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I PREHISTORIC ROCKSHELTERS of PENNSYLVANIA i PREHISTORIC ROCKSHELTERS OF PENNSYLVANIA: REVITALIZING BEHAVIORAL INTERPRETATION FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SPATIAL DATA ________________________________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board ________________________________________________ in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ________________________________________________ by Jonathan Allen Burns August, 2009 ii ABSTRACT The size of archaeological data collection units and provenience controls affect data resolution, types of analyses, and the interpretations that archaeologists draw from the spatial patterning of material evidence. This research examines the use of fine- grained data collection units and the analyses that they support in the study of two Pennsylvania rockshelters to: 1) provide a better understanding of rockshelter use and the importance of rockshelters in Pennsylvania and Middle Atlantic region prehistory and, 2) reveal the impact that archaeological units can have on the reconstruction and interpretation of human behaviors in general. Insights from behavioral theory, ethnoarchaeology and previous archaeological research influenced the units and methods employed in the excavation of the Mykut and Camelback rockshelters. This analysis reveals the range of behaviors that can be reconstructed from these data, which can then be compared and contrasted with interpretations of other rockshelters and site contexts in the region. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND DEDICATION Archaeological projects are seldom the product of just one individual, so there are many people that I wish to acknowledge and thank for making my research a reality: Dr. Paul Raber for being such a positive mentor for my research, for helping me to develop a more detailed approach to rockshelter archaeology, and for facilitating investigations at Mykut Rockshelter; Dr. R. Michael Stewart for advising me through my schooling at Temple University and providing the opportunity to investigate Camelback Rockshelter; Andrew Wyatt for painstakingly cataloging the Camelback Rockshelter collection; Dr. John Wah for soil work at Camelback Rockshelter and many enlightening conversations over the years; Bethany Benson for help with my illustrations and for being so understanding and supportive during the stressful process of research and writing; Robert Kruchoski, Derek Anderson, and all the AXIS Research, Inc. volunteers for their unwavering dedication during fieldwork; Donald Kline and Stephen Schaller for bringing Camelback Rockshelter to our attention and for their interest in Pennsylvania archaeology; Patricia Hansel and Anthony Ranere for serving on my committee and for their instruction during my coursework. This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, John and Patricia Burns, for their loving encouragement and support throughout my academic career. Without them, I would not have succeeded in my educational endeavors. They instilled the necessary drive, commitment, and intelligence needed for an undertaking such as this; and for that, I owe them everything. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................2 Background ..............................................................................................................6 Organization of the Dissertation ..............................................................................8 2. THE CURRENT STATUS OF ROCKSHELTER ARCHAEOLOGY IN PENNSYLVANIA AND THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC REGION ...............................10 A Brief Introduction to Rockshelter Archaeology .................................................10 Rockshelter Research in the Middle Atlantic Region ............................................13 Connecticut ................................................................................................14 New York ...................................................................................................15 Northern New Jersey ..................................................................................17 Maryland ....................................................................................................18 Plateaus of West Virginia and Kentucky ...................................................21 Virginia ......................................................................................................24 Ohio............................................................................................................25 Rockshelter Research in Pennsylvania ..................................................................30 Appalachian Plateau (Western Pennsylvania) .......................................... 31 Susquehanna River Valley .........................................................................37 v Juniata River Valley ...................................................................................38 Delaware River Valley ...............................................................................42 Discussion ..............................................................................................................44 Occupational Ranges of Middle Atlantic Rockshelters .............................47 Research Directions ...................................................................................51 Conclusions ................................................................................................53 3. SANDSTONE ROCKSHELTER CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION PROCESSES................................................................................................................54 Rockshelters Defined .............................................................................................54 Rockshelter Anatomy .............................................................................................60 Summary of Formation Processes in Rockshelters ................................................60 Cryoclastism ..............................................................................................63 Collapse......................................................................................................64 Solifluction .................................................................................................65 Cryoturbation .............................................................................................65 Flowing Water ...........................................................................................66 Wind ...........................................................................................................67 Solution ......................................................................................................67 Pedogenesis ................................................................................................67 Human and Animal Activity ......................................................................68 External Slope Processes ...........................................................................68 Recent Rockshelter Formation Research ...............................................................69 Conclusions ............................................................................................................71 4. RECONCILING ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCALE WITH HUMAN BEHAVIOR .................................................................................................................74 Ethnoarchaeological Insights into Rockshelter Use ....................................................75 vi Rockshelter Ethnoarchaeology ..................................................................76 Refuse Management ...................................................................................81 Hearth Use .................................................................................................82 Bone Debris ...............................................................................................85 Summary of Ethnographic Insights ...........................................................88 The Behavioral Significance of Small Artifacts ..........................................................89 Human Scale ................................................................................................................92 NASA’s Body Dimension Data .................................................................93 Drop Zone Model .......................................................................................94 Archaeological Units ...................................................................................................95 Archaeological Site Structure ....................................................................96 Precedents of Excavation Unit Size .........................................................100 50 cm2 Units .............................................................................................103
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