OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 45 NO. 2 SPRING 1995

Published by

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife (one TERM copy of publication) $18.50; Individual Life Membership $300. Husband and EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS EXPIRES wife Life Membership $500. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, pub­ 1996 President Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, Lancaster, lished quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological OH 43130, (614) 653-6642 Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. 1996 Vice President Carmel Tackett, 906 Charleston Park, Chillicothe, OH 45601, (614) 772-5431 BACK ISSUES 1996 Exec. Sect. Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage St., Ashland, OH Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 44805, (419)289-8313 Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 1996 Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$20.00 add $1.50 P-H 1996 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, 1980's& 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43068, (614) 861-0673 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 43064,(614)873-5471 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gen­ 1996 immediate Past Pres. Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star erally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to Avenue SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 business office for prices and availability.

BUSINESS MANAGER ASO CHAPTERS Alum Creek Chapter Paul Wildermuth, 2505 Logan-Thorneville Road, Rushville, OH 43150, (614)536-7855, 1-800-736-7815 President: Dennis Buehler, 1736 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH Aboriginal Explorers Club TRUSTEES President: Richard Gertz, 1094 Millersburg Rd SW, Massilon, OH Beau Fleuve Chapter 1996 Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Range Line Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH 43050, (614)393-2314 President: John McKendry, 5545 Truscott Terrace, Lakeview, NY 1996 James R. Hahn, 770 S. Second St., Heath, OH 43056, Blue Jacket Chapter (614)323-2351 President: Jon M. Anspaugh, 210 E Silver St., Wapakoneta, OH 1996 Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann court, Lancaster, OH 43130 Chippewa Valley Archaeological Society (614)653-9477 President: Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Rd, Medina, OH 1996 Steven Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Rd., Norton, OH 44203 Cuyahoga Valley Chapter (216)753-7081 President: Gary J. Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH 1998 Martha Otto, Ohio Historical Society, 2200 East Powell Road, Flint Ridge Chapter Westerville, OH 43081, (614) 297-2641 (work) President: Bob Williams, 138 Margery Drive NE, Newark, OH 1998 Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Road, Medina, OH 44256, (216) Fort Salem Chapter 723-7122 President: Brent Weber, 1455 Bethel New Richmond Rd., 1998 William Pickard, 1003 Carlisle Ave., Columbus, OH 43224 New Richmond, OH (614)262-9615 Fulton Creek Chapter 1998 Jeb Bowen, 419 Sandusky Ave., Fremont, OH 43420 President: Mike Coyle, 18000 SR4, Marysville, OH (419)585-2571 Johnny Appleseed Chapter President: Randy Hancock, 1202 ST RT 302 RD#5, Ashland, OH REGIONAL COLLABORATORS King Beaver Chapter David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 President: Judith Storti, R.D. #2, Box 1519, 1519 Herrick St., Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 New Castle, PA Kyger Creek Chapter Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH President: Ruth A. Warden, 20 Evans Heights, Gallipolis, OH William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH Lake County Chapter James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, President: Douglas Divish, 35900 Chardon Rd, Willoughby Hills, OH Columbus, OH 43210 Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 President: Sherry Peck, 598 Harvey Rd., Patriot, OH David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 President: Raymond Lovins, Box 86, Miamiville, OH Brian Da Re, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 Mound City Chapter Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pk., Chillicothe, OH Zanesville, OH 43701 Painted Post Chapter Elaine Holzapfel, 104 E. Lincoln, Greenville, OH 45331 President: Norman Fox, 810 Coolidge St, New Castle, PA Sandusky Bay Chapter All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, Sandusky Valley Chapter changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ President: Jeb Bowen, 11891 E County, Rd 24, Republic, OH ness Manager. Seneca Arrow Hunters President: Donald Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS Six Rivers Valley Chapter CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, President: Dr. Brian G. Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Standing Stone Chapter President: Jeb Bowen, 11891 E County, Rd 24, Republic, OH Sugarcreek Valley Chapter NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONPresident:E SteveNUMBEn Kish, 301R 4 Clark Mill Rd, Norton, OH 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE Two Older "New" Old Maps of the Newark Earthworks I am very distraught by recent comments and conversations by James L. Murphy 4 with fellow members of the ASO. Although these comments al­ lude to a problem which has been around for years, for some Notes on Local Shawnee History at Wapakoneta, Ohio reason or another the problem appears to be getting worse. The by Claude Britt, Jr. 8 concern to which I refer is the problem of individuals looking for A Preliminary Report on a Site in Mercer County Pa. arrowheads and other indian relics without the land owners per­ by Chris Osborne 10 mission. No one (and I do mean NO ONE) should go on any pri­ Halted Shaft Scraper by Jack I. Rosenfeld. 11 vate property, for any reason whatsoever, without the property owner's permission. Protohistoric: Grave Goods from a Burial Feature at the Petersen Some collectors are being denied access to fields in which Site (330T9) in Northcentral Ohio they have hunted relics for years. Some farmers allow absolutely by Timothy J. Abel and Andrew M. Schneider 12 no one in their fields any more; simply because too many un­ A Bust Type Birdstone by Ned and Mark Shaw 16 known individuals have entered their fields without permission. Farmers contend that if they allow just one person to be seen in Carl Dunn, Avocational Archaeologist by Elaine Holzapfel 17 a field, then other collectors think it's an open invitation for any­ An Engraved Stone From Jackson County, Ohio one to enter the field. Other farmers tell of individuals not only by George Arman 18 going in fields without permission, but trashing the fields as well. Ground-Stone Tools From The Copeland Habitation Sites in This includes trampled crops along with plastic bags and "icy Auglaize County Not Inventoried in a 1973 Report cold beverage" cans laying in the fields. I certainly hope none of by Claude Britt, Jr. 19 these irresponsible individuals are members of the ASO. In the current social and political atmosphere our Society, our An Engraved Glacial Kame Gorget from Coshocton hobby, and for some our profession, are under attack from sev­ County, Ohio by Ensil Chadwick 21 eral fronts. The last thing we need is more fuel to feed the fire. Two Indiana Geniculates by James E. Keesling 22 Let's all be responsible citizens and do the right thing. I admonish every collector to please not trespass, but instead, get permission A Revisionist View of Shoop by William Topping 23 before you enter any land to collect relics. Those trespassers not A Tribute to Fluting Technology by Jim Beckman 25 only hurt themselves, but they hurt the rest of us too. If you know any of them, please set them straight or they may find themselves An Interesting Fort Ancient Pipe by Robert N. Converse 26 spending most of their field time looking up to see if the Sheriff is A Chlorite Pick Bannerstone by Jim Stephan 27 coming, rather than looking down for arrowheads. A Very Unusual Engraved Piece by Jim Beckman 28 I will even suggest that collectors with long term approval from farmers to hunt their fields contact the farmers to let them know Zooarcheology - Taxonomy vs Taphonomy in Primary Analysis that they are still interested in doing so. It is a small courtesy to of Zooarcheological Material let the farmer know that he is not being taken for granted over a by Zygmunt A. Bieniulis 30 long period of time. A little goodwill never hurts! A Synopsis of the McCain Site, Dubois County, Indiana Another problem that continually plagues our Society is that of by Elaine Holzapfel 34 fraudulent artifacts. They are still out there folks and getting A Cache of Ashtabula Points from Western New York harder and harder to spot. And just because an artifact came by Richard Michael Gramly 37 from one of the old time collections doesn't necessarily mean it is good. The old timers were not immune to fakes either. We are An Axe and Hammer Site in Darke County trying our best to keep fraudulent pieces from being sold at our by Ronnie Thiebeau 38 meetings. I'm sure it isn't perfect, but the Fraudulent Artifact More Thoughts on Birdstones by Jack Rosenfeld 39 Committee is doing an excellent job. I appreciate the dealers who remove questionable material without hassling the commit­ NAGPRA: What Is It and What Does It Mean? tee members. They have an extremely difficult, unpopular and by Martha Potter Otto 40 thankless job, and I will support them 100 per cent. Bifacial Blade Cores by Leland W. Patterson 42 A good friend of mine recently loaned me a delightful book on archaeology. Although I am not going to use this column to re­ Uses of Small Prismatic Blades in North America view the book, I am going to recommend it. I think that any one by Leland W. Patterson 44 who is seriously interested in archaeology should have a copy of An Engraved Pipe from the South Park Site this book in their library. I purchased myself a copy from the by Bob Burns 48 book department of a local department store for less than $10, Stolen Petroglyph 48 but I could not get it in hard cover. The book is Motel of the Mysteries by David Macaulay, published in 1979 by Houghton Two Pennsylvania Artifacts by JohnEicholtz 49 Mifflin Company, Boston. To me, this book is a winner and I Necrology, Joe Redick 49 highly recommend it. Until next time - thanks and take care! Pre-Publication Discount 50 Book Review by Patti Zalewski & David M. Stothers 51

Steve Parker

Cover Figure: A classic Hopewell pentagonal pendant made of green banded slate. This pendant was originally collected by Dr. Rollin Bunch ofMuncie, Indiana. Dr. Bunch, a physician and three-time mayor ofMuncie during the middle 1900's, had one of the largest Indian artifact collec­ tions in the state of Indiana. The pendant is 5 inches long and was found in Ohio.

3 TWO OLDER "NEW" OLD MAPS OF THE NEWARK EARTHWORKS by James L. Murphy Ohio State University Libraries 1858 Neil Avenue Mall Columbus, Ohio 43210

Research on the pioneer Presbyterian Country." An opportunist by the name of Licking, a short distance above Newark, minister and antiquarian, John Pogue Henry Frost obtained the manuscript from Licking County, there are ancient works Campbell (1767-1814) has located the two Campbell's widow and attempted to pub­ of considerable magnitude. Immediately earliest known maps of the Newark lish it as his own work. Frost's attempt at on entering the forks, we pass through a Earthworks (Figs. 1, 2). The originals of plagiarism was exposed before the work variety of ancient works, all of which these maps are in the Daniel and Benjamin was published, and the manuscript pre­ were evidently connected. These works Drake papers, a part of the well known sumably was returned to Mrs. Campbell, appear to have been projected with Lyman Draper Collection at the Wisconsin who had returned to live in Kentucky. It is much ingenuity, and are highly military in Historical Society, in Madison, Wisconsin. believed that the existing remnant of the their form and relative positions. Some The maps are reproduced here with per­ Campbell manuscript was very likely ob­ are bold and majestic monuments, mission of the Society. tained by Daniel Drake while he was teach­ though centuries with a thousand The earliest previously published map ing at Transylvania College in Lexington, changes have rolled over them. The large of the Newark Earthworks is one copied Kentucky, in 1817, though there is no doc­ Circular Fort, with its walls formed by by Robert Walsh, Jr., in 1815, and pub­ umentary evidence to support this theory throwing the work outward, is an amaz­ lished in the Autumn, 1992, issue of The (Murphy 1985). ing projection. From the bottom of the Licking County Historical Society's Unfortunately, the existing archaeologi­ Fosse to the top of the Parapet, it is in Quarterly newsletter as a "'new' old map" cal materials in the Drake papers quite most places eighteen or twenty feet, and of the Newark Earthworks (Lepper 1992). probably derive from a number of sources, near the Eastern and Southern extremity The original of the Walsh map, as Lepper and while it is evident that the crude map of the parallel walls to which it is ap­ explains in his brief article, remains lost, on p. 78 of the Drake Collection (Fig. I) is pended, the elevation cannot be less and our knowledge is limited to a photo­ part of the Campbell manuscript, it is less than twenty five or thirty feet. graphic copy discovered by John Weaver certain that that is the case with the "Commencing near the Circular Fort, two several years ago in the Licking County "Rackoon Creek map, on p. 95 (Fig. 2). walled passes or ways, continue on a Historical Society's museum. According Study of the handwriting is of little help, for considerable distance, until they termi­ to the legend accompanying the photo­ while much of the manuscript appears to nate at a large octagon Fort. These com­ graph, the copy was presented to the be in Campbell's hand, portions of it are munications run direct, but verge to­ Newark Country Golf Club by Wallace H. not, and unquestionable examples of wards each other, and were designed for Cathcart, who was director of the Henry Frost's handwriting are not available a safe passage between the Forts, as it Western Reserve Historical Society from for comparison. Furthermore, it is evident may be seen on the map. 1913 until his death in 1942. The original that Campbell solicited information from "The Octagon is far from being imperfect Walsh map (itself apparently a copy of an various local informants for his work, and as such, and is much distinguished by an earlier map by an unknown hand) has not very possibly the more detailed map of the ingenious covered way, which appears to been found in the Western Reserve Newark Works was sent to him by some­ have been a secure communication with Historical Society's collections. one living in the Newark area. the Creek towards which it points. "The Oblong Fort, or Parallellogram, is The Walsh map (Fig. 3) is of particular in­ Although the more detailed Rackoon regular in regard to the sides and [sic] an­ terest because of its close similarity to the Creek map is not dated, internal evi­ gles and is on the East side of the other more detailed of the two previously unpub­ dence indicates that it was made prior to works. The Circular Fort has but one lished maps found in the Drake papers, 1808, for the fortifications are described gate, and that is East, and toward the ob­ herein referred to as the "Rackoon Creek" as Lying "between the Rackoon & South long Fort. map (Fig. 2) because of the uncertainty of fork of Licking creek, a branch of the its creator and the idiosyncracy of his Muskingum, in Fairfield County, Ohio..." "Upon these works near Newark, we spelling. A question of particular interest is [italics added]. As Licking County was remark. whether this "Rackoon Creek" map was not established until March 1, 1808, it is "I. In taking a general view of them as the original of Walsh's "Correct Copy." evident that the map is considerably containing a finished Circle, a regular Although Lepper initially was uncertain older than the 1815 Walsh map. Oblong, and an Octagon of singular con­ "whether Walsh visited Newark in person The spelling of Raccoon Creek as struction, will any one deny but that there to undertake a survey of the earthworks or "Rackoon" twice on the map shown in is here a strong indication of art and if he merely copied the map of some un­ Figure 2 is strong evidence that the map taste. These people who constructed named early antiquarian," he subsequently was not drawn by Rev. Campbell himself, these works were no doubt in a state of determined that Walsh had opportunity to who spelled it "Racoon Fork," and it constant hostility, and perhaps, at the visit Newark during the summer of 1815, seems more likely that either he obtained it time or moment of erecting these works, when he apparently made an extended trip from a local informant in the vicinity of they were subject to an immediate offen­ to Kentucky, with intentions of returning Newark or that it was independently ac­ sive attack or to the violence of offensive home through Ohio and New York (Bradley quired by Daniel or Benjamin Drake and in­ war. This may be asserted in considera­ T. Lepper, letter to Roger G. Kennedy, 28 advertently incorporated with the Camp­ tion of the Fosse within the Circular Fort, September 1993; carbon copy to author). bell maps. In this regard it is considered the walled passes or communications, Authorship and dating of the Campbell significant that the account of the Newark and the covered way attached to the and Rackoon Creek maps remain compli­ earthworks in the Campbell manuscript, Octagonal Fort. Notwithstanding the fort cated and somewhat tentative, but it is quoted below, is very generalized and of this people's being thus exposed to certain that both predate 1815. At the time makes no specific references that can be the violence of the foe, and engaged in a of his death, Rev. Campbell was living near linked to the "Rackoon Creek" map. state of actual hostility, we observe how Chillicothe and had an unfinished manu­ Campbell writes: judiciously the works were constructed, script on the antiquities of "the Western "Between Rac[c]oon Fork, and South and the economy that was thus mani-

4 tested in respect to time and labour. This rect amount according to Thomas) or A feature of some potential use in dating was not & could not be the result of untu­ Atwater's estimate of 22 acres. Finally, these early maps of the Newark works is tored reason, or a display of native en­ the octagonal enclosure encompasses the presence of a lake or pond in the area ergy and skill. The forms of these forts an area of approximately 41 acres, close between the two parallel walls. Squier and generally were not the result of necessity, to Atwater's determination of "about 40 Davis (1848: 71) aver that this was a large but choice, and could not have been ac­ acres," but far from the Rackoon Creek natural pond of more than 100 acres in ex­ complished by a selftaught or an un­ map's estimate of 25 acres and Squier tent, created by the New Madrid earth­ taught people. and Davis' estimate of 50 acres. quake of 1811. There is no reason to "II. As we have contemplated the cov­ Remarkable divergences occur in the doubt this account of the origin of the lake, ered way with some attention and consid­ estimated size of the pyramidal mounds which had been drained by the time Squier ered it a safe communication with the lying within the octagonal enclosure. The and Davis visited Newark. Atwater (1820) Creek for a supply of water, we likewise Rackoon Creek map records them as 30 describes the pond as covering from 150 naturally view it as indicative of danger at by 60 feet in size, with the gateways in to 200 acres and notes that it "was a few that point of the Fort. It is true, experience the octagon being 40 feet wide. Atwater years since entirely dry." The 1808 might have convinced the people of the ne­ states that the gateways are about fifteen Rackoon Creek map describes the area cessity of some precaution against the en­ feet in width and the mounds "about four simply as "Prairie of about 100 acres, but emy, but experience it is to be remembered feet longer than the gateway is in width." Walsh, in 1815, refers to it as a prairie con­ never originates first principles, and can do Squier and Davis record them as 80 by taining a lake of about 20 acres. Thus ref­ no more than make a wise improvement of 100 feet and five feet high. Campbell and erences to this lake are consistent with the elementary knowledge. The most powerful Squier and Davis agree that the connect­ dates attributed to these three early maps. reasoner in the human family will not be ing way leading to the circle to the west In summary, it seems evident that the able to persuade a candid man of sense to is 60 feet wide but disagree as to the Campbell map titled "Fort near Newark" believe, that these works were the effect of length, 300 feet according to Squier and was drawn by Rev. John Pogue Campbell strong native powers, or the wonderful Davis, 240 feet according to the Rackoon sometime between 1808 and his death in sagacity of an untutored race." Creek map. Thomas (1889: 18) measured 1814 and was a part of his unpublished As vague as Campbell's description is, the gateways as varying from 12 to 60 manuscript on the Antiquities of the it contains at least one major inaccuracy feet, but provides no data on the mounds Western Country. The "Rackoon Creek" that is not incorporated in either the or connecting way. map currently included with the Campbell Rackoon Creek or the Walsh maps: nei­ Campbell and Atwater agree about the maps in the Drake collection just as clearly ther of the extended parallel ways leads military nature of these enclosures and dates prior to 1808 but very likely was directly to the Fairgrounds Circle, as also share the belief that the prehistoric drawn by someone other than Campbell Campbell's crude map suggests. mounds and earthworks of the Ohio Valley and may not even have been seen by It is interesting that Campbell was were built by a race distinct from the Campbell but later incorporated with his aware of the rectangular enclosure now American Indian. They, of course, erred in maps by Daniel or Benjamin Drake. known as the Wright Works, for this is both respects, but it was a common mis­ Disregarding other evidence, such as dif­ not indicated on the Rackoon Creek interpretation throughout the I9th Century. ferences in handwriting, the known age of map; however, Campbell indicates an There remains the intriguing question of the map alone makes it improbable that it opening on each of the four sides, when whether the Rackoon Creek map is the was produced by either Daniel Drake it appears that there was not one on the original which Robert Walsh copied in (1785-1852) or his younger brother, east or southeast side, and he draws a 1815. The basic similarity of the two maps Benjamin (1795-1841). The 1815 Robert rectangle rather than a square. Camp­ is striking. It will be noted that Walsh indi­ Walsh map, though bearing some striking bell's directions are also somewhat off, cates only seven small mounds along the similarities to the Rackoon Creek map, re­ as the gateway to the Fairgrounds Circle, interior perimeter of the octagon, instead mains too dissimilar in details to permit the while it does open toward the Wright of eight, and he erroneously labels the assumption that it is simply a copy of the Works, is oriented northeast rather than nearby creek North Fork instead of the earlier map. However crudely drawn and east. Curiously, in view of the absence of South Fork; but these could easily be sim­ whatever the ultimate provenance of the any indication of the Wright rectangular ple errors in copying. Identical errors Campbell and Rackoon Creek maps may enclosure on the Rackoon Creek map, shared by the two maps, such as the ori­ prove to be, these two maps, so long ig­ both it and Campbell's map indicate the entation of the opening in the Great Circle nored, are of considerable interest as the small circular enclosure lying just west of and placement of the small circle south­ earliest known representations of the the Wright enclosure, along the southern west of the octagon, seem more telling. On Newark Earthworks. edge of the northern of the two major the other hand, there are sufficient dis­ parallel ways. crepancies in the areal dimensions and Campbell does not actually provide heights given on the two maps to suggest much in the way of measurements, merely that the one is not simply a "correct" copy REFERENCES noting the height of the Fairgrounds Circle. of the other. For example, the Rackoon Atwater, Caleb 1820 Description of the Antiquities Discovered in the The anonymous "Rackoon Creek" map, Creek map gives the area of the Great State of Ohio and Other Western States. on the other hand, does provide some Circle as 20 acres with walls 20 feet high; Archaeologia Americana 1:105-267. the Walsh map— although the text of the Lepper Bradley T. data but is generally not as accurate as 1988 An Historical Review of Archaeological Research Atwater's later (1820) map. In some case published map is very difficult to read— at the Newark Earthworks. Journal of the Steward the differences are slight, the Rackoon appears to give an area of 25 acres and Anthroplogical Society 18(1-2), p. 118-140. the walls varying from 10 to 30 feet in 1992 A "NEW" OLD MAP of the Newark Earthworks. Creek map estimating 20 acres for the The Licking County Historical Society Quarterly, size of the "Fairgrounds Circle," (now height; similarly, the area enclosed by the Vol. 2, no. 3 (Autumn, 1992), p. 4. Moundbuilders' Park), while Squier and octagon is indicated to be 20 [?] acres by Murphy, James L. Walsh and as 25 acres on the "Rackoon 1985 Daniel Drake's Contributions to Ohio Archa­ Davis estimate it as enclosing 30 acres; eology. Paper presented at the Ohio Academy Atwater, who estimated the area as Creek" map. Height of the walls of the oc­ of Science, symposium, "The Legacy of Daniel "about twenty-six acres," was, as it turns tagon appear to be given as 7 and 9 feet, Drake, M.D.," University of Cincinnati. by the respective maps, though, again, the April 19,1985. out, closest to the truth, for Thomas Squier, Ephraim G., and Edwin H. Davis (1889: 13) found the circle to contain only reproduction available of the Walsh 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. slightly over 26 acres. As for the circle map leaves much to be desired in terms of Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. 1. legibility. Because of such minor but defi­ Washington, D.C. connected to the Octagonal Enclosure, Thomas, Cyrus the "Rackoon Creek" map gives an area nite discrepancies, it is concluded that the 1889 The Circular, Square, and Octagonal Earthworks of 15 acres, less accurate than Squier Walsh map is not simply a copy of the ear­ of Ohio. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin, and Davis' estimate of 20 acres (the cor­ lier Rackoon Creek map. No. 10. Washington, D.C.

5 W//*., MwiaA— %f-

Figure 1. (Murphy) "Fort near Newark— Fig. [4]." To accom­ pany Campbell's work on the Antiquities of the Western States. Original in the Draper Collection, Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison.

6 "V J

/•.Zfii.i../. . _•»'. ! Vi.*.„„ .... ,..f„,a, * w& • • " 1 L^/~*^# a:, ... v

J- .•••'»-— *•-

Figure 3. (Murphy) John Walsh, Jr.'s 1815 "Correct Copy" of an early map of the PLMtor-mc Newark Earthworks. Reproduced from the OLD IHDMH TCftTtrtCATlOm AT WWARX.OHHX Licking County Historical Society Quarterly, V*Utw M C.iW»t. /tn Vol. 2, no. 3. NOTES ON LOCAL SHAWNEE HISTORY AT WAPAKONETA, OHIO by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 52 Wapakoneta, Ohio 45895

Introduction (3) Miamis, (4) Senecas, (5) Shawnees, trated) marks the site of Blackhoof's This brief article outlines and describes and (6) Delawares. To my knowledge, no home. In the old cemetery at St. Johns some of the historical markers, monu­ drawings or paintings of Johnson's trading stands a tombstone of Chief Blackhoof, a ments, forts, etc in the Wapakoneta area post have survived. U.S. soldier of the War of 1812 (Fig. 7). There is no grave at the site of this tomb­ which may be visited by the general pub­ Quaker Influence at Wapakoneta stone. The exact site of Blackhoof's lic. The town of Wapakoneta is rich in In 1810 the Quakers of Philadelphia grave is unknown, but is presumably history. It was once the Shawnee capital established a mission to the Shawnees at somewhere in the vicinity of St. Johns. of the Northwest. Much has already been Wapakoneta. Also, along about that time written and is in our libraries. This article they established both a saw mill and a Origin of the name Wapakoneta will not dwell on historical facts to any grist mill for the Shawnee and the few Williamson (1905:586-87) states that it great length. Rather, it is intended to pre­ white people. The Quaker Mission was is uncertain how Wapakoneta got its sent some general information concern­ established by Isaac and Henry Harvey. name. John Johnson, Indian agent at ing the importance of Wapakoneta and In 1825, the mission was moved a few Piqua at the time the Shawnees occupied Auglaize County to the Shawnees 200 miles away from Wapakoneta. Wapakoneta, states (according to years ago. Williamson): "it was named after an Fort Amanda Indian chief long since dead, but who Old Trading Posts and Stockade at During the War of 1812, Fort Barbee survived years after my intercourse com­ Wapakoneta was established at St.Marys and another menced with the Shawnees. The chief Originally, a store was built by the fort (Fort Amanda) was built on the was somewhat club-footed, and the French two miles upstream from St. Auglaize River a few miles northwest of word has reference, I think to that cir­ Marys, Ohio. At about the same time, ac­ Wapakoneta. Today there is a park and a cumstance, although its full import I cording to Williamson (1905), two other cemetery at the site of Fort Amanda. This could never discover". Frenchmen established an Indian trading fort was built in September of 1812. The post at Wapakoneta, along with a stock­ stockade was of a rectangular form, en­ Henry Harvey, the Quaker missionary ade on the Auglaize River. Some of the closing VA acres. Today, a monument at Wapakoneta, states that the village earlier histories called this stockade Fort (Fig. 2) in Fort Amanda park marks the site (Wapakoneta) derived its name from an Auglaize, which was built in 1748. At pre­ of the stockade. A large mural (oil painting) ancient and distinguished woman of that sent time, some local people refer to Fort of Fort Amanda can be seen on a wall in­ name, and it is a Shawnee word. Auglaize as Fort Wapak. No above- side the local court house in Wapakoneta Sometime prior to the writing of a local ground traces of Fort Auglaize have sur­ (Fig. 3). There was an Army Hospital at history book by Williamson (1905), the vived to the present time. However, at Fort Amanda. The soldiers who died in this grave of Wapakoneta was opened. The least one local historian in Wapakoneta hospital were buried in a cemetery on the person turned out to be a woman. This, has located the site where the stockade west bank of the Auglaize River, near the then, indicates that the statements made once stood. He has recovered some gun fort (Fig. 4). by the Quaker missionary were correct. parts and other iron artifacts on the site. Whether or not Wapakoneta was the Wapaghonetta Reservation and Fort Auglaize was abandoned after the name of a Shawnee woman, there is little Council House Battle of Fallen Timbers. A local busi­ doubt that there never was an Indian chief The 10 by 12 square mile Wapag­ nessman in downtown Wapakoneta dis­ by that name. The meaning of the name honetta Shawnee Reservation (See Fig. plays an oil painting of Fort Auglaize on Wapakoneta has been lost with the pas­ 5) was located in Auglaize County. This his wall (See Fig. 1). This painting of the sage of time. I tend to agree with Auglaize reservation was established by treaties in stockade was copied by a local artist County historian, Jon Ansbaugh, and oth­ 1817 and 1818. The marker shown in from a drawing in an old history book. ers that Wapakoneta was actually the Figure 5 marks the eastern boundary of This is the only painting of Fort Auglaize name of a clan. We'll never know for sure this reservation. This marker can be seen of which I have knowledge. whether there ever was a woman by that at the junction of Route 65 and Route 33, name. If not, whose grave was really Later, after the French store and Fort eight miles east of Wapakoneta. Auglaize, George C. Johnson, a cousin of opened many years ago? No report on the colonel, in 1819 was licensed as a reg­ The old Shawnee Council House was the excavation was ever written, nor do ular trader among the Indians at erected in Wapakoneta in 1783. It was a we know the name (s) of the person (s) Wapakoneta. He traded goods for furs one-story log building, about 30 by 40 who supposedly opened Wapakoneta's and skins. His goods were brought up the feet in dimensions. It was originally cov­ grave prior to 1905. We'll never know for Miami River from Cincinnati to Piqua. The ered with bark (Winter, 1917). The only il­ sure whose grave was opened, or why it goods were taken from Piqua to lustration showing the old council house was opened. Wapakoneta by pack train. George of which I am aware is a drawing of it in a In the early I900's tombstones were Johnson's chief articles traded to the book by Russell (1974). manufactured to be placed on graves of Shawnee were powder, lead, coffee, Chief Blackhoof soldiers of the War of 1812. Williamson, sugar, tobacco, knives, blankets, shawls, Blackhoof was one of the great chiefs author of History of Western Ohio and ribbons, and figured fabrics (McMurray, of the Shawnee nation. Six miles east of Auglaize County, had tombstones made 1923). Among George Johnson's main Wapakoneta was Blackhoof's Town (pre­ for Chief Blackhoof (Fig. 7) and a tomb­ friends were the Prophet, Blackhoof, and sent-day St. Johns). A marker, commem­ stone for "Chief Wapakoneta" (Fig. 8) Captain John Wolf (a Shawnee). orating the life of Chief Blackhoof (CATA- who probably never existed! The Williamson (1905:260) states that the prin­ HECASSA), has been erected in a small Blackhoof tombstone and the "Chief cipal tribes that traded at Johnson's trad­ memorial park at St. Johns (Fig. 6). Wapakoneta" tombstone, according to a ing post were (I) Wyandots, (2) Ottawas, Another plaque in St. Johns (not illus­ local historian, sat in the city building in

8 downtown Wapakoneta until the 1950's, Wapakoneta, Ohio cemetery since the Editor's Note: The Shawnee Indians at which time they had to be removed 1950's. The words on this tombstone were not native to Ohio and arrived at from the building. Local officials were not (Fig.8) read: "U.S. Soldier of the War of the Wapakoneta area after 1714 from the sure as to what to do with two tomb­ 1812, Wapakoneta, A Noted Indian Chief". Cumberland Valley. stones, so they decided that the best The record needs to be set straight. There References place for them would be a cemetery. is no grave at the place where this tomb­ The Blackhoof tombstone (Fig, 7) was stone (which was made by Williamson) Clark, Jerry E. 1993 The Shawnee. Univ. Press of Kentucky. 105p. taken and placed in the old cemetery at St. sits. If there ever was a Shawnee Indian McMurray, William J. Johns because Blackhoof was believed to named Wapakoneta, it was probably a 1923 History of Auglaize County, Ohio. Historical have been buried nearby. Since Blackhoof woman, not an Indian chief. A former long­ Publishing Co. Indianapolis. was a known historical figure, that wasn't time acquaintance of this writer states that Russell, Susanna 1974 Blackhoof- Warrior in Winter. Privately pub­ too bad. However, the tombstone for for many years her mother made frequent lished. "Chief Wapakoneta" (who probably never trips to this old cemetery and year after Williamson, C.W. existed) was taken and placed in a vacant year, very lovingly, kept all the weeds 1905 History of Western Ohio and Auglaize County. area in an old cemetery in Wapakoneta on cleaned away from the grave of "Chief Reprinted 1974 by Unigraphic, Inc., Evansville, Indiana. the north bank of the Auglaize River and to Wapakoneta". This woman's mother, now Winter, Nevin 0. the south of Silver Street (See fig. 8). Only deceased, would be sadly dis-illusioned to 1917.4 History of Northwest Ohio. Lewis Publishing a handful of local Wapakoneta residents know that there wasn't even a grave at the Company. Chicago & New York. know the story behind this. site of the tombstone of which she was the This tombstone has remained in this old self-appointed "caretaker".

4 j|.;

Figure 1 (Britt) A painting of Fort Auglaiza. Figure 3 (Britt) Painting of Fort Amanda. This painting is on a wall in the courthouse in Wapakoneta.

Figure 2 (Britt) Monument marking the site of Fort Amanda.

Figure 4 (Britt) Cemetery of soldiers of the War Figure 5 (Britt) Marker showing the east boundry of 1812 at Fort Amanda in Auglaize County. of the Wapaghonetta (shawnee) Reservation.

Fig. 8 (Britt) >• Tombstone for Chief Wapakoneta in an old cemetery on the •Wig. 6 (Britt) Auglaize River at Marker commemo­ Figure 7 (Britt) Tombstone for Wapakoneta, Ohio. rating the life of Chief Blackhof in the old cemetery There is no grave at Chief Blalckhoof at in St. Johns. There is no grave at the site of this tomb­ St. Johns, Ohio. the site of this tombstone stone.

9 A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON A SITE IN MERCER COUNTY PA. by Chris Osborne 748 Hamburg Rd Fredonia, PA 16124

Recently a good friend of mine pur­ The Archaic period (Fig. 2) is repre­ chased a small working 25 acre farm. On sented by three points; a Lake Erie bifur­ this farm there is a 10 acre field which is cate, an Otter Creek (Laurentian culture) situated 9/10 of a mile south of the and a Weak Stemmed blunt. None of the Shenango river and bordered to the west points are made from the same material by a spring-fed stream that flows year and all cover quite an extensive time round. (See map Fig. 5) span in the Archaic. During November of 1993 my friend Four artifacts come from the Woodland was plowing this field for winter wheat period, (Fig 3). They include; a broken and noticed an unusual amount of flint slate gorget, Hopewell, Adena and a Side flakes. He asked me if I was interested in Notched Triangular points. No artifacts walking the field and I obliged. are of the same material. The site has only been plowed once Figure four shows the unidentified or since 1993 and all artifacts were recov­ broken points recovered. The black point ered in two separate visits, one in in the center resembles a preform. No November after plowing, and the second stone tools were found. in early March after the snow melted. Figure 5 is a map of the field. This site shows evidence of occupation REFERENCES from transitional Paleo to Woodland with an 1) Converse, Robert N. almost equal amount of artifacts from three 1973 Ohio Flint Types, The Archaeological Society time periods; Paleo, Archaic and Woodland. of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. 2) Overstreet, Robert M. Figure one shows two Paleo artifacts; 1993 Indian Arrowheads Identification and Price one a Rowan point (type site Rowan Co. Guide, The Hearst corp. NY, NY At?£A OP Fl£i-& NC.) and dates to 7500 BC (transitional 3) Fogelman, Gary L. Paleo). The other object is a uniface blade 1992 A Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania Figure 5 (Osborne) Location of site in compar­ and the Northeast, Fogelman Publishing Co. ison to water sources. from the same time frame. Both artifacts Turbotville, PA. are made from a dark gray material.

fcf

Figurel (Osborne) A Uniface Blade and a Rowan Point. Figure 3 (Osborne) Woodland artifacts. Broken Slate Gorget, Hopewell, Adena and Triangular Side Notched points.

Figure 2 (Osborne) Archaic Artifacts. A Bifurcate, a Side Notch and a Figure 4 (Osborne) Unidentified points. The center point is probably some Weak-Stemmed Blunt. type of preform.

10 HAFTED SHAFT SCRAPER by Jack I. Rosenfeld Columbus, Ohio

On April 15, 1995, I was surface hunting The artifacts shown in Fig. 2 were all surface on the reverse side with side with my close friend, Anna Tomlinson, on a found at the same site and same day as notching. It is perfectly crafted with a con­ one acre site in Licking County that I had the hafted shaft scraper. cave scraping surface beveled away from never walked before. The artifacts discov­ While surface hunting on April 23, the flat side. The well rounded scraping ered were as shown in Fig. 1. This site is 1995, in Licking County, Ohio, between edge is on the right hand side when placed adjacent to the site with the artifacts Reynoldsburg and Pataskala, I found this flat side down. A possible use could have shown in Fig. 2. The 2 inch long "fishs- rare hafted shaft scraper at the crest of a been for scraping bark off saplings. pear" was found by Anna. It is diamond- hill near a dried out swampy area. It is shaped in cross section with heavy basal made of Coshocton black flint and is ap­ Reference: Converse, Robert N. grinding and the shoulders are well defined proximately 2% inches in length. The cul­ 1994 Ohio Flint Types, The Archaeological Society but not pronounced. The blade portion is tural affiliation is early archaic - 6000 BC. of Ohio Columbus Pages 60-61 excurvate in outline and has careful pres­ This unusual tool fits the description of a sure flaking. It is made of black flint. typical hafted shaft scraper. It has a flat

Figure 1 (Rosenfeld) These artifacts were found on April 15th, 1995 at an acent field and hillside as the Hafted Shaft Scraper.

Brown 8 Shor,

Fig. 2 (Rosenfeld) Other associated artifacts found at same time & site with the discovery of the FigureI 3 (Rosenfeld) Hafted Shaft Scraper. Hafted Shaft Scraper.

11 PROTOHISTORIC: GRAVE GOODS FROM A BURIAL FEATURE AT THE PETERSEN SITE (330T9) IN NORTHCENTRAL OHIO by Timothy J. Abel and Andrew M. Schneider The Wester Lake Erie Archaeological Research Program The University of Toledo Since 1989, The Archaeology Program 1983; Stothers and Graves 1985; Stothers ses were possible on the right femur, of the University of Toledo, in cooperation et al. 1992; Abel 1995), many examples of which had a vertical diameter of 45mm (cf. with the Firelands Archaeological Research which portray festoons and stylistic varia­ Thieme 1957), a bicondylar width of 74mm Center and the Sandusky Bay Chapter of tions of the festoon motif, below a primary (cf. Pearson 1917-1919), a trochianteric Archaeological Society of Ohio, has been motif of vertical dentate or linear stamps oblique of 417mm (cf. Pearson 1917- involved in extensive salvage excavations directly below the lip. The lithic assem­ 1919), a femoral circumference of 78mm of the Petersen site (330T9), located in blage is characteristic of a pebble core (Black 1978), and an oblique length of Ottawa County, in northwestern Ohio (Abel technology. Local Delaware and Pipe 440mm (cf. Thieme 1957). One pubic sym­ 1995). The site has disclosed plow zone Creek cherts are almost exclusive, with physis was observed to resemble Todd's evidence of occupations dating to the Delaware chert being the dominant lithic Stage 7 deterioration (Krogman 1962). Two Paleolndian (ca. 1050-7600 B.C.), Early material. Netsinkers and pitted stones are third molars display occlusional wear, as Archaic (ca. 7600-2500 B.C.), Late Archaic common worked stone items along with do other teeth (cf. Brothwell 1965). (ca. 2500-1000 B.C.), Middle Woodland triangular projectiles and bifacial "snub- The majority of the metric and morpho­ (ca. 1-500 B.C.), Late Woodland (ca. 500- nose" scrapers. The bone assemblage is logical data suggest a male individual be­ 1650 A.D.), and Early Historic (ca. 1650- composed predominantly of awls, tween the ages of 25 and 39, with the most 1840 A.D.) time periods. Excavations have punches, and drifts. probable age being approximately 35 uncovered a single Early Archaic feature, In addition to the cultural refuse attrib­ years. The stature of the individual can be while the remaining cultural features are utable to manufacture by native derived using the Trotter and Gleser for­ associated with two superimposed Late Americans, several artifacts of European mula (Trotter and Gleser 1952, 1958) of Woodland villages of the Sandusky manufacture, including two pieces of 2.15 X femoral length + 72.57 + 3.80. The Tradition, a cultural manifestation which sheet copper scrap metal, a tubular resulting estimated stature is 167 ± 3.8 cm. was present in northwestern Ohio between bead, a bangle, three rolled discoidal Burial Inclusions ca. 2500 B.C. and A.D. 1643 (see Stothers beads, and a finger ring, have also been Area L, Unit 2, Burial Feature 2 pro­ et al. 1994 for a summary). The earlier of derived from the Indian Hills phase com­ duced five Columellae shell beads, three of the two Late Woodland villages belongs to ponent, in pits associated with typical vil­ which are classified as tubular, and two of the Wolf Phase (ca. 1250-1450 A.D.) of the lage refuse (Stothers and Abel 1991; Abel which are classified as discoidal. The Sandusky Tradition, while the later village 1995; Stothers 1994a). Recently, two beads were clustered in the thoracic area, belongs to the Indian Hills Phase (ca. more items of European manufacture, but due to the severely disturbed nature of 1550-1643 A.D.), the terminal phase of the both glass beads, have been discovered the grave, their exact provenience within Sandusky Tradition. at the Petersen site, as accouterments in this area could not be determined. The The Indian Hills phase occupation of the the single grave of a adult male. tubular beads have an average diameter of Petersen site has been radiocarbon-dated Area L, Burial Feature 2 6.7 millimeters, and an average length of 8 to the early to mid-16th century, based Burial Feature 2 was located in the north- millimeters. The discoidal beads are each upon four assays (Abel 1995; cf. Stothers central portion of the site, which originally 6 millimeters in diameter and 3 millimeters and Abel 1991). The features associated may have been the southcentral portion of in thickness. In addition, the burial feature with this occupation are characterized by a the village before extensive bank erosion. included perhaps the most significant single large perimeter ditch, large storage/ The burial feature included a primary ex­ items of European manufacture found on refuse-filled pits, horizontally extensive tended adult individual oriented with the the site, which included two monochrome middens, surface hearths, burial features, head to the west northwest. The burial fea­ glass beads. The beads were recovered and postmolds. Postmold configurations ture outline was detected at the plow-zone from the base of the cranium, on both suggest elongated subrectangular "long interface, 30 centimeters from the present sides of the head, suggesting that they house" structures approximately 30 meters surface. The burial feature was 170 cen­ were worn as earrings. Both are oval in length, with interior surface hearths and timeters in length, 45 centimeters in width, drawn beads which are bright blue in several exterior storage/refuse-filled pits. and 8 centimeters in depth. Due to this color, owing to the use of cobalt as a col­ The interior features of these domiciles are shallow depth, much of the burial feature oring agent in the bead-making process. erratic and suggest no traditional interior was plow disturbed. The cranium is repre­ According to Ian Kenyon, of the Ontario structure pattern. These habitation struc­ sented only by fragments of the mandible, Ministry of Citizenship and Culture, they tures appear to have been parallel-aligned temporal, occipital, and parietal. In addi­ fall categorically into the Kidd and Kidd and clustered, possibly representing con- tion, 13 permanent teeth are present. The (1970) type Ila55 classification. They were sanguinal clan groupings (Abel 1995). The postcranial skeleton was largely intact al­ evidently popular beads, occurring in structural layout of the village overall was though badly disturbed and fragmented. Ontario on a range of Neutral sites span­ probably ovoid. The perimeter was pro­ No pathologies were visually recognized. ning the entire late 16th through 17th cen­ tected by a large perimeter ditch and sev­ Due to the fact that much of the skeletal turies (Kenyon 1969; Kenyon and Kenyon eral lines of palisade. material was plow disturbed and poorly 1983; Fitzgerald 1983; Fitzgerald 1990; The cultural material associated with this preserved, little osteometric data was ob­ Lennox and Fitzgerald 1990). This unfortu­ component is characteristic of the Indian tainable. Sex and age determinations were nate case makes them a poor indicator of Hills phase of the Sandusky Tradition, ca. made based upon morphological attrib­ temporal placement. A radiocarbon date 1550-1650 A.D. (cf. Graves 1984; Stothers utes visible among bone fragments. The on bone material from the burial provided and Graves 1983; Stothers and Abel 1991). cranium displayed a bilateral chin and ro­ a temporal estimate of A.D. 1650 ± 80 The ceramic assemblage is dominated by bust mastoid process. The innominates (Beta-65215), which as reported here re­ the Indian Hills Stamped type (Tucker displayed a wide sciatic notch and an ab­ flects correction for the stable isotope frac­ 1980; Graves 1984; Stothers and Graves sence of an auricular sulcus. Metric analy­ tionation value of -16.4 7°° (Stothers et al.

12 1994; Stothers 1994a, 1994b; Stothers, eral groups of Iroquoian speaking popu­ 1978:79). By 1580, trade involved furs on Abel and Graves 1995). Burial Feature 2 lations inhabiting the St. Lawrence River a more or less exclusive basis, owing to also included a fragment of ferrous sheet Valley. Cartier's first voyage to North the increased demand for beaver felt metal, which may or may not be associ­ America, commissioned by the king of hats in Europe (Biggar 1901; cf. Kenyon ated with the burial (Stothers et al. 1994; France in 1534 to find a passage to the and Kenyon 1983; Lennox and Fitzgerald Stothers 1994a). Orient, explored the mouth of the St. 1990:429). By the time that Samuel de The Origins of Protohistoric Lawrence River. At Gaspe, located on the Champlain arrived on the scene in 1603, Trade Material north bank of the St. Lawrence River in the fur trade in the lower St. Lawrence The origin of the European artifacts at present-day Quebec, he met a band of River Valley was booming (Biggar 1901; the Petersen site is certainly indirect. As Native Americans believed to have been Anonymous 1967). From descriptions discussed above, the first historically derived from the village of Stadaconna, given to Champlain of a water route ex­ recorded occupation of northwestern the latter of which was located near pre­ tending through the lower Great Lakes Ohio by Europeans was in 1745, when sent-day Quebec City. The following (Biggar 1922-1936 1:152-161; cf. the English established Fort Sandusky year, Cartier returned to North America, Pendergast 1985:79; Kenyon and along the north shore of Sandusky Bay. this time visiting the village of Fitzgerald 1986; Stothers and Abel 1991; The Petersen site Indian Hills phase com­ Stadaconna. While there, Cartier and his Stothers 1994a, 1994b), it is clear that by ponent, as discussed previously, is esti­ crew traded a significant amount of the 17th century, European materials mated to date to the last quarter of the European material into native hands in were fully integrated and flowing rapidly 16th century. It is obvious, then, that return for furs and foodstuffs (Biggar along Native American trade routes that these European artifacts derived from 1901:29-30, 1924). When his attention had been in existence for some time, and Indian Hills Phase features at the turned toward finding the mythical king­ perhaps had had their origins in prehis­ Petersen site have their origins in aborigi­ dom of Saguenay, supposedly located toric trade economies (Bradley 1979, nal trading networks, which had indirect further inland, the Stadaconnans ob­ 1987a, b; Pendergast 1991; Stothers and contact with Europeans active in the jected heavily to his departure. They pad­ Abel 1991; Stothers 1994a, 1994b). A lower St. Lawrence River Valley through­ dled alongside Cartier's ships in canoes, later 1626 account of this lower Great out the 16th century. Parker, in 1907 pretending to be spirits sent to warn him Lakes route in which several Algonquian (Parker 1907), coined the term "protohis­ of the dangers awaiting him further in­ guests of the Neutral refused to disclose toric" to describe the period of time dur­ land. He ignored them, however, and the route of passage the Jesuit priest ing which this sort of indirect European soon came to the village of Hochelaga, Father Joseph de la Roche Daillon contact ensued, before the actual pres­ near present-day Montreal (Pendergast (Sagard-Theodat 1866:802-803; Heiden- ence of Europeans. The protohistoric and Trigger 1972). While there, he again reich 1971:247; Trudel 1973:146) sug­ was an important time period throughout traded and was also informed of an in­ gests that it, probably like other trade the Great Lakes region, because even land water route through the lower Great routes, was highly coveted. Thus, far though there were no Europeans in the Lakes which took three moons, or from being forced into a commercial life- region, their effects were being felt in the months, to traverse (Hakluyt 1965; Biggar way, Native Americans embraced it and form of European goods, epidemic dis­ 1924). Similar reports of European mate­ fought each other to maintain control of it eases, and a commodity-driven eco­ rials entering into Native American hands, (see Hunt 1940). though slightly later in time, are also pro­ nomic policy. Thus, the period set in mo­ While the St. Lawrence connection tion the events which culminated in the lific among documents relating to early landings along the North Atlantic was likely the source of most, if not all, of decimation and dispersal of many Great the early Protohistoric goods entering the Lakes populations before 1650. seaboard (Bradley 1979,1987a, b; Trigger 1985; Pendergast 1990, 1991). northwest Ohio region, the presence of Early historic documentation clearly ac­ conche shell in association with the counts that Europeans were active in the Again these are but the earliest docu­ Petersen site Indian Hills phase compo­ lower St. Lawrence River Valley as early mented reports of trade between nent suggests that at least some of the as 1506. These Europeans included Europeans and Native Americans. There material may have been derived from the English, Norman, Breton, Basque, and most definitely was trade going on for eastern seaboard (cf. Bradley 1979, Biscain fishermen, who annually camped many years, if not decades, prior to these 1987a, b; Trigger 1985; Pendergast 1989, on the shores of Newfoundland and the recorded accounts. Further, if these ac­ 1990, 1991). It is also possible, however, Strait of Belle Isle during the cod fishing counts are any indication of the gross vol­ that some European materials could have and whaling seasons to process their ume of European material entered into disseminated from the south, where catches (Pendergast 1990:104-7; Guenin Native American trading networks over the Spanish and Native American contacts 1901; Hoffman 1961:16-31; Biggar 1901; following half century, then the potential proliferated following Hernando de Butterfied 1898:6). These are, however, for disseminations of these materials far Soto's epic trek through the Southeast the first recorded activities, and were likely inland at an early date is great. However, during the years of 1539-40. However, to in progress for some years, and perhaps not only do the accounts suggest that distinguish these from Spanish materials even decades, prior to their documenta­ Native Americans went to great lengths to introduced by Spanish fishermen fre­ tion. There are numerous accounts as obtain European materials, they also went quenting the waters off Newfoundland in early as 1542 of Native American- to equal lengths to prevent others from the late 16th century (Sauer 1971:240; European meetings aboard ships during coming into direct contact with Brasser 1978:79) would be impossible. which they ate, drank, and traded. It is Europeans. This latter point further sug­ The Petersen site is not the earliest of also apparent that by the same time, that gests that by Cartier's time, there was al­ the sites in northern Ohio to have pro­ some Native Americans were fluent in ready a demand for European materials, duced European trade materials. The Bear French, English, and/or Gascon (Biggar as well as Native American entrepreneurs Fort site (Stothers, Abel and Schneider 1930:449-465, 499; cf. also Pendergast who sought to control their distribution. 1993), suggested herein to represent the 1990:105; Lescarbot 1914). Native American-European interaction antecedent village home of the Petersen The most thoroughly documented accelerated during the late 16th century. site population, has produced two rolled meetings between Native Americans and In 1578, 50 English, 150 French, and 100 sheet copper beads and a rolled sheet Europeans in the 16th century are those Spanish fishing boats were reported to copper tinkling cone, or bangle (Bowen which took place between 1534 and regularly visit the mouth of the St. 1992; Stothers 1994a, 1994b). These items 1542, between Jacques Cartier and sev­ Lawrence River (Sauer 1971:240; Brasser were found within large storage/refuse pit

13 rection. Included in this burial feature were 1987a£Vo/uf/'on of the Onondaga Iroquois: Accom­ features associated with typical Indian Hills modating Change, 1500-1655. Syracuse phase ceramics. The date proposed for five whelk shell beads, two oval drawn University Press, Syracuse. this component is ca. A.D. 1550-1575, monochrome bright blue glass beads, and 1987b Native Exchange and European Trade: Cross- Cultural Dynamics in the Sixteenth Century. based upon ceramic seriation with other a scrap fragment of iron. The radiocarbon Man in the Northeast 33: 31 -46. components in the village cluster. Another date associated with the burial, when av­ Brasser, T. J. component whose function has not yet eraged with the other radiocarbon dates 1978 Early Indian-European Contacts. In: Handbook of North Anerican Indians, Volume 15: The been determined is the Muddy Creek site, from the component and compared to ce­ Northeast, edited by Bruce G. Trigger, pp. 78- located at the conjunction of Muddy Creek ramics seriation estimates, suggests a 88. Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C. and State Route 53 in northwestern Ohio. temporal placement within the last quarter Brothwell, D. R. The Muddy Creek site has produced nu­ of the 16th century. 1965 Digging Up Bones. Cornell University Press, Ithica. merous features and burials including Acknowledgements Butterfied, C. W. Indian Hills phase ceramics similar to The following people and groups have 1898 History of Brule's Discoveries and Explorations those recovered from the Petersen site. As contributed an enormous amount of time, 1610-1626. The HelmanTaylor Co., Cleveland. such, this site may represent a small vil­ Fitzgerald, William R. money, and support for the continued ex­ 1983 Further Comments on the Neutral Glass Bead lage inhabited by an off-shoot population cavation and documentation of the Sequence. Arch Notes 83(1): 17-25. from the primary village at the Petersen Petersen and other sites in Northwestern 1990 Chronology to Cultural Process: Lower Great site, however until excavations are done, Lakes Archaeology. Unpublished Ph.D. Ohio. Foremost among these has been Dissertation, Dept. of Anthropology, McGill this will remain pure speculation. One pit Mrs. Henry Dodge, who has been para­ University. feature from the Muddy Creek site has mount in fund raising efforts for the Graves, James R. produced a rolled sheet fragment of cop­ 1984 The Indian Hills Site (33-WO-4): Archaeological University of Toledo Archaeology Program Reflections of a Protohistoric Assistaeronon per alloy (Stothers 1994a, 1994b; Stothers throughout the past 22 years. Other Town. Unpublished M.A. and Ed. Thesis, and Abel 1991:127) associated with typical groups who have contributed monetary University of Toledo, Ohio. Indian Hills phase ceramics and a radio­ support have been the Sandusky Bay Guenin, E. carbon date of 1490 ± 80 A.D. (1-16,457; Chapter of the Archaeological Society of 1901 Ango et ses pilots. Paris. Stothers and Abel 1991:127). A burial fea­ Hakluyt, Richard. Ohio, as well as the Archaeological Society 1965 The Principal Naviations, Voyages, and ture from the same site has produced a of Ohio parent organization. Several indi­ Discoveries of the English Nation. Cambridge rolled sheet copper ring in addition to a viduals have contributed also through the University Press, Cambridge. marine shell "weeping eye" mask and a Heidenreich, Conrad E. Toledo Foundation, and the University of 1971 Huronia: A History and Geography of the ceramic bodysherd gorget (Stothers and Toledo Endowment Fund for Archaeology. Huron Indians 1600-1650. McClelland and Abel 1991:127). Curiously, this individual The fieldwork and subsequent analysis of Stewart, Toronto. was also a male. cultural material was undertaken through Hoffman, B.G. 1961 Cabot to Cartier: Sources for a Historical In summary, there is no way to ab­ the volunteer efforts of several organiza­ Ethnography of Northeastern North America, solutely demonstrate an exact origin for the tions including the University of Toledo 1447-1550. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. European material entering northwestern Student Body, members of the Sandusky Hunt, George T. Bay Chapter of the Archaeological Society 1940 The Wars of the Iroquios: A Study in Intertribal Ohio during the protohistoric period. The Trade Relations. The University of Wisconsin lower Great Lakes axis was likely the prin­ of Ohio, and several professionals of the Press, Madison. cipal route by which these goods entered University of Toledo and neighboring uni­ Kenyon, Ian T. northwestern Ohio. However, European versities. Editorial comments on earlier ver­ 1969 Glass Beads: A Technique for Dating Historic Neutral Sites. Report on file at the Ontario materials could have entered the route sions of this manuscript were made by Dr. Ministry of Citizenship and Culture. from the St. Lawrence Valley as well as David M. Stothers. To all of these people Kenyon, Ian T. and William R. Fitzgerald from the Eastern Seaboard. Regardless, and groups go our sincere thanks. 1986 Dutch Glass Beads in the Northeast: An Ontario the early date at which these goods appear Perspective. Man in the Northeast 32:1 -34. References Cited is testament to the existence of long-rang­ Kenyon, Ian T. and Thomas Kenyon Abel, Timothy J. 1983 Comments on Seventeenth Century Glass ing trade routes between groups on the 1995 The Petersen Site and New Perspectives on Trade Beads from Ontario. In: Proceedings Of coast and groups in the interior. the Late Prehistory of Northwestern Ohio. The 1982 Glass Trade Bead Conference, Unpublished M.L.S. Thesis, The University of edited by Charles F. Hayes III, pp. 59-74. Unfortunately, the faunal assemblages do Toledo. Research Division Rochester Museum & Science Center, Rochester, NY. not support the intensive involvement of Anonymous. Sandusky Tradition peoples in the historic 1967 Factum des merchands de Saint-Malo contre Kidd, Kenneth E. and Martha Ann Kidd Champlain. In: Nouveau Documents sur 1970 A Classification System for Glass Beads for the fur trade, which began after 1580. This Champlain st son epoque 1:1560-1622, edited Use of Field Archaeologists. Canadian Historic does not mean that Sandusky Tradition by R. LeBlant and R. Baudry. Publication No. Sites University of Toronto Press, Toronto, populations were not intensively involved, it 15. Public Archaives of Canada, Ottawa. Ontario. simply means that additional explanations Biggar, H. P. Krogman, W. M. 1901 The Early Trading Companies of New France: 1962 The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine. need to be invoked to support the latter, A Contribution to the History of Commerce Thomas, Springfield, IL. such as an hypothesis concerning altered and Discovery in North America. University of Lennox, Paul A. and William R. Fitzgerald. hunting patterns during the protohistoric Toronto Press, Toronto. 1990 The Culture History and Archaeology of the period which would have precluded the de­ Biggar, H.P., ed. Neutral Iroquoians. In: The Archaeology of 1922-1936 The Works of Samuel de Champlain. 6 Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by Chris position of beaver remains in village refuse. vols. The Champlain Society, Toronto. J. Ellis and Neal Ferris, pp. 405-456. While the latter has not been documented, 1924 The Voyages of Jacques Cartier. Publications Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, of the PAC, Ottawa. OAS 5. London. it is certainly worthy of being entertained. 1930 A Collection of Documents Relating to Jacques Lescarbot The burial of many of these European items Cartier and the Sieur de Roberval. Ottawa. 1914 History of New France. 3 vols. The Champlain with men suggests monopolized control Black, T. K. Society, Toronto. over local trade flows, and perhaps control 1978 A New Method for Assessing the Sex of Parker, A. R. Fragmentary Skeletal Remains: Femoral Shaft 1907 Excavations in an Erie Village and Burial Site at over access to hunting grounds. Circumference. American Journal of Physical Ripley, Chautauqua County, New York. New Anthropology 48: 227-231 York State Museum Bulletin 117. Albany. Summary Bowen, Jonathan E. Pearson, K. Excavations of the Indian Hills phase 1992 An Overview of Western Basin Late Woodland 1917-1919 component at the Petersen site (330T9), Occupations at the Foot of the Lower Rapids A Study of Long Bones of the English Skeleton of the Sandusky River. Ohio Archaeologist I: The Femur. In: Memoirs, Biometric Series X, located in northcentral Ohio, have pro­ 42(4): 20-23. pp. 1-4. University of London, University duced a single burial feature consisting of Bradley, James W. College, Dept. of Applied Statistics, London. an approximately 35 year old male. The in­ 1979 The Onondaga Iroquois 1500-1655: A Study in Pendergast, James F. Acculturative Change and Its Consequences. 1985 Were the French on Lake Ontario in the humation was primary and extended, with Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Syracuse Sixteenth Century. Man in the Northeast 29: the head pointing in a west northwest di­ University. 71-85.

14 1989 The Signifigance of Some Marine Shell Archaeological Federation, Archaeology in the at the The Annual Meeting of the Canadian Excavated on Iroquoian Sites in Ontario. In: Lake Erie Basin, Albany, NY, November 3-5. Archaeological Association, London, Ontario, Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead May 7-10, 1992. Conference, edited by Charles F. Hayes, pp. Stothers, David M. and Timothy J. Abel 97-112. Research Records 20. Rochester 1991 Beads, Brass, and Beaver: Archaeological 1994 Current Perspectives on the Late Prehistory of Museum and Science center, Rochester. Reflections of Protohistoric 'Fire Nation' Trade the Western Lake Erie Region: An Alternative 1990 Native Encounters With Europeans in the and Exchange. Archaeology of Eastern North to Murphy and Ferris. Archaeology of Eastern Sixteenth Century in the Region Now Known America 19: 121-134. North America 22: 135-196. as Vermont. Vermont History 58(2): 99-124. Stothers, David M., Timothy J. Abel Thieme, F. P. 1991 The Massawomeck: Raiders and Traders into and James R. Graves 1957 Sex in Negro Skeletons. Journal of Forensic Chesapeake Bay in the Seventeenth Century. 1995 Radiocarbon Dates from Archaeological Sites Medicine 4: 72-81 Transactions of the American Philosophical in the Western Lower Great Lakes Region and Society 81 (2). Beyond. Unpublished list on file, The Western Trigger, Bruce G. 1985 Natives and Newcommers: Canada's "Heroic Pendergast, James F. and Bruce G. Trigger. Lake Erie Archaeological Research Program, The University of Toledo. Age" Revisited. McGill-Queens University 1972 Cartier's Hochelaga and the Dawson Site. Press, Montreal. McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal. Stothers, David M., Timothy J. Abel and Andrew M. Schneider Trotter, M. and G. C. Gleser Sagard-Theodat, Gabriel 1952 Estimation of Stature from Long Bones of 1866 Histoire du Canada. 4 vols. Tross, Paris. 1993 Bear Fort (33SA8): A Stratified Prehistoric Sandusky Tradition Occupation Site. Paper American Whites and Negroes. American Sauer, Carl 0. presented at the Midwest Archaeological Journal of Physical Anthropology 10: 463-514. 1971 Sixteenth Century North America: The Land Conference, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, October 1958 A Re-evaluation of Estimation Based upon and the People as Seen by Europeans. 22-24, 1993. Measurements of Stature Taken during Life University of California Press, Berkeley. and of Long Bones after Death. American Stothers, David M. and James R. Graves Journal of Physical Anthropology 16: 79-123. Stothers, David M. 1983 Cultural Continuity and Change: The Western 1994a Brass, Beads, and Beaver: Archaeological Basin, Ontario Iroquois, and Sandusky Trudel, Marcel Reflections of the Protohistoric 'Fire Nation' of Traditions - A 1982 Perspective. Archaeology 1973 The Beginnings of New France 1524-1663. the Southwestern Lake Erie Drainage Region. of Eastern North America 11: 109-142. McClelland and Stewart, Ltd., Toronto. Paper presented at the 3rd Ohio Archaeological 1985 The Prairie Peninsula Co-Tradition: An Tucker, Patrick M. Council Conference, "Cultures Before Contact: Hypothesis For Hopewellian To Upper 1980 A Sylistic Analysis Of A Protohistoric Ceramic The Late Prehistory of Ohio", Cincinnati, Ohio, Mississippian Continuity. Archaeology of Assemblage From Indian Hills (33-W0-4), November 18-19. Eastern North American 13: 153-175. Rossford, Ohio. Unpublished MA thesis, The 1994bThe Protohistoric Time Period in the University of Toledo. Southwestern Lake Erie Region: European Stothers, David M., James R. Graves, Derived Trade material, Population Movement Susan K. Bechtel and Timothy J. Abel and Cultural Realignment. Paper presented at the 1992 The Western Basin Tradition- Algonquian or the 61st Annual Meeting of the Eastern Sates Iroquois: A 1992 Perspective. Paper presented

•—•— •••

glass bead glass bead shell beads

y

Erie Islands Re son

scrap Iron fragment

Figure 1 (Able and Schneider): Summary of Petersen Site Excavations 1980-1994.

50 centimeters

Figure 2 (Abel and Schneider): Area L, Unit 1 North, Burial Feature 2.

15 A BUST TYPE BIRDSTONE by Ned and Mark Shaw New Holland, Ohio

A comparison of the materials found in made of gneiss and was found in Reference: the hardstone bar amulet and the bust- Ashtabula County near Andover, Ohio in Converse, Robert N. Ohio Slate Types, type birdstone reveals a striking similar­ 1985 by Doug Jarvis on the Michael Columbus, Ohio, 1978 ity. In addition, the style of workmanship Spicer farm and was originally collected Meuser, Gordon F. and drilling are identical. by Sam Speck. Collection of Ned and Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 1, No. 3, page 1, This finely crafted bust birdstone is Mark Shaw. Columbus, Ohio

16 CARL DUNN, AVOCATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGIST by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, Ohio

Carl Dunn of Bucyrus, Ohio, has had a A long-time member of the 1989 New Washington Birdstone 39(2):4- lifelong interest in prehistoric engravings. Archaeological Society of Ohio, he regu­ 5 Cylindrical Eye Birdstone Salvage During the last four years he has intensi­ larly attended the meetings in Columbus 39(3):5 Axe Extremes 39(3):35 fied his research, studying motifs etched as long as his health permitted. His con­ 1990 Visiting the Ohio of Our Ancestors into bone, shell, slate, and stone objects tributions to the Ohio Archaeologist mag­ 40(2):19-21 Unusual Artifact 40(3):10 such as spools, gorgets, pendants, and azine include the following: Crawford County Polissoir 40(3):22 petroglyphs. Sitting at his kitchen table 1969 1968 Surface Finds 19(2):54 Thirty- from three to four hours daily, laboriously Two Years of Looking 19(3):80-81 A remarkable person as well as an out­ copying designs, he has filled four note­ Crawford County Find 19(3):92-93 standing ASO member, Carl Dunn. We books with drawings analyses and com­ can all find inspiration in his words, "All I parisons of hundreds of incised artifacts, 1981 Drill Cache 31(1):21 Cat Pendant have is persistence." most of which date from the Glacial Kame 31(1):30-32 through Ft. Ancient time periods. The end of this work, he says, is not in sight. As engraved pieces are an enigma to ar­ chaeology, the value of the insight gained by such thorough examination will prove of inestimable value to the science. Mr. Dunn's interest in archaeology was sparked as his seventh-grade teacher ex­ plained that everyone should have a hobby. When he later found an "arrow­ head" on his grandfather's farm, he knew he had discovered his avocation. His interest led him to search for fields which had been newly cleared. Early one Sunday morning when he was 16, he drove the family's Model T to Nevada, Ohio, where he found what he had been looking for - a "new" field from which the stumps had not yet been removed. This area, which he surveyed for many years, turned out to be a fairly pure Adena site. He has maintained detailed records on his collec­ tion from this, and other sites. He served in the Navy aboard the USS Eberlee from 1942 to 1945, and during his Navy career he was selected for Naval Intelligence. He Figure 1 (Holzapfel) Carl Dunn of Bucyrus, Ohio, researches prehistoric engravings at his kitchen table. later graduated from Bowling Green University with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Business Management. Mr. Dunn was then employed by the Brunswick Defense Corporation in Willard, Ohio, as personnel manager, a position from which he is now retired. He is keeping an eye on several wooded areas near his home, saying that if they are ever cleared, "I will go there, if I have to do it on my hands and knees." Every day, as the six-foot-tall frame of Carl Dunn bends over his photographs and notebooks, a little more prehistory is revealed. He is eager to talk with anyone who has found engraved pieces, and even more Fig. 2 (Holzapfel) One of eager to see the artifacts or good pho­ Carl Dunn's four note­ tographs of them. He can be contacted at books, filled with drawings 120 Crescent Court, Bucyrus, OH, 44820. and analyses of prehistoric engravings.

17 AN ENGRAVED STONE FROM JACKSON COUNTY, OHIO by George Arman 5388 Vivian Road Albany, Ohio 45710

This unusual stone was found in a deep. The figures engraved into the pherable or open to interpretation. ravine in Jackson County, Ohio. It is stone's surface are interesting. They de­ Because of the letters this object un­ made from compact limestone. Its entire pict such recognizable objects as a bow doubtedly originated in the historic pe­ surface is covered with a series of en­ and arrow, a sun or moon, various ani­ riod. Whether it is early or late is open to gravings and the center of the top has a mals and birds, as well as the letters T O speculation. cup-shaped depression about 1 % inches H. Some of the engravings are undeci­

•< Figure 1 (Arman) Photograph of engraved drilled stone.

Figure 2 (Arman) Drawing of engraving on stone from Jackson County. Drawing by 12-year-old George Arman. Shown actual size.

18 GROUND-STONE TOOLS FROM THE COPELAND HABITATION SITES IN AUGLAIZE COUNTY NOT INVENTORIED IN A 1973 REPORT by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 52 Wapakoneta, Ohio Introduction the Adena type is tentative. One of the questions the best he could concerning The farm owned by the late Glen other celts reported in 1973 was very sim­ what had really been found by plowing Copeland was located in Sec. 14, Clay ilar to this one. It was almost the same the old Glen Copeland habitation sites. Township, Auglaize County. This area, 3 size and shape, also being just slightly In my old 1973 report I indicated that to 5 miles east of the village of St. Johns flare-bitted. That one was also fashioned Glen had found only 19 flint artifacts, and to the south of the Wisconsin-age St. from a dark material, other than diorite. It mostly in the early 1900's. As I sus­ Johns glacial moraine, in the 1800's was too was thought to be Adena. pected, my 1994 informant states that known as the Muchinnippe Swamp. More Three-Quarter Grooved Axes. One ex­ Glen probably never even bothered to than 20 years ago (1973), I published an ample (Fig. 2, lower left) is known from pick up flint when plowing. He also states article in the Ohio Archaeologist regarding the Copeland farm. It is fairly small and that originally lots of flint was found on artifacts picked up by Glen on his farm finely made. Also, it is nicely polished. the farm as he himself had a whole box prior to 1920. This axe is fashioned from an igneous, of flint from that farm. As often happens, That previous report discussed 19 flint diorite-like material. This specimen is the this man's box of flint got taken to items found by Glen, as well as five stone only example of a three-quarter grooved school. That was the last he ever saw it. tools and a slate pipe bowl (Britt, 1973: axe known to have been recovered from Scientifically, it is unfortunate that the Figs. 1-5). In 1994 this writer visited a lo­ the farm. Such small highly polished axes flint artifacts got lost. A typological study cal gentlemen in Clay Township who are not common in Clay Township. could possibly shed additional light on owns an additional 10 ground-stone tools Full-grooved Axes. Three examples of dates of occupancy of Glen's site. With the from the Copeland farm which did not these are currently owned by the local exception of the two polished quartz discs get reported in my old article. These ten Auglaize County resident (Fig. 2). In 1973 of unknown culture or age, a study of the artifacts add considerably to the inven­ when the first report was written, I had other eight stone tools supports my 1973 tory of stone tools found on the site (Figs. knowledge of no grooved axes from the conclusion that the site is basically an 1-3). The Glen Copeland farm was origi­ farm. The three full-grooved examples are Archaic/Early Woodland site. All eight of nally 80 acres. Some of these additional all medium-sized. They are not polished. these artifacts (Figs. 1 -3) are apparently ei­ 10 tools shown here may have come Workmanship is good, but they are not as ther Archaic or Adena. After adding these from surrounding land, and not from the finely made as the three-quarter grooved 10 additional stone tools to the 1973 in­ original 80 acres of Glen's, because axe discussed above. Of these three axes, ventory, I have arrived at the same conclu­ some of Glen's living relatives now own one has diabasic texture, one is made sion that for unknown reasons (possibly an additional 160 acres in the same area. from a dark diorite-like material and the ecological) this site did not appeal to pre­ other appears to be made from quartzite. historic peoples after Early Woodland Description of Stone Tools times. Possibly there might have been un­ Table I shows the known types and Grooved Maul salvaged from a broken favorable ecological changes in the old an­ numbers of ground-stone tools recov­ axe. One specimen (Fig. 3) is a salvaged cestral Muchinnippe Swamp by the begin­ ered from the Copeland farm from about full-grooved maul which was made from ning of Middle Woodland times. 1900 to the present time. The previously- a broken grooved axe. Apparently the bit reported items are pictured in the Ohio was broken from an axe in prehistoric Added Note Archaeologist Vol. 23, No. 4, Figs. 3,4, times and re-worked into a hafted maul. This current research has brought to and 5. The additional 10 artifacts dis­ This piece is not polished; it shows signs light the fact that Native American peoples cussed in this article are illustrated here of pecking. It is fashioned from a material in historical times visited this area. The in Figs. 1-3. These are currently owned called "greenstone" by collectors. I can't former occurrence of three oak marker by an Auglaize County resident. recall ever having seen another Ohio trees in a 5-acre woods on the old Glen maul which was unquestionably re­ Conical Pestle. One example (Fig. 1) is Copeland farm is the subject of another worked from a broken grooved axe. It known from the Copeland farm. It is typical brief article in preparation (Britt, n.d.). seems to be a rather unusual piece. of types found in the Kentucky Archaic and Dedication at other west-central Ohio sites. It has no Polished Quartz Problematical Discs. Two specimens (Fig. 1, lower) served an This article is dedicated to the memory pitted concavity in the base. This pestle is of the late Glen Copeland, a fine old gen­ unknown purpose. Both of these discs are fairly well-made. It is fashioned from true tlemen, who passed away more than 20 of quartz, one of a ferruginous milky granite and exhibits some polish. At a years ago. quartz and the other one is of a darker nearby site, the Fritz Site (Britt, 1968), ad­ References ditional conical pestles were recovered, crystalline variety. The source of this ma­ Anonymous but were not polished or as finely made as terial was undoubtedly local glacial drift. It 1994 Personal communication with an Auglaize cannot be determined whether they were County resident with definite knowledge of the the one from the Copeland farm. farm of the late Glen Copeland. Adena celts. Four examples have been intentionally worked or shaped. There is Britt, Claude Jr. found on the site. Two were pictured in little doubt that both of these quartz 1973 Artifacts from the Glen Copeland Farm, Clay 1973. The two shown here (Fig. 1) have pieces were utilized in prehistoric times for Township, Auglaize County, Ohio. Ohio never been illustrated before. One (Fig. 1, some purpose due to the high degree of Archaeologist, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 10-14. 1968 The Fritz Site: A Multi-component Site in center) is well-made, but not polished. It polish from use. There is no way of dating such items from a surface site. Auglaize County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist, shows a fair amount of patina. It is fash­ Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 66-69. ioned from some sort of igneous rock Discussion n.d. Four Previously-existing Marker Trees in the having diabasic texture. The other celt The man who owns these 10 prehis­ Same Township in Auglaize County: Three of these Previously Unreported. Manuscript in has a very slightly flared bit. This one is toric stone tools from the Copeland farm hands of the author, Wapakoneta, Ohio. (For fashioned from diorite and is polished. kindly gave me permission to photograph the Ohio Archaeologist). The identification of this celt as being of Converse, Robert N. his artifacts. He also answered all my 1966 Ohio Stone Tools. Ohio Archaeologist. Vol. 16, No. 4.

19 ARTIFACT TYPE CULTURE NUMBER 1973 ARTICLE NUMBER THIS STUDY TOTAL Slate pipe bowl Glacial Kame (?) 1 0 1 Roller pestle Archaic 1 0 1 Conical pestle Archaic 0 1 1 Adena celts Adena 2 2 4

Grooved Hammers tones Archa ic 2 0 2 Salvaged Grooved Maul Archaic 0 1 1 Full-grooved axes Archaic-Adena 0 3 3 3/4-grooved axes Archaic 0 1 1 Round polished quartz discs Unknown 0 2 2

Total Inventory 16

TABLE I (Britt) Types and quantities of stone tools from the Glen Copela id Site found from 1900 to the present.

Figure 1 (Britt) Stone tools from the Glen Copeland site not included in an old Figure 2 (Britt) Grooved axes from the Glen Copeland site not 1973 report. shown in a 1973 report on this site.

Figure 3 (Britt) A full-grooved maul which was re-worked from a broken axe in prehis­ toric times. This artifact is from the Glen Copeland farm and was unknown to the author in 1973 when a report was published on this site.

20 AN ENGRAVED GLACIAL KAME GORGET FROM COSHOCTON COUNTY, OHIO by Ensil Chadwick 119 Rose Avenue Mt. Vernon, Ohio

The Glacial Kame gorget shown in the this type. Four tally-marks are at the design is undecipherable and subject to accompanying illustrations was found lower end. many interpretations. This gorget demon­ near the hamlet of Newcastle in Cosh­ There is little doubt that this gorget strates the prehistoric regard of some octon County. It is made of banded slate was highly prized by its aboriginal owner, slate ornaments even though they had and is drilled like a Glacial Kame shell as were many broken and salvaged been damaged. gorget. It is probable that the piece was specimens. (The diagonal break is proba­ once larger since two of the partial bly not prehistoric and may be the result drillings appear to be attempted salvage of damage by farm machinery holes. The two upper holes show a great Engraving covers the entire surface in deal of wear from an attachment thong. the form of incised lines (both heavy and The upper end is also tally-marked or light) and tiny punctates. As with a great scalloped, a feature not often seen on many prehistoric engraved pieces, the

Figure 1 (Chadwick) Engraved and salvaged Glacial Kame gorget. Figure 3 (Chadwick) Close-up of upper end of same gorget.

21 TWO INDIANA GENICULATES by James E. Keesling 220 North Garfield Lynn, Indiana 47355

These two geniculates were both found in Indiana, and the photographs show them before and after restoration. The one from Randolph County is a personal find of 1993. The other was found in Henry County. Both are made of banded slate and show how accurate restoration can enhance the archaeological under­ standing of a collection.

2 LN I T I'I 'i i r i'i S CM r^t^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10_ Figure 1 (Keesling) Geniculate from Randolph County, Indiana, before and after restoration.

•^ Figure 2 (Keesling) Geniculate from Henry County, before and after restoration.

22 A REVISIONIST VIEW OF SHOOP A local source of chert, ad hoc procurement by Paleo-lndians, and a blade industry resulting from chert morphology. by William Topping Rt.2, Box 2779 Baldwin, Ml 49304 A local source of chert long has been this chert is an important question, since islands in the Susquehanna primarily suggested as the source of cherts used it indicates the direction of relationship of above the junction of the Juniata and by Paleo-lndians at Shoop. The recent this culture (Witthoft 1952: 471). Susquehanna rivers appeared to be the discovery of local cherts that visually and In the spring of 1994, I revisited the most downwashed sections of the moun­ microscopically match those in the Shoop Shoop site and extensively toured the lo­ tain ridge near Herndon, now deposited at assemblage suggest Paleo-lndians uti­ cal area to include the Meckley limestone and above the junction of those rivers be­ lized local resources. The chert that is quarry near Herndon, some twenty kilo­ cause of shallow submerged bedrocks of available locally is obtainable in forms meters north of the site. That quarry con­ a different geologic formation; it seemed that predisposed flintknappers to a blade­ tained massive amounts of chert, some of likely that cherts from the Herndon forma­ like industry. Implications are explored. which visually matched the chert used by tion would first have appeared in and In the spring of 1993, a tour of the the Paleo-lndians at Shoop, and those along the Susquehanna at approximately Shoop site as a part of dissertation re­ cherts appeared to occur in association the mouth of Armstrong Creek. search led to the personal conclusion with an Old Port Devonian deposit of With a canoe I explored the eastern there ought to be a local source of chert limestone. Discussions with Fred Meckley bank of the river at that point and failed to that matched the chert used by Shoop of Meckley Limestone, geologists Robert recover any cherts, but one chert definitely Paleo-lndian inhabitants. At the outset of Ganis of Tethys and both William Sevon associated with the Herndon formation research, it seemed inherently unlikely the and Robert Smith of the Pennsylvania was recovered from a gravel bar that abuts Paleo-lndians who occupied the site Geologic Survey in conjunction with map the northern end of Clemson Island in the would have transported chert from west­ analysis suggested the chert formation at middle of the Susquehanna immediately ern New York because of mountainous the quarry near Herndon outcropped opposite the mouth of Armstrong Creek; northern topography, the distance in­ along the Susquehanna River, particularly the river current is strongest in the middle, volved, and the unique contradictory pat­ at a point near Dalmatia. I recovered nu­ and therefore most capable of transporting tern to the source of chert, which in the merous cobbles of chert of varying sizes rocks — and cherts —downstream. case of Shoop is retrograde: littering the eastern shore of the Lesher has mapped the Shoop site Shoop seems to be the major ex­ Susquehanna near that point for a very carefully, studied pertinent literature and ception to this pattern; its dominant limited distance north of Dalmatia Creek, investigated the problem of the chert stone is western Onondaga chert, but it appeared as if most of the chert source for Paleo-lndian materials at implying a move to the south from outcrop and underlying limestone in that Shoop for many years. His judgment was New York, but this interpretation is particular mountain ridge had washed that the chert recovered from the complicated by the presence of mi­ downstream in geologically ancient times. Herndon formation visually matched the nor amounts of "Pennsylvania The Shoop site is located at the now- cherts from the Shoop site. From his col­ jasper," thought to be from south­ infilled headwaters of the uppermost lection, he provided nineteen flakes and east of the site (Dincauze 1993: 284). western branch of Armstrong Creek. The one piece of quartzite for analysis. Both Ronald Lesher (who owns part of mountains north of Harrisburg are a major Sixteen of the flakes are bluish-gray, two the Shoop site and takes an avid interest geologic feature that divides mountainous are pinkish, and one is anomalous. in archaeology) and Donald Simons (who northern uplands from lower flatlands be­ A nondestructive comparative morpho­ has engaged in fulltime Paleo-lndian re­ low Harrisburg which lead to the Atlantic logical and coloration analysis of the search and excavation for fifteen years) via the Chesapeake Bay. Armstrong cherts from Shoop and those obtained suggested that a local source of chert Creek is the first major waterway above from the Herndon formation was con­ was the most reasonable explanation for the mountainous divide north of ducted with the help of Donald Simons, the lithic patterns at Shoop. Harrisburg that leads into an eastern val­ and he extensively knapped large Onondaga cherts shade into a number ley; Powell's Creek to the south, though amounts of the Herndon chert by both of colors. The use of the word Onondaga larger than Armstrong, is banked by steep percussion and pressure. I conducted a to describe the various cherts within ridges on either side of its mouth; as one preliminary comparative microscopic Onondaga limestone is misleading since traverses the Susquehanna, Powell's analysis which required the partial de­ some cherts are different visually but all Creek does not appear to lead into any struction of three Shoop specimens. The occur within Onondaga limestones. valley system (Lesher, personal communi­ chert from the Hemdon-Dalmatia locus Witthoft (1952: 470-471) had identified the cation 1994; personal observation 1994). possibly is associated with an Old Port chert used by the Shoop Paleo-lndians as Ganis and Smith had indicated that Devonian deposit (Hoskins 1976a: 8; see " . . . chert of the mottled bluish western Onondaga and other cherts were avail­ 1976b) and it shades into browns, grays, New York phase . . ." Witthoft's under­ able on the islands and islets as well as mottled bluishgrays and mottled pinks. At standing of the source of the chert is cru­ gravels in the Susquehanna, and both all microscopic levels used, the majority cial to his analysis of the lithic patterns ev­ Witthoft (1952: 471) and Fogelman (1986: chert from Shoop and the Herndon for­ ident at the site. He noted: 3) had raised the possibility of riverine mation appeared to be indistinguishable. I have not seen this very mottled procurement of cherts. Mottled Onondaga chert from the west­ phase of the chert in Pennsylvania The general pattern to the Shoop site ern New York area apparently weathers outcrops or in the New York suggested travel by Paleo-lndians from and patinates into the lighter mottled Helderbergs, but it is most charac­ south to north since it seemed reasonable bluish-grays witnessed at Shoop, but it is teristic of western New York to conclude they would have exploited important to note that the mottled bluish- Onondaga (Witthoft 1952: 471). previously undiscovered cherts as soon as gray and pink cherts from the Hemdon- And he added: "The source of supply of they encountered them. The gravels and Dalmatia locus also patinate and weather

23 the same. In fact, patinated cherts ob­ flake which manifests cortex identical to Witthoft's general argument was that the tained from both the Meckley quarry and the cortex on specimens obtained from assemblage from Shoop was an impover­ the Susquehanna River near Dalmatia are the Herndon-Dalmatia locus (personal ob­ ished industry with poorly fabricated visually indistinguishable from much of servation 1994). Secondly, the Shoop col­ forms. Future research may vindicate his the chert in the Paleo-lndian assemblage lection in the Smithsonian includes a suggestion in this regard. If southern at Shoop, particularly in respect to back­ worked piece of chert (accession number cherts were the first utilized by Paleo- ground mottling and coloration that is no­ 402526, personal observation 1994 ) lndians and the pattern to Paleo-lndian tably obvious in the various assemblages composed of thin layered and tapered settlement is from south to north, then at of waste flakes. slabs which is completely unlike Onon­ least some lithic forms on southern cherts Furthermore, the locally available chert daga from any source I am aware of, but in lower-latitude sites ought to be older is blocky and tabular; its form and attrib­ identical in morphology to the chert from than some northern forms on both more utes possibly have more to do with the the Herndon-Dalmatia locus. northern cherts and imported southern size and blade-like characterization of the Some of the larger Shoop Paleo-lndian cherts. A careful examination of lithic Shoop Paleo-lndian industry than technol­ specimens in the Smithsonian, the forms that includes a consideration of the ogy or curation did. Witthoft commented: Pennsylvania State Museum and private overall quality of fabrication may reveal Another chip form is quite distinc­ collections do mimic Onondaga visually, correlations with chert type and latitude; if tive, although not abundant. It is but weathering and soil chemistry possi­ discovered, those correlations could en­ thin and broad, rectangular in bly explain the similarity. In particular, hance our understanding of the Paleo- crossection, with square edges; copper in soils is an agent for bluish lndian expression. and the f/af faces are almost per­ staining (see Shepherd 1972: 114-124, fectly parallel [italics ours], with a 124 in particular). Donald Simons has ACKNOWLEDGMENT bulb of percussion following almost raised the possibility of the prior exis­ It is unfortunate this discovery so exactly the contour of the scar tence of a ledge or outcrop of especially quickly followed the death of John (negative side) of a bulb of percus­ high-quality chert from the Herndon- Witthoft. He was intensely interested in sion, on the opposite face, left by a Dalmatia locus having been washed away continuing investigation into the Shoop previously removed chip. These or covered with silts. Since the entire col­ site, and he constantly encouraged new sheet-like chips suggest that flaking lection of Paleo-lndian chert from Shoop viewpoints for the sake of scientific dis­ control was sufficient to split a chert weighs less than 14 kg, this possibility covery. There is no doubt he would have block into shingle-like slabs [italics should not be ignored. revised his interpretation of the site, but again ours] (1952: 473). The discovery of a local source of chert there is also no doubt he would have done The chert from the Herndon-Dalmatia may expand our understanding of the it gladly. He was a scholar to the end. locus is layered (laminated) into either thin Shoop Paleo-lndian occupation. A com­ The geologists from both Tethys and slabs with parallel flat faces, or shingles parative examination of Paleo-lndian col­ the Pennsylvania Geologic survey helped with a taper at one end. lections highlights the anomalies in the immeasurably, as did Fred Meckley The large amounts of chert I obtained Shoop assemblage: whose dedicated interest in science and from the Meckley quarry and the 1. thin tools; scientific achievement is enviable. Kurt Carr is especially thanked for his efforts Susquehanna at random suggest that 2. limited use; there is a proportion of local chert types and ideas. available in terms of quality that may cor­ 3. small size; respond to frequencies in the Paleo- 4. blade-like forms. References Cited lndian assemblage at Shoop. Grayish I suggest these characteristics may be cherts appear to be the most common attributable entirely to the limited avail­ Dincauze, Dena F. 1993 Fluted Points in the Eastern Forests. In From but generally of poor quality, bluish-gray ability of local chert which was encoun­ Kostenki to Clovis: Upper Paleolithic—Paleo- cherts much more rare but of substan­ tered on a fortuitous basis, and in particu­ lndian Adaptations, edited by Olga Softer and N. D. Praslov, pp. 279-292. Plenum Press, tially higher quality than the gray, and the lar its morphology in this region. The New York. pink cherts a minority but of high quality. availability of very limited amounts of thin, Fogelman, Gary L. It is entirely possible these pink cherts shingle-like chert required high knapping 1986 Shoop: Pennsylvania's Famous Paleo Site: A have been mistaken for at least some of technology to process; later peoples may Popular Version. Fogelman Publishing Company (Columbia Graphics), Bloomsburg. the heated cherts in the Shoop assem­ have lacked the skills require to process. Hoskins, Donald M. blage (Witthoft 1952: 473). It seems possible the Shoop Paleo-lndian 1976aGeo/ogy And Mineral Resources Of The assemblage might reflect the happen­ Millersburg 15-Minute Quadrangle, Dauphin, I should note that the cherts from the Juniata, Northumberland, Perry, and Snyder Herndon-Dalmatia locus visually match stance discovery of limited amounts of Counties, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Geologic the waste cherts from Shoop much more high-quality chert which a group worked Survey, Fourth Series, Harrisburg. closely than examples of western to full advantage at an ad hoc site on an 1976b Geologic Map Of The Millersburg 15-Minute experimental basis. Quadrangle, Dauphin, Juniata, Northumberland, Onondaga from the New York area I ex­ Perry, And Snyder Counties, Pennsylvania. Atlas 146, amined, and there is no Onondaga I know If the chert used by Paleo-lndians in the Plate 1, Topographic and Geologic Survey, of with the distinctive background mot­ Susquehanna drainage at Shoop and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department Of tling and coloration so apparent in the elsewhere in Pennsylvania has been Environmental Resources, Harrisburg. Shoop Paleo-lndian specimens and chert misidentified as Onondaga from New Shepherd, Walter from the Herndon-Dalmatia locus. The York area deposits but in fact is chert 1972 Flint. Faberand Faber, London. key to the problem of the source of the from the Dalmatia area, then the pattern Witthoft, John 1952 A Paleo-lndian Site In Eastern Pennsylvania, An chert for the Shoop Paleo-lndian assem­ to Paleo-lndian settlement and/or ex­ Early Hunting Culture. Proceedings Of The blage may rest with the waste flakes. ploitation of this particular riverine system American Philosophical Society Vol. 96, No. 4: In addition, two other pieces of evi­ would appear to be from south to north. 464-495. dence are very important factors in con­ That consideration suggests the possibil­ tributing to my conclusions. In the ity of a time-transgressive pattern to lithic Shertzer collection there is at least one forms that may correlate with chert types.

:>4 A TRIBUTE TO FLUTING TECHNOLOGY by Jim Beckman 9644 Wolf Creek Pike Dayton, Ohio

The photos show a l/a" x 31/a" Black Coshocton multiple-fluted Clovis point from Hancock Co. Ohio. It was originally found by a Mr. Olean of Bowling Green, Ohio (date unknown). Approximately V/" of the tip was broken and has since been restored. The base was fluted three times on both sides, the fluting extending VA" on the obverse and 1 %" on the reverse. This fact would not be that unusual were it not that the piece measures a maximum thickness of %", with a width to thickness ratio of 9/1. The thickness in the fluted area is less than He". For a prehistoric artisan to flute each side of a piece this thin with a single flute would be an outstanding feat, but to triple that and still maintain the integrity of the point is almost unheard of. This point was found by Gene Edwards, Sandusky, Ohio, and subse­ quently restored by the author. This restored point took First Place in the Paleo category at the Ft. Recovery Prehistoric Artifact Show in February.

Figure 1 (Beckman) Obverse and reverse of Hancock Co. Fluted Point.

•^ Figure 2 (Beckman) Side view of Fluted Point.

25 AN INTERESTING FORT ANCIENT PIPE by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

Pipe smoking was an aboriginal tradi­ tion from the Late Archaic Period until historic times. Historically, pipe smoking found almost instant acceptance, first by Europeans and then by people over the entire world. Pipes were encountered among nearly all prehistoric tribes in the Americas and pipe smoking continued in use into the historic era greatly influenced by European introduced pipes. While Hopewell sculptured pipes are often considered the ultimate in prehis­ toric design and workmanship, it was af­ ter Hopewell times that the widest range of diversity in design, form and materials is seen. A multiplicity of distinct pipe shapes was developed in the Eastern United States during the 1,000 years be­ fore European contact. Many of these distinct pipe styles were locally invented. Human effigy pipes made during the Ohio Fort Ancient period are particularly distinctive and take a number of forms. Most often Fort Ancient human effigies are of a head or face only and these are usually decorated with lines depicting the "weeping eye" motif. One peculiar Fort Ancient pipe style shows the human face with the mouth serving as a stem hole. This design is a rarity but occurs from Wisconsin to the lower Mississippi Valley. The pipe from the Sunwatch Village in Montgomery County is a double effigy - a wolf on one side and a human face on the opposite, the mouth of the human made to accommodate a pipe stem. Another similar pipe in the Dr. Meuser collection, and now in the Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum, portrays a human head with a stem-hole mouth. The pipe in the color plate was found in Athens County, Ohio. It is a sculpture of a human head in sandstone with a stem hole in place of a mouth. Circular shell disc eyes and incised lines depicting hair complete the effigy. The pipe is 2% inches high and is in the collection of Jim Hahn, Newark, Ohio. Figure 1 (Converse) Human effigy pipe from Athens County, Ohio.

26 Figure 1 (Stephan) Chlorite Pick Bannerstone from North Carolina

A CHLORITE PICK BANNERSTONE by Jim Stephan Bradford, Ohio

This chlorite pick banner was found The majority of chlorite pick banner- stones of chlorite are occasionally found four miles north of Robbins, North stones are made of a soft lustrous gray in Ohio, they are quite scarce. Ohio speci­ Carolina in Moore County in the spring of green shade of chlorite, while many of the mens probably number less than one 1990 by Melonie Monroe, then seven deeper colors of this unusual stone dis­ hundred. years old. She was walking in a plowed play flashes of a schist-like formation sim­ field on the farm of her grandfather, Bert ilar to the one pictured and are quite strik­ References Seawell, who stated that no relics had ing in appearance. Converse, Robert N. 1978 Ohio Slate Types, been found in the vicinity in recent years. The exact source of chlorite is unknown The Archaeological Society of Ohio Fifty years earlier, he understood, some but is thought to be in the Carolinas and pieces of clay pipes, points and point possibly Virginia, since the Blue Ridge fragments were found on the farm which Mountains have similar formations of this has been in the family for I00 years. exotic material. Although pick banner-

27 A VERY UNUSUAL ENGRAVED PIECE by Jim Beckman 9644 Wolf Creek Pike Dayton, Ohio

Although a substantial number of slate 2. 2 drilled points just off the left end of 7. Directly below the point of the arrow, pieces exhibit engraving, most are simply the center "barrier" line . These two towards the bottom of the stone, are sev­ patterns of lines, cross-hatches, etc . On points touch each other. eral symbols in a group: some are engraved pictures of animals, A. An engraved cross with small drill people, and motifs such as the "Weeping 8 marks in 2 quadrants of it. (This may be Eye" seen depicted on pipes, pottery, a miniature representation of the sym­ and other items. 3. An arrow with feathers at upper left of bols in (5).) The pictured piece of grey green line. This arrow is pointing in a " 1:00" B . A symbol that may represent a hu­ banded slate was found in a frame of alignment, and pointing at: damaged slate pieces collected by man, possibly prone . The "head" end Cletus Wagner of Ft. Recovery, Ohio. points to (A), above. At the "feet" there It appears to be one quarter of a rec­ are 2 drill points. tangular gorget or pendant. Top and right C. Across the bottom of the stone run­ edges of the piece are smoothed while ning from left to right appears to be the left and bottom edges are simply bro­ two "streams" or "trails" that merge 1/4 ken. The broken edges, however, exhibit of the way from the left and then con­ wear indicating that the piece was car­ tinues across to the right towards a ried in a pouch or similar container for a 4. Roughly a "diamond" or "uneven sided strong drill mark just below the "feet" period of time. The piece measures 2%" triangle" with a drill mark at the termina­ of (B), but then carefully turns up to wide, 1 %" high and is %" thick . tion of one of the lines just beyond the in­ pass between the "feet" and the strong What makes this engraved piece tersection of a perpendicular line. drill point before again turning right, unique is the pattern of the engraving, forking, and continuing off the right and the method by which it was en­ side of the stone. graved . Prior to doing the actual engraving, the artistan first drilled small "reference points" into the surface, then connected these points with engraved lines, much o as a child might do with a "Connect-A- 5. Just to the right of the diamond is the Dot" puzzle. There are several possibili­ most interesting symbol, created by first ties as to why he did this: drilling four points and connecting them 3r^ 1. Because the stone is so small and so with lines to form a "cross"; then engrav­ many symbols needed to be en­ ing a circle containing an "X" in one graved there in juxtaposition to one quadrant of the cross and a square with Other, lighter, markings can be seen another, he may have done the "pic- a diagonal corner-to-corner line dividing on the surface, but it's difficult to tell tograph" larger in the dirt, then drilled it, in the opposite quadran t. whether these represent engraving or are the reference points to make sure the simply scratches left while smoothing the "reduced image" was correctly car­ surface of the original piece, or a result of ried over to the stone. the farming process. 2. Or, he was engraving this same de­ My own thought on this piece is that it sign on more than one piece of the is a "contract" or other agreement, or broken gorget, and needed to be historical recording of an event, between sure both stones carried the same the parties "CIRCLE X" and "SQUARE /". "message". I also feel there is probably another simi­ As certain symbols on the stone seem lar engraved piece out there somewhere to indicate "2 parties", I personally believe 6. Moving clockwise around the right end whose broken edge would fit neatly to­ the second explanation is more probable. of the center mark there is a drill mark at gether with this piece were it ever found. the point of an arrow whose tail extends If anyone in the Society knows of a down toward the "5:00" position and off THE SYMBOLS similar piece, or can shed any light on in­ the edge of the stone . 1. A diagonal "hard line" at the center of terpreting the symbols thereon, I would the stone. This line is engraved much welcome the opportunity to discuss deeper than any of the other symbols. It them. could represent a physical barrier, psy­ Probably the most amazing thing chological barrier, or simply be a means about this stone and the engraver's skills, of separating the various symbols by pro­ is the overall surface he had to work with. viding a "read-around" mark. An actual size picture (or sketch) is shown on the following page. (Fig. 1)

28 •^ Figure 1 (Beckman) Drawing of Engraved Slate.

Figure 2 (Beckman) Photograph of Engraved Slate.

29 ZOOARCHEOLOGY TAXONOMY VS TAPHONOMY IN PRIMARY ANALYSIS OF ZOOARCHEOLOGICAL MATERIAL by Zygmunt A. Bieniulis 150 Colonial Drive Grand Island, NY 14072

Brief Most recent reports often show and early seventies, and are still consid­ Initial forms of zooarcheological mater­ taphonomic emphasis which overshad­ ered as satisfactory in many cases. ial analysis had been oriented toward tax- ows taxonomy. A careful examination in­ More recently, however, archeology onomic identification. Progressively, dicates, however, that the approach to and especially interdisciplinary studies, taphonomy became recognized and incor­ analysis, and form of reporting, are the impose further inquiry into the nature of porated into the studies. Today, various result of particular cases of study dic­ the material and its potential interpreta­ conditions dictate approaches that cannot tated by the nature of recovery of the tion. Here, taphonomy starts to play an be defined by a simple scheme of analyti­ material, and consequently involved in important role. cal procedure. Recognition of those con­ archeological methodology. ditions is needed in early stages of analy­ Where does taxonomy stand vs Taphonomy in Archeology sis, and may give the analyst choices in taphonomy, and how should the two As mentioned in the introduction, his proceedings. The result of his work is methods of study be placed in expanded taphonomy was formally recognized in the greatly affected by his choices. methodology of analytical processes ap­ 1940's by I. A. Efremov. Since then, im­ plied to osteological finds? The answer is portant steps have been accomplished Introduction not simple, as the subject becomes com­ and new requirements emerged. The key Zooarcheology is a relatively recent plex and requires an insight into its na­ issues that require special clarification are: subdiscipline of the two major disciplines ture and application. 1) Kind and intensity of natural effects involved. Zoology had its taxonomic ob­ on exposed and deposited bone material. jectives dictated by the major trends of Taxonomy in Zooarcheology 2) Dispersal of zooarcheological ele­ recognition of species, and finding their Examining references to zooarcheol­ ments at the site. position in evolutionary outlines. ogy, we find as base the writings of 3) Man effected fragmentation and in­ Paleontology provides the zoologist with Brothwell, Chaplin, Gilbert, Klein, Olsen, cisions, (fig 1 & 2) an important background to correlate Schmid, and White. 4) Animal effected breaking, gnawing, evolution of forms, and with techniques It is characteristic that main concen­ and surface modification. Characteristic of recovery and interpretation of ancient tration of the subject is on recognition of attention to exposed bone is presented osteological material. the taxa. In anthropology departments by Behrensmeyer (Behrensmeyer, 1978), Archeology, for long, has been con­ where zoo-osteology is accepted and with the study of bone weathering in cerned with the cultural aspect of human taught Schmid, Olsen, and Gilbert are Africa. Her sequence of deterioration is presence. The issue regarding bones was main references. still refered to, though her conditions of the obvious utilization of bone in tools and The background of studies in those observation are particular to the dry ornaments, and indentification of animal cases is zoo-osteology seen from the African surroundings. Further studies in species supplying food stuff for survival. perspective of a particular section of zo­ this line are needed. Deposited bone In both cases, conditions of the recov­ ology, more specifically anatomy. The takes a great variety of changes. I men­ ered osteological material were treated se­ objective is recognition of taxa on various tion here only the summary presented by lectively. Material in recognizable state was levels, as typically offered by Olsen. Morlan (Morlan, 1980). It states the sub­ preserved, while fragments and distorted Characteristically, students who go ject In clear terms. The acidity of humid forms were usually rejected or neglected. through such programs recognize the environment is the key factor. Stages Typically, it was considered that there is no most frequently encountered generic or from discoloration to dissolving are as­ justification in spending precious time and even special taxa with the use of bone sumed, but a detailed reference is still laboratory space on something that could atlases, and type collections. When con­ needed. Less known is the alkaline effect not offer direct answers. fronted with fragmentation or doubtful on bone; such condition is particutarly im­ Formal attention to, and recognition of, bone condition, they tend to either ignore portant in shell mounds where calcific various forms of paleontological and the case, or pass it to a specialist. concentrations are present. Apparently archeological material is attributed to A so-called specialist is the individual with time bone becomes completely fos­ Soviet researcher I.A. Efremov who trained in either zoology per se, or in one silized but intermediate stages and alka­ coined the term "taphonomy" as a study of the few archeological programs built line intensities require more studies, (fig 4) of factors contributing to the condition of on the background of zoology (eg. Deposited bone must be seen in terms bone recovered in excavations. University of Florida, at Gainesville, or of soil type and condition. Both inorganic Within the last fifteen or so years, University of Toronto). These students and organic factors are present, and taphonomy became fully recognized and are usually exposed to extensive osteo­ must be accounted for. But such factors expanded into the study of what could logical references in form of comparative have been evolving over a period of time. have contributed to the death of the indi­ osteological collections. The expertise of Here geological and ecological changes vidual, and how deposition and excava­ such specialists is well recognized. They must be recognized and studied in each tion techniques modify bone condition. are, however, often too specialized to particular case. Interdisciplinary ap­ Studies of bone fragments also became see bone in terms of archeological or proach is the only way to provide neces­ advanced. Natural vs culturally effected ecological finds. Their reports are listings sary information. And again more refer­ forms are seriously looked into, with of species or genera, number and kinds ence is needed, and specialists should replication being used to develop pat­ of elements and, if elements are suitable, be consulted. terns of excavated forms. (Bonnichsen minimum number of individuals (MNI). Dispersal of bones may be caused by 1973, 1979, 1980) (figs, 1 & 2). Such reports were typical in late sixties many factors. In terms of natural effects,

30 important is the transport by water which Taphonomy appears to be far more choice in his emphasis without neglect­ may change the position and mix of complex. It has a great diversity, and as­ ing one vs the other line of analysis, and bones. A typical case is the movement of pects difficult to standardize. It lacks, will properly justify his judgment, so it mammoth bones at Colby Mammoth Site consequently, established references can be examined by others, in particular (Frison and Todd, 1986). Even more in­ which could be used directly in compara­ by specialists in the field. volved is the Old Crow Basin deposit tive analysis. It is, however, the diversity Application of problems considered (Bonnichsen, 1979; Morlan, 1980) where of forms which carries in itself a great in­ here with be presented in the near future. the effect of mobility seems to have cre­ terpretive potential. Unfortunately, taphon­ Bibliography ated unsolvable difficulties. omy is difficult to study, and is time ab­ Behrensmeyyer, A.K. Dispersal of bones by predators and sorbing in analysis. Consequently it is 1978 Taphonomic and Ecological Information from scavenging animals has received attention often set aside with more direct and reli­ Bone Weathering. Paleobiology 4:150-162. able taxonomy receiving attention. Binford, LR. in various forms. A good reference is an 1978 Nunamiut Ethnoarcheology. Academic Press, attempt by Binford to formalize this sub­ What happens, however, when bone New York ject (Binford, 1981). Here studies made in material is mixed and appears to have Binford, L.R. 1981 Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths. Africa are often quoted, but are not neces­ various taphonomic effects? Classifying Academic Press, New York. sarily applicable to the New World. it by taxa may miss the issue that bones Bonnichsen, R. The human hunter contributes in a come from different initial conditions, and 1973 Some Operational Aspects of Human and Animal Bone Alterations. In: Mammalian special way to the dispersal by removing different deposition which may have im­ Osteo-Archeology North America, B.M. parts of the carcass from kill site to base portant cultural implications. Gilbert, ed. Univ. of Missouri. camp, or by using parts of the body dif­ It is with this in mind, and from my own Bonnichsen, R. 1979 Pleistocene Bone Technology in the Beringian ferentially, eg. separating skull section of experience, that I believe that despite Refugium. Museum of Man. Archeological white tailed deer with antler, which then present uncertainties and difficulties, Survey of Canada. Paper #89, Ottawa. is used in the making of lithic tools. Many taphonomy should receive attention in Bonnichsen, R. and R.T. Will 1980 Cultural Modificaiton of Bone: The researchers contributed to this field, but preliminary classification of zoo-osteo- Experimental Approach in Formal Analysis. In: the following selections may present a logical elements. This has to be done Mammalian Osteology, B.M. Gilbert, The starting point for further studies: Binford, with understanding of natural and man- Missouri Archeological Soc. 1978, 1981; Lyman, 1985; Wheat, 1972: effected factors. Even if present refer­ Brothwell, D.R. 1965 Digging Up Bones. The British Museum of White T.E., 1952, 1953, 1954. ences are in doubt, proper description of Natural History, London. Bone fragmentation is probably the finds will offer at least conditional conclu­ Chaplin, R.E. sions, valid for the formulation of working 1971 The Study of Animal Bones from Archeological most-referred-to subject. Here again Sites. Seminar Press, London, New York. Bonnichsen, 1979, and Morlan, 1980, are hypotheses. With this approach, we have Efremove, I.A. the best examples. Among others I would a chance for more elaborate and in-depth 1949 Taphonomy: A New Branch of Paleontology. interpretations. This observation does not Pan American Geologist, 74:81-93. mention as interesting the Agate Basin Frison, G. and D. Sanford reports (Frison & Sanford, 1982). Green undermine the importance of taxonomic 1982 The Agate Basin Site: A Record of Paleoindian bone fractures, with spiral form, are often analysis and related studies. Under­ Occupation of the High Plains. New York standing of animals, their adaptive struc­ Academic Press. quoted as an accepted reference, though Frison, G. and LC. Todd there are doubts expressed (G. Haynes, ture and population composition, remain 1986 The Colby Mammoth Site. Taphonomy and 1980 (fig 1 & 2). Methodical breaking of the basis of zooarcheology, and should Archeology of a Clovis Kill in Northern Wyoming. be a part of the archeologist's training. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. bone has received attention for some Haynes, G. time (eg. Bonnichsen in Gilbert, 1973). But in many cases, as for instance bison 1980 Evidence of Carnivore Gnawing on Pleistocene The unsolved problem is whether natural kill sites, taxonomy is relatively simple, and Recent Mammalian Bones. Paleobiology breaks and animal effected breaks are while taphonomy is by far more involved. 6(3), 480, 341-351. Lyman, R.L similar to those attributed to man. A very Cases which do not have a clear hu­ 1985 Bone Frequencies. Differential Transport, In special case is presented by flaking of man imprint are still valid as they may Site Destruction, and MGUI. Journal of bone in Old Crow Basin (Bonnichsen, Archeological Science 12:221-236. present important ecological references Klein, R.G. and K. Cruz-Uribe 1979). This material is very impressive of great interest in adaptive processes. 1984 The Analysis of Animal Bones from and cannot be easily dismissed by unsat­ Examples of taphonomic analysis without Archeological Sites. University of Chicagp isfied objectors. I have personally exam­ Press, Chicago. taxonomic identification are presented by Morlan, R.E. ined a number of specimens and find Morlan (1979). 1979 A Stratigraphic Framework for Pleistocene them to be a very important archeologi­ Artifacts from Old Crow River, Norhtern Yukon cal material, (fig 4) Territory. In: Prellano Cultures of the Americas, Summary and Conclusions R.L. Humphrey and D. Stanford, eds. Incisions and teeth marks were studied I presented a comparison of taxomic Washington. seriously by Binford (1981) and G. Haynes and taphonomic factors involved in Morlan, R.E. 1980 Taphonomy and Archeology In the Upper (1980), and others. Tool marks appear to analysis. Taphonomy appears to be more Pleistocene of the Northern Yukon Territory; be well recognizable. It is important to complex and less known at present, but Mercury Series Paper 94, Archeological Survey match them with butchering and skinning offers interpretive opportunity. I conclude of Canada, Ottawa. Olsen, S.J. patterns which seem to be different in that it should be considered in the first 1964 Mammal Remains form Archeological Sites - Part various cultural situations, (fig 1, 2, & 4) steps of zooarcheological analysis, as it I. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archeology Gnawing vs bone breaking for marrow might lead to a more complete classifica­ and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge. Schmid, E. extraction is a rather advanced study, but tion than just the study of taxa present, 1972 Atlas of Animal Bones. Elsevier, Amsterdam. even here more work in the future will be and the number of individuals involved. Wheat, J.B. welcome. We have to be careful not to gen­ I also conclude that an archeologist 1972 The Olsen-Chubbuck Site: A Paleo-lndian eralize cases from Africa, such as hyena's Bison Kill, SAA Memoirs # 26, Society for must be involved in the excavation and American Archeology, Washington, D.C. activities, into North American studies. analysis of bones, even if the particular White, T.E. analysis is left to specialists. Only through 1952 Observations on the Butchering Technique of Some Aboriginal Peoples. No. 1 American Taxonomy vs Taphonomy such involvement a more complete in Antiquity 4:337-338. The review I presented above indicates depth study can he accomplished. White, T.E. that taxonomy is a relatively well-con­ An archeologist, well informed in taxo­ 1953 Same; No. 2 American Antiquity 2:160-164. trolled subject, with good references White, T.E. nomic and taphonomic aspects of 1954 Same: Nos. 3, 4, 5 & 6 American Antiquity from zoology and paleontology. zooarcheology, will make a judicious 3:254-264.

31 Figure 1 (Bieniulis) Replication by author of bone splitting for marrow extraction by method of indirect impacting.

Figure 2 (Bieniulis) Bone modification by man. Items 1, 2, 3, 4 from left probably splitting for marrow extraction. Item 5 green break, probably by striking against solid object. Items 6, 7, 8 chopping. Item 9 flaking.

32 Figure 3 (Bieniulis) Fossilized bones with probable original modification by man.

Figure 4 (Bieniulis) Bones flakes that could be used for cutting. Items 1, 2, 3, 4 replications by author. Items 5, 6, 7 actual finds.

33 A SYNOPSIS OF THE McCAIN SITE, DUBOIS COUNTY, INDIANA by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, OH 45331

It is interesting that one of the most re­ lier Archaic occupancy is indicated by the have been opened by baking or boiling. vealing reports ever done on the Archaic, Diagonal and Corner Notch points of Below the shell layer was a one inch-deep the McCain site, was written by an ama­ 6,000 - 9,000 B.P. The seventy-one layer of charcoal, ashes, and burned sand­ teur archaeologist over fifty years ago. hafted scrapers, sharpened from one stone, evidence of an ancient clambake. The results of that paper are here re­ side, also date from the Archaic. The Areas where the fireplaces were found viewed. Although the book has long been three-quarter and full-grooved axes from were interpreted as the living area. This out of print, occasionally a copy can still the site have, too, been found to date area included scatterings of miscellaneous be purchased from book dealers for fif­ from the Middle through Late Archaic. artifacts, deeper refuse, and a greater teen to twenty dollars. Further indication of Middle Archaic oc­ quantity of grooved axes and hammers. The site was discovered in 1929 by Rex cupation are thick layers of mollusks, as Caches of igneous rocks were found, Miller of Dayton, Ohio, when bad weather harvesting of shellfish is characteristic of probably having been collected and 1 thwarted his quail hunting. So that the day this period. Because refuse from 2% to 3 i saved because of the lack of such rock in wouldn't be a total loss, he hunted "arrow­ feet thick endured after thousands of this unglaciated area. Some of the ground heads" instead of quail, and became so years, a long occupancy can be assumed. stone tools were made of hematite. interested that he returned to the area for the next five years, where he surface APPROXIMATE SIZE OF INFORMATION DISCOVERED hunted and excavated. In 1941 Miller pub­ INHABITED AREA In Archaic Hunters of the Upper Ohio lished his report as Volume II, No. I, of the The site was 150 yards long and 75 Valley, Don Dragoo reviews the site ma­ Prehistory Research Series of the Indiana yards wide. The tip of the tongue of pro­ terial and calls the McCain site "one of Historical Society, never realizing that his jecting land and the east-central portion the most interesting Archaic sites in the work would stand as a classic reference were the most heavily occupied areas. Ohio Valley" and says it is "an excellent on the Archaic for over a half-century. Miller noted that there may have been other report." Glenn Black made all the materi­ sites on adjacent tongues of land, but this als from the site available to Dragoo for study and re-evaluation, and Dragoo in­ GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION OF THE SITE is the only one he closely examined. cluded six pages about this site in his The McCain site is located in southwest­ book. It is still one of the few reported ern Indiana in DuBois (rhymes with choice) FEATURES OF THE SITE Archaic sites in the Midwest and one of County, fifty miles north of the Ohio River. Twenty burials were excavated, most of the very few from Indiana. It lies in Boon Township, on the east fork which were poorly preserved. All were be­ of the White River, which drains into the neath approximately thirty-five inches of The McCain people used local chert for Wabash, which empties into the Ohio. refuse-saturated soil, all were flexed, but chipped tools, and to a lesser extent they The site is on a level-crested tongue of only three had artifacts with them. Two used Flint Ridge flint from central Ohio land, part of an ancient terrace, which pro­ grooved axes were lying next to the and flint from Harrison County, Indiana, in­ jects into the river valley. Situated south of hands of a male. A female was accompa­ dicating that these Archaic people traded the line of glaciation, the area is devoid of nied by two bone needles, each of which with or had contact with other areas. glacially deposited igneous rocks. was four inches long. Another male inter­ Interesting artifacts from the site are The White River ran closer to the site ment included two stone points, one at bone pins with incised decorations, the during prehistoric times than at present. the head and one at the feet. The head use or purpose of which is unknown. The spring which flows on an adjacent rested on a turtle carapace, which in turn They were found throughout the site in ridge, however, would have provided the rested on the top part of a deer skull. the refuse layer (not with burials). They had inhabitants with a reliable supply of fresh Most of the burials were located directly been preserved by the presence of lime in water, and Miller believes that this spring under the living area. the large amount of shell in the debris. was the reason prehistoric people chose Numerous small fireplaces were found, An amazing one thousand artifacts this location. but the excavator felt that these were tem­ made of stone, bone, and antler were Three hundred yards to the southwest is porary as they were thin and scattered found. There were slight concentrations of a vein of yellow cherty limestone which is over the site. He surmised that the inhabi­ certain items in some areas, but in general, exposed in several places along the slope. tants moved their dwellings frequently. artifacts were scattered throughout the There are no quarry pits, but the use of the A cache was found at the same depth refuse, which covered most of the site. The chert from this local outcrop is evident in as the burials, but did not seem to be re­ McCain site was an important Archaic lo­ much of the worked stone from the site. lated to them. It consisted of two hematite cation, and it is unfortunate that no similar hammerstones, one polishing stone, one report has appeared for the last fifty years. DATES OF SITE'S OCCUPANCY limestone roller pestle, two pitted stones, The McCain site was examined prior to and a muller. This cache rested on sandy NOTE the discovery of radiocarbon dating, so a clay subsoil and was covered with the The Archaic period of Ohio's prehistory comparison of the artifacts from the site same humus-rich soil as the burials. (10,000 - 3,000 B.P.) is the subject of an with artifacts of known age provides ap­ Just above the subsoil were layers of upcoming conference sponsored by the proximate dates of occupancy. Many of mollusks varying in thickness from two to Ohio Archaeological Council. On the flint points appear to be Shallow Side twenty inches, perfectly preserved. November 17 and 18, archaeologists from Notch, which probably date from the Late Artifacts associated with this layer of shell all over the Midwest will meet in Cleveland Archaic, around 5,000 years B.P., and the were heavy deer-bone awls. Although the to discuss and compare their research Heavy Stemmed points from the site bivalves had been opened, they were not into the Archaic, the least understood of would be of about the same age. An ear- chipped, indicating that the shells must all prehistoric cultures in this state.

34 Figure 1 (Holzapfel) The McCain site, showing east slope and tip. Figure 2 (Holzapfel) One of the skulls, restored from over 200 fragments.

Figure 5 (Holzapfel) Other point types were made of better flint. Bottom row shows several Figure 3 (Holzapfel) Thirty-one full and three- Figure 4 (Holzapfel) Two hundred eighteen Shallow Side Notched points were found, of 175 scrapers, almost all of which were made quarter grooved axes were found. No. 5 mea­ of local low-quality chert. sures 2'A inches long and is a miniature. most of which were made of various types of low-grade chert.

Figure 6 (Holzapfel) Eight of the axes were made of hematite. Figure 7 (Holzapfel) Many incised bone arti­ facts were found. Figure 8 (Holzapfel) Many other such bone artifacts were found.

35 M Figure 2 (Gramly) The six unbroken Ashtabula points from the MacLearnon/Tennies Cache in the Robert Chapman collection. The length of the longest point is 5'A" (Photo R.M. Gramly)

Figure 3 (Gramly) Modernly damaged and resharpened Ashtabula points Figure 4 (Gramly) Edge view of an undamaged Ashtabula point from the from the MacLearnon/Tennies Cache. Robert Chapman collection. The MacLearnon/Tennies Cache. Note plano-convex aspect. Robert Chapman length of the longest specimen is 3'A". (Photo R.M. Gramly) collection. (Photo R.M. Gramly)

36 A CACHE OF ASHTABULA POINTS FROM WESTERN NEW YORK by Richard Michael Gramly Great Lakes Artifact Repository 79 Perry Street Buffalo, New York 14203

Sometime during the period 1929-1932 by typed notes of Walter Tennies all the with the Robert Chapman collection. Alex MacLearnon, now deceased, points in the cache were "of a carmel Six of the nine Ashtabula points are walked across a plowed field on the R. color tinged throughout with blue." The complete and unblemished except for a Wrigley Farm, Lot 52, Town of Poland, nine specimens shown to me appear to few microscopic nicks here and there on Chautauqua County, and discovered 26 be Vanport (Flint Ridge) chert; this identi­ their edges (Figure 2). The other three ex­ Ashtabula points of large size and fine fication was confirmed by John Holland, hibit various degrees of reflaking at workmanship. Five years later a collector lithic analyst of the Buffalo Museum of places where they suffered plow damage named Walter Tennies (deceased) Science, Buffalo, New York. (Figure 3). Reflaking has resulted in the searched the findspot and recovered a Converse notes that the use of Flint bizarre, barbed appearance of two speci­ 27th point. Ridge chert is "highly unusual" for the mens, reducing their aesthetic appeal. The Wrigley Farm borders Cassadaga Ashtabula type. Dimensions of the six surviving intact Creek, which is a southeast-flowing tribu­ Only nine of the 27 points were pro­ points are, as follows: (to the nearest %") tary of the Allegheny River. Jamestown vided for study. The exact whereabouts of (Figure 1) and Mayville, New York, are the the others are unknown. Supposedly sev­ Length Max. Thickness Weight the closest population centers and eral points were sold to a man in Width (in grams) Mayville is the Chautauqua County seat. Michigan, and others were given to a rela­ 1. 5%" 2W .4" 53.1 Chautauqua County in extreme western tive of Alex MacLearnon living in Montana. New York State has long been known as a The nine points figured here belong to 2. 5%" 3V," .4" 68.6 source of interesting prehistoric artifacts Robert Chapman of Mayville, New York. 3. 4%" 27A" .46" 59.5 (Squier 1851). A short distance north of the Chapman purchased them from Walter 4. 45*" 2T .52" 52.8 Wrigley Farm, near the small town of Tennies. Tennies sold the one he had Falconer, Parker notes the existence of an found in the 1930's together with four 5. 4%" VA" .37" 32.0 earthwork and destroyed mound (1922: that had been given to him by 6. 3%" 2%" .36" 42.0 516). There appears to be no mention of MacLearnon. The other four may have an archaeological site at the findspot of the been purchased by Tennies from Glen The triangular blades of these 27 Ashtabula points, however. Waith (or his wife), a resident of Falconer, Ashtabula points are plano-convex, that The MacLearnon/Tennies Cache con­ New York. Waith may have been given is, one side is relatively flat while the tained similarly-shaped stemmed points these points by MacLearnon. other is domed or ridged (Figure 4). Seen ranging in length from 31/ to 5% inches. The only record of publication of the end-on the corners or barbs of five of the All conform to Converse's definition of nine points is on pages 76-77 in Who's six blades "droop" downward like an air­ the Ashtabula type (1994: 102). Judging Who in Indian Relics 3 (1972), as shown foil or para-glider, as if they had been in­ tentionally engineered for sustained flight. As may be seen in the pho­ tographs, three of the six intact points are asymmetrical, suggesting that they underwent resharpening in antiquity. This asymmetry might also have been just a whim of the ancient flintknapper. The edges of the Ashtabula points are exceedingly sharp making them ad­ mirable cutting implements. In western New York State near the major rivers (Niagara, Allegheny and Genesee) and their tributaries it is not un­ common to discover flaked tools of Ohio raw materials. Most abundant are Middle Woodland ("Hopewellian") comernotched points; fluted points of Vanport and other Ohio/Indiana cherts are on record in con­ siderable number. To my knowledge, however, the MacLearnon/Tennies Cache is the only known discovery of Late Archaic artifacts of Midwestern raw material on New York's Niagara Frontier.

References Cited Converse, Robert N. 1994 Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Society of Ohio. Columbus. Parker, Arthur C. 1922 The Archaeological History of New York (Part 2). New York State Museum Bulletin 237 & 238. Albany, New York. Figure 1 (Gramly) Map of western New York State and adjacent Ontario and Pennsylvania showing Squier, E. G. the findspot of the MacLearnon/Tennies Cache (arrow) on the eastern bank of Cassadaga Creek to 1851 Antiquities of the State of New York. Buffalo. the northeast of Jamestown, Chautauqua County. 37 AN AXE AND HAMMER SITE IN DARKE COUNTY by Ronnie Thiebeau 11357 Reed Road Versailles, OH 45380

I found the artifacts pictured here next to a rill that flows into Swamp Creek in Darke County, Ohio. The site was on a slight hill approximately 50 yards long by 25 yards wide. I was standing still when I saw an axe in front of me and three hammers lying around me in an area of only about six feet. That day I found a total of six ham­ mers and three axes. I returned to the site two more times and recovered one more axe and twelve more three-quarter- grooved hammers. The landowner has levelled the hill, and I have never found anything there since, except several un- diagnostic broken pieces of flint points. This assemblage is available for further analysis by contacting me.

Figure 1 (Thiebeau) Four axes found on small site in Darke Figure 2 (Thiebeau) Eighteen grooved hammers from same site in County. Darke County.

38 MORE THOUGHTS ON BIRDSTONES by Jack Rosenfeld 5177TuxworthCt. Columbus, Ohio 43232

Since the birdstone was first discov­ ered, archaeologists and amateur archae­ ologists have speculated on its use and method of attachment. Although some speculations seem far afield, others have feasibility, such as use as an atlatl weight, a handle, a clan symbol, or even a means of "flying" the soul to the "spirit world." Because of the time expended to make a birdstone, the epitome of artistic per­ fection, it must have had an important purpose. As for attachment, a special person may have worn a birdstone on the back of his head by having his hair wo­ ven and tied through the two "L" shaped holes with the head of the birdstone pointed upwards. Because of the general shape of the birdstone I do not believe the artifact was ever used as an atlatl handle since it doesn't seem feasible for a hand to grip on the majority of types.

Figure 1 (Rosenfeld) The possible use of the birdstone as an article of personal adornment.

Figure 2 (Rosenfeld) The possible use of the birdstone attached to an atlatl, or spear thrower.

39 NAGPRA: What Is It and What Does It Mean? by Martha Potter Otto Ohio Historical Society Columbus, Ohio

On November 15, 1990, President Not all Native American artifacts are the committee to monitor the inventory Bush signed into law the Native American covered by NAGPRA, only "funerary ob­ process, facilitate resolution of disputes Graves Protection and Repatriation Act jects", "sacred objects", and "objects of among the parties complying with the (public law 101-601), commonly referred cultural patrimony". Funerary objects are law, and compile "an inventory of cultur­ to as NAGPRA, and directed the National those items that "...as part of the death ally unidentifiable human remains that Park Service to implement it. Those sim­ rite or ceremony of a culture, are reason­ are in the possession of each ... mu­ ple actions set into motion a process that ably believed to have been placed with seum" and recommend "specific actions will have a lasting affect on museums individual human remains either at the for developing a process for disposition and the science of archaeology for the time of death or later..." or are "...items of such remains". Just recently, the foreseeable future. To understand this exclusively made for burial purposes...." Review Committee distributed their draft situation, it is necessary to first look at Sacred objects are "...needed by tradi­ recommendations on the disposition of the requirements of the law. tional native American religious leaders culturally unidentifiable remains. As its title suggests, NAGPRA deals for the practice of traditional Native The crux of the draft recommendations primarily with two topics: 1) establish­ American religions by their present day is the Committee's position that "...deci­ ment of control of American Indian adherents". Items of cultural patrimony sions about what happens to the remains skeletal material and accompanying arti­ have "...on-going historical, traditional, of Native American individuals from any­ facts found on Federal or tribal lands; or cultural importance central to the where in the United States and associ­ and 2) the repatriation, or return, of human Native American group or culture itself, ated funerary objects should rest in the remains and certain classes of artifacts, rather than property owned by an indi­ hands of Native Americans." They sug­ now in museum collections, to American vidual Native American..", consequently gest making provision for returning re­ Indian or Native Hawaiian groups. The these items cannot be given or sold by mains and items to non-federally-recog­ National Park Service is the primary fed­ one individual to another. nized groups. In the case of remains eral agency responsible for implement­ The law required museums to initially "...which come from earlier time periods ing the law. In Ohio, the first part of the summarize their holdings of such objects [before the arrival of Europeans] and law will apply to the national parks, the and identify, by means of their collection [where] it is not possible to trace directly US Forest Service lands, and some records, the tribal origins of those ob­ ancestry to any known contemporary reservoirs; there are no tribal lands jects. Those summary lists were to be tribe or group, ...responsible for what within the state, that is, land owned by sent to the relevant tribes by November happens to such remains rests with those an Indian tribe that is recognized by the 1993. The law further required that mu­ tribes and groups who are able to show Federal government. The repatriation seums prepare more detailed inventories an affinity both to the territory and to the measures apply to museums that main­ of human remains and the artifacts asso­ general time period from which the re­ tain collections of Native American ob­ ciated with them and identify their cul­ mains came." The committee suggests jects and skeletal material, and that re­ tural/tribal affiliation. Those inventories that "broad regional associations of ceive federal funds. The definition of are to be completed by November 1995 Indian tribes" take the responsibility for receiving federal funds not only includes (although there are provisions for exten­ dealing with remains that have no direct grants but also "... funds provided sions of time). Cultural affiliation refers to recorded provenience and are only identi­ for any purpose that are received by a a "relationship of shared group identity fied as "Indian" or "Native American', per­ larger entity of which the museum is a which can be reasonably traced histori­ haps by constructing "...regional cemeter­ part ...." (Federal Register May 28, 1993: cally or prehistorically between a present ies or mausoleums... where these 31125; emphasis added). In other words, day Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian orga­ unidentified individuals can be reburied if a county receives federal monies for nization and an identifiable earlier and protected forever." Many of these any reason, then that county's museum group." Evidence for cultural affiliation proposed recommendations exceed the must comply with NAGPRA. can be "... based upon geographical, letter and intent of the original law. For the purposes of NAGPRA, Indian kinship, biological, archaeological, an­ What does NAGPRA and the more re­ tribes are defined essentially as those thropological, linguistic, folkloric, oral cently-proposed procedures mean to recognized by the Federal government traditional, historical, or other relevant in­ Ohio? It could mean the loss of objects through the process devised by the formation or expert opinion.". Items that and materials representing a rich and Bureau of Indian Affairs, US Dept. of the are culturally affiliated with a particular complex prehistoric heritage that is the interior. That process requires groups to indian tribe can be claimed by that tribe cultural "patrimony" of all Ohioans. demonstrate that they are "...ethnically and the museum is required to repatriate Collections representing the Glacial and culturally identifiable and have had a them "expeditiously". The only delay in Kame, Adena, and Hopewell cultures are substantially autonomous and continu­ the return of objects could occur if those especially vulnerable. Archaeological col­ ous tribal existence throughout history objects are "...indispensable for comple­ lections, both artifacts and skeletal mater­ until the present. Groups... formed in re­ tion of a specific scientific study, the ial, continue to reveal significant secrets cent times generally do not qualify, nor outcome of which would be of major of the past as new analytical methods are do splinter groups, political factions, benefit to the United States." applied to them. For example, scientists communities, or entities of any character Section 8 of NAGPRA creates a have recently developed methods for ex­ which separate from the main body of an seven-person Review Committee con­ tracting DNA from skeletal material to Indian Tribe...." (Federal Register May 28, sisting of three Native Americans, three study the genetic relationships among 1993: 31125). Currently the federally rec­ representatives of the museum field, and people in the past and between prehis­ ognized Shawnee, Delaware, Miami, and a seventh member nominated by the first toric and historic populations. Such Wyandot tribes are located in Oklahoma. six. Among other things, the law requires knowledge would have been inconceiv-

40 able to William C. Mills or Henry stratum of a Paleoindian site in Montana tration for giving away to a particular Shetrone. If the human remains which (Bonnichsen and Schneider 1995). Using group items that were donated to a pub­ those archaeologists excavated from the recovery methods developed after the lic institution for the public good. classic Adena and Hopewell sites had initial discovery, the archaeologists be­ Currently, Ohio museums are organiz­ been reburied when they were excavated gan finding hair at many different sites in ing their inventories. The National Park 70 years ago, we could never obtain that several states. Since people shed large Service has distributed the Draft Recom­ information. quantities of hair daily, it should occur at mendations on the Disposition of Likewise, a wide range of analysis al­ most (all?) archaeological sites, making Culturally Unidentifiable Human Remains low us to identify the raw material from this new recovery technique even more and Associated Funerary Objects; com­ which individual artifacts are made and important as a source of genetic informa­ ments on that document should be sent to trace them to their original sources. tion about past cultures. However, stud­ to the NPS by September 30, 1995. Through such studies, archaeologists ies of the material from the Paleoindian Readers can obtain copies of that docu­ and the public at large gain a greater site have been halted because of claims ment, as well as copies of public law understanding of prehistoric cultures made by several Indian groups that the 101-601 and the general compliance reg­ and a heightened appreciation of their hair constitutes human remains subject ulations (46 CFR Part 10 published in the accomplishments. Some of the finest to repatriation under NAGPRA. Federal Register, Friday, May 28, 1993) artistic achievements of precolumbian Like many laws, NAGPRA will gener­ by writing to the Departmental Con­ societies occur on objects that accom­ ate litigation in the courts, for example sulting Archaeologist, Archaeological panied burials—funerary objects. Will when more than one Indian group claims Assistance Division, National Park future generations of Ohioans be forced specific items or in disputes regarding Service, Box 37127, Washington, DC to see these items only as photographs cultural affiliation with groups living in 20013-7127, or by contacting their in aging books? the distant past. There may also be Congressional representatives. In spite of the fact that all the NAGPRA other legal actions focusing on the man­ procedures have not been worked out, agement decisions of the museums in­ the existence of the law has already had volved in repatriation. Regardless of any REFERENCES CITED a chilling effect on archaeological re­ safeguards in the law, it is conceivable that donors (or private citizens) could Bonnichsen, Robson and Alan L. Schneider search. Recently, archaeologists discov­ 1995 Roots. The Sciences, 35 (3): 26-31 . New York ered human hair in a 11,200-year-old bring suit against a museum's adminis­ Academy of Sciences, New York, New York.

41 BIFACIAL BLADE CORES by Leland W. Patterson 418Wycliffe Houston, Texas 77079

INTRODUCTION son, there are several sites in Southeast 1975:Figure 3). All projectile points from Industries for the manufacture of small Texas which each have several hundred this site are from the Archaic time period prismatic blades by prehistoric Indians small prismatic blades, generally with and no pottery is present. It is likely that are known from a number of locations in blades being about 3 to 5 percent of total the two blade cores from this site predate North America. Some examples are: flakes (Patterson 1995). Most of the both Adena and Hopewell cultures, with Colorado (Irwin-Williams and Irwin flakes from these sites are bifacial thin­ blade technology here possibly dated to 1966:55), Illinois Hopewell (White ning flakes for dart point manufacture. the Late Archaic period. Both faces of the 1963:18), Ohio Hopewell (Converse The hallmark of a true prismatic blade ovoid shaped bifacial blade core from the 1994:122), Poverty Point culture (Webb industry is the polyhedral core, having Davidson site are shown in Figures 2 and and Gibson 1981), Southeast Texas parallel flake scars from the production of 3. It may be seen in Figure 2 that there are (Patterson 1973,1908), Florida (Purdy blades. Blade cores can have a variety of parallel flake scars on one face. A platform 1981:45), and New York (Ritchie 1962). I shapes, such as tabular, conical, semi- area is clearly seen on the other face in have noted (Patterson 1994) that indus­ conical, cylindrical, and semi-cylindrical. Figure 3. The striking platform angle is 50 tries to manufacture small prismatic For example, the common form of Ohio degrees. In comparison, I have four Ohio blades are widespread in the eastern U.S. Hopewell blade cores is semi-cylindrical Hopewell semi-conical blade cores with These industries seem to represent a (Converse 1994:122). Ovoid or discoidal platform angles of 40 to 60 degrees. technology that is widely diffused, rather shaped bifacial blade cores will be dis­ The two faces of an ovoid shaped bifa­ than a series of independent inventions. cussed below. cial blade core from site 41HR184 in Starting in the Late Archaic time period, Another characteristic of a true prismatic Harris County, Texas (Patterson 1995) are about 4,000 years ago, technologies to blade industry is that flake width distribu­ shown in Figures 4 and 5. On the core produce small prismatic blades probably tions tend to be bell-shaped curves face shown in Figure 4, there are three have a more widespread geographic distri­ (Anderson 1970:Figure 36; Sollberger and sets of parallel flake scars, where three bution than is generally recognized. There Patterson 1976: Figure 5; White 1963:Table different areas on the opposite face have can be a problem of identification of a pris­ 1). A typical bell-shaped blade width distri­ been used as striking platforms. There are matic blade industry at an archeological bution curve for site 41HR184 in Harris two sets of parallel flake scars shown on site if the analyst is not familiar with or is County, Texas (Patterson 1995) is shown the opposite face in Figure 5. Other blade not looking for prismatic blade technolo­ in Figure 1. This curve shape reflects the cores from this site are semi-cylindrical. gies. This article discusses the identifica­ desire of the knapper to produce a limited Temporal placement of blade cores from tion of prismatic blade industries, espe­ range of desired blade sizes. Paleo-lndian site 41HR184 is not possible due to this cially one special type of bifacial blade core prismatic blades tend to be over 20 mm in being a mixed surface collection. that might easily be overlooked as having width (Sollberger and Patterson 1976:529; However, excavated site 41HR315 in this been used to produce prismatic blades. Parry 1994:Table 1; Converse 1994:14). same county of Southeast Texas has Later technologies in North America to small prismatic blades starting about IDENTIFICATION OF PRISMATIC produce small blades tend to have blade 4000 years ago and continuing through BLADE INDUSTRIES widths between 9 mm and 15 mm, with the Late Prehistoric period up to about A prismatic blade is a special type of few specimens over 20 mm wide (Parry A.D. 1500 (Patterson 1980). lithic flake. A prismatic blade is usually de­ 1994:Table 1; Sollberger and Patterson fined as a flake with a length at least twice 1976: Figure 5; Webb and Gibson 1981:89). SUMMARY the width, having parallel lateral edges, and This article has discussed the identifica­ at least one ridge on the dorsal surface BIFACIAL BLADE CORES tion of prismatic blade industries, including parallel to the lateral edges (Sollberger and Ovoid or discoidal shaped bifacial comments on one specific type of blade Patterson 1976:518). Because a few pris­ blade cores can be easily overlooked as core that has the shape of an ovoid or dis­ matic blades may be produced fortuitously simply being bifacial tools. Aside from coidal biface. Technologies for the manu­ during various flintknapping activities, it is having parallel flake scars, bifacial blade facture of small prismatic blades have important to identify a true prismatic blade cores have distinguishable striking plat­ widespread geographic distribution in the industry where blades have been pur­ form areas not usually present on gener­ eastern U.S. starting about 4000 years posely manufactured. alized bifaces. Most bifaces that are not ago, and even earlier in the western U.S. Prismatic blades can be overlooked blade cores have rather uniform edge an­ The occurrence of small prismatic blades when mixed with large amounts of bifa­ gles on all edge areas. In contrast, a bifa­ is well known in some complex cultures cial reduction debitage, as is common on cial blade core has striking platform ar­ such as Poverty Point in Louisiana and sites in southern North America. There eas with edge angles steeper than Mississippi, and Hopewell in Ohio and will usually be a significant number of adjacent edge areas. White (1968:Figure Illinois. Use of prismatic blade technolo­ blades in collections from archeological 6) has illustrated an Illinois Hopewell dis­ gies by these complex cultures probably sites where blades were being purpose­ coidal bifacial blade core with four oppo­ represents an elaboration of existing back­ fully made. In the experimental manufac­ site and alternate platforms. On this ground technology (Patterson 1994) rather ture of bifacial dart point preforms, I specimen, there are two platforms on than independent invention by each cul­ commonly produce 1 or 2 prismatic each face. ture as proposed by Parry (1994). It is im­ blades during the manufacture of about 5 A bifacial blade core has been previ­ portant for analysts to be alert to the pos­ bifaces. Since several hundred bifacial ously published for the Davidson site sibility of technologies for the manufacture thinning flakes are also produced, fortu­ (33NOI) in Noble County, Ohio (Patterson of small prismatic blades in a variety of itous blade production in this case is well 1975:Figures 3,4). Another blade core contexts in the eastern U.S., starting with under 1 % of total flakes. As a compari­ from this site is semi-cylindrical (Patterson the Late Archaic period.

42 REFERENCES CITED Anderson, D.D. 1970 Akmak. Acta Arctica Fasc. 16, Copenhagen Converse, R.N. 1994 Ohio Flint Types. Archeological Society of Ohio Irwin-Williams, C, and H.J. Irwin 1966 Excavations at Magic Mountain. Denver Museum of Natural History, Proceedings No. 12 Odell, G.H. 1994 The Role of Stone Bladlets in Middle Woodland Society. American Antiquity 59(1):102-120 Parry, W.J. 1994 Prismatic Blade Technologies in North America. in P.J. Carr (ed.), The Organization of North American Prehistoric Chipped Stone Tech­ nologies, International Monographs in Prehistory, Archaeological Series No. 7. Ann Arbor Patterson, L.W. 1973 Some Texas Blade Technology. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 44:89-111 1975 The Davidson Site, Noble County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 25(3):12-14 1980 The Owen Site, 41HR315: A Long Occupation Sequence in Harris County, Texas. Houston Archeological Society, Report No. 3 1994 Diffusion of Technologies in the Southeastern Archaic. The Chesopiean 32(1-2):1-13 1995 Prismatic Blades and Unifacial Arrow Points at 41HR184. Houston Archeological Society Journal, in press Purdy, B.A. 1981 Florida's Prehistoric Stone Technology. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville Figure 1 (Patterson) Typical Blade Width Distribution Curve Shape Ritchie, W.A. 1962 Northeastern Crossties with the Arctic. Arctic Institute of North America, Technical Paper 11:96-99 Sollberger, J.B., and L.W. Patterson 1976 Prismatic Blade Replication. American Antiquity 41 (4):517-534 Webb, C.H., and J.L. Gibson 1981 Studies of the Microflint Industry at Poverty Point Site. Geoscience and Man 22:85-101 White, A.M. 1963 Analytic Description of the Chipped-Stone Industry from Snyders Site, Calhoun County, Illinois, in A.M. White, L.R. Binford and M.L. Papworth (eds.), Miscellaneous Studies in Typology and Classification, Anthropological Papers No. 19, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan 1968 The Lithic Industries of the Illinois Valley in the Early and Middle Woodland Period. Anthropological Papers No. 35, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan

Figure 2 (Patterson) Bifacial Blade Core from Davidson Site, side 1

0 1 a 1 4 • • 7cr I «—I i I—i I > I I I ,t I i I

0 1 2 3 4 S • 7 CM L_J 1 1 1 I i 1 1 1 Figure 4 (Patterson) Bifacial Blade Core from Figure 5 (Patterson) Bifacial Blade Core from 41HR184, side 1 41HR184, side 2

Figure 3 (Patterson) Bifacial Blade Core from Davidson Site, side 2

43 USES OF SMALL PRISMATIC BLADES IN NORTH AMERICA by Leland W. Patterson 418Wycliffe Houston, Texas 77079

INTRODUCTION for the bow and arrow. The bow and ar­ have noted that blades are more common The significance of prismatic blade row was being used by about 8,000- throughout the southeastern U.S. than is technology in various cultures can only be 7,000 B.C. in Alaska (Richards 1995:19) in generally recognized. determined if uses for prismatic blades association with microblades as arrow Other examples of small blades from are studied (Patterson 1987, Yerkes point components. Microblade technol­ the Late Archaic/Early Ceramic period of 1990). This paper considers the functional ogy is then found farther south at pro­ roughly 4000-2000 years ago are from uses of small prismatic blades (bladelets) gressively later dates (Patterson Central Texas (Patterson 1976), Ohio by various cultures in the U.S. east of the 1973:Figure 6, Hester 1976:Figure 13-5). (Patterson 1975), New York (Ritchie Rocky Mountains. Technology for the Microblades occur on the interior plateau 1962), and Florida (Purdy 1981:45). production of small blades is widespread of British Columbia by 5500 B.C. (Sanger In the Late Prehistoric period, some ex­ in both time and space in prehistoric 1970:108). Small blades then occur by amples of small blades are found in the North America. Various studies have indi­ 3500 B.C. at the Magic Mountain site in Early Mississippian period of A.D. 700- cated a number of uses for small blades, Colorado, about 10 miles west of Denver 1000 in Arkansas and Illinois (Morse and ranging from common domestic tasks to (Irwin-Williams and Irwin 1966). Later, Morse 1983:222), in Florida (Morse and craft specialization. It is concluded here, small blades start in the Middle Archaic Tesar 1974), and in Alabama (Ensor however, that the introduction and wide­ (3000-1500 B.C.) in Southeast Texas 1981:235). In the Late Woodland of spread distribution of small prismatic (Patterson 1980). southeastern Ohio, small blades occur at blades is originally associated with early about A.D. 1000 (Prufer 1975). Other ex­ use of the bow and arrow. Bladelets were TEMPORAL AND SPACIAL amples of late occurrences of small then also used for a variety of other tasks. DISTRIBUTIONS OF SMALL BLADES blades have been given above for A prismatic blade is usually defined as a As mentioned in the Introduction, this Southeast Texas, Southeast Oklahoma, lithic flake with parallel lateral edges, hav­ paper is mainly concerned with the distrib­ Southwest Arkansas, and Colorado. ing at least one ridge on the dorsal face, ution and uses of small blades in the U.S. As previously noted (Patterson 1994a), and with a length at least twice the width east of the Rocky Mountains. As noted technology to produce small prismatic (Sollberger and Patterson 1976). Small above, small blades at the Magic blades was introduced into much of the prismatic blades have average widths well Mountain site in Colorado start at about eastern U.S. during the Late Archaic and under 20 mm, and usually few examples 3500 B.C., and then continue until about remained as basic technology for long with widths over 20 mm.Yerkes (1994:111) A.D. 1000. In Southeast Texas, small time periods at many locations. As a con­ has proposed that blades under 12 mm in blades start at about 2000 B.C. and con­ trasting view, Parry (1994) has suggested width be called "bladelets" and all blades tinue until about A.D. 1500 (Patterson that small blade technology was indepen­ with greater widths simply be called 1980). Some typical small blades and dently reinvented just three times in the "blades". This is an artificial construct. In blade cores from Southeast Texas are eastern U.S., for the Poverty Point cul­ any prismatic blade industry a range of shown in Figure 1. The manufacture of ture, the Hopewell, and the Mississippian blade widths will be produced, generally small blades seems to be widely distrib­ culture of the Cahokia tradition. Parry has with width distribution forming a bell- uted in Texas (Patterson 1974) but poorly selected only examples where blade pro­ shaped curve (Sollberger and Patterson identified in many regions of the state. duction was highly elaborated. He has 1976:Figure 5; Greber et al. 1981:Figure Aside from Southeast Texas, the use of overlooked many examples given here. 4). Ohio Hopewell blades typically have small blades is best known on the central Also, it is likely that small blades are over­ widths of 5-20 mm, with an average width Texas coast in the Late Prehistoric period looked at many hunter-gatherer sites be­ near 12 mm (Greber et al. 1981:Table 4). (Hester and Shafer 1975). In Southeast cause of lack of detailed analysis of lithic Blades in Southeast Texas have widths of Oklahoma and Southwest Arkansas, Bell flake collections. 5-18 mm, with an average width near 11 (1980:108) notes that small blades occur mm (Patterson n.d.:Figures 1,2). The width in all phases of the Fourche Maline culture USE OF SMALL BLADES distribution of Illinois Hopewell bladelets is from about 800 B.C. to A.D. 800 (Jeter FOR ARROW POINTS somewhat unusual because of blade and Williams 1989:107). In the Poverty Patterson (1973, 1982, 1992) has pro­ widths over 20 mm. This is still an industry Point culture of Louisiana and Mississippi, posed that diffusion of small blade tech­ to produce small blades, however. At the small blades were produced from 1700- nology from the far north was part of the Snyders site in Illinois (White 1963), the 500 B.C. (Webb and Gibson 1981). Small diffusion of the bow and arrow. Odell range of blade widths is 5-30 mm, with an blade production continued in this area af­ (1988), Patterson (1992), and Gibson average width of 16.97 mm, and 82% of ter Poverty Point in the Tchefuncte culture (1976) have proposed that the bow and blades with widths under 20 mm (Greber of 500-100 B.C. (Byrd 1989:9, Jeter and arrow was in use in the Late Archaic pe­ et al. 1981 Table 8). Prismatic blades at Williams 1989:125), and then in the riod, much earlier than generally recog­ the Poverty Point site in Louisiana have Marksville/Hopewellian culture of 100 B.C. nized, in Illinois, Texas, and Louisiana, re­ typical widths of 10-20 mm (Webb and to A.D. 400 (Jeter and Williams 1989:127). spectively. It is usually assumed that the Gibson 1981:89). Small blades that are attributable to the bow and arrow started in the Late Hopewell Interaction Sphere are also Woodland period in the eastern U.S. at found in Illinois (White 1963), Ohio (Greber INTRODUCTION OF SMALL BLADES about A.D. 500 (equivalent to the Late et al. 1981), Missouri (Reid 1976), TO NORTH AMERICA Prehistoric in Texas), using standardized Tennessee (Chapman 1973:93), and west­ Small blade technology seems to have bifacial arrow point types. Gibson (1976) ern North Carolina (Keel 1976:136). Morse has proposed that some Jaketown perfo­ been introduced into the North American and Tesar (1974:94) and Keel (1976:140) arctic from Asia as part of the technology rators, made on blades, were used as ar-

44 row points in the Poverty Point culture out having purposeful edge retouch. At as bladelets were used for domestic tasks (1700-500 B.C.). Odell (1988) has pro­ the Magic Mountain site in Colorado, (cutting, scraping, etc.), it is not certain posed that minimally retouched flakes small blades were used as scrapers and that bladelets had special ritual signifi­ were used as arrow points in the midwest perhaps as perforators (Irwin-Williams and cance. Odell (1995:108) notes that the rel­ as early as 2000 B.C., based on impact Irwin 1966:Figure 42). Odell (1994:105) ative abundance of flakes and blades damage studies. Odell (1994) has shown has shown by edge wear that bladelets made from exotic raw materials, particu­ by impact damage studies that small pris­ were used by the Illinois Hopewell as larly obsidian, at the Napolean Hollow site matic blades of the Illinois Hopewell were gravers, perforators, scrapers, cutting in Illinois may signify high-status individu­ used as projectile points, of a size and tools, and planing tools, as well as for als. When blades made of exotic materi­ shape best suited for arrow points. projectile points. In domestic situations, als are used as grave goods, the material The earliest example of use of small small blades were used by the Illinois type might be more important than the ar­ blades as arrow points in the U.S. east of Hopewell for the same range of tasks as tifact form. Much research remains to the Rocky Mountains is at the Magic ordinary flakes (Odell 1994:117). clarify the relationship of Hopewell blades Mountain site in Colorado. Small points Microwear studies by Yerkes (1990, to mortuary practices. made on blades have been identified by 1994) have shown that bladelets were Irwin-Williams and Irwin (1966:Figure 42) used by the Ohio Hopewell for a number HOPEWELL TRADE as perforators. The shape and size of this of domestic tasks, in the same manner Bladelets were used as trade items by artifact type would be more suitable for that ordinary flakes were used (Yerkes both the Illinois and Ohio Hopewell. arrow point use, especially because the 1994:118). Most bladelets seem to have Illinois Hopewell blades were traded to lateral edges from the pointed tip expand functioned as expedient tools. Types of Missouri (Reid 1976) and Arkansas more than for typical perforators. tasks included cutting, scraping, whittling, (Morse and Morse 1983:169). Ohio Patterson (1973, 1980, 1982, 1992) has perforation, and engraving. Hopewell blades of Flint Ridge materials proposed that marginally retouched In Southeast Texas, small blades were have been found at Garden Creek Mound flakes and blades were used as arrow used as gravers, scrapers, perforators, and No. 2 in western North Carolina (Keel points as early as 2000 B.C. in Southeast cutting tools, based on low-power magnifi­ 1976: Plate 23), and the Icehouse Bottom Texas, based on a large number of speci­ cation edge wear studies (Patterson n.d.). site in eastern Tennessee (Chapman mens. Some of these specimens have im­ Cutting and scraping edge wear patterns 1973:93). There is a basic question as to pact damage and two specimens have are of the types described by Tringham et why bladelets that were expedient tools remaining asphalt as evidence of hafting al. (1974). Blades from Southeast Texas at Ohio sites became valued trade items. (Patterson 1994b). Some small blades used as scrapers are shown in Figures 4 Perhaps the exotic nature of the material from site 41HR184 in Harris County, and 5, and blades retouched as gravers rather than the artifact form gave status Texas have burination and/or flake scars are shown in Figure 6. All blades in to individuals receiving this type of item. from impact that indicate that the speci­ Southeast Texas have been found at sites Another explanation is that small blades mens were used as arrow points with long occupation sequences that are are particularly suitable for manufacture (Patterson n.d.). Some small blades re­ typical in this region of repeated site use of arrow points. Unifacial points made on touched as points from this site are by nomadic hunter-gatherers. bladelets were the principal arrow point shown in Figure 2, and some specimens At the Poverty Point site in northern type used in the Eurasian Mesolithic pe­ with impact flake scars on distal ends are Louisiana, small blades and ordinary riod. If the bow and arrow was being used shown in Figure 3. Impact flake scars on flakes were used for the same variety of by the Hopewell, long-distance trade of proximal ends of blades are not diagnos­ tool types (Webb and Gibson 1981:96). At bladelets could be equivalent to trade in tic of projectile point use, because flake this specific site, the Jaketown perforator projectile points. scars at this location can occur from was the dominant tool type, made on force applied for original flake removal both blades and ordinary flakes. A brief CRAFT SPECIALIZATION from a core. microwear study by Yerkes (1994:111) Parry (1994) has related small blades to Many of the so-called blunt perforators suggests that Jaketown perforators were possible craft specialization. Of all of the from the Late Archaic West Bay site in used as general purpose drills, rather than widespread occurrences of bladelets Florida would be suitable for arrow point as tools for special tasks. Specimens (9) given above, however, there are only two use (Watson 1974:Figure 4). in this limited sample had been used to examples of possible craft specialization. As previously noted (Patterson 1992), drill wood, bone, stone, and bone/antler The Cahokia Mississippian tradition blade early use of the bow and arrow could be materials. Blades at this site were also industry of Illinois and eastern Arkansas an important factor in the rapid popula­ used as scrapers, gravers, and denticu- seems to have existed mainly for the pro­ tion increase from 800 B.C. to A.D. 800 lates (sawing), based on retouch patterns duction of perforators to drill holes in shell (Wenke 1990:565), as the bow and arrow (Webb and Gibson 1981). beads (Morse and Morse 1983:222). would have increased hunting efficiency Other examples of bladelets made into to make a significant economic contribu­ HOPEWELL MORTUARY perforators farther to the southeast in the tion (Wenke 1990:568). Use of the bow USES OF SMALL BLADES Mississippian tradition may also have and arrow would have been especially Hopewell bladelets have been identified been used for making beads, such as in important to more complex cultures, such as grave goods (Prufer 1965:32, Odell Alabama (Ensor 1981) and Florida (Morse as Poverty Point and Hopewell, where 1994:117), and perhaps as related to and Tesar 1974). It can be noted, how­ monumental earthworks were con­ mortuary ceremonies (Odell 1994). ever, that bladelets from about this same structed without much subsistence based However, the exact purposes of bladelets time period in southern Ohio (Prufer on agriculture. in mortuary context are not certain. 1975), Southeast Texas (Patterson 1980), Bladelets used as grave goods may rep­ and Southeast Oklahoma/Southwest DOMESTIC USES OF SMALL BLADES resent personal belongings from everyday Arkansas (Bell 1980) do not seem to be There are several examples in various life or denote the status of the deceased related to craft specialization. locations and time periods where small (Yerkes 1994:113). Bladelets also appear The large number of Jaketown perfora­ prismatic blades were used for everyday to relate to the manufacture of grave tors made from bladelets at the Poverty tasks, such as for perforators, gravers, goods (Odell 1994:117). Because Point site in Louisiana (Webb and Gibson scrapers, and cutting tools. Small blades bladelets used to manufacture grave 1981), and the Jaketown site in were often used as expedient tools with­ goods were used for the same functions Mississippi (Ford et al. 1955) of the

45 Poverty Point culture may indicate some two major problems with this type of 1976 Blade Technology in the Texas Archaic, in T.R. Hester (ed.), The Texas Archaic, Center for type of craft specialization. As noted study. One problem is that few blade use Archaeological Research, University of Texas at above, however, the microwear study by studies have been made so far. The other San Antonio, Special Report No. 2, pp. 14-22 Yerkes (1994:111) indicates that the problem is that the total geographic distri­ 1980 The Owen Site, 41HR315: A Long Occupation Sequence in Harris County, Texas. Houston Jaketown perforator may have had a gen­ bution of small blades is not well known, Archeological Society, Report No. 3 eral purpose rather than a specialized because detailed studies of lithic flake 1982 Initial Development of the Bow and Arrow in the use. Many sites of the Poverty Point cul­ collections are not made for many arche­ Southern United States. La Tierra 9(2):18-26, Southern Texas Archaeological Association ological site reports. As an additional ture, such as Paxton Brake (Johnson 1987 Comments on Prismatic Blade Technologies. 1991:183), have bladelets but few perfo­ problem, the literature on this subject is Ohio Archaeologist 37(3):20-22 rators to indicate any craft specialization. diffused and difficult to follow. 1992 Current Data on Early Use of the Bow and Arrow There are also non-Poverty Point sites of in Southern North America. La Tierra 19(4):6-15, Southern Texas Archaeological Association the same time period in Mississippi that REFERENCES CITED 1994a Diffusion of Technologies in the Southeastern have blades (Johnson 1991:184) which Bell, R.E. Archaic. The Chesopiean 32(1-2):1-13 1980 Fourche Maline: An Archaeological Mani­ cannot be related to craft specialization 1994b Identification of Unifacial Arrow Points. Houston festation in Eastern Oklahoma. Louisiana Archeological Society Journal 108, in press n.d. In summary, the Mississippian culture Archaeology 6:83-125 Prismatic Blades and Unifacial Arrow Points from seems to have the only clearly defined use Byrd, K.M. 41HR184. submitted to Houston Archeological of blades for craft specialization. Jaketown 1989 Tchefuncte Subsistence Practices at the Society Journal Morton Shell Mound, Iberia Parish, Louisiana. perforators at the Late Archaic Poverty Parry, W.J. Louisiana Archaeology 16:1 -128 1994 Prismatic Blade Technologies in North America, Point and Jaketown sites could be related Chapman, J. in P.J. Carr (ed.), The Organization of North to craft specialization, particularly because 1973 The Icehouse Hollow Site, 40MR23. Report of American Prehistoric Chipped Stone Tool Technologies, International Monographs in there are other indications of craft special­ Investigations No. 13, Department of Anthro­ pology, University of Tennessee Prehistory, Archaeological Series No. 7, pp. 87- ization at the Poverty Point site. Ensor, H.B. 98, Ann Arbor 1981 Gainesville Lake Area Lithics: Chronology, Prufer, O.H. Technology and Use. Archaeological Investi­ 1965 The McGraw Site: A Study in Hopewellian CONCLUSIONS gations in the Gainesville Lake Area of the Dynamics. Scientific Publications of the Cleve­ This paper has shown the widespread Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, Report of land Museum of Natural History 4(1) temporal and geographic distributions of Investigations No. 13, Office of Archaeological 1975 Chesser Cave, in O.H. Prufer and D.H. Research, University of Alabama Mckenzie (eds.), Studies in Ohio Archaeoloqy, small prismatic blades in the U.S. east of Ford, J.A., P. Phillips, and W.G. Haag Revised Edition, Kent State University Press, the Rocky Mountains. The technology for 1955 The Jaketown Site in West-Central Mississippi. pp. 1-62 the manufacture of small blades appears to Anthropological Papers 45(1), American Purdy, B.A. Museum of Natural History, New York 1981 Florida's Prehistoric Stone Technology. have diffused from the far north as part of Gibson, J.L. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville the technology for the bow and arrow. After 1976 Lacandon Arrowheads and Jaketown Perforators: Reid, K.C. establishment of bladelet production in the A Possible Historical-Functional Analogue. 1976 Prehistoric Trade in the Lower Missouri River Late Archaic, manufacture of small blades Louisiana Archaeology 3:207-215 Valley: An Analysis of Middle Woodland Greber, N., R.S. Davis, and A.S. DuFresne Bladelets. in A.E. Johnson (ed.), Hopewellian continued for long time periods at several 1981 The Micro Component of Ohio Hopewell Lithic Archaeology in the Lower Missouri Valley, locations. It would appear that technology Technology: Bladelets. Annals of the New York University of Kansas, Publications in Anthropology 8 for small blades remained as background Academy of Sciences 376:489-528 technology throughout much of the eastern Hester, J.J. Richards, R.W. 1976 Introduction to Archaeology. Holt, Rinehart and 1995 A Window on the Ice Age Environment. and midwestern U.S from the Late Archaic Mammoth Trumpet 10(2):18-20 Winston, New York (sometime before 2000 B.C.) through the Ritchie, W.A. Hester, T.R., and H.J. Shafer Middle Woodland until A.D. 400, and later 1962 Northeastern Crossties with the Arctic. Arctic 1975 An Initial Study of Blade Technology on the Institute of North America, Technical Paper in some locations. During this long time pe­ Central and Southern Texas Coast. Plains 11:96-99 riod, bladelet production reached a high Anthropologist 20(69):175-185 Irwin-Williams, C, and H.J. Irwin Sanger, D. degree of elaboration in the Poverty Point 1966 Excavations at Magic Mountain. Proceedings 1970 Mid-Latitude Core and Blade Traditions. Arctic and Hopewell cultures. No. 12, Denver Museum of Natural History Anthropology 7(2):106-114 Jeter, M.D., and G.I. Williams, Jr. Sollberger, J.B., and L.W. Patterson There is a basic question as to why a 1989 Ceramic-Using Cultures, 600 B.C.-A.D. 700. in 1976 Prismatic Blade Replication. American Antiquity specialized technology was used to make M.D. Jeter, J.C. Rose, G.I. Williams and A.M. 41 (4):517-531 bladelets that were used as expedient Harmon, Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Tringham, R., G. Cooper, G. Odell, B. Voytek, Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi and A. Whitman tools in the same manner as ordinary South in Arkansas and Louisiana. Arkansas 1974 Experimentation in the Formation of Edge Archeological Survey Research Series No. 37 flakes. The production of bladelets does Damage: A New Approach to Lithic Analysis. not seem to be related to scarcity of raw Johnson, J.K. Journal of Field Archaeology 1(1-2):171-196 1991 Lithic Technology and Cultural Complexity in materials, where blade production can Watson, T.C. the Poverty Point Period. Geoscience and Man 1974 The Microlithic West Bay Site, Florida. The maximize the amount of cutting edges 29:181-186 Florida Anthropologist 27(3):107-118 produced (Yerkes 1994:124). It is pro­ Keel, B.C. Webb, C.H., and J.L. Gibson posed that small blades were used as ex­ 1976 Cherokee Archaeology. University of Tennessee 1981 Studies of the Microflint Industry at Poverty pedient tools when blades were also be­ Press, Knoxsville Point Site. Geoscience and Man 22:85-101 Morse, D.F., and P.A. Morse Wenke, R.J. ing used to make arrow points. In this 1983 Archaeology of the Central Mississippi Valley. 1990 Patterns in Prehistory. Oxford University Press situation, the best blade specimens were Academic Press White, A.M. selected for use as arrow points, and Morse, D.F., and L.D. Tesar 1963 Analytic Description of the Chipped-Stone other blades produced were used as ex­ 1974 A Microlithic Tool Assemblage from a North­ Industry from Snyders Site, Calhoun County, west Florida Site. The Florida Anthropologist Illinois. In A.M. White, L.R. Binford, and M.L. pedient tools. The early use of the bow 27(3):89-106 Papworth (eds.), Miscellaneous Studies in and arrow may be the raison d'etre for Odell, G.H. Typology and Classification, Anthropological Papers No. 19, Museum of Anthropology, production of small blades before the 1988 Addressing Prehistoric Hunting Practices Through Stone Tool Analysis. American University of Michigan Late Woodland period when the use of bi­ Anthropologist 90:335-355 Yerkes, R.W. facial arrow points became generalized. It 1994 The Role of Stone Bladelets in Middle Woodland 1990 Using Microwear Analysis to Investigate Domestic Activities and Craft Specialization at should be noted that unifacial arrow Society. American Antiquity 59(1):102-120 the Murphy Site, A Small Hopewell Settlement points can be made on flakes as well as Patterson, L.W. in Licking County, Ohio, in The Interpretive blades, so that not every site in a region 1973 Some Texas Blade Technology. Bulletin of the Possibilities of Microwear Studies, B. Graslund, Texas Archeological Society 44:89-111 H.Knutsson, K. Knutsson and J. Taffinder would have bladelets. 1974 Prismatic Blade Distribution in Texas. La Tierra (eds.), Societa Archeologica Upsaliensis, pp. The uses of small prismatic blades is 1(1):9-14, Southern Texas Archaeological 167-176 Association an ongoing subject of research. There are 1994 A Consideration of the Function of Ohio Hopewell 1975 The Davidson Site, Noble County, Ohio. Ohio Bladelets. Lithic Technology 19(2):109-127 Archaeologist 25(3):12-14

46 imiitiiniimmii

Figure 2 (Patterson) Blades Retouched as Arrow Points

0 12 3 4 5 6 7cm I I , I . I . I . I

Figure 1 (Patterson) Typical Bladelets and Cores form Southeast Texas

H|tHi|HI!|im|l!H|UfTjllHj..

Figure 3 (Patterson) Impact Fractures on Blades

Figure 4 (Patterson) Blades Utilized as End Scrapers

11(1 If Mf I f M({ 11M WWif I 1

Figure 6 (Patterson) Blades Retouched as Gravers

Figure 5 (Patterson) Blades Utilized as Side Scrapers

47 AN ENGRAVED PIPE FROM THE SOUTH PARK SITE by Bob Burns 8415 Upton San Antonio, Texas 78250

The pipe was found in two equal parts on the South Park Site, Independence Township, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, during the month of August, 1980. The first half was found in a refuse pit by Joe Witzman of Barberton, Ohio and days later Andy Samosi of Maple Hts., Ohio, found the other half in a refuse pit 20 feet away. Castings were made of each pipe half and each collector received one. Both original pipe sections were never put together again. Andy Samosi died a few years later while collecting the South Park site and his collection has since been dispersed. The other half of this pipe is now in a well known collection. My good friend Joe Witzman passed away January of this year and the pipe portion owned by Joe Witzman is now in my South Park collec­ tion. I hope this pipe will be whole one day.

Figure 1 ( Burns) The South Park engraved pipe: 1'A" ht, 1" square at bowl tapering along two sides to 'A". Trapezoidal shape, gray banded slate, engraved on all four sides rep­ resenting a winged serpent or shaman (Samosi half), a toothed ser­ pent, a rabbit and large billed bird (Witzman half). STOLEN PETROGLYPH A large petroglyph locally known as "The Panther Rock" has been reported stolen in Mason County, West Virginia. The large missing petroglyph weighs approximately 1200 pounds. If anyone has any information regarding the missing petroglyph shown at left, please contact Conservation Officer J. D. Sweeney, Route 1, Box 484, Point Pleasant, West Virginia, 25550; telephone number (304) 675- 0871; fax number (304) 675-0872.

48 TWO PENNSYLVANIA ARTIFACTS by John Eicholtz RD #1 Box 251 EllwoodCity, PA 16117

These artifacts were found together in Lawrence Co., Pa. when Keith Stevenson of Wampum, Pa. was expanding his gar­ den. One seems to be an undrilled pannel banner made of hematite, pecked to shape and grooved. It is 5" by 3" and very heavy. The groove in the center is highly polished. The spear point is 414" long and crudely made of limestone.

Figure 1 (Eicholtz) Two Pennsylvania Artifacts.

NECROLOGY

The Archaeological Society of Ohio lost ours would have difficulty functioning. Joe one of its best friends and most valued had collected artifacts for over fifty years, members when Joe Redick passed away and he and his brother-in-law, the late Dr. on June 7, 1995. Joe had been a lifelong Stanley Copeland, attended many meet­ member of our Society and had served ings and shows over the entire Midwest several terms as Trustee. His 13-year where they made many friends. term as Business Manager helped the Joe Redick was one of our "old timers" Society through a difficult period. This and he will be sadly missed. He was a per­ quiet, friendly, unassuming man did his sonal friend of over 40 years. We extend job without fanfare - but it was always, our heartfelt sympathy to Mildred, his wife unfailingly, a job done efficiently, cor­ of 50 years, and to the rest of his family. rectly, and on time. Without quality peo­ ple like Joe Redick, organizations such as Robert N. Converse

49 Pre-Publication Discount The Ohio Archaeological Council announces the publication of A VIEW FROM THE CORE A SYNTHESIS OF OHIO HOPEWELL ARCHAEOLOGY

Proceedings of The Ohio Archaeological Council, Inc. conference on recent research into Ohio Hopewell archaeology, held in the Hopewell heartland of Chillicothe, Ohio on November 19-20, 1993. Edited by Dr. Paul J. Pacheco, A View From the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology is the second in a series of Ohio Archaeological Council conference publications on recent archaeological research into Ohio area prehistory. This 400-plus page illustrated, smyth sewn, paper-bound volume includes the following articles in three sections - the core (settlement, social organi­ zation, symbolism, and mound building), the periphery, and commentary:

James B. Griffin - The Hopewell Housing Shortage in Ohio, A.D. 1-350 Paul J. Pacheco - Ohio Hopewell Regional Community and Settlement Patterns Dee Anne Wymer - The Ohio Hopewell Econiche: Human-Land Interaction in the Core Area Jack Blosser - The 1984 Excavation at 12D29s: A Middle Woodland Village in Southeastern Indiana Rebecca Hawkins - Revising the Ohio Middle Woodland Ceramic Typology: New Information from the Twin Mounds West Site Robert A. Genheimer - Bladelets Are Tools Too: The Predominance of Bladelets Among Formal Tools at Ohio Hopewell Sites Kent D. Vickery - Utilization of Flint Raw Materials in Ohio Hopewell C. Wesley Cowan - Social Implications of Ohio Hopewell Art N'omi Greber - Reviewing the Cultural Contexts of Large to Small Ohio Hopewell Deposits A. Martin Byers - Social Structure and the Pragmatic Meaning of Material Culture: Ohio Hopewell Ecclesiastical- Communal Cult William F. Romain - Ohio Hopewell Geometry: Forms at the Interface of Time and Eternity James A. Marshall - Towards a Definition of the Bounds of the Ohio Hopewell Core and Periphery Utilizing the Geometric Earthworks Bradley T. Lepper - The Newark Earthworks and the Geometric Enclosures of the Scioto Valley: Connections and Conjectures Robert V. Riordan - The Enclosed Hilltops of Southern Ohio Robert P. Connolly - Prehistoric Land Modification at the Fort Ancient Hilltop Enclosure - A Model of Formal and Accretive Development William H. Pickard - 1990 Excavations at Capitolium Mound (33WN13), Marietta, Washington County, Ohio J.M. Heilman and Lynn M. Mahoney - The Purdom Mound Complex: The Dayton Museum of Natural History's Excavation and a Synopsis of the Excavations of Adams and Bailey Mark F. Seeman - The Ohio Hopewell Core and its Many Margins: Deconstructing Upland and Hinterland Regions Jeff Carskadden and James Morton - The Middle Woodland-Late Woodland Tradition in the Central Muskingum Valley of Eastern Ohio: A View From the Philo Archaeological District Donald R. Cochran - The Adena-Hopewell Convergence in East Central Indiana Curtis H. Tomak and Frank N. Burkett - Decorated Leather Objects From the Mount Vernon Mound. A Hopewell Site in Posey County, Indiana Robert C. Mainfort, Jr. - Pinson Mounds and the Middle Woodland Period in the Midsouth and Lower Mississippi Valley [conference keynote address] William S. Dancey - Putting An End to Ohio Hopewell Olaf H. Prufer - Comments and Discussion: The Final Chapter on Ohio Hopewell

This pre-publication discount at $27.95 (shipping, handling, sales tax included) is good on orders postmarked on or before August 31,1995, pre-paid orders only. After that date A View From the Core will be $32.95. For this limited time both A View From the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology and the first volume in this series, The First Discovery of America: Archaeological Evidence of the Early Inhabitants of the Ohio Area, the proceedings of the Ohio Archaeological Council's conference on Paleoindian and Early Archaic cultures in the Ohio region, can be ordered for $44.95, saving $7.95 off the regular price of the first volume. To order either or both of these volumes complete and return the order form below. Make checks or money orders payable to The Ohio Archaeological Council, Inc. and remit with your order to the Treasurer, Ohio Archaeological Council, P.O. Box 82012, Columbus, OH 43202.

50 BOOK REVIEW PIERO AND ALBERTO ANGELA, THE EXTRAORDINARY STORY OF HUMAN ORIGINS New York: Prometheus Books, 1993, pp. 328, $29.95

"...footsteps trace a fine line between Chapter 4 through 6 deal with early art representing the Paleolithic two worlds: beyond them is the human Australopithecines, Homo habilis and through Neolithic time frames. The reader race, behind them the shadows of evolu­ Homo erectus, respectively. In chapter 4, is then lead to look at our future. The tion" (p.11). With this statement the au­ the Angelas cover the species afarensis, point is made that our species is being thors of The Extraordinary Story of Human africanus, boisei and robustus explaining molded not by competition by physical Origins inpart the reader on a captivating each species and their differences. reproduction, but instead for competition journey of human evolution. Piero and Chapter 5 introduces the reader to the for cultural reproduction. Technology is Alberto Angela begin their enticing narra­ "Lucy", a member of the most ancient quickly making natural selection an obso­ tive of the evolutionary process at the foot­ Australopithcine species, named afarensis. lete notion. With the mapping of the ge­ steps found in Laetoli, dated to 3.7 million Once the authors reach Homo habilis netic code quickly progressing, artificial years ago, and end the trek with a look at (chapter 5) each stage of human develop­ evolution is no longer limited to science the future of our evolution. Between these ment is approached by presenting an fiction. The authors provide the reader chapters we are guided through beautifully imaginary scenario of a day in the life of with these and other potential occur­ expressed narratives and meet many the hominid being reviewed. Backing up rences in the last chapter which is dedi­ highly regarded paleontologists who have these "imaginary" plots is evidence as in­ cated to a look at the future. contributed to, and constructed the cur­ terpreted by noted paleontologists such In addition to the regular text, several rent theories on, human evolution. In The as Donald Johanson and the Leakeys. helpful appendices provide more in depth Extraordinary Story of Human Origins Piero This format gives the reader an insight, information. Topics such as how fossils are and Alberto Angela have created an accu­ through fictitious passages followed by dated; what a tooth can tell a paleontolo­ rate and up-to-date account of human hard evidence, on the development of gist; pathology as disclosed in bone, in ad­ evolution that can be enjoyed and under­ such things as stone technology and set­ dition to stone technology are presented. stood by all readers. tlement subsistence patterns. The only areas lacking in this book are The first six chapters of the book intro­ In chapter 6 the authors again use the an extensive bibliography and an index. duce the reader to the basic methods and imaginary plot to take the reader on a Although the general reader may be con­ concepts of paleontology, and profile in hunt with Homo erectus. After this hunt tent without an extended bibliography, detail, the early hominids. Creative pre­ the reader is introduced to migration the­ the seriously interested reader will be dis­ sentations flesh out what could otherwise ories, environmental changes and an­ appointed. An index would also be bene- be tedious to the laypublic. A paleontolo­ cient Europeans. flcal for the reader to quickly locate a gist, and the scanty clues that he has to In addition to the descriptive coverage subject in a book covering so many topi­ work with, is compared to Sherlock of prehistoric hominids, sites, and finds, cal issues over such an enormoeus dura­ Holmes solving a crime, and the ge­ the Angelas' explore important topics per­ tion of time. nealogical tree of human evolution is ex­ taining to human evolution. Different, and Among the past and present best-sellers plained as a train line with each type of many times conflicting, theories are pre­ are the ever popular, and often romanti­ hominid representing a "stop". This for­ sented on subsistence methods, evolu­ cized, versions of prehistoric peoples mat is used to explore some of the most tionary trees vs. shrubs, the use of fire, roaming the earth. Too often these novels important and exciting sites to date language development and the possible are filled with incorrect assumptions and (Olduvai Gorge, Terra Armata, Lascaux, social patterns of hominids. Once again information about our ancestors. The etc.). Using intriguing analogies to explain the authors manage to give the reader sci­ Extraordinary Story of Human Origins how paleontologists approach artifacts, entific facts without confusing those with makes a wonderful substitution for these skeletal remains, and other remnants, the limited scientific background. The theories unfounded accounts of prehistoric activi­ authors proceed to carry the reader discussed are presented with fairness and ties. This book is interesting enough to through prehominids, the birth of bipeds, without prejudice. Each is recognized for capture the general public, thorough Homo habilis, and Homo erectus. its contributions and criticized for its fail­ enough for the anthropology student, and Beginning with prehominids and ex­ ures. The authors constantly remind the accurate enough to please even the ex­ plaining the "black hole" between 9 to 5 reader that many of the theories are based perts. The true story of human evolution is million years ago the authors review the upon assumption and more work must be fascinating and Piero and Alberto Angela fragmented clues of our ancestors before completed before we can accept any one enhance it with creative analogies and de­ they diverged and became bipedal. theory as fact. This presents an opportu­ scriptive passages. Although the dedi­ Included within this discussion is informa­ nity for the reader to critically think and cated expert may not learn anything new, tion concerning the 'Y' dental pattern of evaluate the diverse possibilities. he will surely enjoy this book. hominids as well as possible ancestors The last third of the book profiles the such as Aegyptopithecus, Proconsul and Neanderthals through present day hu­ Patti Zalewski Ramapithecus. From here they move to mans (Homo sapiens sapiens) and even David M. Stothers the "birth of bipeds", exploring the 'pros' provides a peek into the possible future of Archeology Program and 'cons' and possible reasons bipedal- our species. Also discussed are migra­ University of Toledo ism occurred. tions (including to North America) and Toledo, Ohio 43606 USA

51 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.

Very few Paleo points have been reported from southeastern Ohio. This fine 4'A inch fluted point was found in Meigs County many years ago. It is made of a translucent fossiliferous flint of unknown origin.