithing offices distribute poor relief society presidents loaned wheat husbands friends without security individuals demanded extensions loan example described above pearson asked sisters extend loan year pay back 1901 13

storage facilities besides problems sisters adopting loan policy difficulties storage facilities often unsure how deal problems inferior wheat rotting grain vermine attacks inadequate granaries since ginning program sisters often unable control rodents granaries although leaders encouraged them keep mice storehouses possible many times seemed unable do 14 relief societies tried con

liliagreementagreement between 0 F pearson richfield relief society richfield ward relief society minute book 190019111900 1911 church archives 12mcgavin12 mcgavin grain storage among latter day saints p 183

1 0 13although13although many these abuses may taken place during first part twentieth century generalgene-ral board did find them until grain sold during 1910s 1920s information see chapter V 140neida1401 neidaneldaoneidaonelda stake relief society oneida stake relief society minutes november 2 1901 1900 1907 church archives 32 troi mice lining base granary concrete iron placing broken glass gathered primary children storehouses 15 still many these precautions failed wheat spoiled example north logan church members lined base granary iron filled three bins wheat farmers opened granary few years later found wheat wormy took grinding miller told them three hundred bushels wheat fit use hog feed 16 relief societies attempted prevent type spoilage rebuilding granaries promoting better methods caring wheat 1902 president tinidptinid peterson fair- view found almost wheat rotting suggested 17 society sell build new granary arranged sale wheat repair old storehouse year half later these repairs completed granary

1 Q better condition ever before 18 ward improved quality grain stored end next month society almost 19 much wheat wards north sanpete stake combined

15boxbox elder stake relief society box elder stake relief society minutes 1879 church archives 16nevel crockett private telephone interview held north logan utah march 17 1974 lfairview17fairview17 Fairview ward relief society fairview ward relief society minutes march 17 1902 190019051900 1905 church archives

181bidibid december 5 1903 p 121 191bidibid january 18 1904 p 126 33 general board promoted better ways taking care grain publishing articles new methods storage magazines example 1890 article comanswomans exponent described new way storing grain steel tank creating vacuum within then adding carbonic acid gas 20 board published articles encourage sisters store better quality grain during early years program relief society leaders asked societies store grain found believed exchanging old wheat new periodically sisters prevent shrinkage wheat long time used millard stake stored wheat twenty years before exchanged example how successful policy 211 l program continued leaders realized took good granaries occasional rotation wheat develop successful program major problems came poor quality wheat grown utah during nineteenth early twentieth century article relief society magazine alice merrill hobehornehome explained utah raises foolish crop wheat dozens varieties without extra trouble cost unite arizona idaho best wheat west promote use better strain grain asked sisters store best turkey wheat

20storing20 storing grain comanswomans exponent XIX december 15 1890 103 2lrelief1 relief society general board minutes general board meeting april 5 1898 II11 36 church archives 34 article recommended several ways control shrinkage besides storing best quality grain first always suggested wheat should rotated least every year should kept dry harvesting during drnestdryest period year keeping bin dry addition should stored elevator steel bin capacity thousand bushels should turned dry lime added occasionally wheat ferment 22 despite these attempts improve storage conditions places where practical continue program these cases first presidency general board permitted individual wards stakes abandon project example 1911 granaries salt lake stake pride relief society inadequate places nearby where sisters buy wheat cheaply nhenlithen harriet B harker president stake relief society asked stake president N L mann sisters should continue store grain unsure what tell wrote first presidency instructions reply letter mormon leaders told him relief societies should continue gather wheat do access elevators safe means storing grain instead should collect money wheat fund deposit zions saving bank 239

aiice22alicealice merrill homehorne give Us day our daily bread relief society magazine II11 february 1915 61361 3 23letter23 letter first presidency salt lake stake presidency august 24 1911 salt lake stake minute book 1904 1910 church archives 35 president mann forwarded letter relief society leaders stressed policy salt lake stake should spread news decision throughout state since program still conspicuous part relief society agricultural districts 242 spite contrary injunction agricultural areas adopted disposal policy without permission general board grain spoiling granaries oneida stakes 1911 stake relreirelieflef society president encouraged sisters sell wheat place money banks since better money earning interest having grain rot storehouse 252 later wells expressed disapproval policy told leaders oneida aa stake money feed us grain granary 269a even though attempts continue program during period apparent 1911 problem nearly areas church troubles caused mixed qualities wheat outstanding loans relief society general board many members began doubt program meeting objectives still felt sacred responsibility continue store grain tried find ways improve methods storage attempt turned first

24letter24letter stake presidency stake relief society president august 26 1911 ibid 250oneldaneidaneldaoneida stake relief society oneida stake relief society minutes december 20 1911 190019171900 1917 p 54 church archives

261bidibid september 6 1916 p 245 36 presidency presiding bishopric help examining situation brethren concluded basic problems lay storage facilities rather program itself believed outlay erection granaries proporpoopor tion value wheat stored them besides less expense incurred keeping buildings good condition well attending storage them through cause another apparently seems hard overcome 277 deal problem poor storage facilities priesthood leaders encouraged sisters store grain commercial elevators cache davis county where good elevators operated responsible businessmen keep grain near homes relief society organizations stakes encouraged sell grain send money richfield elevator erected number years ago expressed purpose storing grain relief society presiding bishopricsbishoprickBish oprics office arrangements then made george M jones manager richfield elevator bishopric buy wheat general brethren allowed societies use own aranariesgranariesaranarlesaries until rotate wheat then encouraged them sell both wheat granary sent money them storehouse inadequate 28 policy sending money salt lake adopted

wards adequate granaries though rebecca C nibley report ed general board husband presiding bishop charles

27circular27 circular relief society stake presidents general relief society president november 20 1911 presiding bishopric circular 64 presiding bishopric papers church archives 28ibid28jbid 37 nibley encouraged wards stakes good storage facilities keep home did should sell grain send money officeoffice 29 shift policy made general board received numerous requests krom societies asking how should deal specific problems answer these letters board establish- ed general guidelines new program outlined set questions used dealing grain storage problems asked sisters seek advice local priesthood leaders you advise sale wheat where elevators good granaries priesthood advises granaries being built should money given wheat used building granaries according advice priesthood advisable take money donated wheat buy portable steel granaries follow advice priesthood 30

although women always encouraged work brethren determining grain policies general board never told them simply follow advice local priesthood without relief society leaders consent several reasons shift policy first since many areas storing wheat each faced different circumstances general board answer allofaliailadlof letters received solve problems came during annual stake visits members board felt position

29relief29 relief society general board minutes relief society general board meeting september 17 1914 II11 p 132 church archives 30relief30relief society general board minutes relief society business meeting april 17 1913 IV appp 61 62 church archives 38 understand needs wards asked priesthood authorities analyze local situation give sisters advise what do another reason why general board might given counsel relief society starting rely priesthood leaders especially presiding bishopric first presidency help make many decisions concerning storage program relief society leaders found program too large them handle without aid turned those presided them help directing project leaders might given advice coordinate policies those entire church during twentieth century attempt give those members church scattered across united states world sense mormon community mormon leaders put greater emphasis local

Q l ward organizations 31 accordance new policy sisters might asked direct questions those leaders direct authority them rather referring problems relief society leaders finally feeling throughout united states just before world war I1 although world still problems solved americans believed example world outgrown war natural disasters handled

eljames3ljamesjames B alienallenailen mormon search community modern world restoration movement essays mormon history ed F mark mckiernan alma R blair paul M edwards lawrence kansas coronado press 1973 p 313 39 local areas members general board might felt same way grain storage believed longer direct program closely before sisters solve own problems working local brethren 3230 besides asking relief societies work directly priesthood leaders general board appointed grain committee E

B williams elizabeth crimson emily richards alice M hobehomehorne ida dusenberry carrie thomas help sisters adjust new policy committee investigated conditions local areas 00 then answered correspondence met sisters 33 problems completely solved new program groups still loaned money without security stored poor qualities grain new program though presiding bishopric played active role controlling these abuses sending letters local bishops clear problems inform them should use grain build churches purposes 34 presiding bishopric worked closely general board major decisions partnership changed future grain policies

32for information optimism felt just before world war I1 seeFeric F goldman rendezvous destiny new york alfred kloftknoft 1953 appp 20833208 33 goldman explains reforms local national level during progressive era feelingC among people world made better through efforts 33relief3300 relief society general board minutes general board meeting septemberreli 17 1914 V p 135 church archives

341bidibid april 9 1917 VIII appp 1045104 5 40 during first part twentieth century relief society made several internal changes grain storage program established loan policy allowed individual relief societies members borrow grain needed abandoned many small inadequate granaries centralized storage same time general board started working presiding bishopric encouraged sisters work local priesthood leaders these changes board hoped make program successful valuable members church CHAPTER IV

WORLD WAR I1

world war I1 destroyed much optimism developed during early part twentieth century gave americans visual example world outgrown need fight along loss faith ability rest world keep war came fearear among americans although might fight european war affect american life especially fear war might create food shortage united states protect themselves famine americans started collect grain flour fruit beans food commodities relief society general board encouraged mormon sisters amass grain ready meet problems war might cause susa young gates told them fact rest nation saving wheat should strengthen latter day saints determination prepared Morcormonsmormonsmons warned possible disasters should reserve even food rest nation 1 article relief society bulletin emmeline B wells explained depth reasons why women needed

isusalsusalasusa young gates conserving our resources relief society bulletin I1 october 1914 121 2 41 42 put forth extra effort save grain wrote these years much need use grain stored away purpose designed dark cloud hovering world now does see prophetic wisdom president young calling upon 2 these sisters save grain againstC time need although wells suggested article might beginning war joseph smith prophesied cover earth pointed important reason sustaining program prepare saints threatening famine n nearly always follow great wars 3 encourage sisters support storage program during war general board used old techniques past introduced new methods societies use build grain supplies example still asked women sell wheat even prevailing high prices encouraged them instead buy wheat extra grain funds 4 leaders especially encouraged members relief society agricultural areas put aside grain althoualthoughh seemed surplus food should always ready disaster might occur suddenly 5

eilsells grain question relief society bulletin I1 september 1914 1 31bidbid 4reliefrelief society general board minutes general board meeting june 7 1917 VII p 136 september 7 1914 V p 31 church archives

acesates p 2 43 besides encouraging sisters use theolddhe oldoid procedures accumulate grain relief society initiated new storage programs way relief society encouraged conservation food during war supporting wheat potato raising contest set first presidency according rules contest ward relief society young men young ladies mutual improvement association sunday school primary religion priesthood group win 1000 raised spring wheat five acres church agreed pay 500 second highest yield 250 third largest crop general board allowed local relief societies wanted enter contest use grain hand withdraw wheat through presiding bishopricsbishoprickBishoprics office use seed allowed loan wheat organizations wanted enter contest 6 general board promoted grain storage encouraging members relief society store wheat flour own homes program discontinued area example women salt lake city kept two thousand pounds flour small garrets home did facilities where store wheat 7 addition adopting new programs encourage grain storage relief society changed program help safeguard wheat

6reliefrelief society general board minutes general board meeting april 19 1917 VIII appp 102 4 church archives anes7gatesogatesates p 1 44 ever since first years storage sisters problems bishops businessmen should control wheat general board afraid owners commercial elevators might speculate wheat while price high prevent businessmen having chance sell wheat make profit off during war societies withdrew wheat commercial elevators kept reserve local

Q ward granaries 8 church resumed construction own elevators example logan church members built 50000 bushel capacity elevator 9Q these extra precautions make sure storage program continued paid off 1916 shortage grain united states wheat prices soared higher ever before war 10 wheat shortage even intense united states entered war 1917 government food adminis- tration control price distribution wheat products prevent bread shortage 11 reason shortage wheat united states time government shipping many agricultural goods overseas feed allies american soldiers since much farm land europe destroyed during

af8f R arnold wheat values relief society magazine II11 february 1915 66 9 9journaljournal history june 13 1917 p 3 church archives

ljamesijames H anderson current topics relief society magazine iliIII111 february 1916 162 lilideseretdeseret news may 1 1918 p 7 45 war many soldiers civilians starving american citizens sending surplus wheat abroad help these people january 1918 surplus produce raised 1917 shipped europe government plans send harvest 12

sale relief society grain governments attempt gather surplus grain send europe food administrators asked relief societies sell supplies officials asked dhenhe sisters grain sure authority sell wheat sought advice general board presiding bishopric answering sisters presiding bishop nibley told them should sell grain even food administrators tried pressure them sale told general board feel food commissioner thoroughly understood fact your wheat purely donation kept commercial purpose your wheat charity fund held purpose feel matter explained foo13food controller teathethathe demand wheat sold bishop nibley explained these circumstances government officials assured further pressures relief society sell grain

1 gandersonanderson current topics VI january 1918 39 13relief13relief society general board minutes general board meeting may 2 1918 IX appp 1223122 3 church archives 46

however less month later food controller asked presiding bishopric arrange sale grain controller state utah henry blood president north davis stake discussed grain situation orrin P miller david smith bishop bleysnibleysNi counselors food controller stressed grain needed immediately plenty wheat fall then women encouraged fill granaries again explained sale matter loyalty relief society government 14 bishop nibley salt lake city visit took place returned vacation found letter government officials asking church sell grain received another visit president blood henry H green utahs representative subcommittee milling division united states food administration 15 commending bishop nibley success relief society program green emphasized government needed grain although texan wheat ready sixty days shortages exist until then these two visits presiding bishopric met decide what should tell government officials since unsure how deal problem asked david smith explain situation first presidency president joseph F smiths counselors anthon H lund charles W penrose told

14relief14relief society wheat letters susa young gates papers church archives 15deseret15deseret news may 25 1918 p 1 47 him church comply governments request later president smith concurred decision 16 since first presidency felt grain should sold bishop nibley decided urge relief societies sell wheat immediately arrange sale sent letter may 16 1918 bishops wards where grain stored asked priesthood leaders discuss grain situation relief society presidents determine amount wheat sisters hand information should forwarded presiding bishopric reports bishopric tell local leaders where wheat should shipped letter asked money sisters received sale deposited bank until first presidencyzdvisedpresidency advised wards buy wheat again then signed emmeline B wellsswellas names letter 17 haste comply request government officials bishop nibley neglected notify wells change policy although name letter did leableamlearn 1 0 new ruling until next week 18 overlooked telling relief society president bishop nibley afraid sisters might misinterpret change prevent misunderstanding

16relief16 relief society general board minutes general board meeting may 23 1918 IX appp 1401140 1 1445144 5 church archives 17tletterletter bishops wards where grain stored presiding bishop general relief society president susa young gates papers church archives deseret news may 20 1918 p 1

1 Q 18relief society general board minutes general board meeting may 23 1918 appp 1403140 3 church archives 48

complied request president joseph F smith discuss matter general board 191 attended boards meeting may 23 1918 apologized sisters quick action explained why felt wheat shipped before general boards meeting president wells graciously accepted apology new policy heard bishop Nibleys explanation explained opposed decision sell wheat hurt bishop nibley consulted relief society leaders before mailing letter explained although relief society asked presiding bishopric aid making decisions program wheat primarily responsibility relief society should judge how wheat should distributed bishop nibley agreed promised consult sisters before making further decisions sisters should start

o i storage program again 21oi although bishop nibley promised work closely general board making decisions relief society continued disagreements presiding bishopric controlled wheat example june presiding bishopric asked relief societies paid grain report office asked sisters buy grain available 21 general board discussed letter

191bidibid appp 144 5 20relief society general board minutes general board meeting may 23 1918 IX appp 140 3 church archives lecter2lletter91 letterlecter presiding bishopric bishops june 27 1918 susa young gateslettpapers church archives 49 meeting decided ask presiding bishopric answer questions without consulting relief society leaders wrote first presidency asking them explain relationship should exist between presiding bishopricsbishoprickBishoprics office relief society directing storage sell grain 22 question should control wheat continued problem between two organizations even though inci- dent presiding bishopric consulted general board before setting new policy making final decisions instance especially true sisters attempted start storage program again presiding bishopric asked them august 1918 david smith informed general board new policy adopted first presidency presiding bishopric 2300 under suggested relief societies buy wheat immediately since government still controlled price wheat societies pay inflated price rather buy grain presiding bishopricsbishoprickBishoprics office asked societies put wheat money bank buy government securities policy continue until brethren told sisters store grain until then societies store grain given them donation should buy explaining policy general board presiding bishopric wrote letter

22relief22relief society general board minutes general board meeting july 11 1918 IX appp 1934193 4 church archives 20 n letter amy B lyman david smith august 7 1918 ibid september 5 1918 IX p 209 50 outlining new regulations relief society presidents throughout churchh 24 disagreements should direct storage program discussed outside general board presiding bishopric meetings far united states government nation knew sale wheat united church effort women church did want admit did absolute control program first organized brigham young assigned storage program them gradually program became difficult control organization church govern- ment changed asked brethren help direct program 1918 almost reached point where presiding bishopric complete control wheat although sisters saw need help brethren seemed reluctant admit exchange advice lost power control wheat during period church trying create good public image give image united church working common goal differences between organizations emphasizeddeemphasizedde therefore although relief society leaders discuss problems among themselves saw need advertise difficulties presiding bishopric rest world despite these problems presiding bishopric sale grain went quite smoothly shortly bishop nibley sent

lecter24letter24 letter presidents relief society presiding bishopric august 26 1918 susa young gates papers church archives 51 first letter 40000 bushels ground utah flour mills then shipped food administrators utah 25 later bishop nibley sent letter ward leaders idaho asking them ship wheat through food controller state 269 june 24 1918 relief societies utah idaho sold 200000 2797 bushels united states government 1201201.20 bushel

public response sale wheat sale grain complete church relief society received notices appreciation general member ship church individual relief societies national regional magazines federal government official church magazine improvement era published glowing report transaction states our relief societies called just prior harvest time year supply government wheat stored years promptly loyally complied request wheat taken government used help meet demands made upon country our allies 28 individual relief societies voiced approval decision sell grain example according box elder stake relief society sale grain

25deseret25deseret news may 25 1918 p 1 26letter26 letter bishops idaho presiding bishopric june 10 1918 susa young gates papers church archives

Q 1I 27letter27 letter presiding bishopric H H greene june 24 1918 ibid brigham H roberts storing grain policy church comprehensive historvhistory church jesus christ latter day saints century I1 6 vols salt lake city deseret press 1930 VI 46870468 70 2811editors2811 editors table improvement era XXII november 1918 62 52 wonderful thing world know preach gospel words 29 addition recognition members church relief society received attention nationalandnationatlonationalnaland regional magazines literary digest carried article elder james E talmage apostle LDS church described recent voluntary action oftheodthe relief society turning national food administration great stores wheat 30 another article sale new west magazine praised foresight brigham young sisters seeing need accumulating grain 31 government publicly responded relief societysSocietys sale grain example henry H greene wrote letter presiding bishopric thanking them cooperation behalf herbert hoover head federal food administration 00 local food controllers 32 hoover mailed letter first presidency church expressed gratitude church freely voluntarily contributed wheat flour

Q 3 government war use 1133 hoover wrote similar letter

29box90 box elder relief society box elder relief society minutes 191819191918 1919 p 25 church archives 30jamesjanesjames E taiTaltalmagemaae Morcormonsmormonsmons war literary digest july 27 1918 p 28

ojO j 3lmaryelmarymary F kelley brigham young famine new west magazine IX june 1918 63 32 lecterletter H H greene presiding0 bishopric june 24 1918 susa young gates papers church archives 33roberts33 roberts p 468 53

congressman milton H welling utah read during speech house completed reading letter explaining relief society program those present impressed sisterssisters11 devotion gogovernmentverment gave relief society generousaenerous round applause 343 relief society received further recognition government 1919 president woodrow wilson visited emmeline B wells salt lake city personally thanked n r relief societysSocietys aid war effort 35 these reports sale relief society whetwheat give impression transaction government went very smoothly case even final decision made sell grain relief society govern ment officials continued disagreements initial problems relief societysSocie tys fear wheat used make alcoholic beverages general board meeting susa young gates explained great deal governments wheat being used make liquors hoover seemed favor practice gates asked relief society leaders voice disapproval government action clarrisa williams persuaded them vote matter since state council 0 defense already expressed opposition use wheat 36

34uU congress house representative milton H welling speaking relief society sale wheat government 65th cong 2nd sess june 7 1918 congressional records 7499 35amy brown lyman retrospect salt lake city general board relief society 1945 appp 43443 4 36relief36 relief society general board minutes general board meeting june 6 1918 IX p 162 church archives 54 just relief society pleased govern- ments use wheat food administrators satisfied grain got church letter presiding bishop president relief society food administrator kansas city thanked sisters selling wheat then explained felt church should discontinue storage program problems government trying use grain explaining these problems poinpointedted government able use much grain relief society sold government several carloads poorly mixed grades grain another weakness program attempts help during disasters economical example flour sent san francisco cheaper societies sold wheat locally sent money rather pay freight send flour area added fact grain held small parcels rather indifferent storage facilities you abundance reason dis continuance practice describing these weaknesses food controller pointed although aware see 11 strictly11strictly practical view program church religious motives felt expected appreciate them however church felt should ignore counsel continue store grain war suggested 37 assembled two three elevators

37letter37 letter presiding bishop president relief society food administrator kansas city ibid july 11 1918 IX appp 1902190 2 55 relief society leaders did decide ignore food controllers counsel discussed letter during meeting emphasized storage strictly relief society matter government right try direct agreed program holy mission although sell grain help government should start conserving staff life soon possible 3830 none published sources explained these problems accompanied sale wheat 1918 reason why government relief society did publicize difficulties reason do attempts state utah cormonsmormons during twentieth century prove loyal american citizens during smoot trials united states government questioned loyalty many americans still believed trial utahnsutahna enforcing laws against polygamy prove allegiance united states members church started public relations program part public relations program included supporting war effort volunteering serve armed forces pushing contributions red cross war saving stamps passing laws surface showed great adherence united states policy restricting activities foreigners example law prohibited unnaturalized citizens possessing

38relief38 relief society general board minutes general board meeting july 11 1918 IX appp 1923192 3 church archives 56

OQ firearms hunting 39 although law gave appearance protecting nation germans enemies state america actually did nothing change laws possession firearms another part new public relations philosophy relief societysSocietys decision sell grain first general board strongly opposed proposal government contribute wheat war cause however government questioned loyalty sisters united states presiding bishopric first presidency finally marketed wheat sisters agreed sell decided better churchschurche image said grain sold voluntarily rather under pressure interpretation acceptable government officials long got wheat unspoken agreement neither group made issue problems selling distributing wheat world war I1 brought opportunity mormon sisters use stored grain help governments food programs al though sisters opposed sale grain first finally agreed support presiding bishopricsbishoprickBishoprics decision sell grain differences between presiding bishopric relief society general board continued following sale wheat these emphasizeddeemphasizedde churchschurche attempt create good public relations problems between united states government

39utahutah session laws 1917 chapter 95 57 relief society publicized help further churchschurche public image following sale grain relief society storage0 program temporarily discontinued although sisters disappointed decision looked forward day allowed store grain again CHAPTER V

RELIEF SOCIETY GRAIN STORAGE 1918 1940

immediately war first presidency presiding bishopricBishopric examinedreexaminedre purposes relief society storage program although felt still important foi church conserve grain agreed government officials program worth trouble expense decided suspend until build better elevators concluded until then sisters should sell wheat sold government should send money wheat sales presiding bishopricsbishoprickBishoprics office deposited special trust fund where earn four percent 1 annual interest members relief society accepted decision discontinue storage revelation god according general board priesthood instituted grain saving movement closed work relief society operates under direction priesthood simply conformity them grain saving discontinued 2

111 priesthood quorumsQuorums table improvement era XXVI april 1923 573 2relief9relief society general board minutes relief society general board meetingz1za may 2 1934 XX p 32 church archives

58 59

women saw decision revelation god expressed desire confirm general authorities 0 decision 3 still many them disappointed program suspended wanted exact reason why ended leaders church offered further explanation revelation sisters tried think reasons why priesthood discontinued program example relief society leaders decided storage program suspended served purpose aiding saints nation during time famine relief society general conference president clarrisa williams head relief society nelinemelineemmelineEn B wells stated grain saving movement accomplished early mission meeting needs united states during food shortage 4 explained should another famine funds safe ready ususee direct authority president church 50 neither these explanations show real reason why ladies agreed discontinue program did seem realize disasters famines still might occur past then came money buy very much wheat enormous prices government sell retrospect

3relief3 relief society general board minutes relief society general conference september 21 1922 XIII p 80 church archives 4amycamyamy brown lyman national woman relief society church jesus christ latter day saints 184219251842 1925 relief society magazine XII march 1925 120 21 5lymanblymanlyman minutes general conference relief society ibid IX december 1920 617 60 seems probable main reason sisters discontinued program request president church reasons made possible them deny program least part unsuccessful

wheat trust fund whatever reasons sisters gave rationalize change policy recognized fact program new program collect funds mail them presiding bishopricsbishoprickBishoprics office funds gradually flowed office bishopric issued receipts wards showing how much each individual ward deposit promising relief society four percent interest account 6 money came very slowly even though relief society encouraged local organizations send money pointed intention creating hardship district board emphasized especially loan made proper security local society should wait until contract due before trying collect wheat 7 still even though leaders patient waiting money come amazed number problems call funds brought surface women hinted them throughout program general boardhadboard never completely understood

6 relief society general board minutes relief society general board meeting may 9 1923 XIII p 171 church archives 7lymanblymanlyman minutes general conference relief society relief society magazine IX december 1920 618 61 problems dealt misuse poor management wheat funds although relief society leaders advised local societies loan grain bishops members ward unless given security change wheat frequently deposit money secure bank these policies always followed since checking programs did inform general board problems until received call centralization time sent letters board telling why send money quickly help sisters meet these problems general board gave permission wards send funds gradually 8Q make arrangements account grain money these problems women trying collect wheat relief societies given security example 750 loaned eight individuals cassia stake offered security another owed 300 paid interest three years 9 ward relief society president same stake loaned 400 bishop husband received note security women ward curlew stake similar problem where widow borrowed 10 wheat money unable pay back cases where these types loans made relief society board suggested

Q 8reliefrelief society general board minutes general board meeting september 6 1922 XIII p 75 church archives 9 abid9bidibid april 20 1927 XV p 148 loibidibid august 23 1922 XIII p 69 62

where through unfortunate circumstances wheat money loaned without security shall expect whoever responsible responsibility placed take matter once having money refunded 11ll board adopted similar policy whenever amount money produce reclaimed example ogden fifth ward bishop borrowed 20 worth wheat distribute poor board asked sisters bishop return grain 121 9 policy adopted however cases where wheat commodities spoiled then board allowed produce given poor women gainesville found impossible sell 525 pounds beans stored instead wheat beans spoiled general board allowed them distribute produce among needy 13 relief society leaders made special allowances societies lost money bank failures cases banks these groups deposited funds failed during 1920s example banks rigby raft stakes idaho went bankrupt during period since societies collect money send salt lake general board asked them write off loss however ever

11lyman minutes general conference relief society relief society Maamagazinemasazine IX december 1920 618 12relief society general board minutes relief society general board meeting may 9 1923 XIII p 171 church archives 131bid ibid augustC 27 1922 XIII p 71 63 able recover even portion money board asked them send general fund 114 trying deal these many types problems relief society leaders discouraged local relief societies loaning keeping wheat money told them money used building projects financing relief society magazine paying projects without consent first presidency presiding bishopric 15 occasionally however these groups allowed societies use money complete worthwhile projects example members redmond ward north sevier stake used wheat money pay draining twenty acres ward property stakes idaho used money help finance idaho falls hospital 161 policy adopted specific cases though a-lid generally relief society leaders presiding bishopric asked none funds left home develop local projects kanosh ward asked leave funds state bank millard many women opposed forwarding money general office presiding bishop refused stakes offer explained millard stake president office appointed first presidency custodian wheat fund felt money should centralized possible pointed eight hundred wards already

141bidibid september 27 1922 XIII p 84 15 ibid june 15 1921 XII p 90

161bidibid march 28 1922 XIII p 25 november 1 1922 XIII p 97 64 turned money wanted see groups conform 17 new policypo icylcy despite statements like these stake presidents wards did stop storing grain did send funds immediately june 1920 general relief society annual financial report shows sisters still 111000 bushels wheat 181 fi stored although grain finally sold during 1920 societies sent money general fund 1927 president clarrisa williams still calling money 19 sent presiding bishopricsbishoprickBishoprics office

wheat interest those societies did send money exception though sisters did comply new policy money started come salt lake office relief society leaders decide what should do four percent interest presiding bishopric paying although members felt interest should added principal general board hoped use money develop new projectsprojbroj ectsacts help solve problems women faced these major hurdles sisters relief society cross high cost maternity care board wanted interest

171bid17 ibid september 12 1923 XIII p 208 181 Q lyman relief society annual report relief society magazine VIII june 1920 367

19lLllymanblyman19lymanLYmanyman minutes general conference relief society ibid XIV june 1927 271 2 65

used allow pregnant women good care reasonable rates 20 receiving permission stake relief society presidents initiate church wide maternity care program board made plans maternity homes salt lake city areas church leaders encouraged local societies each maternity care basket work closely stake government agencies already set help expectant mothers 210 i although interest used finance new project principal left intintactedacted presiding bishopricsbishoprickBishoprics office even though amount deposited varied between 1920 1940 total usually 400000 22 money kept used priesthood asked sisters convert wheat again until then although sisters disappointed storage program accepted counsel did every thing deposit money presiding bishopricsbishoprickBishoprics office encourage new program

20lbid201bid VIII december 1923 1934193 4 210riginally relief society leaders wanted funds come directly them use money direct programs ibid program did receive support sisters relief society leaders agreed let local societies interest encouraged them support maternity care program circular letter relief society stake presidents general board relief society magazine IX june 1922 3056305 6 under program each ward use interest help mothers ward work stake organizations state government agencies information see minutes general conferences relief society magazine june december issues during 1920s 22 amount money held wheat trust fund recorded yearly report relief society information how much account each year see financial reports 11 relief society magazine V XXV 66

return grain storage spite liquidation program following world war I1 long before sisters asked store grain again part new welfare program great depression hit united states during 1930s1930 many cormonsmormons unemployed unable care families during depression leaders church saw need once again prepared help members during temporary disasters reach goal established welfare system 1936 joseph fielding smith council twelve apostles explained purpose new system said cardinal teaching latter day saints religion power save people temporarily cannot depended upon save them spiritually exalt them life come 23 addition sponsoring church wide program leaders asked individual members prepared meet emergencies having every head every household see enough food clothing possible fuel least year ahead 244 part renewed emphasis being equipped meet emergencies future first presidency asked general board may 1939 convert fourth trust funds

23quoted239 quoted helping others help themselves pamphlet welfare program published church cited james B alienallenailen richard 0 cowan mormonism twentieth century provo utah brigham young university extension publications 1967 p 93

r I1 240neaneqne hundred seventh semiannualsemi annual conference church jesus christ latter day saints april 4 5 6 1957 salt lake city church jesus christ latter day saints 1937 p 26 67 wheat 25 later august 1940 first presidency asked general board arrange use another 100000 buy wheat explain- ed soon funds used buy grain 26D help oversee transfer funds first presidency asked joseph L wirthlin presiding bishop amy brown lyman relief society president harold B lee head welfare system form wheat committee these people help advisory board charge purchasing wheat filling elevators controlling sales addition committee agreed hire custodians through welfare agency church take care elevators stored wheat each organizations re- presented committee responsible covering part

cost program LDS church pay storing caring wheat relief society give money purchase grain general welfare committee provide storage space 27 soon first presidency formed committee divided responsibilities each organization set accomplish part new project relief society do very little work get money buy grain since majority wheat fund already presiding bishopricsbishoprickBish oprics office attempts collect outstanding loans stakes idaho borrowed money help meet allotments idaho falls

25relief25relief society general board minutes general board meeting may 31 1939 XXII p 167 church archives 261bidibid august 14 1940 XXIII p 78 27 271bidibid august 21 1940 XXIII appp 85685 6 68 hospital successful case money ready used purchase wheat 28 welfare committee largest assignment fulfill before storage program begin provide place store wheat sisters buying committee started build elevators salt lake sharp utah mccannon idaho equipped machinery care grain 29 these new elevators built welfare square church dedicated 1940 many church relief society leaders attended took part program president amy brown lyman gave brief history relief society storage program president david 0 mckay offered dedicatory prayer prayer praised relief society example church entire world thus losing themselves good others denying themselves necessities neces- sary describing sale grain government 1918 said grateful time came govern- ment needed wheat those suffering hungry spirit giving promoted church give wheat bless those need explained grain money being put back storage under inspiration first presidency 300 following0 dedicatory prayer carloads wheat emptied

281bidibid december 16 1941 XXIII p 258

29mcgavin29mcgavin grain storage among LDS 185

30donnadonna D sorensen church grain elevator dedication relief society magazine XXVIII october 1940 6534653 4 69

elevator september 1943 church elevators filled nearly 300000 bushels J31 filling new elevators program come full circle returned original program storing wheat relief societies once again donated grain help saints just during brigham youngs days problems storing grain bins granaries local areas solved addition new elevators special caretakers take charge wheat throughout 1920s 1930s relief society grain storage program discontinued initial problems during period centralizing wheat funds sisters did worry storing grain concentrated maternity care program instead following depression part new welfare system first presidency allowed sisters use wheat money purchase grain once again new policy fulfilled dreams sisters church especially emmeline B wells being ready famine natural disasters relief society again planning future through grain storage

3lreliefrelief society general board minutes general board meeting september 5 1943 XXIV p 220 church archives CHAPTER VI conclusion

work done saving grain unusual unique women joseph egypt th saved stored wheat great nation relief society saw grain storage program unique calling women study movement important aspect history woman organization program significant touches several aspects mormon history 1876 through 1940 reason helps provide new evidence role millennialism nineteenth century mormonism show important role women economic affairs utah twentieth century serves illustration gradual decline relief socleSociesocietysocietystys church auxilaubil laries 1 direct control programs accompanied rise importance role priesthood leaders change accompanied altered role mormon women played national state affairs

millennial thought thereliefrelief society program adds data gathered klaus hansen louis reinwand researchers role

lwellsdwellseeliswells grain question relief society bulletin I1 september 1914 1 70 71 millennium mormon thought 1830 joseph smith founded church jesus christ latter day saints until wilford woodruff issued manifesto 1890 saints expected imminent return christ usher thousand years peace during lifetime Preceproceedingedingad4d reign peace anticipated wars calamities issuing manifesto changes occuredoccurred utah during 1890s members church realized probably live see end world change attitude developed new concept wars disasters example viewed spanish american war justified fight war might usher end seen previous ones longer saw natural disasters emergencies smith prophesied proceed second coming development relief society storage program further evidence millennial view until 1890 sisters believed setting aside grain immediate famine precede christs coming yet during 1890s realized might need wheat days realization grain might used during famine just before christs coming used staff life help local members church carowanparowan aid outsiders san francisco china disasters hit those areas 1907 world war I1 women willing loan grain those farmers individual problems willing pay wheat back within reasonable length time 72 relief society pushed continuance grain storage during world war I1 saints able survive shortages created war although slight resurge millen- nialist fervor during war main reason refusal sell grain government during war relief society afraid sold grain government church members left without provisions protect them selves during grain shortage however government raised refusal sell evidence mormon disloyal united states leaders agreed support presiding Bishbishopricoprics decision sell grain food administration time questions raised economy program following world war I1 first presidency presiding bishopric concluded program worth cost then asked sisters save money received government means buying wheat discontinue actual storage grain during 1920s early 1930s sisters did store grain used interest trust fund meet everyday problems being wives mothers grain storage started again depression 1930s convinced members church still needed prepared immediate disasters during period church developed welfare system provided jobs supplies help members church rest world during times distress addition organized church program members church encouraged year supply food clothing essentials used cases personal 73

9 tragedy natural catastrophes wartime emergency 2 included new welfare program call first presidency put relief society wheat trust fund grain grain storage now under presiding bishopric continues major part church welfare system today mormon people hope prepared meet needs future supplies help members church rest world durinsdurinduring natural disastersdi basterssasters wars although since 1890 emphasis grain storage immediate emergencies rather second coming saints still expect savior return constantly being prepared hope ready disasters

might come

role women mormon economic affairs beyond millennialism changing nature program main value studying grain storage lies understanding gives role women mormon economic affairs church government economic role mormon women great basin kingdom leonard J arrington discuss importance women supporting maintaining churchechurchs economic policies study relief society storage program used further understand importance womanscomans role mormonism relief societysSocietys attempts direct economic affairs unique women nineteenth century during period 1850 1920 while majority american women fighting

9 2allenballenalienallen cowan mormonism twentieth century p 95 74 suffrage equal rights mormon women felt already many these rights church saw themselves creators men given special assignments encourage church welfare considered themselves important part organization although grain storage just these assignments representative many others case economic affairs women accepted call store grain mission lord willing put time effort helping serve god matter what asked them although sisters completely successful storing grain tried every means knew try continue improve program yet surface program seems failure many areas successful gave saints feeling security added churchschurche economic prosperity well being provided important depend ent role women

role women church government grain storage program important what reveals independent role women churchschurche organization women relief society played mormon church government dr arrington explains interesting aspect relief societysSocietys assignment store grain manner assisted women achieve independent position church 0 government 3 independence needs examined depth

0 3arringtonbarringtonarrington economic role pioneer women 164 75 although government church usually seen

organization dominated men holding priesthood case sisters given complete control wheat brethren expected assist under direction women during early part twentieth century sisters gradually lost independence several reasons why change took place why priesthood started play important role program years program grew large sisters seemed unable deal problems faced alone knowing how improve granaries prevent bishops borrowing grain general board turned presiding bishopric help may initial reason relief soclesocietySociesocietystys first approach bishopric does explain continually increasing role brethren played movement under- stand relationship developed between priesthood relief society leaders might help examine differences church organization nineteenth twentieth century beginningbeginningof twentieth century mormon people appeared diffused throughout america rest world previous century many cases minority large urban centers since leaders church longer used immigration utah means hold church together faced crisis how give widely scattered mormon people sense community constantly changing complex world way developed centralizing 76 programs church during nineteenth century relief society auxiliaries organizations almost separate main structure church example although general authorities presided directly relief society members wilford woodruff indicated explained relation- ship grain storage program 1896 did direct control relief society affairs type relationship changed however search new mormon community leaders formed new bureaubureauacyacy tended unite organizations under general leadership hoped knitting organizations closer together able feel united thychrchy hold members together effectively 4 basis then easy explain increasing role presiding bishopric played grain storage program relief society became auxiliary priesthood separate organization rely men direct programs change first presidency asked presiding bishopric give suggestions how store grain handle wheat money send letters bishops program gradually became joint project rather relief society program finally presiding bishopric took extent relief society consulted simply informed decision already made case during world war I1

4allenballenalienallenailen mormon search community modern world appp 31116311 16 arrington crisis identity mormon response nineteenth twentieth centuries mormonism american culture ed marvin hill james B alienallen new york harper row publishers 1972 appp 16884168 84 77

change took place during early part twentswent leth century might part decision church develop formal centralized bureaucracy auxiliaries relief society lost independent standing became part closely controlled church government change programs grain storage partially taken priesthood first then finally came under complete control leadership church

role mormon women national reform movements politics relief society programs gradually merged churchschurche developing burebureacracybureaucracyacracy entirely possible change affected role women church larger society may well relief society began play less important role development churchschurche programs mormon women played less active role church activities national reform movements politics studies mormon women nineteenth century amazed status responsibility mormon women church many cases besides acting defaltodefacto head poly gamousagamous family women took part numerous church national affairs century produced women like emmeline B wells served editor comanswomans exponent director grain storage movement president general relief society president suffrage movement utah active national affairs womanscomans suffrage meetings notable women included 78 susa young gates edited young ladies journal served member general board relief society addition acting corresponding secretary national suffrage movement writing several chapters womanscomans suffrage emily richards served member general board central grain committee well president vice president suffrage movement utah official delegate suffrage meetings washington D C along these women alice merrill homehorne margaret hughes cannon countless others played important role state national reform political movements yet since early part twentieth century seem few mormon women match these records may well like many ladies united states climax parti- cicipationpation reform came adoption nineteenth amendment then role mormon women both church national reform changed what effect did changes church government developed during period sisters women called work closely priesthood follow counsel patterns developed those relationships may led them become reticent suggesting new ideas promoting reform may brought them play less active roles levels certainly roles women like emmeline B wells susa young gates emily richards played those played relief society leaders today quite different beyond these things study grain storage program points developments mormon church shows need research mormon women role church government 79 study program ought increase our understanding history church relief society should lead interesting insights role women developing bureauciesbureaucies

however looks relief society grain storage though must amazed willingness sisters accept assignment serve heavenly father help members church world community since 1842 relief society organized women church willing help church create heaven earth grain storage program started 1876 continuance policy program despite disappointments poor granaries poor grain sisters able store areatgreat deal wheat relief society leaders like emmeline B wells individual members proud accomplishments fulfilling sacred mission SOURCES CONSULTED

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B hill marvin 1 alienallenailen james eds mormonism american culture new york harper row publishers 1972 lyman amy brown retrospect salt lake city general board relief society 1945 mckiernan F marck blair alma R edwards paul M restoration movement essays mormon history lawrence kansas coronado press 1973 roberts brigham H comprehensive history church jesus christ Llattertterater day saints 6 vols salt lake city deseret news press 1930 smith joseph history church jesus christ latter day saints period I1 edited brigham H roberts 6 vols salt lake city church jesus christ latter day saints 1948 watts george D et al ed journal discourses 26 vols liver pool F D richards 1855 wells emmeline B ed charities philanthropies womanscomans work utah salt lake city george Q cannon son 1893 year jubilee full report proceedings fiftieth annual conference church jesus christ latter day saints salt lake city deseret news 1880

2 periodicals anderson james H current topics relief society magazine iliIII111 february 1916 162 VI january 1918 39 arnold F R wheat values relief society magazine II11 february 1915 65665 6 arrington leonard J economic role pioneer women western humanities review IX spring 1955 14564145 64 editors table improvement era XXIIYXII november 1918 62 gates susa young conserving our resources relief society bulletin I1 october 1914 121 2 general meeting central ward committees comanswomans exponent V december 1 1976 99 grain meeting comanswomans exponent VI december 1 1877 102 grain saving relief society relief society magazine II11 february 1915 505850 58 82 hobehomehorne alice merrill give Us day our daily bread relief societsochetsociety magazine II11 february 1915 596359 63 kelley mary F brigham young famine new west magazine IX june 1917 lyman amy brown minutes general conference relief society relief society magazine vols 2402 40 national comanswomans relief society church jesus christ latter day saints 184219251842 1925 relief society magazine XII march 1925 11322113 22 mcgavin E cecil collaboration albert L zobell jr grain storage among LDS improvement era XLIV march 1941 142

priesthood quorum table improvement era XXVI april 1923 573 sorensen donna D church grain elevator dedication relief society magazine XXVIII october 1940 6534653 4 talmage james E Morcormonsmormonsmons war literary digest july 27 1918 p 28 wells emmeline B wise hearken counsel comanswomans exponent V march 1 1877 149 earthquake fire comanswomans exponent XXXIV may 1906 68 grain question relief society bulletin I1 septem ber 1914 1 history relief society comanswomans exponent XXXII september 1903 29

home manufacturing storing grain womantcomanswomans exponent VI june 15 1877 12 mission storing grain relief society magazine II11 february 1915 47 9 report national comanswomans relief society womantcomanswomans exponent XXXVIII june 1909 5

saving grain comanswomans exponent XXVII september 15 1898 36

sisters earnest comanswomans exponent V october 15 1876 89 83 comanswomans grain movement charities industries utah comanswomans exponent VI september 1 1877 52 comanswomans exponent vol 5435 43

3 unpublished materials hartley william G LDS history manuscripts san francisco earthquake unpublished article possession hartley LDS church history division salt lake city utah reinwand louis G interpretative study mormon millennialism during nineteenth century emphasis millennial development utah unpublished masters thesis brigham young university 1971 stott robert jeffrey mormonism war selected mormon thought regarding service american wars unpublished masters thesis brigham young university 1974

4 minutes manuscripts following records located church archives historical department church jesus christ latter day saints salt lake city utah stake general board minutes box elder stake relief society 1876 1918 oneida stake relief society 1876 1918 parovan stake relief society 189819021898 1902 relief society general board vols 1 23 187619421876 1942 salt lake stake relief society 187619181876 1918 sanpete stake relief society 187619001876 1900 sevier stake relief society 1876 1918 ward minutes fairview ward relief society 187619181876 1918 north logan ward relief society 1892 1918 richfield ist ward relief society 187619181876 1918 84 manuscripts presiding bishopric circular letter file 1911 12 presiding bishopric records relief society records susa young gates papers wilford woodruff diary wilford woodruff papers

5 others crockett nevelnovel telephone interview north logan utah march 17 1974 deseret news april 16 1906 may 19 1906 april 8 1907 may 1 1907 may I1 1918 june 30 1918 journal history april 16 1880 189819011898 1901 november 23 1878 march 21 1898 june 13 1917 church archives historical department church jesus christ latter day saints salt lake city utah

U congress house representatives representative milton H welling speaking relief society sale wheat government 65th cong 2nd sess june 7 1918 congressional records 7499