OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 46 NO. 2 SPRING 1996

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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife (one TERM copy of publication) $18.50; Individual Life Membership $300. Husband and EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS wife Life Membership $500. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, pub­ President Steven J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, Lancaster, OH lished quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological 43130, (614)653-6642 Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. Vice President Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pike, Chillicothe, OH 45601, (614) 772-5431 BACK ISSUES Exec. Sect. Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage St., Ashland, OH Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 44805, (419)289-8313 Ohio Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 add $1.50 P-H Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$20.00 add $1.50 P-H Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, 1980's& 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43068, (614) 861-0673 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH 43064, (614)873-5471 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gen­ Immediate Past Pres. Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star erally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to Avenue SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 business office for prices and availability. ASO CHAPTERS BUSINESS MANAGER Alum Creek Chapter Paul Wildermuth, 2505 Logan-Thorneville Road, Rushville, OH 43150, (614)536-7855, 1-800-736-7815 President: Dennis Buehler, 1736 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH Aboriginal Explorers Club President: Richard Getz, 10949 Millersburg Rd SW, Massillon, OH TRUSTEES Beau Fleuve Chapter 1996 Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Range Line Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH President: John McKendry, 5545 Trescott , Lakeview, NY 43050, (614)393-2314 Chapter 1996 James R. Hahn, 770 S. Second St., Heath, OH 43056, President: Jon M. Anspaugh, 210 E Silver St., Wapakoneta, OH (614)323-2351 Chippewa Valley Archaeological Society 1996 Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130 President: Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Rd, Medina, OH (614)653-9477 Cuyahoga Valley Chapter 1996 Steven Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Rd., Norton, OH 44203 President: Gary J. Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH (216)753-7081 Cuyahoga Valley Chapter 1998 Martha Otto, 2200 East Powell Road, Westerville, OH 43081, President: Gary J. Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH (614)297-2641 Divided Ridges Chapter 1998 Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Road, Medina, OH 44256, (216) President: John Mocic, Box 170, Route 1, Valley Drive, 723-7122 Dilles-Bottom, OH 1998 William Pickard, 1003 Carlisle Ave., Columbus, OH 43224 Fort Salem Chapter (614)262-9615 President: Russell Strunk, 5526 Betty Lane, Milford, OH 1998 Jeb Bowen, 419 Sandusky Ave., Fremont, OH 43420 Fulton Creek Chapter (419)585-2571 President: Don Mathys, 23000 St. Rt. 47, West Mansfield, OH Johnny Appleseed Chapter President: Randy Hancock, 1202 ST RT 302 RD#5, Ashland, OH REGIONAL COLLABORATORS King Beaver Chapter David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 President: Judith Storti, RD. #2, Box 1519, 1519 Herrick St., Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 New Castle, PA Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH Kyger Creek Chapter William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH President: Ruth A. Warden, 20 Evans Heights, Gallipolis, OH James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, Lake County Chapter Columbus, OH 43210 President: Douglas Divish, 35900 Chardon Rd, Willoughby Hills, OH Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 Lower Valley Basin Chapter David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 President: Sherry Peck, 598 Harvey Rd., Patriot, OH Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter Brian Da Re, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 President: Raymond Lovins, Box 86, Miamiville, OH Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, City Chapter Zanesville, OH 43701 President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pk., Chillicothe, OH Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Drive, Greenville, OH 45331 Painted Post Chapter President: Norman Fox, 810 Coolidge St, New Castle, PA All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist Sandusky Bay Chapter should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ ness Manager. Sandusky Valley Chapter President: Jeb Bowen, 11891 E County, Rd 24, Republic, OH Seneca Hunters PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS President: Donald Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, Six River Valley Chapter SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. President: Dr. Brian G. Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH Standing Stone Chapter President: Jeb Bowen, 11891 E County, Rd 24, Republic, OH NEW BUSINESS OFFICE SugarcreePHONEk ValleNUMBEy ChapteRr 1-800-736-781President:5 Skeeter Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Rd, Norton, OH TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE The Johnson Site II by Jeffrey D. Brown 4

An Unusual Shovel Pendant From Tuscarawas County This will be my final article for the President's Page as my term by Teresa and Tony Putty 8 as President of the ASO comes to an end. I was awed when I A Flint Ridge Eccentric by John F. Berner 9 took this office and I am still awed as I leave it. It has been a great honor and privilege to have been allowed to serve as Presi­ The Iron Bridge Site by Elaine Holzapfel 10 dent of the Archaeological Society of Ohio. The Converse Miniatures by Elaine Holzapfel 15 It has been a good two years for our Society. This of course is Petoskey Stone Discoidal by Elaine Holzapfel 16 due to you, the members, and to the great job all the members of the Board of Directors did. This Board consists of all our Offi­ A Kentucky Cache by Tony Clinton 17 cers and Trustees. Each did his job and anything else that was Hopewell Flint Cores and Lamellar/Prismatic asked. They are a great team to work with. by John F. Berner 18 I know it is chancy to give special thanks to anyone for fear of The Stover Cache by Elaine Holzapfel 22 leaving someone out, but I'm going to take that chance. There are three individuals who will not be running for re-election this Shovel Pendants by Robert Haag 24 year. All three have done outstanding jobs and I feel I would be A Unique Glacial Kame Gorget by Robert N. Converse 25 remiss if I did not give them recognition. Precolumbian Jade of Middle America by Stephen Puttera, Jr. ...26 Don Casto is leaving the Board after 16 years. Don has done a great deal for the ASO including the Presidency. However, I want The Sidwell Sacred Circle by Jeff Carskadden & Larry Edmister....30 to thank him for being the floor manager at our regular meetings A Remarkable Bust Birdstone From Western New York in Columbus. He's the one who opens the doors, rearranges the by Richard Michael Gramly 34 tables, designates the special areas, gets more tables and sets Hilltop Enclosures: Were They The Dwelling Places of them up, asks people to relocate, gets still more tables and sets Underworld Monsters? by William F. Romain 36 them up, and sees to it that people get settled so we can have a A Catalogued Multicomponent Site in Indiana (#64-00) Part II good meeting, with plenty of room for people to move around. by Scott L Sholiton 45 Nancy Morris is leaving her office as Recording Secretary. She Edition - North American Archaeologist has done an outstanding job for the Society and has been an Editor: Roger W. Moeller, Ph.D 46 immeasurable help to the Board of Directors and especially the In Remembrance of Bob Champion by Robert N. Converse 46 Presidents under whom she served. I know Nancy feels she just did what she was "supposed to do" - but believe me, she went Ernie Good 1914-1996 by Robert N. Converse 46 far beyond the limits of her office. A tremendous job and I am Artifact Collection Stolen 47 truly grateful for all the help she gave me. Fifth Annual Native American Artifact Exhibit 47 Don Potter is cashing in (no pun intended) his office as Trea­ surer. Again, another superlative job! Don succeeded me as Treasurer in 1990 and has safeguarded our Society's money with an uncanny consciousness. He has been an excellent steward of the funds of the ASO. Two people not leaving the Board of Directors who deserve special thanks are Martha Otto and Bob Converse. Martha arranges for the speakers at our Columbus meetings. This is not an easy task! She also provides a meeting place at the Ohio His­ torical Center for our Board meetings. Martha was always avail­ able to help and advise me on matters of which I had little expertise. Also, special thanks to Bob Converse as Editor of the Ohio Archaeologist and for his great new Ohio Flint Types book. Thanks for his editing of these President's Page articles. Bob kept me from getting carried away on more than one occasion and I am thankful for his comments and encouragement. The general membership thinks this Society just rolls along by itself, but it doesn't. The Officers and Trustees keep it moving with so much work being done in the background that it's close to mind boggling. Thanks to all our Officers and Trustees. A job done by all! Again, it has been a pleasure serving the ASO and I ask that each member give his/her full support to the incoming Officers. I know with their leadership the ASO will continue to grow and be a force in the field of archaeology. For now, thanks, take care and Godspeed.

Stephen J. Parker

Cover Figure: One of the most realistic of all the famous Tremper Mound effigy pipes is this portrayal of a raccoon. The eyes are set with small bits of and the lines of the face are faithfully shown. The raccoon has his front paw inserted into a crawfish hole which is also realistically sculpted. The pipe is three and one half inches long and is made of Ohio pipestone which was probably quarried from the Feurt Hill deposits. Photo courtesy of the Ohio Historical Society.

3 THE JOHNSON SITE II: TERMINAL ARCHAIC POINTS AND by Jeffrey D. Brown P.O. Box 104 Bolivar, OH 44612

The Johnson Site II (33-Tu-57) is situ­ liter flotation sample produced mainly still applies to Ohio. The Ashtabula type ated on a small, geographically well- wood charcoal and five pieces of nut is fairly common throughout northeastern defined terrace lobe overlooking an shell. The charcoal was identified as Ohio, but is seldom found in quantity on unnamed tributary of Brandywine Creek, almost entirely hickory (Church 1986, any single site. Pentagonal and Lamoka which flows eastward to a junction with personal communication), which is con­ points, distributed across much of Ohio, Sugar Creek and the Tuscarawas River sistent with the mixed oak forest associa­ are Late or Terminal Archaic types, and by the city of Dover, in central Tus­ tion depicted by Gordon (1966) for the their frequencies on this small site could carawas County. A downcut drainage site locale. indicate coeval use with the Ashtabula wash borders the site on two sides, with With the financial support of the Ohio points, although they more likely repre­ the terrace edge delimiting a third side. Archaeological Council, two charcoal sent a slightly earlier Archaic component. The entire site measures about 60-75 samples from the 15-20 cm. level of this Flint from the Johnson Site meters by 30-35 meters. Apparently were C-14 dated to 1080 B.C.±90 has not yet been analyzed. Although because of its location on a small terrace (1-14218) and 930 B.C.±90 (1-14219) unquantified, there is a preponderance of well removed from the larger terraces of (1310 B.C. & 1044 B.C. corrected). These smaller secondary and trimming flakes, Brandywine Creek and the Tuscarawas results are compatible with a Terminal with few primary or decortication flakes, Valley proper, the site was not repeatedly Archaic occupation, and mark the first suggesting that preform reduction and or intensively occupied at various times, dating of Ashtabula points in context in reworking of finished tools were the main as is typical of many Archaic sites in the Ohio. Although no pottery was found in flint-working activities undertaken there. region. Although Early and Late Archaic this feature, the Johnson dates do corre­ The distribution and types of chippage in projectile points and two Late Prehistoric spond well with a thermoluminescence Feature 1 tend to support this. Concen­ triangular points are included in the site date of 950 B.C.±300 (Alpha 2622) trated on the south edge of the assemblage, the dominant component at obtained on identical pottery recovered were 201 flakes of an identical pearly Johnson Site II is the Terminal Archaic, from the Stanford Knoll site in Summit grey-brown . Most of represented by numerous small Ashtabula County (Lee 1986). these were secondary or sharpening points and thick, plain, grit-tempered flakes from 15-5 mm. or less in size. The pottery. Significantly, given the presence Chipped Stone Artifacts two Ashtabula points and the preform of early pottery, no other artifacts or traits The chipped stone assemblage at the found in the hearth were also of this considered diagnostic of the Early Wood­ Johnson Site II includes 43 small material, and their tightly clustered depo­ land are present. Ashtabula points, 15 pentagonal points, sition in the feature suggests that these 16 Lamoka-like stemmed points, various flakes and artifacts represent a single This site has only been under cultiva­ earlier Archaic side and corner-notched episode of manufacturing. tion for approximately 30 years. Prior to point types (primarily Brewerton), 4 that time it was used as an occasional Kanawha bifurcates, 3 untyped large Polished & Artifacts picnic grove, and the recovery of salt- bifurcates, 2 triangular points, 3 drills, 4 Polished stone artifacts from the glazed earthenware sherds suggests endscrapers, and 15 knives and pre­ Johnson site include a broken elliptical (?) such use extended back to the earlier forms, as well as crude preforms and gorget, half of a winged , an part of this century. Given the short dura­ bifaces, retouched and utilized flakes, and unidentified "tally-notched" slate fragment, tion of modem cultivation and the resul­ more than 200 unidentified point and biface a sandstone bar atlatl weight, a sandstone tant lack of long-term collecting on the fragments. The hafted scrapers exhibit mortar, a "sinew" stone, two fragments of site, as well as the scarcity of well- base styles generally consistent with pen­ a grooved , 3 axe or fragments, a defined Terminal Archaic sites in the tagonal point types. Dimensions of the polished concretion fragment, 3 crude region, a sustained effort of intensive sur­ Ashtabula points range from 30-50 mm. in sandstone balls, 6 small faceted pieces of face collecting was initiated in 1977, con­ length and from 20-30 mm. in width; raw sandstone, and 6 pitted . tinuing to the present. In addition, limited materials are primarily Upper Mercer and These artifact types are consistent with excavations in 1980 opened an area of local pebble . A majority of the those reported from other Archaic sites 41 square meters, but nothing was dis­ specimens are broken. The Ashtabula having Terminal Archaic components, covered below the plowzone, seemingly type corresponds to the Terminal Archaic although Converse regards bar atlatl indicating that this was a shallow surface Susquehanna Broad type in Pennsylvania weights as dating to an earlier Archaic site. However, noting a consistent recur­ and New York, described by Witthoft period (Converse 1978). At McKibben, the rence of fire-cracked rock at one locus in (1953) and Ritchie (1961) as frequently only site in Prufer and Long's northeast the plowzone, an additional two-meter asymmetrical, ranging between 11/2 and Ohio survey that produced Terminal unit was excavated in 1983, revealing a 4'/ inches in length, with shoulders Archaic points, one bar and 7 winged or basin-shaped hearth (Feature 1) mea­ 2 sometimes rounded, and associated with crescent atlatl weights were found, and suring 120 x 90 centimeters. Maximum steatite vessels, although Ritchie has Converse (1977) has reported an elliptical depth below plowzone of this feature also noted a sporadic affiliation with gorget associated with Ashtabula points, was 20 centimeters. Along with quantities Vinette I ceramics in central New York. drills, and a steatite bowl from an Ashland of FCR, one Ashtabula point, one frag­ Witthoft commented that the cultural County site. mentary Ashtabula point, four unidenti­ complex to which these points belong is fied point fragments, one broken poorly known and comes almost entirely preform, and 277 pieces of flint debitage Ceramics from surface sites, an observation that were recovered within the hearth. A 10- The ceramic at the Johnson Site II is represented by 54 sherds and

4 numerous small split fragments of thick, specialized activity sites has appeared. the photos, and the site owners for their plain-surfaced, grit-tempered pottery, as Such sites are more easily overlooked in kind permission to continue this work on well as 18 sherds of thin grit-tempered limited surveys, or more often, are their property. cordmarked pottery. Most of the thin recorded as only minor elements within cordmarked sherds, measuring 5 - 8.5 larger multicomponent Archaic sites, Bibliography mm. in thickness, were recovered along obscured by the more plentiful assem­ Brown, James A. with two triangular points from the south­ blages representing repeated intermittent 1986 Early Ceramics and Culture: A Review of east edge of the site and seem to repre­ occupations that may span thousands of Interpretations. In: Early Woodland sent a Late Woodland occupation of only years (Ibid.: p. 75, Fig. 7H an Ashtabula Archaeology, ed. by Kenneth B. limited spatial extent and duration. The point identified as Brewerton). Ceramics Farnsworth and Thomas E. Emerson, pp. affiliation of the thick ceramics with Ter­ from Terminal Archaic sites are often fri­ 598-608. Center for American Archae­ minal Archaic projectile points is based able and deteriorate quickly when ology Press, Kampsville, IL. upon the homogeneous nature of the Carskadden, Jeff exposed to the cumulative effects of cul­ 1989 Excavation of Mound D at the Philo site's dominant assemblage, the com­ tivation and weathering on the surface of Mound Group, County, Ohio. plete absence of Early Woodland point a site. Given the shallow depth of most OA»'o Archaeologist 39(1):4-8. types, and the previously noted correla­ Archaic sites in Ohio, these factors have , R. Berle tion of dates with the Stanford Knoll site, undoubtedly had major destructive 1980 The Cultural Historical Placement of where ceramics indistinguishable from impacts. The Johnson Site II, with its Fayette Thick Ceramics in Central Ken­ Johnson's were excavated. shorter history of modern disturbance, is tucky. Tennessee Anthropologist The plain sherds range in thickness unusual in that regard, and the pottery 5(2):166-178. from 10.5 - 16.4 mm., with a mean of from this site was still in a fairly good Converse, Robert N. state of preservation. 1973 Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Society 13.9 mm. Rims (n=5) are somewhat of Ohio, Columbus. thinner, measuring about 9 - 9.5 mm. at The thick, plain wares from Johnson 1978 Ohio Slate Types. Archaeological Society the lip. Lips are plain, and base and Site II and the other previously mentioned of Ohio, Columbus. vessel shapes are undetermined. Only sites, are clearly among the earliest in 1977 Observations on Artifacts Found in Asso­ one possible lug fragment has been Ohio. They were often recovered in asso­ ciation in Ashland Co. Ohio Archaeologist noted. Temper is predominantly crushed ciation with projectile points and other 27(4):27. quartzite, with particle sizes ranging from artifacts diagnostic of the Terminal 1981 Pentagonal Points. Ohio Archaeologist 1-2 mm. up to occasional 6 mm. pieces. Archaic. Conversely, stemmed points and 31(4):28-29. DeRegnaucourt, Tony To date, no steatite sherds have been burial , which along with pottery found at this site. 1991 A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point are generally regarded as marking the Types of Indiana and Ohio. Upper Miami Several other sites in Ohio have yielded onset of the Early , are Valley Archaeological Research Museum, similar pottery, and comparisons among absent. The absence (or presence) of Ansonia, OH. them suggest a pattern of early, pre- cultigens on the Johnson Site cannot be Dragoo, Don Woodland ceramics in Ohio dating to the proven with certainty from the excavation 1963 Mounds for the Dead: An Analysis of the 1300-950 B.C. period. As already noted, of one feature, although Prufer and Long . Annals of the Carnegie the thick Johnson site ceramics are iden­ have observed that "the incipient cultiva­ Museum 37, Pittsburgh. tical to those recovered at Stanford Knoll tion of cucurbits began toward the end of Gordon, Robert B. in northern Summit County and dated to the Archaic period" (Prufer & Long 1966 Natural Vegetation of Ohio at the Time of the Earliest Land Surveys. Map, The Ohio 950 B.C. No projectile points were found 1986:36). These ceramics can thus be Biological Survey, Columbus. with the Stanford Knoll pottery, although seen as marking the beginning of the Justice, Noel D. basal fragments of a stone bowl were transition from an Archaic to a Woodland 1987 and Arrow Points of the present in the same feature. Early dates way of life. As noted by Brown Midcontinental and Eastern United were also obtained for similar pottery on (1986:603), "...this (of pottery States. Indiana University Press. other sites. The earliest, 1560 B.C., is production) may have seen a long period Kraft, Herbert C. reported from the Rais rockshelter of incidental use before the Early Wood­ 1970 The Miller Field Site, Warren County, N.J. (Shane 1970:153, 160-161), and thick, land period formally began. Pottery is just The Seton Hall University Press. grit-tempered, plain wares have been another addition to hunter-gatherer dated to 1310 B.C. at Maple Creek in economy undergoing technological Clermont County, 1040 B.C. (1261 B.C., change," and should not categorically be corrected) at the Philo hilltop site in denoted as Early Woodland whenever Muskingum County, and from 1165-825 these wares are encountered, without a B.C. at Mabel Hall in Lawrence County consideration of their context and tem­ (Vickery 1980:29-32, Carskadden 1989, poral placement. The inception of pottery, Skinner and Kime n.d.). stemmed points, cultigens, and burial mounds each occurred at different times Conclusions during the transition from Archaic to Early The dynamics of the Archaic to Early Woodland, and it is the complex of these Woodland transition in Ohio are still traits in association that generally marks poorly known. There is scant data on the onset of the Woodland period. Terminal Archaic settlement patterns, mortuary practices, or procurement A final note: there is at least one other strategies. The period was of much person in the Dover area who has col­ briefer duration than its predecessors, lected from the Johnson Site II for many and its sites are among the least com­ years. I hope he will recognize this site monly recorded Archaic components, and contact me - I would be grateful for represented minimally at best in most any opportunity to see, and hopefully surveys (e.g. Prufer & Long 1986). Small document, additional site material. I sites are probably the norm for the Ter­ would also like to thank Roger Rowe for his support and assistance with the exca­ minal Archaic - no pattern of larger base Figure 1 (Brown) Map of the Johnson Site II. camps and smaller satellite hunting or vations, Jeff Carskadden for several of Contour interval is one foot.

5 Lee, Alfred M. Shane, Orrin C, III Tallmage, V. and O. Chesler 1986 Excavations at the Stanford Knoll Site, 1970 The Scioto Hopewell (plus Discussion). 1977 The Importance of Small, Surface, and Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation In: Adena: The Seeking of an Identity, ed. Disturbed Sites as Sources of Significant Area. Archaeological Research Report by B.K. Swartz, Jr., Ball State University. Archaeological Data. National Park Ser­ No. 65. Cleveland Museum of Natural Skinner, Shaune, and Julie Kime vice, U.S. Department of the Interior, History. n.d. Detailed Archaeological Investigation of Washington, D.C. Mayer-Oakes, William J. the Mabel Hall Site, A Late Archaic, Late Vickery, Kent D. 1955 of the Upper Ohio Valley. Annals Woodland Site in Southern Lawrence 1980 Preliminary Definition of Archaic 'Study of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. County, Ohio. Draft report on file, Ohio Units' in Southwestern Ohio. Unpub­ Moeller, Roger W., ed. Historical Society, Columbus. lished manuscript, Dep't. of Anthro­ 1990 Experiments and Observations on the Smith, Arthur George pology, University of Cincinnati. Terminal Archaic of the Middle Atlantic 1952 An Early Woodland Type. Witthoft, John Region. Archaeological Services, Ohio Archaeologist 2(3):94-96 1953 Broad Spearpoints and the Transitional Bethlehem, CT. Stuiver, M., and P.J. Reimer Period Cultures. Pennsylvania Mortine, Wayne 7986 A Computer Program for Radiocarbon Archaeologist 23(1):4-31. 1964 The Cramlet Site. Ohio Archaeologist Age Calibration. In: Radiocarbon 14(4):112-114. 28:1022-1030 1992 The Barlow Site: Second Report. Ohio Archaeologist 42(4): 16-19. Prufer, Olaf, and Dana A. Long 1986 The Archaic of Northeastern Ohio. Kent State Research Papers in Archaeology, No. 6. Kent State University Press, Kent, OH. Prufer, Olaf, and Charles Sofsky 1965 The McKibben Site (33TR-57), Trumbull County, Ohio: A Contribution to the Late Paleo-lndian and Archaic Phases of Ohio. Michigan Anthropologist 11 (1 ):9-40. Ritchie, William A. 1961 A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Bulletin no. 384, New York State Museum and Science Service, Albany. 1980 The Archaeology of New York State. Revised edition. Harbor Hill Books, Har­ rison, NY. Seeman, Mark F. 1986 Adena 'Houses' and their Implications for Early Woodland Settlement Models in the Ohio Valley. In: Early Woodland Archae­ ology, ed. by Kenneth B. Farnsworth and Thomas E. Emerson, pp. 564-580. Center for American Archaeology Press, Figure 2 (Brown) Feature 1, a basin-shaped hearth. Kampsville, IL. ##t

CM

Figure 3 (Brown) Ashtabula (Susquehanna Broad) points. Figure 4 (Brown) Pentagonal points. •4 Figure 5 (Brown) Thick plain pottery: a-b, body sherds; c, rim sherd.

•4 Figure 6 (Brown) Polished stone artifacts: a, sand­ stone mortar; b, polished concretion fragment; c, "sinew" stone; d, sandstone bar atlatl weight.

•4 Figure 7 (Brown) Slate gorget fragments. The piece on the left was freshly broken by a plow, but it is believed that another collector found the missing fragment in 1981. AN UNUSUAL SHOVEL PENDANT FROM TUSCARAWAS COUNTY by Teresa and Tony Putty Shelbyville, IN

The shovel pendant in the accompa­ nying photograph was found in Tuscarawas County, Ohio. The name "Dundee" is written on both sides and probably indi­ cates an early collector of this piece. Dr. Louis Lasick of Rockbridge, Ohio owned this piece for some time before selling it with his collection in 1978. Several of Dr. Lasick's artifacts, including this shovel pendant, were pictured in the Logan Daily News before his collection sold. This red slate pendant is 41/" long and 2" wide at the base. Shovel pendants are associated with the Hopewell culture which influenced the Midwest from 1 A.D. to 500 A.D. As with many Hopewell pendants, the pendant in the accompa­ nying photograph is very thin, measuring only 1/s" thick. The protrusions from the sides were formed with a radius as opposed to the ninety degree angles often associated with the shovel-type pendant. This artifact appears to be fin­ ished except that it does not have a hole.

References 1978 Chenoweth, Sue. Logan Daily News. 1978 Converse, Robert N. Ohio Slate Types. Special Publication of the Archaeological Society of Ohio.

Figure 1 (Putty) Shovel Pendant from Tuscarawas Co., Ohio. A FLINT RIDGE ECCENTRIC by John F. Berner Roswell, Georgia

The time is spring of 1972. The place is Allen Wood, formerly of Beavercreek and head and tail. An area of the chalcedony a promontory projecting out toward old more recently Gallia county, Ohio was an reveals the original seam of the flint. Of Route 40 in Licking County, Ohio. There avid surface hunter in Ohio for more than the number of similar artifacts referenced is a tiny spring below this site which is fifty years. But this particular day in to accompany this article, it appears sim­ near the old Road Side rest, just west of Licking county, he finds an item which ilar to one found by Joseph Love in Ten­ Jacksontown. The conditions are excel­ even today will create little interest. I wit­ nessee and another shown in the 3rd lent as the land was chisel plowed in the nessed the find. I will try my best to volume of Ohio Archaeologist, 1976. I fall and many subsequent hard rains describe it. must admit that at the time of its finding, washed the furrows almost flat. The dis­ The artifact is made of translucent it seemed of little importance to both me play of worked Flint Ridge chalcedony orange to lavender Flint Ridge chal­ and its finder. debitage is everywhere. Surface hunting 3 cedony and measures 3 /6" in length, \%" this site reveals a few rough Adena style in width and is approximately %" in thick­ REFERENCES preforms and a center section of a sand­ ness. It is basically percussion chipped stone Adena expanded center gorget. Brickman, Gerald with minimal pressure flaking along the 1960 Ohio Archaeologist, January 1960, pg 34. But among the day's finds is an odd leading edges of the obverse side. The piece of flaked orange to lavender col­ surfaces are well patinated with evidence Beinlick, Al 1985 Artifacts, page 11. ored chalcedony. While it attracts min­ of ferric oxide present on many areas. It imal attention, it is saved as part of still awaits an opportunity to be washed Converse, Robert today's surface collection. This artifact of the Licking county soil. If one were to 1976 Ohio Archaeologist, No. 3, pg. 26, fig. 4. goes unnoticed and unheralded for speculate on its design, it might be con­ Love, Joseph D. nearly 24 years. It's finder, the late James strued as a quadruped with a stubby 1983 , Hothem, pg. 21.

Fig. 1 (Berner) Obverse and reverse of eccentric. THE IRON BRIDGE SITE by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, Ohio 45331

The Iron Bridge site 33Da 20(23), in PALEOINDIAN (10,000-9000 B.C.) MIDDLE WOODLAND (100 B.O-500 A.D.) Brown township, Darke County, Ohio, is The base of a Paleo fluted point indi­ Five Hopewell points, 2 slate discs, and on a glacial ridge 400 feet long and 150 cates a possible early occupation of the a Hopewell gorget were found at the site. feet wide. The site overlooks an adjacent site, as the point tip might have been LATE WOODLAND (600-1200 A.D.) depression to the east which for thou­ broken in a hunt and the base discarded One Intrusive Mound point implies a sands of years was a treeless bog that here and the spear refitted with a new small Late Woodland occupation. evolved from a small glacial lake. As can point. Several unifacial tools may also FT. ANCIENT (1000-1550 A.D.) be seen in Figure 1 this depression is still date to this period. Two Triangular points, a drilled shell pen­ subject to severe ponding. Providing a EARLY ARCHAIC (7500-5000 B.C.) dant, a bead of Minnesota pipestone, and a constant supply of fresh water, the Still­ Fourteen side-notched points indicate sherd of shell-tempered pottery (an unusual water River borders the site on the south. an extensive occupation during the Early find for Darke County) show that the Ft. The rich brown soil of the ridge, a silty Archaic. Although the Iron Bridge people Ancient people found the site attractive. loam, developed from glacial till over a usually used Four-Mile-Creek for HISTORIC ITEMS (after 1700 A.D.) period of 13,000 years. these points, they also used raw mate­ Fragments of clay tile, crockery, iron­ J. Heilman and his crew from the rials from a hundred miles to the east and stone china, and porcelain are found Dayton. Museum of Natural History "dis­ northeast - Delaware chert and Logan throughout the site. covered" this site over 20 years ago and County chert. Small bifurcates from the OTHER STONE have accumulated the collection shown site probably postdate the side-notched Almost all the igneous rock on the site in Figures 3 through 15. Mr. Heilman points by a thousand years, but still shows the affects of fire, either being generously allowed me to examine and belong to the Early Archaic. In addition to cracked or reddened, and was probably photograph the museum's Iron Bridge local chert, the Bifurcate people used site material for this report. transported to the site prehistorically. raw material from central Ohio as well as Three round hammerstones of igneous This site, as with most others, has been central Indiana. One Pentagonal also rock and one flint were disturbed. When dynamite was used to belongs to the Early Archaic. blast stumps out of the ground long ago, present. Two pitted stones, an artifact MIDDLE ARCHAIC (5000-3000 B.C.) type used throughout prehistory, were tradition has it that small pieces of bone Twenty McWhinney (Heavy-Stemmed) scattered for hundreds of feet. This might found. Several sandstone abrading points indicate a large or long occupation stones were with the site material. account for the many small fragments of by the McWhinney people. Usually, how­ DEBITAGE both human and animal (food) bone still ever, , hammers, and slate bars are The weights of thin flakes 2V cm and weathering out of the soil. Along the ridge found along with these points, forming 2 under were as follows: top, especially on the north and south the Miami Valley Archaic complex. The ends are frequently seen bits of bone, cal­ Four-Mile-Creek chert 351 grams museum's site material contains only 1 cined bone, and charcoal. Bone fragments Harrison, Co., IN flint 61 grams axe, no grooved hammers, and no slate of Pleistocene animals have been found on Flint Ridge flint 18 grams bars. The significance of this may be only and near the site. Upper Mercer flint 12 grams that such items have already been picked Of the 351 grams of Four-Mile-Creek The site has been known for at least a up by other collectors. Another inter­ hundred years and many people have chert, 94 grams (28%) had been heat esting occupation was by the Expanding walked the area and picked up artifacts treated. Stem people. Expanding Stem points are for this length of time. Even though many CONCLUSIONS not a common type in most of Ohio, but artifacts have thus been saved from The location of the Iron Bridge site, a destruction by farming implements, it they appear regularly in collections from high ridge along the , was would present a more accurate view of it Darke County. Six Expanding Stem easily accessible in prehistoric times. The if these people could be contacted and points are in the museum's collection. adjacent large bog which supplied shell­ their artifacts photographed. If anyone A broken geniculate made of slate also fish, turtles, frogs, ducks, and geese was has inherited or otherwise obtained mate­ belongs to the Middle Archaic, and Con­ an added attraction. verse points out that the great innovation rial from this site, please contact me. The site was most heavily occupied by of the Middle Archaic was the manufacture the Side-Notch people of the Early After I photographed the site I walked of such pecked and ground stone tools. Archaic and by the McWhinney people of over the area for about an hour and LATE ARCHAIC (2500-100/500 B.C.) the Middle Archaic. Point types absent found 4 McWhinney points, 1 Hopewell The Glacial Kame culture is repre­ point, 1 Expanding Stem point, and 2 from the assemblage were Piano, Adena, sented by the head of a birdstone, by a small flake scrapers, all of which were Corner Notch, Bevels, and Shallow Side- polished but amorphous lump of slate made of Four-Mile-Creek chert. Although Notch. There were no grooved hammers which is drilled on both ends (similarly to these are not included in the pho­ and only one grooved axe. A site of this tographs, they are included in the report. the drilling on a birdstone), and by a quality could be expected to yield more These artifacts have been given to J. tubular pipe. The contents of the pipe, than a few end scrapers, but only several Heilman for inclusion with the museum's preserved with the site material, are are in the collection. Iron Bridge site material. available for analysis. Seven Birdpoints All groups from Early Archaic through The artifact assemblage shows that the conclude the Late Archaic at this site. Ft. Ancient used Four-Mile-Creek chert. Iron Bridge site was inhabited by most, EARLY WOODLAND (800 B.C.-100 A.D.) This is not a high-quality flint, so its but not all, of the prehistoric people of Although no Adena flint is in the collection, abundant use must be explained by its western Ohio: several broken celts appear to be Adena.

10 ease of acquisition. This flint has not yet and parking lots, that one despairs of people of prehistory to tell us about been found nearer than Preble County, ever getting an accurate picture of the themselves before technology has oblit­ but there are probably closer outcrops people with whom we share the earth in erated them for good and forever. which have not yet been located. space but not in time. If those of us who ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Prehistoric sites are being destroyed at walk the fields could compare artifacts, Thank heaven for people like J. Heilman such an alarming rate by the construction what a picture of the past would emerge! and Ronnie Thiebeau who know that of shopping malls, apartment complexes, And this may be the last chance for the archaeology not shared is not archaeology.

Figure 1 (Holzapfel) The Iron Bridge site is on a glacial ridge overlooking a depression to the east. Because of the abundant rainfall in the spring of 1996, this photograph presents a view similar to that seen by prehistoric people. The now-normally-dry depression was, in Paleolndian times, a small glacial lake, and even into historic times it would have been a treeless bog.

Map 1 (Holzapfel) Locations of sites inhabited by the people who made McWhinney or Heavy-Stemmed Archaic points. These occupations date from the late Middle Archaic to the early Late Archaic, 3000 - 2500 B.C. As more of these sites are reported it becomes increasingly evident that the McWhinney people repre­ sent a major occupation of west-central Ohio. A, the Thiebeau site; B, the Stephan site; C, the Dean Bowman site; D, the McWhinney site; E, the Harshman site; F, the Foust site; G, the Raisch-Smith site, and H, the Iron Bridge site, the subject of this paper.

Iron Bridge Sites This site was originally given the trinomial of 33 Da 20 with addition. 1 affixes of A. , B. . or C. A . the road side; fl = the top of the ridge; while C • the bog side area. Subsequent to our receiving this trinomial and working on the site for S years, Wright State began work in this area and assigned the trinomial of 33- Figure 3 (Holzapfel) Side-notched points (7500 B.C.) made of Logan County chert, Da-20 to another site.... sometime thereafter informing Four-Mile-Creek chert, and Delaware chert. Well-made points such as the first point us of this change. We have continued to keep the 33- in the photograph are typical of the type. Da-20 trinomial rather than rewash and remark the hundre and hhundreds of specimens which had already been catalo ued in the original manner. We have no artifacts from the "new" 33 Da 20 so any specimens at the Dayton Museum of Natural History should be assumed to be from the site whose new number is 33 Da 23. We will continue to mark alii specimens from this site with the old 33 Da 20 code and continue our additions of the A, B, or C supplement to indicate what part of the site it came AW

Figure 2 (Holzapfel) Clarification of the site number, by J. Heilman of the Dayton Museum of Natural History. 33 indicates the state of Ohio (the 33rd state alphabetically), Da (the abbreviation for Darke County), and 20 (the 20th site in the county recorded with the Ohio Historical Figure 4 (Holzapfel) Bifurcates (6300 B.C.) made of Indiana green, Four-Mile-Creek Society). chert, and Upper Mercer flint.

11 \

-^ F/'gure 5 (Holzapfel) Expanding stem points (5000-4000 B.C.), all made of Four-Mile-Creek chert. Although Expanding stem points are not a ^i.i|iijii^ common variety, they are frequently seen in farm collections in Darke County. »a (* f -< Figure 6 (Holzapfel) McWhinney or Heavy-stemmed points (3000 B.C.). Three are made of Harrison County, Indiana, flint. The others are made of Four-Mile-Creek chert in shades of gray, tan, pink, and red. Over half were « * heat-treated.

fPlfipfl'I'I'l'I'll'l1!1 itI' M Fig. 8 (Holzapfel) Birdpoints (1900 B.C.) made of Flint Ridge flint, Upper Mercer flint, Logan County chert, and Four-Mile- i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|i|ili|i|iji|i|i Creek chert. f «* Figure 7 (Holzapfel) Slate point found at the top of the ridge by Ronnie Thiebeau of Versailles, Ohio. This unusual point looks M Figure 9 (Holzapfel) Hopewell as if it had been made by the points (200 B.C. - 600 A.D.) made same people who made the Ity!.!^ of Carter flint and Four-Mile- McWhinney points. Creek chert.

12 * * f

JTP|i|i|iP|i|i|i|i|i!i|li|i|i!i|i|i|i|i|ip|i|iji|i|i|iji|i|i|ij Figure 11 (Holzapfel) First two are unifacial scrapers of Harrison County J '1 and Upper Mercer . Last four are scrapers and borers of Four-Mile- Creek chert and Flint Ridge flint. Second row are two triangular points Figure 10 (Holzapfel) Two Hopewell drills or perforators (1000 - 1600 A.D.). Both are of Four-Mile-Creek chert. made of Four-Mile-Creek chert, the first of which was heat-treated. Two drills or pins made of Four-Mile-Creek chert. Second row, Miami River Pentagonal (5000-4000 B.C.) made of Logan County chert, a Bottleneck point (3000 B.C.) made of gray flint, an Intrusive Mound point (800 A.D.) made of translucent red Flint Ridge flint.

PftyijjflV

Figure 13 (Holzapfel) , which are known from Archaic through Hopewell, and celts which appear to be Adena. The three-quarter grooved i|i|l|l|i|l|i|i|i|i|lii|l|i|l|i|i|i|i|i|i!i axe dates from the Archaic of about 2500 B.C. Last are two slate discs «2 7 which are known to occur in Hopewell, the purpose of which has been a matter of much speculation. Figure 12 (Holzapfel) Top row are shown end scrapers of Four-Mile-Creek chert, one of which was heat-treated. Second row is a Fishspear point (5000 - 4000 B.C.) made of red Four-Mile-Creek chert. Last is the base of a finely-made Paleo fluted point made of high-quality, but unidentified flint (10,000 - 9500 B.C.)

mm fwrm^m Figure 15 (Holzapfel) The base of an antler, possibly of a Pleistocene giant .

•4 Figure 14 (Holzapfel) Two broken gorgets, the first of which could be Adena. The second, with repair holes, is probably Hopewell. Third is a bead made of catlinite or Minnesota pipestone, which could date from the Ft. Ancient period or even as late as historic times. Fourth is a drilled slate object which may be Glacial Kame. The white object is a small shell pendant. Second in second row is the long slender head of a birdstone, unfortunately pictured upside down. The tubular pipe is probably Glacial Kame (3000 B.C.). Last is a section of a broken geniculate, which dates to the Middle Archaic.

13 Figure 1 (Holzapfel) The Converse Miniatures. The axe measures 23A inches.

14 THE CONVERSE MINIATURES by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, Ohio 45331

Last winter I looked through Bob Con­ Miniatures are rare. This collection was The purpose of diminutive pieces verse's collection of prehistoric artifacts assembled over a period of forty years. remains a mystery. As this assemblage is and selected the miniatures which are The Meuser miniatures, shown on page 43 available for scholarly analysis, the mys­ pictured in Figure 1. True miniatures have in the summer 1993 issue of this maga­ tery may some day be solved. the same proportions as full-size artifacts. zine, also represent a lifetime of collecting.

/Oo\ Glacial Kame gorget, Hematite celt, Scioto Co. Q J shell, Adams Co., III. Fringed pendant, slate, Meigs Co.

Discoidal, gray slate, Scioto Co. Geniculate, red banded Discoidal or bead, slate, Knox Lake, brown slate, Clermont Co. Knox Co.

Bead or miniature banner, banded slate. Found by L. Click, Lost Lake, Salem, IN. Plummet, brown slate, Limestone pebble pendant, Clermont Co. Gallia Co.

Fringed pendant, slate, Delaware Co. Effigy tooth pendant, slate, Pendant, banded slate, Trigg Co., Ky. Crawford Co.

Pendant made of knob from broken crescent banner, Scioto Co. *\ Diamond pendant, slate, Discoidal, sandstone, Ripley, Brown Co. Oak Hill, OH.

Gorget, probably Glacial Kame, slate, I Frankfurt, Ross Co. Banded slate pendant, found Effigy elk tooth, banded slate, by Jake Bikar, Richland Co. Salt Creek, Jackson Co.

Pendant, cannel coal, ^rV\ Pebble pendant, Licking Co., f \ Pendant, brown slate, Fayette Co. Scioto Co. black slate.

Fringed pendant, slate, Fairfield Co. 0| Pick banner, banded slate, Trapezoidal pendant, . ^' / Ohio, ex-Chalmer Lynch Wehrle col., Ohio v/

Eccentric pendant, banded slate, 1 'A inches, Effigy claw, cannel coal, Mahoning Co. Scioto Co.

15 ft Hopewell gorget, made from Celt, hematite, salvaged gorget, Clermont Co. Ashland Co. Diorite , green, north of Bucyrus, Crawford Co.

Axe, 2% inches, green slate, Plummet, slate, West Mansfield, Richland Co. Logan Co. Celt, black diorite, DeWitt farm, Condit, Ceramic bowl, Delaware Co. Lawrence Co.

Winged banner, banded slate, Core, flint ridge, engraved, Raymond, Union Co. Licking Co.

Hopewell gorget, banded slate, Coshocton Co. Broken pipe, Ohio pipestone, gray, Diamond pendant, slate, Stauffer farm, Hancock Co. Paint Creek, Ross Co.

Discoidal, white quartzite, Bead, steatite, Windsor, Christian Co., KY. Banner, green Richland Co. slate, New London, Huron Co. Plummet, made of end of broken pick banner, banded slate, Unionville Discoidal, sandstone, Plummet br bead, Center, Union Co. 0 Clermont Co. hematite, Clark Co. Banner, made from salvaged banner, Clermont Co.

PETOSKEY STONE DISCOIDAL by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, OH 45331

The only response I received from the article on Petoskey stone in the last issue of this magazine was the information about the discoidal shown in Figure 1. It appears that Petoskey stone was not often used by the prehistoric people of Ohio. I am still inter­ ested in hearing from anyone who knows of artifacts made of this fossil coral. The discoidal measures 3% inches wide and was found at Pt. Pele, Ontario, Canada. It was formerly in the collection of Dennis Creigan from Youngstown, Ohio.

Figure 1 (Holzapfel) Discoidal made of Petoskey stone.

16 A KENTUCKY CACHE by Tony Clinton Paducah, Kentucky

I found this cache of 9 blades in Liv­ a root and the other five were stacked ranges from 3% to 51/ inches long. They ingston County, Kentucky, on May 7, under the first four. The material is brown are believed to be Copena related, for 1994, in the Tennessee River drainage. Dover chert and all seem to be made of there are Copena points found on the Four blades were protruding from under the same core of that stone. The size same site.

Figure 1 (Clinton) Cache of 9 blades made of Dover chert found in Livingston County, Kentucky.

17 HOPEWELL FLINT CORES AND LAMELLAR/PRISMATIC KNIVES by John F. Berner Roswell, Georgia

There is little conjecture regarding the 100 feet in diameter. Since the land had "haystack" cores so prevalent at Illinois identity of the culture responsible for been farmed for more than 100 years, the Hopewell sites were found. manufacturing the diminutive knives/ original workshop debris areas may have Interestingly, there was no evidence of bladelets which have been struck from been as small as 50 to 60 feet in size. other tools, projectiles or even common flint cores, especially when found in the The site seemed strange as it was more hammerstones found on the field where lower Ohio valley and western Illinois. than % mile from the bank of the creek on the workshops were located. In conversa­ This trait is instantly recognized by stu­ a second terrace with the closest water tion with the landowner, it was explained dents and professionals alike, primarily being a small spring % mile distant from that the site never attracted attention for because of their micro size. However, not the workshops. This in itself seemed to that very reason. Survey of surrounding all of the lower Ohio valley has evidence prevent the site from being a likely candi­ possible living sites failed to reveal habita­ of this unexplained Hopewell trait. Most date for artifact hunting. tion materials. What is puzzling is the of my surface-hunting experience was In or near the center of several work­ application and purpose of such a vig­ limited to the southeastern portion of shops were shallow pits containing char­ orous effort to fashion the thousands of Ohio and I never saw a Hopewell core or coal, fire-cracked river gravel and small micro-blades whose fragmented and com­ resultant lamellar/prismatic in any chunks of heat-treated flint. Scattered plete specimens numbered in excess of local collection. throughout the workshop area were six thousand remaining pieces. Many of In 1970, my first discovery came by thousands of broken and some complete these bladelets display evidence of ancient accident while I was surveying a Ft. Hopewell bladelets and hundreds of resharpening by pressure flaking cutting Ancient site located on the south bank of spent or rejected Flint Ridge cores. In edges. Assuming that the site was covered Paint Creek in Ross County, Ohio. My ini­ addition to the voluminous amount of with prairie grass in Hopewell times, it may tial discovery was also one of the Flint Ridge debitage in every color and have been difficult to retrieve a number of smallest I ever found, as this tiny artifact hue were examples of other flint quarry the spalled knives. But at the same time, it made of Flint Ridge chalcedony mea­ material. A single core of Flint Ridge can be surmised that many thousands sured only % inches in height and had 7 Nethers striped chert, two cores of Nellie were recovered and carried elsewhere to spalled flutes. At the time I presumed it chert (part of the Upper Mercer group), be used for their intended purpose. That to be a stray find, as it was nearly 70 three cores of Zaleski black, eight cores purpose is not yet understood. miles from the major quarry sites in of Harrison County, Indiana, hornstone, Today, nearly 26 years later, a careful Licking and Muskingum Counties. The and one tiny spent core of thermally- survey of this once prolific site will reveal time of discovery was early February and treated were found. Most no more than 20 to 30 pieces of debitage some ice was still on the ground. unusual were five fragments of flaked or fragmented bladelets. During the first Prospects of a return visit didn't take rock crystal debitage. Major evidence year of investigation within the workshop place until late March of that year when a was found to substantiate that much of areas, no area larger than 6 inches in local farmer questioned our interest in the the material was heat treated, hence the diameter was void of debitage. It is site. We advised we were searching for reason for the pits containing charcoal. obvious that the heavy concentration of flint artifacts and he suggested if our All expected colors of Flint Ridge were surface hunting has removed nearly every quest was flint we needed to explore his found including the rare green/chocolate trace of this lush site. The present condi­ garden patch as each time he plowed, brown and orange/red, both found in sig­ tion of this site reminds me of a rare "colorful flint was as thick as gravel." His nificant quantity. Much debitage was the opportunity I enjoyed some 20 years ago. kind offer was ignored for the moment. glassy jewel Flint Ridge material and I was given permission to surface hunt the However, another survey of the same site translucent chalcedony. This site ren­ famous Hopewell farm in early spring in late June again provided disappoint­ dered more than 500 core discards, most under ideal conditions. Covering the ment as the field was in crops. Chancing in the VA to 2 inch lengths, and many majority of the site with six-foot swaths, a visit to the garden site, we made an appeared without flaws which could have we found but one scrap of flint debitage. outstanding discovery. caused them to be rejected. The style of Yet, nearly one hundred years ago, Within a twenty-acre field adjacent to the majority of these core rejects was the Warren King Moorehead is reported to the farm garden were thirteen Hopewell typical "hoof" or "tongue" style, and a have carted away more than 30 wagon core workshops, each measuring 75 to scant few of the polyhedral or conical loads of artifacts from the same site.

18 4* A t &\ £* IM A ft i v I4f| gift * * « figure 7 (Berner) Forty Hopewell cores from Ross County, Ohio, site. Top row, 6th from left, Nethers striped flint. Row 3, 6th from left, Zaleski flint.

W H § H * 1 All!

figure 2 (Berner) Hopewell cores from the Ross County site. Bottom row, 3rd, 6th, and 7th are polyhedral cores. The others are "tongue" or "hoof" types.

19 * ... > 4 i I. & I *»lift*** ill

^ t* figure 3 (Berner) Forty cores from Ross County site. Third row, 2nd from left, Indiana hornstone. Second row from bottom, 4th from left is Nellie chert.

Figure 4 (Berner) Thirty-two Hopewell cores. Second row from top, first from left is Indiana hornstone, 3rd from left is Nethers, 5th from left is Kentucky gray hornstone. Third row from top, 7th is Nellie chert. Bottom row, 4th and center picture thermally-altered obsidian.

20 Ill l !!•••• "MUM 1* T I J M.fW" -i || J«Wi!»»'» i^i^i^i^i^n figure 5 (Berner) Prismatic/lamellar knives from site.

r * in* 1 ..W8 lit. flM 0 laflull B fl ' 4 8»§ fl 000 6,»J figure 6 (Berner) Prismatic/lamellar blade knives from site. Bottom row, 10th and 16th from left are rock crystal. All other colors of jewel Flint Ridge flint are represented, including many green and thermally-altered blades.

21 THE STOVER CACHE by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, OH 45331

Lee Stover of Republic, Ohio, knew he black and tan Upper Mercer flint, although stuck together in a clump which came had accidentally discovered a cache one small piece is made of Flint Ridge flint. apart upon retrieval. when he picked up a dozen flint blades, Based on the type of flint and the Each blade in the cache exhibits ocher each lying about 3 feet apart, in a culti­ shape of the blades, the cache appears on only one side. This may be the affect vated field. In March of 1994, he returned to date from the Archaic period. This of percolating water which deposited the to the site and found 50 more all within a cache, however, is unusual in two ways: ocher firmly on the top of the blades. six-foot diameter. Next he probed with a the blades are fairly thin, well made, and Also included in the cache were sev­ metal fishing rod and found the undis­ uniform in appearance, and each one is eral scrapers, an end , and point turbed part of the cache. Over the last 2 covered with red ocher. Other reported tips without bases, which are seen in years he has continued to find blades on caches from the Archaic consist of thick lower right of Figure 1. Scholarly inquiries the surface bringing the total to 172, and rough blanks, and none have exhibited about this cache are welcomed. he is still finding more. ocher (Holzapfel 1993). REFERENCE CITED The cache site is in Seneca County, 3 The undisturbed portion was lying only miles west of Bellevue, Ohio, on a small 6 inches beneath the surface, resting on Holzapfel, Elaine knoll on the second terrace of a small top of the clay layer. This consisted of 1993 A Study of Prehistoric Flint Caches in the stream or ditch. The blades are made of the 7 largest blades, 4 to 414 inches long, Ohio Area. Ohio Archaeologist 43(3):30-37

22 intttftit tlllll tftflffVt if iff (Iff IMIfftll fttftttt •Iftftf tttteiMf ttttttf fttfttitf tfimtff •titttitf tltftitf

figure 1 (Holzapfel) The Stover cache, found in Seneca County, consists of 172 Upper Mercer flint blades. Each blade displays a deposit of red ocher on one side.

23 SHOVEL PENDANTS by Robert Haag 165 Merot Court Doylestown, Ohio 44230

figure 1 (Haag) Ten shovel pendants from my collection are shown in the color plate. All are made of banded slate and were found in Ohio. This pendant type is considered to be among the rarer types.

24 Figure 1 (Converse) Engraved cannel coal gorget from Delaware County, Ohio. Figure 2 (Converse) Drawing of 8 inch engraved cannel coal It is 8 inches long. gorget. A UNIQUE GLACIAL KAME GORGET by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio This unusual Glacial Kame gorget was collected it began to crack and check length. Parts of the engraving represent found in the fall of 1995 by Marvin House and presented preservation problems the familiar zigzag double line sometimes in Delaware County, Ohio. It had eroded which have yet not been answered. It seen on other rare Glacial Kame pieces from a stream bank and when discovered was kept for several months wrapped in a (Converse - 1983). Such zigzag parallel was only inches from the water. The wet cloth to keep it stable but no really lines have been interpreted as symbolic gorget is made a cannel coal, a notori­ satisfactory solution has been found to snakes or serpents. ously fragile and unstable material. Had it maintain its pristine appearance. not been discovered when it was, it As can be seen in the accompanying REFERENCE undoubtedly would either have disinte­ color plate and drawing, it is bisected by 1983 Converse, Robert N., The Glacial Kame grated or been covered with water and an engraved line and its left side is Indians, The Archaeological Society of mud and never seen again. After it was engraved and tally marked for its entire Ohio, Columbus.

25 PRECOLUMBIAN JADE OF MIDDLE AMERICA by Stephen Puttera, Jr.

When one hears the word "jade" most southwest Nicaragua and encompassing and finest quality jades known. Many people think of the Orient. It is a little the Province of Guanacaste and the other stone types (predominately green) known fact that the Western World first Nicoya Peninsula, it is simply known as were utilized and not always very hard. came to know jade during the conquest the Guanacaste-Nicoya zone. To the east Some, such as quartz, were just as hard of Mexico in the 16th century. The very and south and reaching the Caribbean as jadeite and almost as difficult to work. term "jade" is of Spanish origin and was we have what is known as the Central Other characteristic minerals used in the coined to describe the precious green Highlands-Atlantic Watershed zone. The lapidary were undoubtedly of local origin. stone of the Aztecs, long before it was third and least known area is the Chalcedony appears often in an opaque, applied to its Oriental counterpart. In let­ southern Pacific Coast area bordering deep greenish-blue variety sometimes ters to Emperor Charles V, Hernan Panama known as the Diquis region. It is called sassurite. Translucent varieties are Cortes refers to jade by the Nahuatl term interesting to note that nearly all the jade milky, russet brown, olive, dull yellow- "chalchihuitl." The immense value placed artifacts known originate in the northern green or a blue-green that closely resem­ on jade by the Aztecs is emphasized by half of Costa Rica, with virtually none bles jadeite. Softer materials also used Montezuma. When he offered some jade coming from the Diquis region or and carved in the same manner include ornaments to Cortes, to "give to his Panama. Both Panama and the Diquis various kinds of serpentine, including Prince, and no one else," and that "each are known for the elaborate gold work bowenite and a chalky robins-egg blue or stone was worth two loads of gold." found there. So it appears that northern greenish material referred to as tuff or By the middle of the 17th century Chi­ Costa Rica is actually the southern argillite, sometimes called "green slate." nese jade began to reach Europe by the boundary for most of the Central Amer­ Interestingly enough, paralleling modern direct seagoing route. At the same time, ican jade artifacts. It is believed that the aesthetic values, the ancient artisans uti­ New World jade was soon forgotten, source for much of the jade used by the lized the finer and harder stones for the probably because it became very scarce. various cultures to the north may have more intricate, elaborate carvings. For It was thus that the term jade was trans­ been located in the Central Highlands of this treatise, all greenstone artifacts will ferred from the original Mexican stone to Costa Rica. be treated as "jades", whether made of the Chinese material to such an extent The sources that supplied the ancient actual pure jade or other materials usu­ that some later writers denied that jade Costa Rican lapidaries with their raw ally typed as "cultural" jade. was found at all in the New World! material are still unknown. This is a study Jade could not actually be carved (in Jade objects have been found in quan­ in itself which is not the intent of this the literal sense) with stone age tech­ tity from Mexico to Costa Rica, and article. The conditions under which nology because of its hardness and rarely in the Greater Antilles, Venezuela, jadeite forms are so rare as to exclude toughness. It had to be abraded into Columbia and even Peru. The largest the existence of many sources. In fact, shape with a tool and an abrasive grouping of jade artifacts ever found is only six major deposits are known in the powder of a substance harder than jade. the Cerro de las Mesas cache from Ver­ world. The only known source in Central Quartz filled sand, which was readily acruz, Mexico, consisting of nearly 800 America is found in the mountains above available, is slightly harder than jade and mixed jades. This cache is attributed to Guatemala's Motagua Valley. Although may have been utilized for this purpose. the Olmec. Although it is not known pre­ some evidence of trade with more Methods of manufacture may have cisely when the art of jade working northern areas exists, it is believed that included sawing (abrading), drilling, began, it is generally accepted that the most Costa Rican jades were created incising and "string" sawing, with all Olmecs had a highly skilled jade lapidary locally, showing no signs of Mayan influ­ methods utilizing an abrasive powder. in operation by at least 600 B.C. It is also ence, either early or late. Pecking and grinding would not have a fact that jade and greenstone were The generic word "jade" refers to two worked well on jade but may have been treasured by all the great Middle Amer­ distinct mineral species. From the early used in shaping objects of softer stones. ican cultures. No region produced a word "jade" was derived the specific Some of the fine jade artifacts appear to greater number of jade objets than Costa word "jadeite." Jadeite is a silicate of alu­ have been polished with hard objects Rica, whose lapidaries were among the minum and sodium, microcrystalline in and possibly fine abrasives. most skillful in Precolumbian America. structure. It has a hardness of between The types of artifacts crafted from Little known archaeologically, and over­ 6.5 and 7.0 on the Mohs' Scale, specific these jadeite and greenstone raw mate­ shadowed by the more extensively gravity between 3.3 - 3.4. Its crystals are rials are many. Some categories are ear studied cultures, very little has been pub­ granular and interwoven, making it tough, spools, various types of beads, "mace" lished about these ancient artisans and hard and dense. Polishing jadeite gives it heads, celt-like pendants (zoomorphic the splendid objects they created. a luminescent and glassy appearance, and anthropomorphic forms), "axe-god" Costa Rica is a region of widely far more brilliant than the other form of pendants, bar-type pendant forms, varying climates, with countless ancient jade, "nephrite." Nephrite is a silicate of "beak" bird pendants and various curly settlements and cemeteries that have magnesium, fibrous, hard to fracture, tailed animal and other effigy forms. enriched collections all over the world almost soapy in appearance. It has a Animals depicted by the zoomorphic with stone , fine polychrome Mohs' hardness of 6 - 6.5 and a specific forms are also many. Included in the avi- ceramics, and jewelry of great variety gravity between 2.90 - 3.02. The ancient morph forms are owls, the parrot and and excellence. Costa Rica is basically cultures of Middle America knew the macaw, harpy eagles, bats, ducks and divided into three archaeological zones. variety of jade classified as jadeite. others. The most common motif on the The northwest Pacific Coast zone is Only a small fraction of all Costa Rican bar type pendants is the bat, followed by better known archaeologically than any artifacts are actually made of jadeite but alligator-crocodile forms and fish forms. other part of the country. Bordering some of these are crafted from the rarest The detail on some of these forms is

26 superb, many contain more than one zoomorphic form and many seem to combine human and animal forms. Other animal forms commonly seen on these pieces include monkeys, jaguars and var­ ious reptiles. All the pendant types are drilled for suspension. The avian and axe-god pen­ dants are drilled horizontally, usually through the neck of the figure, so they would hang vertically. Winged or bar pendants were drilled with two holes so when suspended they would hang hori­ zontally. It is generally thought they were worn as symbols or insignia. Some tubular beads are known to be more than twelve inches long with the record length being nearly twenty inches. How these long, beautiful objects were bi-conically drilled to meet near the center defies one's imagination. Most of these beads are not much thicker than a pencil. Jadeite and greenstones have been found in Costa Rica almost exclusively in mortuary contexts. It is assumed that during the lifetime of the deceased they represented status and were of sufficient personal and symbolic importance that they were interred at death, rather than inherited. It is fact that the Costa Rican jade workers were talented and persistent workers. We do not know where the craftsperson fit into ancient Costa Rican society or who, if anyone, controlled the possession of jadeite and greenstone artifacts. The total time span of lapidary work in Figure 1 (Puttera) Various types of axe-god pendants, all from Costa Rica and made of various materials. Costa Rica, as yet unknown, may prove to be longer than supposed. But without much doubt, the tradition of jade working was gone long before the Spanish con­ quest. Also, there must have been a period of overlap when jade and gold were in use at the same time before gold replaced jade as the principal material for symbolic ornaments. Although the lap­ idary could have begun as early as 400 - 500 B.C. (or earlier) most of the artifacts .— are thought to range between 100 and 700 A.D. An ancient jade held in the hands is pure — pleasure, with each single piece being a mystery in itself. As they give pleasure again after so many centuries of darkness, their study may yield new insights and help reveal the panorama of mankind's long adventure in the Western World. REFERENCES: Easby, Elizabeth Kennedy 1968 Pre-Columbian Jade from Costa Rica, Andre Emmerich, Inc., 41 East 57th St., New York Detroit Institute of Art - various authors 1981 Between Continents/Between Seas: Pre- columbian Art of Costa Rica, Harry N. k —f Abrams, Inc., New York Lange, Frederick W. 1988 Costa Rican Art and Archaeology, The University of Colorado Weidner, Col. Leonard D. figure 2 (Puttera) Left, "altar ego" axe god pendant. High-quality jade. Nicoya area, Costa Rica. 1995 Effigy Club Heads, Prehistoric Antiquities Right, bat wing pendant of "cultural jade," central highlands, Costa Rica. This is an odd type Quarterly; Page 1,2,8 & 9; Vol. XV No. 1 because of the single drilling.

27 Three types of "bat-wing"

Fiqure 4 (Puttera) Various Mesoamerican artifacts. ,,„,,.. , , Top left to right - Trianguloid obsidian drill, matched pair of rare shell ear ornaments, 2 axe god pendants depicting the owl, grouping of various types of tubular beads, stemmed obsidian point and "black jade" pendant, Guatemala. Lower rows - Various types of axe-god pendants, animal effigy beads and tubular beads. Far right center - 2 "bat wing" pendants. Top is "cultural jade," lower is high-quality jadeite. Both from Costa Rica.

28 »

Figure 5 (Puttera) Mesoamerican and Costa Rican jade and "cultural" or "social" jade artifacts. Top row - Effigy staff heads, also known as ceremonial mace heads. Left to right, owl, macaw, monkey, avian form, dove or whippoorwill, human effigy. Middle row - Left, three forms of bat wing pendants, 4 Mayan pendants of "black jade." Bottom - Left, strand of tubular jade beads, Veracruz, Mexico. Surrounding group of 6 miniature jade celts, Guatemala. Center, 2 jade celts. Top, Costa Rica, Lower Guatemala. Right, strand of jade beads with axe-god pendant and precolumbian gold beads. Bottom right, various types of jade ear flares.

Figure 6 (Puttera) High-quality jade "axe god" pendants. Guanacaste, Nicoya region, Costa Rica. Some of these are known as "altar ego" forms.

29 THE SIDWELL SACRED CIRCLE by Jeff Carskadden Zanesville, Ohio and Larry Edmister St. Louisville, Ohio

INTRODUCTION undercutting of the terrace edge by the inches, the depth of the inner-most ditch The Sidwell Earthwork (33-MU-625) is a intermittent stream. was one foot four inches, and the height partially preserved late Adena "sacred The site consisted of a small mound of the mound was one foot. Because of circle" located along Wakatomika Creek surrounded by a ditch. Immediately sur­ the ditch, however, from a distance the between Frazeysburg and Dresden in rounding this ditch are remnants of a low mound appeared to be much higher (2 northern Muskingum County, eastern wall, another ditch, and finally an outer feet 4 inches). It may have been another Ohio. The earthwork sits immediately wall (see Figures 2 through 5). In spite of six inches higher prior to being dug into. along State Route 16 and consists of two the disturbances to the site, we were We believe that all of the dirt from the concentric walls surrounding a low mound. able to make a detailed profile of the inner-most ditch was used to construct Portions of the walls have been destroyed western half of the earthwork, and make the mound, whereas dirt from the outer by the construction of the highway. some general measurements of the ditch was thrown in both directions to Although the earthwork has apparently eastern half. The height of the mound form the two walls. been known as a prehistoric site by local and surviving segments of the walls and farmers and artifact collectors for many ditches have not been altered too much COMPARISONS years, it first came to our attention in along the western profile because the Of the eight Adena sacred circles that March of 1994, at which time we con­ field has never been cultivated. Some could once be found within the present ducted a survey of the surviving portions. slight damage has occurred to portions boundaries of Muskingum County, only There are no previously published refer­ of the walls, however, because the prop­ the Sidwell Earthwork can be seen on the ences to this site. erty owner's children have used the ground today. Traces of several of the There has been a tremendous increase earthwork to "ramp" their threewheelers others can be found on 1950s aerial pho­ in traffic along this portion of State Route and motorcycles. A slight depression on tographs, however. Known diameters of 16 due to the recent construction of top of the mound indicates that it has local Adena circles derived from I9th cen­ Longaberger Company manufac­ been potholed, although no one in the tury descriptions or measurements taken turing facilities in the area. Because of Sidwell family could remember when this from the aerial photographs are listed in this traffic, plans have been made to occurred. It is not known if there were Table 1. These diameters range from 43 eventually widen Route 16 into a four lane ever gateways or prehistoric breaks in feet to 140 feet, the latter size being highway, and the remaining portions of the walls. more typical of Adena circular the Sidwell Earthwork and interior mound Measured from the bottom of the inner elsewhere in the Ohio Valley (Clay are in the current right-of-way for this ditch, the mound measures 53 feet in 1987:48). It can be seen in the table that widening project. Since this earthwork is diameter. The distance from the top of the diameter of the Sidwell Earthwork the only surviving Adena sacred circle in the mound westward to the outer edge of makes it the largest of the known Adena Muskingum County it is hoped that some the outer-most wall is 77 feet, and from sacred circles in the county, although attempt will be made to preserve this fea­ the top of the mound eastward to the only by about ten feet. ture. The purpose of writing this article is outer edge of the outer-most wall is 78 The presence of two concentric walls to bring this earthwork to the attention of feet. Thus the earthwork appears to have makes the Sidwell Earthwork somewhat the archaeological community. been a nearly perfect circle about 155 unique for the Muskingum County area, feet in overall diameter. Measuring from and Adena or Hopewell earthworks with SITE DESCRIPTION the top of the mound to the crest of the concentric walls appear to be a rare form The Sidwell Earthwork is located on the walls, the outer wall forms a circle about generally in the Ohio Valley. A cursory Clarence Sidwell farm three and a half 140 feet in diameter, and the inner wall examination of early publications dealing miles up the Wakatomika Creek valley forms a circle about 86 feet in diameter. with Ohio Valley earthwork surveys from Dresden and the Muskingum River (The 140 foot figure is used in Table 1). revealed only four earthworks with con­ (see Figure 1). Wakatomika Creek flows in On the western side of the earthwork a centric walls. "K" near the abandoned channel of the pre-lllinoian 101 foot long section of the outer wall Charleston, West Virginia, described by Deep Stage "Newark River" between and a 70 foot section of the inner wall Cyrus Thomas in 1894, consisted of two Frazeysburg and Dresden, and the bot­ have been preserved. East of the mound, concentric walls separated by a ditch toms in the vicinity of the earthwork are only ten foot sections of these walls (Thomas 1894:424). The overall diameter nearly a mile wide. The earthwork is situ­ remain, sandwiched between the cut for of Enclosure K was 295 feet, however, ated on an alluvial terrace along the north Route 16 and the terrace edge above the making it more than twice the size of the edge of this valley, about 1600 feet north­ intermittent stream. Sidwell Earthwork. Among the elements west of Wakatomika Creek and immedi­ In order to measure the profile of the at the Cedar Banks earthwork complex in ately adjacent to a southeastward flowing western half of the earthwork, a zero ele­ Ross County was a semi-circular wall intermittent tributary stream. The site is vation datum point was established just within a circular earthwork (Squier and located right along the north side of State outside the outer-most wall on what Davis 1848:Plate XVIII). The Kentucky Route 16, about a hundred feet east of would have been the original ground sur­ portion of the Portsmouth Works, also Schoolhouse Road. The southern half of face. Proceeding eastward towards the described by Squier and Davis (Plate the earthwork was destroyed by the pre­ mound the following elevations were XXVIII) consisted of a mound surrounded vious widening of Route 16, which barely recorded: the height the outer wall above by four concentric walls. The closest missed the mound (see Figure 2), and this datum was six inches, the depth of example geographically was "Hill Fort much of the northern portion of the earth­ the ditch between walls was one foot, the No. 2" situated along the South Fork of work has also been destroyed due to height of the inner-most wall was six the Licking River in southern Licking

30 County and described by the Salisburys (Salisbury and Salisbury 1862). This earthwork consisted of two concentric walls, but the overall diameter of this site was also more than twice the size of the Sidwell Earthwork. The relatively isolated location of the Sidwell Earthwork, some three and a half miles from any known earthworks and two and a half miles from the nearest mound, is also interesting. Clay (1987; see also Webb and Snow 1945:32) notes that Adena sacred circles usually occur in clusters or groups of two or more. Eastern Ohio examples of such groups would include The Plains near Athens, the Larimore Works in southern Knox County, the Lowell Works along the Muskingum River north of Marietta, and probably the during its early stages. In Muskingum County, however, late Adena sacred circles occur singly, as can be see Figure 1. An examination of aerial photographs failed to reveal any additional earthworks in the immediate vicinity of the Sidwell site, the nearest ones being along the Muskingum River at the mouth of Wakatomika Creek. It is not known at this time if any Adena habitation sites are located in the Wakatomika bot­ toms near the Sidwell Earthwork.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writers would like to thank the Sid­ well family for allowing us to examine and photograph the earthwork, and Paul Pacheco for bringing this site to our attention. figure 1 (Carskadden and Edmister) Distribution of late Adena sacred circles in Muskingum County and vicinity. The Sidwell Earthwork is shown with the large black circular symbol, whereas the REFERENCES others are designated with small black squares. Clay, R. Berle 1987 Circles and Ovals. Two Types of Adena Space. Southeastern Archaeology 6(1):46-56.

Salisbury, James A. and Charles Salisbury 1862 Accurate Surveys and Descriptions of the Ancient Earthworks at Newark, Ohio. Unpublished manuscript on file, Amer­ ican Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts.

Squier, Ephriam G. and Edwin H. Davis 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 1, Washington, D.C.

Thomas, Cyrus 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology. Smithsonian Institu­ tion, Bureau of Ethnology, 12th Annual Report, Washington.

Webb, William S. and Charles E. Snow 1945 The Adena People. University of Ken­ tucky Reports in Anthropology and Archaeology 6, Lexington, Kentucky.

Figure 2 (Carskadden and Edmister) This March 1994 photograph of the Sidwell Earthwork was taken from the south side of State Route 16, looking north. The individual in the center of the photo is co-author Larry Edmister. He is standing in the inner ditch, just to the left of the interior mound. The curved dark stain to the left of Edmister is the exterior ditch.

31 figure 3 (Carskadden and Edmister) Another March 1994 photo of the Sidwell Earthwork, looking east. Larry Edmister is kneeling on the outer wall. The top of the interior mound is to the right at the end of the tape.

WEST TO EAST PROFILE OF A PORTION OF THE SIDWELL EARTHWORK MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO

Outer Outer Inner Inner Mound Inner Wall Ditch Wall Ditch Ditch

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 10 20 30 40 WEST SCALE IN FEET EAST

Figure 4 (Carskadden and Edmister) West to east profile of the Sidwell Earthwork, measured in March 1994.

32 figure 5 (Carskadden and Edmister) Aerial plan showing what remained of the Sidwell Earthwork as of March 1994.

TABLE 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF "SACRED CIRCLES" IN MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO

SetUng OAI # Site Name Probable Approximate Interior Remarks Age Diameter Mound Riverine Hinterland

33MU573 Trtnway Earthwork Hopewell ? 345 feet - T-l terrace - -

33MU625 Sidwell Earthwork Late Adena 140 feet Yes - Stream Two concentric Terrace walls 33MU583 Bell Farm Earthwork Late Adena 43 feet - Crest of ridge -

33MU564 Tri Valley Earthwork Late Adena 130 feet - T-l terrace - -

- Camp Zane Earthwork Late Adena 125 feet T-l terrace - -

33MU581 Krebbs-Llttle Late Adena 130 feet - T-3 terrace Earthwork 2 - -

33MU549 East Frlck Earthwork Late Adena - Yes - Crest of Ridge -

- Gilbert Circular Late Adena 113 feet - T-4 terrace Earthwork - -

33MU542 Neff Earthwork Late Adena 50 feet Yes T-2 terrace - -

Figure 6 (Carskadden and Edmister)

33 A REMARKABLE BUST BIRDSTONE FROM WESTERN NEW YORK by Richard Michael Gramly Great Lakes Artifact Repository Buffalo, New York

Collectors of prehistoric artifacts in gorgets are represented in most collec­ red mineral crust, which may be a Western New York regularly encounter tions. Much rarer, however, are problem­ product of burial in the earth. Pipestone specimens that originated in Ohio, Ken­ atical forms such as birdstones. Until was widely used in the Ohio Valley region tucky and Indiana. Flaked stone points of recently the writer was personally familiar for the manufacture of bust birdstones, Vanport (Flint Ridge, Ohio) chert, Upper with only three birdstones of known, veri­ to judge by examples illustrated by Mercer chert, Carter Cave chert and sim­ fiable origin in the immediate region; Townsend (1959). ilar high-quality toolstones are seen most none of these specimens was of the bust Small in size, the birdstone weighs a often. Less common are objects of native type (e.g. McKendry 1989). Thus it was a scant 79 grams (about 3 ounces). Its copper, banded slate and Ohio pipe- pleasant surprise in tracking down yet a height is only 44 mm (1.75 inches) with a stone. In nearly every case these artifacts fourth birdstone to learn that it was one length of 52 mm (2.05 inches) and width of of exotic raw materials may be viewed as of the rare, elusive bust forms. 32.5 mm (1.3 inches). The eyes stick out the products of trade or hand-to-hand This birdstone was procured at a yard 10 mm (.4 inches) from the head and are exchange rather than direct population sale at Dayton, New York, in 1993. Dayton sub-circular in shape and slightly movement. The sole exception to this is a small town a few miles south of undercut. It has two neatly angled holes in interpretation is, of course, finds of exotic Gowanda, New York, and Cattaraugus the base that exit underneath the "beaks." lithics dating to the fluted point Palaeo- Creek. The collector who received it, The hole diameters are 10.5 mm (.4 Indian era when New York State may George Fehlman of Gowanda, learned inches) entering the base and only 3.4 mm have been settled by American Indian that it had been in the family for many (.13 inches) exiting. pioneers arriving from the west and south years. Mr. Fehlman was not told about a This little masterpiece from western (Gramly 1988). purported findspot, but since many pre­ New York is only one step away from Traded goods appear to have entered historic artifacts of the Woodland period complete abstraction. Had not the eyes, western New York State by three routes. have been discovered nearby, it could beaks and neck been carved, the overall The first was up the Allegheny River have been a local find. Inscribed upon the form would have been a ridged loaf - a valley. The Allegheny is a major tributary base of the birdstone in an old hand is the "loafstone" if you will. Without knowing of the Ohio River and joins with the legend "Found in 1862." It would be something about the evolution and Monongahela River at Pittsburgh, Penn­ amazing, indeed, if the circumstances sur­ typology of birdstones, it is highly sylvania. The second route was via the rounding the discovery of this bust bird­ unlikely that anyone would regard a loaf- Niagara River at the eastern end of Lake stone so long ago would still be known. stone as the embodiment of a birdstone. Erie. Major archaeological sites, including The most striking feature of the Extremely abstract forms, like the an enormous encampment covering 20- Fehlman birdstone, apart from its Civil Fehlman birdstone and others developed 30 acres at Ft. Erie, Ontario, line the Nia­ War era inscription, is the overall form - a from it, imply a long-lived artistic tradition gara River banks and islands upstream of highly stylized double-headed (Janus) lasting for many generations and perhaps Niagara Falls. The third route, and the bird with pop-eyes. Double-headed bird­ hundreds of years. one that concerns us here, was along stones are exceedingly rare; perhaps REFERENCES CITED Cattaraugus Creek, which enters Lake only two or three legitimate examples are Erie about 30 miles south of Buffalo. The known to exist. None of these artifacts Gramly, Richard Michael course of Cattaraugus Creek runs east, have both bird-heads united into one. 1988 Discoveries at the Lamb site, Genesee although it has many twists, turns and The Fehlman bust birdstone is a subtle, County, New York, 1986-87. Ohio changes of direction. From its headwa­ abstract sculpture in miniature. Its keeled Archaeologist 38(1): 4-10. or crested head is reminiscent of Dogon ters it is a simple matter to access the Kerchache, Jacques, Jean-Louis Paudrat and Genesee River, which flows north human statues from Mali, West Africa (cf. Lucien Stephan towards Lake Ontario. Kerchache et al. 1993: Plate 27). In the 1993 Art of Africa. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. The plowed fields on terraces bor­ international art world Dogon representa­ New York. dering Cattaraugus Creek have yielded tions of the human form hold a special McKendry, John C. thousands of artifacts to generations of place of honor. Likewise, the Fehlman birdstone deserves equivalent acclaim. 1989 New York birdstone. Ohio Archaeologist collectors. Early and Middle Woodland 39(2): 48. projectile points, many of Ohio cherts, The raw material is yellowish gray to are routinely discovered along with spec­ light olive gray pipestone that has been Townsend, Earl G. imens made of the local, mottled gray polished to a low luster. On the inscribed 1959 Birdstones of the North American Indian. Onondaga chert. Stone pendants and base are several patches of very dusky Indianapolis. Earl G. Townsend.

34 Color Transparency (Gramly) Three views of the Fehlman bust birdstone from Dayton, Cattaraugus County, New York. The raw material is pipestone Photograph by Lithic Casting Lab, Troy, Illinois.

35 HILLTOP ENCLOSURES: WERE THEY THE DWELLING PLACES OF UNDERWORLD MONSTERS? by William F. Romain 26933 Greenbrooke Drive Olmsted Township, Ohio 44138

"...human beings have always had intu­ heavy blow with one's arm. Lastly, very defending their mountain retreats against itive feelings about the remains of the life- few Hopewell skeletons show spear or massive numbers of unidentified invading forms that preceded them. Chance arrow projectile points embedded in hip forces. Moreover, we would have to encounters with peculiar-looking objects bones, long bones, or anywhere else (see believe that the postulated village mas­ by the side of the path or on the beach e.g., Seeman 1992). sacres and mountain sieges left no phys­ fired their imagination and, in time, Occasional instances of what may be ical evidence in the way of mutilated inspired legends - legends about gods, trophy skulls do occur (Seeman 1988). skeletal remains. Lastly, we would have to devils, and even monsters. However, the taking of an occasional believe that all of the gateways, or open­ -Gayrard-Valy (1987:11) trophy skull is not indicative of the kind of ings into the hilltop enclosures were pro­ warfare that is implied in the construction tected by some sort of barrier that to Scattered here and there across the of massive hilltop fortifications. date, has eluded archaeological probing. landscape of southern Ohio, are a pecu­ The closest thing to victims are the Admittedly, most of the hilltop enclo­ liar class of prehistoric earthworks known skeletal remains that Moorehead sures are physically situated so that they as hilltop enclosures. Very little is known (1890:41,85) found at . But, might make good defensive positions. about the hilltop enclosures. A few have as Connolly (1996:26) points out, Moore­ However, the general resemblance of the been radiocarbon dated to Middle Wood­ head appears to have exaggerated the hilltop enclosures to the kinds of fortifica­ land times. But still, the purpose, or number of individuals represented, and tions that were used by European armies reason for the building of the enclosures the simple discovery of skeletal remains does not mean that the hilltop enclosures has remained a mystery. at Fort Ancient does not necessarily imply of southern Ohio were used in the same way. Indeed, there are other, more simple The most popular theory has been that warfare. Indeed, the remains could just as explanations that can account for the they were used for defensive military pur­ easily be honored ancestors. hilltop enclosures - without recourse to poses - to protect the So where are the victims of the sup­ unknown alien invaders. from hostile invaders (e.g., Atwater 1820, posed hilltop battles? Squier and Davis 1848, Moorehead 1890, Location, Location, Location (This is not to say that violence was unknown in the long prehistory of Ohio. Prufer 1964, Fischer 1974). Certain of the hilltop enclosures are Quite the contrary, archaeological evi­ We do not have the space here to located in remote regions - far removed dence shows that after the Hopewell - in refute the military fortification theory in as from known Hopewell population areas. the time period known as early Late much detail as I would like. However, it The closest Hopewell population center Woodland, stockaded villages were built might be useful - for the record, to point of any consequence to Fort Hill, for in defensible positions - see e.g., Dancey out some of its more serious problems. example, is Paint Creek Valley - which is 1992. These early Late Woodland vil­ 10 miles away. The trek from Paint Creek 1) Where's the Beef? lages, however, appear after the con­ to Fort Hill is not easy. And no doubt, it The walls that surround the Fort struction of the hilltop enclosures of would have taken a considerable amount Ancient hilltop are almost three and a half southern Ohio - which were built in of time for the sick, the elderly, and the miles long. The walls that make up the phases, over several hundred years, very young to reach the hilltop refuge. Are perimeter of Fort Hill are a mile and a half during the Middle Woodland time period.) long. The walls of Miami Fort enclose 12 we to believe that the Hopewell had suffi­ cient advance warning of an attack that At the other end of the spectrum, it is acres. And, the perimeter of Glenford Fort sometimes proposed that the hilltop is more than a mile in length. they could successfully move their entire villages or hamlets to safety? enclosures were built for some sort of By any standard of warfare, it would vague ceremonial purpose. In most have taken hundreds of warriors to suc­ 4) Holes in the Walls instances, however, the exact nature of cessfully defend any of these hilltop Fort Hill has 33 openings in its perimeter these ceremonial activities is never enclosures. Archaeologists (e.g., Dancey walls (Morgan and Thomas 1948:31). Fort explained - with the one notable excep­ 1992, Pacheco 1988a), however, are Ancient has 67 openings in its walls (Con­ tion being the paper written by Willard S. hard-pressed to find Hopewell hamlets nolly 1996). Other hilltop enclosures simi­ Bacon (1993) with reference to the Old where even 50-100 people lived. So larly have multiple openings or gateways Stone Fort in Tennessee. where are the warriors? in their walls. These openings are usually As a result of these difficulties, neither 2) Where Are the Victims? 10-20 feet wide. Excavations have the defensive fortification, nor ceremonial If the Hopewell were truly the victims of shown that most of the openings are orig­ explanations have generally been invading hordes, or even the victims of inal features of the enclosures and not the accepted as sufficient to explain the internecine warfare, then we would result of erosion or some other agency. hilltop enclosures. In turn, this has cre­ expect to find evidence of that violence. Occasionally it is suggested that wooden ated a situation wherein the hilltop enclo­ For the most part though, Hopewell barricades protected the gateways. But, sures have been pretty much ignored by skeletal remains show little evidence of there is no physical evidence of such professional archaeologists. As Robert violence (see e.g., Willoughby and Hooten structures. So why would the Hopewell Riordan (1995:63) has pointed out, for 1922; Webb and Snow 1945). Hopewell provide so many convenient entrances example, in the volume that resulted from crania do not show repeated instances of into their hilltop forts, if their intention was the 1978 Chillicothe conference on the depressed skull fractures - healed or oth­ to secure the hilltops? At a certain point Hopewell (Brose and Greber 1979), there erwise, that might indicate hatchet blows this whole exercise becomes silly. For the is not a single reference to the Ohio to the head. Nor do Hopewell skeletons hilltop-military fortification theory to work, hilltop enclosures. Yet given the amount show much evidence of parry fractures of we would have to postulate hundreds of of time and effort involved in building the the ulna - which result from blocking a unidentified Hopewell warriors bravely

36 walls that define these structures, hilltop In any event, my first task was accom­ Now this happenstance of a fortuitously enclosures were obviously an important plished by reference to Squier and located Ordovician arch, being neatly part of Middle Woodland life. Davis's (1848) work, Ancient Monuments eroded by down-cutting rivers and Recent efforts by Connolly (1996), of the Mississippi Valley. By carefully streams, thereby exposing extensive Essenpreis and Connolly (1989), and examining the maps and figures in Squier fossil beds, is no small matter in the world Riordan (1995) have somewhat re-dressed and Davis' book, I was able to locate 17 of geology. Indeed, as pointed out by this situation. However, many questions hilltop enclosures in southern Ohio. To Kenneth Caster, et al, still remain. this number, I added Glenford Fort, which The Cincinnati region is world Maybe, I can offer a clue to the puzzle. is located in Perry County, Ohio (Thomas renowned for the variety, abundance In support of the ceremonial explanation, 1894:Fig. 319). These enclosures are and perfection of its fossils of in this paper, I will present evidence that shown here in Figure 1. Most of the Ordovician age (Caster, et al 1955:7). the hilltop enclosures of southern Ohio enclosures were never provided with Likewise, geologist Robert Bates notes were associated with phenomena that names. So, for our purposes, I have given that, would warrant their evaluation by the each site a number. Further, each num­ Today, scientists and collectors Hopewell, or other prehistoric peoples as bered site is cross referenced in Table 1. from around the world search for 'sacred.' More specifically, my hypothesis Next, I plotted the location of each site the remains of this life in the rich is that the hilltop enclosures mark a par­ on to a large-scale, 1:500,000 USGS fossil beds in the Upper Ordovician ticular kind of sacred space. This sacred base map of Ohio - which shows all major rocks near Cincinnati. These fossils space is not some vague, touch-feely rivers, streams, and tributaries. For illus­ also can be seen at many places New Age phenomenon - but rather, is trative purposes, Figure 2 shows a sec­ along the valleys of the Great Miami defined by the occurrence of real and tion of this large-scale USGS map. The and Little Miami rivers and their very visible, geological anomalies. full size map measures 36" x 36". tributaries (Bates 1979:21). The test implications attendant to the Using the above USGS map as a guide, hypothesis are simple: 1) If the hypoth­ I then plotted the location of each site on So too, geologist Jane L. Forsyth com­ esis is valid, then we should find evi­ to the map shown in Figure 3. The map in ments: dence of unusual geological features Figure 3 is a "Geological Map and Cross ...the Cincinnatian (Ordovician) associated with the hilltop enclosures; 2) Section of Ohio," as published by the rocks contain so many fossils of We should also find evidence that the Ohio Division of Geological Survey such diverse species, many weath­ Hopewell recognized the unique geolog­ (ODNR n.d.). ering out loose, that they have become very famous and, since the ical features associated with the hilltop Looking at Figure 3, what we find is early 1800s, have drawn people enclosures', and 3) We should be able to that the vast majority of the southern Ohio from all over the world to come and account for cultural features associated hilltop enclosures fall within a very limited collect them (Forsyth 1979:200). with the hilltop enclosures - to include geological area - where the underlying perimeter walls, inner ditches, gateways, bedrock is of Ordovician age. As the reader might suspect by now, and burned walls or burned areas. We will return to a discussion of the my proposal is that the Ordovician fossils Test Implication One significance of this finding in a few of the Great Miami and For the purposes of this study, I have moments. But first, let's take a look at the valley areas were known to the prehis­ taken the position that the southern Ohio Ordovician system in a bit more detail. toric Indians of southern Ohio. And, hilltop enclosures were all built for the During the time from about 550 to 480 where these Ordovician fossils were same reason - i.e., to mark a special kind million years ago, the land that is now especially apparent - such as along the of space. When viewed from this perspec­ Ohio was covered by a vast, but relatively ravines, and streams, and gullies that tive, the exact date of when each and shallow sea. Over millions of years, bil­ define the hilltop enclosures, the Indians every individual enclosure was built lions upon billions of marine plants and intentionally marked and considered becomes less of an issue. Of the very few animals died and sank to the bottom of those places as special, or sacred. hilltop enclosures that have been dated this ocean floor. Over time, their bodies Looking again to Figure 3, we find that (e.g., Pollock, Miami Fort, Fort Ancient), all were covered by layers of sediments. out of 18 hilltop enclosures, a total of 13 are found to date to Middle Woodland, or Slowly, these sediment-covered plant and are located within the boundaries of the Adena-Hopewell times. This is not to say animal bodies turned to stone and Ordovician bedrock system. Moreover, that the enclosures were built as single- became fossils. from a reading of Squier and Davis, it is phase events. In fact, as pointed out by The fossil remains of Ordovician life clear that in each and every instance, Connolly (1996) and Riordan (1995), sev­ might have forever remained buried - every hilltop enclosure they describe is eral appear to have been built in phased except that when the Appalachian Moun­ characterized by sheer cliffs, or deep sequences - from sometime around the tains were formed, just a few million ravines that resulted from stream erosion. first century A.D., or even earlier, up years ago, all of the surrounding lime­ Allow me to note a few examples of through the third or fourth centuries A.D. stone and shale layers of what used to Squier and Davis' descriptions of these Having said this, the first task was to be the Ordovician sea were uplifted into a cliffs, ravines, and gullies: identify and limit my analysis to hilltop shallow arch formation. This bedrock for­ Site #1: "It is surrounded at all points...by enclosures located in southern Ohio. Of mation is known as the Cincinnati Arch, deep ravines, presenting steep and course, I recognize that there are hilltop and in southwestern Ohio, this arch almost inaccessible declivities" (Squier enclosures in northern Ohio (e.g., Squier comes very close to the surface of the and Davis 1988:17). and Davis 1848:37-42) and in central earth (see the cross-section of Ohio in Site #2: "its embankment is...carried Ohio (e.g., Fowke 1902:259-262). And Figure 3). down into ravines from fifty to one too, there are hilltop enclosures in In yet later years, extensive and deep hundred feet deep, and at an angle of Indiana, Tennessee, Kentucky, and New erosion by the fast-moving rivers and thirty degrees...these little streams York. However, I am not inclined to streams of southern Ohio cut into the have cut their channels through fifty to assume that every hilltop enclosure in a bedrock of the Cincinnati Arch where it one hundred feet of thin, horizontal five state area was built for precisely the was closest to the surface. This stream layers of blue limestone (Squier and same reason as will be suggested for erosion in turn, exposed the long-buried Davis 1848:19). those of southern Ohio (cf. Bacon 1993; Ordovician fossils at a number of loca­ Sullivan, Neusius, and Neusius 1995). tions throughout southwestern Ohio. Site #3: "The ditches...which accompany the wall on the south, subside into the

37 ravines on either side. These ravines not. My plans for the near future include a Trilobites, of course, are the official are not far from sixty feet deep, and physical survey of each hilltop enclosure fossil for the State of Ohio. As shown by have precipitous sides..." (Squier and for fossils. And, I intend to take a series of Figure 5, they are also pretty strange Davis 1848:22). aerial photos of each site. Until that time, looking creatures. what I can offer, however, are the obser­ Let me put this another way. If you were Site #4: "The side of the hill on the north, vations of professional geologists with an Indian, some two thousand years ago, towards the river, is very abrupt, and reference to the Fort Ancient site - which and you had no idea of the scientific rises to the height of one hundred and can be considered as representative of mechanisms involved in the making of a twenty feet above the valley" (Squier what is likely to be found at all the other fossil, and one day you stumbled across a and Davis 1848:22). Ordovician sites. mountain - like Fort Ancient, where thou­ Site #5: "It occupies a bluff peninsula, sands of bizarre and totally alien faces and bounded on three sides by streams. Fort Ancient life-forms were literally falling out of the The banks of the terrace vary from fifty Fort Ancient is located in Warren sides of the mountain, wouldn't you think to seventy-five feet in height" (Squier County, Ohio, about 35 miles northeast of that place to be pretty strange? And, since and Davis 1848:23). Cincinnati. As is typical of many of the many of these frozen life-forms resemble hilltop enclosures, the site is situated on a no living creatures that are known today, Site #6: "The side of the hill towards the promontory - with its boundaries defined river is very steep, rising to the height wouldn't you think that maybe these crea­ by steep cliffs and deep ravines. The tures were from the Otherworld? Wouldn't of one hundred and sixty feet" (Squier perimeter walls, which have been and Davis 1848: 23-24). that be sufficient reason to declare the restored, vary from 4 feet to about 24 feet mountain sacred? - and maybe even build Site #7: "It occupies the summit of a in height and enclose about 100 acres. on it, some sort of structure to mark its steep, insulated hill ..." (Squier and Of interest to us here, are the fossils special nature? Davis 1848:25). that are found at the site. Warren K. Moorehead described the situation thusly: Now I suppose one could argue that the Site #8: "The side of the work next the finding that 13 out of 18 hilltop enclosures stream is bounded by an abrupt natural ...the entire Miami valley is noted among geologists as a field for fos­ are located within the Ordovician boundary bank, eighteen feet high....It is evident, sils. Some of the largest palaeonto- is just coincidence; and that the prehistoric however, that the creek once ran at the logical collections in the state are Indians who built the hilltop enclosures base of the natural bank" (Squier and owned in the neighborhood of Fort were not aware of the strange fossils in Davis 1848:29). Ancient...Fine trilobites and beau­ their territory. However, there are two more Site #9 "This peninsula is...a bold head­ tiful crinoids are found in this blue hilltop enclosures, that are located outside land, with precipitous banks, rising sixty limestone and the clay with which it of the Ordovician boundary that are also feet above the water in the creek...The is interstratified, and geologists built on mountains that manifest unusual creek, at one time, unquestionably ran have been known to come hun­ geological features. These two sites are close under the banks of the peninsula" dreds of miles to this point to obtain Fort Hill, and Spruce Hill. (Squier and Davis 1848:30). specimens for study, and their col­ Fort Hill Site #10: "The natural banks, on the side lections (Moorehead 1890:6). Fort Hill is located in Highland County, towards the river and next to Big Run, So too, Fort Ancient is specifically iden­ Ohio, about 25 miles southwest of Chilli­ are inaccessibly steep, and between tified by Bingaman, Core, and Boyer cothe. The summit of Fort Hill is almost 500 feet above Ohio Brush Creek. The sixty and seventy feet high (Squier and (1980:2) as one of the top three fossil Davis 1848:31). perimeter walls of the enclosure have not hunting locations in all of Ohio. As they been restored, and in their present state, Site #11: "The bluff bordering upon the explain: they vary from about 6 feet to 15 feet in Franklin fork of the creek is for the No collecting is allowed at the height. They enclose about 48 acres. most part precipitous, and has an actual site of Ft. Ancient, but any According to Bob Connolly (personal average height of between fifty and creek bed or riverbank near the site communication, 4-15-96), there is a cave sixty feet" (Squier and Davis 1848:33). usually produces good Ordovician at Fort Hill. This finding may have impor­ fossils. The best creeks are indi­ Site #12: "consists of a high promontory, tant implications in our later discussion of cated on the map (Bingaman, Core, bounded on all sides...by a precipitous the hilltop enclosures and their possible and Boyer 1980:12). limestone cliff....The cliff has an association with the Underworld. But for average height of upwards of twenty- Notably, Cowen's Run is identified on now, the most significant thing about Fort five feet, and is steep and almost inac­ the Bingaman map (see Figure 4), as one Hill is that it is located in a small little area cessible...Massie's creek...washes the of the three best locations at Fort Ancient of Ohio that is renowned for its geodes base of the promontory..." (Squier and for collecting. As it happens, Cowen's and fossil stromatoporids. Stromatoporids Davis 1848:34). Run defines the southeastern boundary of are popularly known as 'cabbage heads.' Site #13: "This work. . .commands a large Fort Ancient. The other two creeks indi­ More to the point, Kent State Univer­ peninsula, two miles in circumference, cated on the Bingaman map - i.e., Stony sity geologist Earnest Carlson (1991:24) formed by a single bend in the river" Run and Harper's Run are both less than explains that silicious geodes are (Squier and Davis 1848:36). one mile from the park boundary. reported from the hilltops of western As again explained by Bingaman, Core, In each case, it is clear that stream ero­ Brush Creek, eastern Jackson, and and Boyer: sion has deeply cut into the sides of the eastern Marshall Townships, in Highland Ordovician beds in Ohio usually hilltop enclosure mountains. And from County. As shown by Figure 6, this is produce many corals, bryozoa, these descriptions, we can fully expect precisely where Fort Hill is located. brachiopods, pelecypods, and that Ordovician fossils will be visible - A geode is a roundish, hollow rock that cephalopods. There are some indeed, they should literally be falling out of when broken open, reveals inward pro­ worm tubes, ostracods and trilo­ the sides of the mountains and into the jecting crystals growing on its inner walls. bites...another common but incom­ adjacent stream beds and ravines at each According to Carlson (1991:24), Ohio plete find are crinoids. Sea stars of the 13 Ordovician hilltop locations. geodes are typically lined with quartz, (Edrioasters) and starfish are rare, I wish I could say that I personally sur­ chalcedony, and calcite, with smaller but do occur (Bingaman, Core, and amounts of sphalerite and asphalt also veyed each of the above sites for fossils - Boyer 1980:4). but unfortunately, as of this date, I have sometimes present.

38 Geodes are formed very much like to state geologist John Locke: cretions contain solid marcasite. How­ other fossils. Of special interest here, In a kind of saddle of (Fort) hill, just ever, according to Bingaman, Core, and however, are the geodes that are found at the top of the slate, was appar­ Boyer (1991:10), some are hollow and in the Bisher and Lilley rock formations of ently the burying place, where a contain crystals of quartz, pyrite, southeastern Highland County. As again heap of stones was accumulated; dolomite, or barite. Occasionally, fossil explained by Carlson: not such as abound there in situ, shark bone and trunk sections of petrified The geodes typically appear as but limestone which must have wood are also sometimes found in the hollow, silicified fossils, such as been brought up from the valleys centers of the concretions (Carlson corals, stromatoporoids, and below. The specimens had evi­ 1991:20). sponges, with rough tan to light- dently selected for strong peculiari­ Both Carlson (1991:20) and Bingaman, gray surfaces. The stromatoporoids ties - some being the fantastic et al (1980:10), specifically recommend a sometimes display bulbous, glob­ concentric nodules, filled with site known as Copperas Mountain for the ular, or domal shapes with concen­ quartz or calcareous chrystals (sic), collection of concretions or septaria. As it tric patterns of ridges and are others containing peculiar and well happens, Copperas Mountain is a sister known popularly as cabbage heads marked fossils...(Locke 1838:269). mountain to Spruce Hill. In fact, Copperas ....Because of their resistance, the I submit that whether it was geodes, or Mountain is only one hill over from Spruce geodes weather out of the rock and beef hearts, or concretions that attracted Hill. Even more importantly though, the litter ridges and hillsides (Carlson the attention of the Hopewell, any of black shale formation that contains the 1991:24). these fossil rocks would have seemed concretions runs through both Copperas Geodes, however, are not the only sufficiently strange as to justify the notion Mountain and Spruce Hill. At both loca­ thing found in the Fort Hill area. With ref­ that the mountain where these things are tions too, Paint Creek cuts into the sides erence to Fort Hill in particular, Morgan found was sacred. of these mountains - thereby exposing and Thomas provide the following the septaria. In describing the concre­ SPRUCE HILL description of the formations that make tions, Carlson notes that, Spruce Hill is located in Ross County, up the mountain: ...most of the larger concretions are on the south side of Paint Creek. The characterized by soft septarian The rock formations outcropping at summit of Spruce Hill is about 300 feet cores and resistant, crack-free Fort Hill include the Peebles above Paint Creek. There has been some veins, which are found as empty dolomitic limestone of the Silurian discussion as to how much of the Spruce spherical shells after the cores have Period in which the gorge has been Hill perimeter walls are natural formations weathered away (Carlson 1991:61). cut, the Ohio shale of Devonian (see Pacheco 1988b; also see Moorehead age which forms the central mass 1890:104). However, Hopewell Culture Further, Carlson observes that, of the hill, and the Bedford shale National Historic Park archaeologist Bret After weathering out of the shale, and Berea sandstone of Mississip- Ruby, who has conducted excavations in the concretions roll down the slope, pian times. All of these formations the south gateway area, has advised me towards Paint Creek, where they were laid down millions of years (personal communication, 3-19-96), that can be easily examined. Fragments ago in the seas of the Paleozoic the gateway walls are indeed man-made. of concretions can be readily Era (Morgan and Thomas 1948:10). Based on artifacts that he has recovered picked up along the slope and in All kinds of fossils are found in the rock from within the south gateway, it appears the bed of the creek (Carlson formations noted above by Morgan and that the site was utilized by the Hopewell. 1991:61). Thomas. But of special interest is that a What makes Spruce Hill of interest are The massive concretions at Spruce Hill very peculiar fossil known as a "beef the strange concretions, as well as pyrite are strange enough to have caught Squier heart" is commonly found in the Silurian nodules that are found in its shale cliffs. and Davis' attention. Indeed, they deposits that Morgan and Thomas note Concretions, which are also known as describe the concretions thusly: are found in the Fort Hill-Baker Fork septaria, are like geodes - except concre­ Paint Creek washes the base of gorge. The beef heart is formed from a tions are usually solid in the middle. As (Spruce) hill upon the left, and has large clam - called the Megalomus. As its noted by MacFall and Wollin: for some distance worn away the name implies, the fossil looks very much Concretions are easy to see and to argillaceous slate rock....lt has also like a beef heart (see Bates 1979:22). collect from shale. They weather uncovered a range of septaria, Perhaps just as significant, however, is free until they litter the shale banks, occurring near the base of the slate that concretions are found in the Ohio or they wash into nearby streams. stratum; a number of which, of large shale that Morgan and Thomas describe Any gray or reddish rounded rock size, are to be seen in the bed of the as making-up the central mass of Fort found in the shales or near shale creek.... Some of them measuring Hill. As Robert Bates explains, exposures, therefore, is worth from nine to twelve feet in circumfer­ the Ohio shale...contains rounded breaking open (MacFall and Wollin ence (Squier and Davis 1848:13). masses of rock the size of cannon- 1972:63). A nine to twelve foot concretion is a balls or larger, that are different from As further explained by Carlson pretty strange looking thing. And where the shale. These rocks are concre­ (1991:20), "A unique layer of limestone numerous instances of such tremendous tions formed when minerals col­ concretions, renowned for their large size, fossil rocks occur - like at Spruce Hill, the lected around a sand grain, a occurs in the upper Devonian shales of effect is even more astonishing. No matter fragment of a plant, or some other Ohio..." These concretions are easily who views these things - whether ancient foreign object....Later, mud and seen, strewn around the cliff bottoms Indian or modern man, these anomalous other sediments were deposited along Paint Creek - "where they weather rocks appear to have been shaped by around the concretions, solidifying out of the shale banks and roll to the forces beyond comprehension. Indeed, through the ages into shale. That is beds of the rivers" (Carlson 1991:20). they appear to be manifestations of some why the bedding of the shale con­ What makes the Paint Creek concre­ unknown realm - quite unlike anything in forms to the concretions by bending tions so unusual is their large size. Typi­ our everyday world. Sufficient reason, I around them (Bates 1979:25). cally, the concretions range from about 1 would think, for declaring Spruce Hill to be It is also of interest to note that someone foot to 8 feet in diameter. They are popu­ sacred. In summary then, with regard to in the distant past was collecting these larly known as fossil cannonballs, or iron test implication one, it was shown how a strange geological specimens. According kettles. Most often, the Paint Creek con­ total of 15 out of 18, or roughly 83 percent

39 of the hilltop enclosures are located in and geological anomalies that are found special preparations were required before areas where unusual outcroppings of fossil within the Ordovician boundary and at entering the sacred space within. rocks occur. What makes this finding even Fort Ancient, Fort Hill, and Spruce Hill. As to the gateways, it doesn't make more significant, I think, is that mountains Let me also note that the quantity of much sense to have a sacred space are found throughout southern Ohio. recovered fossil material is not really an enclosed by a boundary or a wall, if no Indeed, as Figure 7 shows, mountains that issue. Because of the 'sacred' nature of one can ever enter inside. Accordingly, could have have been utilized for hilltop these fossil materials, it may be that the most sacred areas are provided with enclosures are ubiquitous to southern collecting of large quantities of fossils, or gateways, or entranceways - as were the Ohio. The actual hilltop enclosures, how­ concretions was not something that was hilltop enclosures. ever, are almost all located only where encouraged - especially if these strange Most often though, entranceways to unusual fossils are found. rocks were thought to have souls of their sacred areas are protected by gateway In other words, if we were to overlay own, or if they were associated with the guardians of one sort or another. The Figure 3 on to Figure 7, what we would Underworld. sacred space after all, must not be dese­ find is that there are dozens upon dozens The point rather, is that the inclusion of crated or trespassed upon by unworthy of mountains in southern Ohio that are fossils and concretions in any quantity in spirits or persons. We need only consider outside of the Ordovician boundary and Hopewell burials demonstrates that the the torii gates of Japan that guard the that would appear to be suitable locations Hopewell were aware of these materials. passageways to temple shrines, or the for hilltop enclosures. However, the vast Moreover, the idea that these unusual colossal stone creatures that guard the majority of the hilltop enclosures are not rocks were considered special by the gates to ancient Sumerian cities to under­ located on these non-Ordovician moun­ Hopewell is shown by their status as stand the principle. tains. Hence, the corollary of the first test which accompanied the Given this, my thought is that the implication also supports the hypothesis. deceased to the Otherworld. mounds that are sometimes found at the In any event, my own opinion is that the entranceways to the hilltop enclosures, as TEST IMPLICATION TWO finding of fossils with Hopewell burials well as the complicated, almost maze-like Of course, the big question here is strongly supports the hypothesis that the entranceways into the enclosures, were whether or not the Hopewell recognized hilltop enclosures were intended to mark a meant as symbolic guardians of the por­ the special nature of the fossil rocks special kind of space that was defined by tals and protective devices. found within the Ordovician fossil area, the occurrence of geological anomalies. Of course there is also another kind of and at Fort Hill and Spruce Hill. gateway found at the hilltop enclosures - In this matter, I think we can safely sur­ TEST IMPLICATION THREE that was probably not meant for humans. mise that the Hopewell did indeed con­ To my way of thinking, a good hypoth­ Some time ago, Frances Spania Rothen- sider the fossils and concretions found at esis not only explains the known facts, berg, pointed out to me that several of the the hilltop locations to be special - based but should also result in the happy cir­ openings in the perimeter walls at Fort on the finding of these unusual rocks with cumstance whereby unknown and even Ancient open into streams, gullies, or Hopewell burials and in Hopewell caches. unsuspected data fall into place within ravines. This particular finding is illus­ At the Turner site, for example, the framework of the new hypothesis. In trated in Squier and Davis' (1848) map of Willoughby (1922:19) found "four small this regard, the hilltop enclosures = the earthwork. Looking to other hilltop concretions of curious form, two of which sacred area idea scores well. Let me give enclosures - like Fort Miami, for example, are cupshaped," accompanying the burial you a few examples. we find the same thing. My interpretation of a child. If we accept the idea that hilltop enclo­ of this finding is that the prehistoric sures were sacred areas then we are able Also at Turner, Willoughby (1922:64) Mound Builders recognized that it was to further explain several features that discovered "many fossils of various the agency of flowing water that resulted have long been a mystery. These features kinds" intentionally placed on the altar of in the gullies and ravines that carved include the perimeter walls themselves, Mound 4. And too, he found similar fos­ themselves into the bedrock - thereby the gateways through the walls, ditches sils on the altar in Mound 3. In a photo­ exposing the fossil beds. Where they and ponds on the inside of the perimeter graph of the artifacts recovered from occurred, breaks or openings in the walls, and certain burned areas. Mound 4 (Willoughby 1922:PI.17), at least perimeter walls at the origins of these According to the hypothesis I have 17 fossil shells can be counted. ravines and gullies permitted, or allowed offered, the perimeter walls that define the At the Hopewell Earthworks, in Mound the unrestricted flow of water. 17, deposit number 2, Shetrone (1926:190) hilltop enclosures can be understood as found numerous worked artifacts in the markers that serve to identify certain This line of thought also provides an vague shapes of cones that were made mountains as special, or sacred. By explanation as to why the Mound Builders out of marcasite concretions - as found at sacred, I mean the same thing that Edwin provided many of the hilltop enclosures nearby Spruce Hill. Bernbaum (I990:xv) expressed in his defin­ with ditches along the inside of certain perimeter walls and why, they dug ponds At Mound City, Brown and Baby (1966: ition of the "wholly other" - i.e., "an within some of the enclosures to include 37) found a single fossil in Mound 13. inscrutable mystery that attracts and Fort Ancient and Fort Hill. Clearly, in the However, at the Harness Mound, N'omi repels us with intense feelings of wonder scenario just presented, water played an Greber (1982:33,34) recovered several and awe." In this sense, fossils can be important role in the association of the fossil fragments from Feature 45; four considered sacred in that they appear to hilltop enclosures with the sacred fossils. fossils from Feature 30; and twelve fossils be manifestations of life-forms whose very According to the interpretation offered from Feature 89. Further, Brad Lepper souls have somehow been frozen in time. here, man-made ditches and ponds (1994) reports that two pieces of fossil Accordingly, we should not be surprised served to further integrate, as well as re­ coral were included in the Sunkle cache to find that the mountains where such iterate, the symbolic association of water of Hopewell artifacts which was discov­ fossil forms occur might be considered with the occurrence of fossils. As we will ered at the Newark Earthworks. sacred and marked by perimeter walls. see in a few moments, this association In this view, perimeter walls were Without access to the actual artifact probably had important implications intended as boundary markers, sepa­ collections it is impossible to know if the relating to the Underworld. fossils that are mentioned above are rating the sacred space within, from the Ordovician. Nevertheless, what this evi­ mundane, or ordinary space outside. In Lastly, I submit that the burned areas dence shows is that the Hopewell did in essence, the walls were like a signpost - and burned walls that are sometimes fact have an interest in the kinds of fossils telling the persons who approached that found when excavations are made of the

40 hilltop enclosures, represent the symbolic In fact, among the Cherokee, certain No wonder humankind has long con­ termination of the sites for ceremonial mountains were specifically regarded as sidered mountains as the dwelling places use. Burned walls and burned areas have the dwelling places of Underworld mon­ of both gods and demons. In this sense, been found in excavations at Pollock sters. Bald Mountain, for example, was maybe the Hopewell were more like us (Riordan 1995), Fort Ancient (Moorehead said to be the home of a great lizard mon­ than we care to admit. For in their remote 1890), Spruce Hill (Atwater 1820), and ster; while Cohutta Mountain was believed and hidden places too, at the edge of other sites. Most often these vestiges of to be the dwelling place of a giant serpent their world, and in the high mountain fire have been attributed to warfare. What called Ustutli (Mooney 1900:299, 302). passes, there were dark and evil things seems more likely, however, is that just as Given the strange, monster-like appear­ that were better off left, alone. the Hopewell signified the end of life for ance of the Ordovician fossils - consider, individuals, artifacts, charnel houses, and for example, the bizarre appearance of ACKNOWLEDGMENTS even certain of the lowland geometric the trilobites, and the finding that the Special thanks are extended to Don enclosures by burning - so too they did hilltop enclosures are all physically asso­ Cochran, Bob Connolly, Brad Lepper, Paul the same thing with the hilltop enclosures. ciated with water - which is an Under­ Pacheco, and Bret Ruby for reviewing an As Shetrone observed many years ago, world attribute, and that the hilltop earlier draft of this paper. As always, how­ When a particular sacred structure enclosures are by definition situated on ever, I am solely responsible for the opin­ had served its purpose, it was mountains - which in Indian mythology ions and speculations expressed herein. intentionally destroyed by fire were identified as the dwelling places of (Shetrone 1930:197). Underworld monsters, my guess is that REFERENCES the Hopewell considered the fossils to be In my view, when one of the hilltop Atwater, Caleb manifestations of the Underworld. enclosures had served it purpose, its use 1820 Description of the Antiquities Discovered was symbolically ended by the burning of Perhaps the fossil spirits could be pro- in the State of Ohio and Other Western States. Archaeologia Americana its walls and then covering the still smol­ priated by special ceremonies that may have been conducted at, or within the 1:105-267. dering remains with earth. Bacon, Willard S. enclosures - as seems indicated by the 1993 Factors in Siting a Middle Woodland WHO, OR WHAT WERE THE FOSSIL finding of occupational debris mostly out­ SPIRITS? Enclosure in Middle Tennessee. side - but also inside, some of the hilltop Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology In North American Indian thought - and enclosures (e.g., Fort Ancient, Fort Hill, especially among peoples of the Eastern 18(2):245-281. Miami Fort). But probably the main con­ Bates, Robert L. Woodlands (see e.g., Penny 1985, Hudson cern was to not incur the wrath of the 1979 Written in the Rocks. In Ohio's Natural 1976:120-183), the universe is usually Underworld fossil spirits by trespassing Heritage, edited by Michael B. Lafferty, divided into three realms - the Upperworld on their mountains and treading on their pp. 18-31. The Ohio Academy of which is associated with the sun, wind, bodies - especially without special spiri­ Science, Columbus. birds, and Thunder-beings; the earth, or tual protection. Beauchamp, William M. terrestrial realm which is a great island sus­ 1922 Folk Lore Gathered from The Six pended between the Upperworld and the SOME FINAL THOUGHTS Nations of New York. Empire State Underworld; and the Underworld which is I realize that some people may find it Historical Publications 31. associated with water, rivers, fishes, and difficult to accept that the hilltop enclo­ Bernbaum, Edwin Underwater monsters - like the Great sures are not the relics of ancient hostili­ 1990 Sacred Mountains of the World. Science Club Books, San Francisco. Horned, or Feather Serpent. Since the ties and warfare. But when it comes to the Hopewell, perhaps we would do well Bier, James A. beginning, the creatures of the Upperworld 1967 Landforms of Ohio. (Map) Ohio Division to keep in mind the admonition of archae­ have been engaged in a struggle against of Geological Survey, Columbus. the creatures of the Underworld. Typically, ologist Robert L. Hall: Bingaman, A., D. Core, and R. Boyer the Underworld creatures include monster Archaeology seeks to explain the 1980 Rock and Mineral Collecting Sites in snakes, giant toads and frogs, hideous inner workings of cultures in which Ohio. Natural History Department, Ohio giant leeches, water panthers, water canni­ even baked clay jars were animated Historical Society, bals, and tremendous fishes that swallow with their particular spirits. But, until Natural History Information Series 5(3). people whole. Many stories (e.g., Mooney as archaeologists we develop more Columbus. 1900, Beauchamp 1922, Converse 1908) than a little empathy for the prehis­ Brose, David S., and N'omi B. Greber, editors. 1979 Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe tell of great evil being caused by the Under­ toric Indians we presume to under­ Conference. Kent State University stand, prehistory may never be world monsters. Sometimes the Under­ Press, Kent. world creatures devour entire villages. more than what it has become, the Brown, James A., and Raymond S. Baby Others cause storms or whirlpools, and soulless artifact of a dehumanized 1966 Mound City Revisited. MS on file, Ohio tempests that drown people. Yet others science (Hall 1976:363). Historical Society, Columbus. send sicknesses to plague the people. In this regard, let us recall that when we Carlson, Earnest According to the legends, Underworld gaze upon some distant mountain - 1991 Minerals of Ohio. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological monsters live in - like the one found including those that are the hilltop enclo­ Survey. Columbus. at Fort Hill, in deep water-holes, and in sures, we are most often awed by their for­ Caster, K.E., E.A. Dalve, and J.K. Pope certain rivers and lakes. Of special bidding and towering heights. In silence, 1955 Elementary Guide to the Fossils and interest to us here, however, is that we watch as lightning flashes and crackles Strata of tile Ordovician in the Vicinity of Underworld monsters are also said to live around their barren and lonely peaks. We Cincinnati, Ohio. The Cincinnati Museum in the high mountains. are made small by winds that shriek as of Natural History, Cincinnati. The giant man-eating serpent known to bitter mountain blizzards extinguish what­ Connolly, Robert P. the Seneca as Ka-is-to-wa-ea, for example, ever terrestrial life dares their summits. So 1996 Middle Woodland Hilltop Enclosures: was said to live in a cave that was located too, we find manifestations of the Other- The Built Environment, Construction and Function. Ph.D. dissertation, University of within a mountain (Converse 1908:113). So world in the clouds and mists that rise and Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. University swirl around the mountain peaks. And, in too, the Grand-daddy of all evil serpents - Microfilms, Ann Arbor. the dark and secluded woods, hidden known to the Cherokee as Uktena, was Converse, Harriet M. said to "haunt the dark passes of the Great springs, and broken cliffs that define the 1908 Myths and Legends of the New York Iro­ Smoky mountains" at the edge of the face of the mountain, we find images of a quois, edited by Arthur C. Parker. New Cherokee territory (Mooney 1900:297). strange and unknown world. York State Museum Bulletin No. 125.

41 Dancey, William S. Drainage. Journal of the Steward 1979 The Hopewell Interaction Sphere: The 1992 Village Origins in Central Ohio: The Anthropological Society 18:87-117. Evidence for Inter-Regional Trade and Results of Middle and Late Woodland 1988b Spruce Hill Revisited (33Ro43). Ohio Structural Complexity. Indiana Historical Research. In Cultural Variability in Context: Archaeologist 38(2): 13. Society, Prehistoric Research Series 5(2). Woodland Settlements of the Mid-Ohio Penny, David W. Indianapolis. Valley, edited by Mark F. Seeman, pp. 24- 1985 Continuities of Imagery and Symbolism in Shetrone, Henry C. 29. MCJA Special Paper 7, Kent State Uni­ the Art of the Woodlands. In Ancient Art 1930 The Mound Builders. Appleton-Century, versity, Kent. of the American Woodland Indians, NY. Essenpreis, Patricia S., and Robert P. Connolly edited by David S. Brose, James A. 1926 Exploration of the Hopewell Group of 1989 Hopewellian Habitation at the Fort Ancient Brown, and David W. Penny, pp. 147- Prehistoric Earthworks. Ohio State Site, Ohio. Paper presented at the 47th 198. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Archaeological and Historical Quarterly Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Publishers, NY. 35:1-227. Archaeological Conference, Tampa. Prufer, Olaf H. Squier, Ephraim G., and Edwin H. Davis Fischer, Fred W. 1964 The Hopewell Complex of Ohio. In 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi 1974 Early and Middle Woodland Settlement, Hopewellian Studies, edited by Joseph R. Valley. Smithsonian Contributions to Subsistence and Population in the Cen­ Caldwell and Robert L. Hall, pp. 35-84. Knowledge, Volume 1. Washington, D.C. tral Ohio Valley. Ph.D. dissertation, Illinois State Museum, Scientific Papers Sullivan, L.P., S.W. Neusius, and P.D. Neusius Washington University. University Micro­ No. 12. 1995 Earthworks and Mortuary Sites on Lake films, Ann Arbor. Riordan, Robert V. Erie: Believe It or Not at the Ripley Site. Forsyth, Jane L. 1995 A Construction Sequence for a Middle Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 1979 Till Plains. In Ohio's Natural Heritage, Woodland Hilltop Enclosure. Midconti- 20(2):115-142. edited by Michael B. Lafferty, pp. 199- nental Journal of Archaeology Thomas, Cyrus 213. The Ohio Academy of Science, 20(1):62-104. 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of the Columbus. Seeman, Mark P. Bureau of Ethnology for the Years 1890- Fowke, Gerard 1992 The , The Intrusive Mound 1891. In Twelfth Annual Report of the 1902 Archaeological . Ohio Complex, and a Late Woodland Jack's Bureau of American Ethnology for the State Archaeological and Historical Reef Horizon in the Mid-Ohio Valley. In Years 1890-1891. Washington, D.C. Society, Columbus. Cultural Variability in Context: Woodland Webb, William S., and Charles E. Snow Gayrard-Valy, Yvette Settlements of the Mid-Ohio Valley, 1945 The Adena People. Publications of the 1994 Fossils: Evidence of Vanished Worlds. edited by Mark F. Seeman, pp. 41-51. Department of Anthropology and Harry N. Abrams, Inc., NY. MCJA Special Paper 7, Kent State Uni­ Archaeology. Vol 6. University of Greber, N'omi B. versity Press, Kent. Kentucky, Lexington. 1982 Recent Excavations at the Edwin Harness 1988 Ohio Hopewell Trophy-Skull Artifacts as Willoughby, Charles C, and Ernest A. Hooten Mound, Liberty Earthworks, Ross Evidence for Competition in Middle 1922 The Turner Group of Earthworks, County, Ohio. MCJA Special Paper 5. Woodland Societies Circa 50 B.C.-A.D. Hamilton County, Ohio. Papers of the Kent State University Press, Kent. 350. American Antiquity 53:565-577. Peabody Museum, No.8(3), Hall, Robert L. Harvard University. 1976 Ghosts, Water Barriers, Corn, and Sacred Enclosures in the Eastern Woodlands. Table 1. Southern Ohio Hilltop Enclosures American Antiquity 41 (3):360-364. Hudson, Charles Figure 2 Referenc:e County 1976 The Southeastern Indians. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. Index Number Lepper, Bradley T. 1994 Archaeological Investigations at the 1 S&D1848:PI.8:PI.6 Butler Newark Earthworks: A.D. 1800 to 1994. Paper presented at the 2nd Annual 2 S&D1848:PI.8:PI.7 Warren Archaeological Council Conference, Chillicothe, Ohio. 3 S&D1848:PI.88:PI.8, #1 Butler Levi-Setti, Riccardo 4 S&D1848:PI.88:PI.8, #2 Butler 1993 Trilobites. (second edition) University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 5 S&D1848:PI.88:PI.8, #3 Miami Locke, John 1838 Ancient Work in Highland County. In 6 S&D1848:PI.88:PI.8, #4 Montgomery Second Annual Report, Geological Survey of Ohio. pp. 267-269. 7 S&D1848:PI.98:PI.9, #2 Hamilton MacFall, Russell P., and Jay Wollin 1972 Fossils for Amateurs: A Guide to Col­ 8 S&D 1848:PI.11,#8:PI.11,#1 Butler lecting and Preparing Invertebrate Fossils. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., NY 9 S&D1848:PI.11,#8:PI.11,#2 Butler Mooney, James 1900 Myths of the Cherokee. In 19th Annual 10 S&D1848:PI.11,#8:PI.11,#33 Butler Report of the Bureau of American Eth­ nology for the Years 1897-1898, Pt. 1, 11 S&D1848:PI.128:PI.12, #2 Preble pp. 3-548. Washington, D.C. Moorehead, Warren K. 12 S&D1848:PI.128:PI.12, #3 Greene 1890 Fort Ancient. Robert Clarke & Co., Cincinnati. 13 S&D1848:PI.138:PI.13, #2 Hamilton Morgan, Richard G., and Edward S. Thomas 1948 Fort Hill. Ohio State Archaeological and 14 S&D1848:PI.128:PI.12, #4 Ross Historical Society, Columbus. Ohio Department of Natural Resources 15 S&D1848:PI.148:PI.14, #1 Pickaway n.d. Geological Map and Cross-Section of Ohio (Map.) Division of Geological 16 S&D1848:PI.8:PI.44 Ross Survey, Columbus. Pacheco, Paul J. 17 S&D1848:PI.8:PI.55 Highland 1988a Ohio Middle Woodland Settlement Variability in the Upper Licking River 18 Thomas 1894: Fig. 391 Perry

4? Fig. 2 (Romain) Section of USGS map for Ohio used to locate all 18 hilltop enclosures.

Fig. 1 (Romain) Southern Ohio hilltop enclosures as identified by Squier and Davis (1848) and Thomas (1894).

Fig. 4 (Romain) Fort Ancient area (after Bingaman, et al 1980:Fig.3)

M Figure 3 (Romain) Map showing the location of the southern Ohio hilltop enclo­ sures. Note how most are located within the boundary of the Ordovician bedrock GEOLOGIC MAP AND CROSS SECTION OF OHIO system (base map from ODNR n.d.).

43 Figure 5 (Romain) Drawing of a trilobite by the author, after Levi-Setti 1993:Fig.19. Figure 6 (Romain) Location of geodes in Ohio and Fort Hill (after Carlson 1991:Fig.5).

yiy-

•4 Figure 7 (Romain) Section of relief map showing southern Ohio (from Bier 1967).

44 A CATALOGUED MULTICOMPONENT SITE IN INDIANA (#64-00) PART II by Scott L. Sholiton 120 North Keowee Street Dayton, Ohio 45401-0488

This site is located in Fulton County, REFERENCES Justice, Noel D. Indiana. This report represents one field Converse, Robert N. 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrowpoints of the season of collecting in 1994. The Early 1973 Ohio Flint Types The Archaeological Midcontinental and Eastern United Archaic is represented by dovetails as Society of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio States. Indiana University Press, Indi­ anapolis, IN well as Big Sandy types (Figure 1). The DeRegnacourt, Tony Later Archaic continues to be the largest 1991 A Field Guide To The Prehistoric Point component of this site with many Brew- Types Of Indiana and Ohio. Occasional erton points found (Figure 2). The Adena Monographs Number 1. Upper Miami are represented by two points, one of Valley Archaeological Research Museum, Harrison County material and one of Arcanum, Ohio Indiana Green (Figure 3). The Hopewell are represented by Snyders and the Fort Ancient is represented by Madison trian­ gles (Figure 3). Three drills were found M **m (Figure 4). A historic component exists as evidenced by the glass and pewter but­ tons found on the site (Figure 5). Numerous other flakes and scrapers were recovered and catalogued in the site Figure 2 (Sholiton) I inventory (Figure 6). Brewertons

Figure 1 (Sholiton) Big Sandy, St. Charles Figure 4 (Sholiton) Drills

Figure 3 (Sholiton) Madison, Snyder, Adena

m + *m

Figure 6 (Sholiton) Figure 5 (Sholiton) Beads, Buttons, Tooth Overall Collection

45 ARCHAEOLOGY EDITION NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST Editor: Roger W. Moeller, Ph.D Archaeological Services, Bethlehem, CT Baywood Publishing Company, Inc. 26 Austin Avenue, P.O. Box 337 Amityville, NY 11701 Order Line: 800-638-7819 Call toll-free

About the Journal: Published quarterly, this is the only general journal dedicateted perspective, from Paleo-lndian studies to industrial sites. It solely to Northern America—with total coverage of archaeologog-­ accents the results of Resource Management and Contract ical activity in the United States, Canada, and Northern Mexic;ico Archaeology, the newest growth areas in archaeology, often (excluding Mesoamerica). neglected in other publications. The North American Archaeologist surveys all aspects of pre>re­- The Journal regularly and reliably publishes work based on historic and historic archaeology within an evolutionarary activities in state, provincial and local archaeological societies.

IN REMEMBRANCE OF BOB CHAMPION by Robert N. Converse It was with great regret that I learned of the passing of Bob Champion of Mt. Vernon. A personal friend for many years and an inveterate surface hunter, he was truly one of the nice people of this world. It was always refreshing to visit and talk with Bob. I never failed to rib him unmercifully about the Cleveland Indians - or anything else I could think of - and he loved it. He held his own exceedingly well. He was a knowledgeable and astute judge of artifacts and he will be missed by his many friends around Ohio and Mt. Vernon. People like Bob Champion make our Society a pleasure.

ERNIE GOOD 1914-1996 by Robert N. Converse

When I joined the Archaeological Society of Ohio in the early 1950s, one of the first people who befriended me was Ernie Good. As the years passed, Ernie and Dorothy Good became my best friends and we spent many happy times together hunting artifacts, going to meetings together and just being good friends. Ernie and Dorothy provided a home away from home for me during a difficult time in my life and many evenings we enjoyed looking at relics, talking, and partaking of Dorothy's cakes, pies and other delightful creations. Ernie and Dorothy's home and relic room served as a magnet for collectors, young and old, and quite often several would show up and the talk sessions would last until midnight. Had it not been for Ernie, I probably would never have finished Ohio Flint Types. His comment "This is really good," I considered a high compliment when I showed him the initial pages many years ago, and it spurred me on to other endeavors. Ernie served as President, Vice President and Trustee of the ASO and the Society greatly benefited from his knowledge and advice. He was one of our long-standing members and few people know how much he and Dorothy (who also served as Trustee) have contributed to the Society. Ernie and Dorothy Good. Our sincere sympathy is felt for Dorothy and the family. The Society has lost one of its stalwarts and I have lost one of my best friends.

46 ARTIFACT COLLECTION STOLEN

Robert Scantlen of Ney, Ohio had untouched as were some lesser quality $20,000 in Indian artifacts stolen from his artifacts. Stolen items include a clovis home on May 4th, of 1996. His home is point, pendants and a birdstone. Several situated near the Defiance/Williams frames of flint and axes also were stolen. County line in Northwestern Ohio. Mr. Officers would like to question the two Scantlen is a member of the Archaeolog­ unidentified strangers who viewed Mr. ical Society of Ohio. He and Ohio law Scantlen's collection and paid particular enforcement officers involved in this attention to artifacts stolen a few days later. investigation are requesting assistance Most of these artifacts were purchased from the Archaeological Society of Ohio at farm auctions or from membership in attempting to recover private collectors. Some these artifacts. were in the Dr. Meuser Mr. Scantlen was approached a few Collection and therefore days before this theft by a man in his 30's can be identified again. with a ponytail and an arm cast. This man Enclosed are some pho­ also wore an earring. The man was with a tographs and copies of Mr. younger male purportedly his son. The Scantlen's catalog records man went to an antique shop in Williams taken earlier this year. County inquiring about buying Indian arti­ The Ohio Archaeological facts. The antique shop owner told the Society has always had an man about Mr. Scantlen being a local col­ esteemed reputation and its Part of the stolen collection. lector and the man went to Mr. Scantlen's members are known to keep documented home and viewed his collection. The two records of their archaeological collections. strangers left in a black station wagon. No We would appreciate the assistance of its further information is available on these membership in attempting to recover Mr. persons or their car. Scantlen's collection and prosecuting the Mr. Scantlen went out of town a few thieves responsible. Roy E. MacDonald days later and returned and found his Information can be phoned in toll free Crime Stoppers Inc. of Defiance and home had been broken into and choice at 1-800-237-7876. Thank you for any Paulding Counties artifacts stolen. Silver coins were left information the membership can furnish. Police Officer Representative

FIFTH ANNUAL NATIVE AMERICAN ARTIFACT EXHIBIT SATURDAY, AUGUST 3, 1996 9:00 A.M. UNTIL 2:00 P.M FREE ADMISSION COME AND SEE ARTIFACTS FOUND THROUGHOUT THE TRI-STATE AREA BRING ARTIFACTS TO SHARE OR IDENTIFY EXHIBIT SPACE AVAILABLE: Sponsored By: RESERVATIONS DUE BY JULY 31, 1996 State Park For More Information Contact: & Grave Creek Mound State Park The Ohio Valley Chapter 801 Jefferson Avenue West Virginia Archaeological Society Moundsville, WV 26041 (304)843-1410

Back Cover: A Cumberland type fluted point from the collection of Jim McConnell, Coshocton, Ohio. Formerly in the Cameron Parks Collection, it is 4'A inches long and is made of Pennsylvania jasper. Its provenience is Western Pennsylvania.

47 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership In the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.