OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 43 NO. 2 SPRING 1993

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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first TERM of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS (one copy of publication) $18.50; Life membership $300.00. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included in the member­ 1994 President Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue SE, East ship dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non­ Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 profit organization. 1994 Vice President Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, Lancaster, OH 43130, (614)653-6642 BACK ISSUES 1994 Exec. Sect. Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 43130,(614)653-9477 Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H SE. East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse .$20.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, 1980's & 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43068, (614)861-0673 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 43064,(614)873-5471 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gener­ ally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to busi­ 1994 Immediate Past Pres. James G. Hovan, 16979 South Meadow ness office for prices and availability. Circle, Strongsville, OH 44136, (216)238-1799 BUSINESS MANAGER ASO CHAPTERS Paul Wildermuth, 5210 Coonpath Road NE Pleasantville, OH Aboriginal Explorers Club 43148, (614) 536-7855 or (800) 736-7815. President: Mark D. Cline, 1127 Esther Ave., Wellsville, OH Beau Fleuve Chapter TRUSTEES President: John C. McKendry, 5545 Trescott Terrace, Lakeview, NY 1994 Martha Otto, Ohio Historical Society, 2200 East Powell Road, Blue Jacket Chapter Westerville, OH 43081, (614) 297-2641 (work) President: Jon Mason Anspaugh, 210 East Silver St., Wapakoneta, OH 1994 Don Gehlbach, 3435 Sciotangy Drive, Columbus, OH 43221, Chippewa Valley Archaeological Society (614)459-0808 President: Alan Easterday, 770 Woodland Ave., Wadsworth, OH 1994 S. A. (Joe) Redick, 35 West Riverglen Drive, Worthington, OH Cuyahoga Valley Chapter 43085, (614)885-0449 President: Jay Elias, 1780 A Treetop Trail, Akron, OH 1996 Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Range Line Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH 43050, Flint Ridge Chapter (614)393-2314 President: Joe Kinser, 397 Tigre Dr., Newark, OH 1996 Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage St., Ashland, OH 44805 (419) Fort Salem Chapter 289-8313 President: Brent Weber, 1455 Bethel - N.R. Rd., New Richmond, OH 1996 Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Park., Chillicothe, OH Johnny Appleseed Chapter 45601,(614)772-5431 President: Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage Street, Ashland, OH 1996 James F. Hahn, 770 S. Second St., Heath, OH 43056, (614) King Beaver Chapter 323-2351 President: Judith Storti, R.D. #2, Box 1519, Herrick St., New Castle, PA 1994 Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Road, Medina, OH 44256, (216) Lake County Chapter 723-7122 President: William M. King, 9735 Ridgeview Trail, Mentor, OH Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter REGIONAL COLLABORATORS President: Sherry Peck, 598 Harvey Rd., Patriot, OH lavid W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 President: Raymond Lovins, Box 86, Miamiville, OH Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH Mound City Chapter William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pk., Chillicothe, OH James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, North Coast Chapter Columbus, OH 43210 President: Robert W. McGreevey, 24687 Tara-Lynn Dr., N. Olmstead, OH Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 Painted Post Chapter David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 President: Don Baker, 2011 Greenville Rd., Bristolville, OH Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Plum Run Chapter Brian Da Re, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 President: Scott Schrecengost, 937 S. 12th St., Beloit, OH Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, Sandusky Bay Chapter Zanesville, OH 43701 President: George B. DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH Sandusky Valley Chapter All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist President: Jim Lightener, 631 N. Detroit, Kenton, OH should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, Seneca Arrow Hunters changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Business Manager. President: Donald Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH Six River Valley Chapter PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS President: Dr. Brian G. Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, Standing Stone Chapter SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. President: Jim Dutcher, 11995 State Route 757 N.W., Glenford, OH Sugarcreek Valley Chapter President: Garry L. Summers, 8170 Sharon N.W., N. Canton, OH NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONE NUMBER 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENTS PAGE A Handle Pipe bv C J O'Neill 4 At tne April Board of Directors Meeting considerable time was devoted to a discussion of the steady decline of "person- Dioramas by Robert N. Converse 5 a||y found disp|ays" at our meetings. Several ideas were con- The Alexander Site by Wayne A. Mortine 6 sidered to encourage our members to display their collections. An Early Second Millennium B.C. Component on a Small The Board decided to establish a new award category: Best of Stream in Seneca County, Ohio by Jonathan E. Bowen 8 Show-Personally Found Collection, to begin with the July sum- A Notched Sandstone Tool by David w. Reed 10 mer meeting. The criteria for this award is that the display must Crinoid, Shell and Stone Beads by John Robinson 11 be labeled as Personally or family found. To encourage respon- rVi iuij» u -« sible collecting, extra consideration will be given for catalogu- A Double-Bitted Copper Adze by John McKendry 12 ^ ana|ysis and documentation of the display. In addition, the Pre-Woodland Artifact Distribution for The Tontogany Board decided to reserve the first two (2) rows of tables at our Creek and Sugar Creek by Mike Kiel 13 regular meetings for display only. The Board hopes this will en- Eastern Ohio A.S.O. Members Making a Move by Brian DaRe ..18 courage our members to display their material. The A Late Sixteenth Century Recycled Pottery Vessel from the t Board would welcome any ideas the members may have Lower Rapids of the Sandusky River by Jonathan E. Bowen 20 to 'mprove the meetings and mcrease the participation of the r ' members. It is your Society, so please let us know. Current Data on Early Use of the Bow and Arrow in I wouid a|S0 |jke to encourage our members to follow the fine Southern North America by Leland W. Patterson 21 example of Kendall Saunders in the past and John Mocic re- Paleo Projectile Points by Stephen Kelley 25 cently in recruiting new members for the ASO. Please keep the Different Types ... Or are They Varieties? ASO in mind as you discuss archaeology and your related ac- byKentD. Vickery and James C. Litfin 26 tivities. If each of us would just bring one new member into the The Hart Collection by 28 Society, we would double our membership. _ _ ., _ _.. ,oor.D OQC, The American Committee for Preservation of Archaeological The babre Farms bite (330RO 385) Collections' March Newsletter reports the reburial of the by Archaeoogica Service Consutants, nc 30 ~ 7.7, .... , _,• *u «^ u n «• • » TU;„ L. ..r, .., • ,„ o,r Campbells collections including the "Campbell figurine . This Another Problematical by Stephen Kelley 35 collection was reburied in late 1992 and had been collected in Man and His Symbols: Ornaments from the Late Prehistoric part on what is now The Joshua Tree National Monument in Monongahela Brokaw Village Site and Beyond California. The ACPAC is funded by voluntary contributions by Thomas E. Pickenpaugh 36 and the Newsletter is distributed free of charge. The A Quartzite Pestle by Charles West 52 Newsletter presents the latest information on the reburial issue Southeastern Ohio Artifacts by Lamont Baudendistel 53 and an interesting dialogue for the preservation of archaeologi- In Memorv 54 cal co|lections. A,,. J* ••"••••••• "••••"•• "'" ', .".""•"'" I look forward to seeing you at our meetings. A View From the Core - A Conference Synthesizing Ohio Hopewell Archaeology Larry L Morris Sponsored by The Ohio Archaeological Council 55 ' Mysteries of the Mounds: A Summer Festival in Celebration of the Past 55 2nd Annual NATIVE AMERICAN ARTIFACT EXHIBIT I August 7,1993,10:00 a.m. until 4:00 p.m. GRAVE CREEK MOUND STATE PARK 801 Jefferson Avenue, Moundsville, WV Sponsored by The Upper Ohio Valley Chapter of the West Virginia Archaeological Society and the Grave Creek Mound State Park This is an educational exhibit. Only genuine artifacts found in the trl-state area will be displayed. Assistance will be available to help the public to recognize, identify and preserve their artifacts. There will be no open buying or selling of artifacts on State Park grounds.

FREE ADMISSION BRING YOUR ARTIFACTS TO SHARE OR IDENTIFY Exhibit space is available for this event. To reserve table space contact Grave Creek Mound State Park Office at 843-1410 or Bob Kersten at 845-3494. Educational and local collections preferred. Reservations due by Noon, Thursday August 5, 1993.

WEST VIRGINIA DINING ROOM OPEN FOR LUNCH 11:00 a.m. until 2:00 p.m. Held In Conjunction & Within Walking Distance of MOUNDSVILLE COMMUNITY DAYS CELEBRATIONS

Front Cover: Six birdstones. Top row. Bar type birdstone impregnated with red ocher. Found on Honey Creek 3 miles east of Attica, Seneca Co. Second - Glacial Kame type birdstone made of banded slate with pronounced banded eye, found by Richard Gayle east of Leonardsburg, Delaware Co. Third - Bar type, made of brown quartzite, found in Washington Co., Bottom Row. Flat bodied pop- eyed birdstone of banded slate with basal ridges, Morgan Co. Bar type with pop eyes. Made of banded slate with large black eye inclusion, Hancock Co. Chunky type birdstone with incised eyes; found by the Englert Family on their farm in Portage Co.

3 A HANDLE PIPE by C.J. O'Neill 1701 E. BardenWay Charlotte, N.C.

This handle pipe was found by J. M. The bowl is of the round type, while the Reference: Robincheau near Buffalo Lake, in Pack- handle is rectangular, with 90-degree cor­ Hart, Gordon waukee Township, Marquette County, Wis., ners, to facilitate bringing the stem to the Hart's Prehistoric Pipe Rack, Privately Printed, in 1880, and is pictured in George West's mouth in a consistent manner. Bluffton, Indiana Tobacco Pipes and Smoking Customs, page 790. The pipe, of highly polished brownish- red Ohio pipestone, appears to be of a type crafted by the so-called Intrusive Mound culture, which dates the pipe to about 650 A.D. Part of the handle has been restored and, judging by a few intact examples, it is doubtful the handle on the original was much more than half the length of this pipe. (See, for example, the two Intrusive Mound pipes pictured in Hart's Prehistoric Pipe Rack.) As restored, the pipe measures TA" in 3 height and 4 /8" in length. The handle, roughly the bottom half of which is re­ stored, is 4Xs". The bowl's height is 3" and its outside diameter, including flange, is 21/e". The pipe's overall length is A%". The pipe is heavily engraved, with the bowl and handle covered by interconnect­ ing, beak-like incisions which are framed by semilunar incisions. The mount of the bowl is engraved with rectangles, which are themselves decorated with parallel lines. Some of these rectangles intersect at the hole. The stem of the pipe is ridged on top and has alternating series of incised lines, forming chevrons that extend from the ridge to the edge of the stem on either side. The underside of the stem is deco­ rated with chevrons made up of semilunar incisions, alternating with blank areas. The pipe was formerly in the collection of Walter Holstein, Lake Mills, Wis. The well- known fluted axe collector, Joseph Ringeisen Jr., bought Holstein's entire col­ lection, including the pipe, on July 12,1938. Describing a similar, but smaller, handle pipe, from Delhigh, Oh., author Gordon Hart says: "It is a superb example of lithic craftmanship which emphatically demon­ strates the Hopewell cultural influence car­ ried on into the Intrusive Mound culture . . The latter culture is not directly related or connected to the Hopewell people, other than in the use of the mounds as a place of burial, thus the name, 'Intrusive Mound' culture. However, the Intrusive Mound culture perpetuates some design traits of their predecessors." Hart also points out that his pipe, like this one, has a rare quality among Indian relics-the use of non-parallel composition. Fig. 1 (O'Neill) Handle Pipe from Wisconsin

4 DIORAMAS by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

In the accompanying color plates are two outstanding dioramas created by master dioramists Jim Hahn and Ray King of Newark, Ohio, assisted by Rich Mahoney. Through the skills of the dio­ rama maker the viewer can see a seg­ ment of prehistoric life which can be visu­ alized in no other way. Shown is a Hopewell burial scene as it may have appeared some 1700 years ago. All materials-obsidian, Flint Ridge flint, copper mica and fresh water pearls-are authentic. This scene is only part of a large twelve foot diorama show­ ing all aspects of Hopewell life.

A conception showing Paleo Indians attacking a mastodon which has taken refuge in a swamp. All Hahn-King dioramas are exactly to a scale of 1% inches to the foot.

Many museums of fifty years ago used dioramas as a way to convey to the gen­ eral public a sense of how prehistoric peo­ ple lived and died. In the 1960s, museum designers seemed to have been more in­ terested in making displays into art forms rather than vehicles to educate and ex­ plain the past. The visitor often left these newer museums with no idea of the rich­ ness, beauty and diversity of the cultures represented in their sparse display cases. Today, museum designers have learned that the people want to see artifacts, lots of them, and be able to understand how prehistoric people lived. Only through the art and skill of the dioramist can anyone appreciate such concepts as a Hopewell earthworks, an archaic village, a mound burial or a paleolithic hunting scene. Dioramas can be found in all the newer museums and often are the focal point of visitor interest.

5 THE ALEXANDER SITE by Wayne A. Mortine Newcomerstown, Ohio

The site is located on high rounded prominence in northern Guernsey County at an elevation of 1120 feet. The location is a part of the Unglaciated Plateau of eastern Ohio. The site is approximately 3'^ miles south of the Tuscarawas River as it flows Newconerstovn past Newcomerstown, Ohio, and is situ­ ated on the southern end of an extended ridge top that runs for about 2% miles in a north/south direction. The ridge is part of a 5 to 6 mile range of hills that separates the valleys of the Tuscarawas River and the Wills Creek. It is at this place that these two streams reach their closest point before the Wills Creek empties into the Muskingum River below the city of Coshocton. The Tuscarawas helps form the Muskingum River at Coshocton. (Fig. 1). Mr. Paul Alexander first brought the site to my attention. He had a small collection of points from an open air site on his farm. They had been found surface hunting over a number of years and shared with me as they were found. The unique feature of his finds was that they were all the same type (Figs. 2, 3, 4). A rather small corner- notched style of artifact that is thought to be transitional from Late Archaic into Early Woodland (Converse, 1973). When I ques­ tioned him about the lack of other point Fig. 1 (Mortine) Map of the Alexander Site. styles in his collection, he stated that it was the only kind he ever found. Further­ more, he continued, they were all found in the same vicinity of about one acre or varieties. There is no evidence of grinding area. It, too, consisted of an overwhelming less. Despite repeated invitations, I was on the bases or in the notches. Chippage number of these points. This collection also only able to surface hunt the site on one on the site is scarce and resembles re­ contained a few pieces that could be con­ occasion. At this time eight recognizable touch flakes. sidered blanks or preforms. The difference points and/or basal fragments were found. The type of corner-notched point found between the two sites is that while the Each of these finds matched the descrip­ at the Alexander Site is a common find on Alexander Site is located in a remote upland tion of the corner-notched points already many of the sites in east central Ohio. While area, the other site is situated in a riverine in the Alexander collection. Mr. Alexander not well documented as to their chronologi­ setting on a terrace of the Tuscarawas River passed away shortly after my visit and the cal position, there is some evidence of as­ three miles east of Newcomerstown, Ohio. site is no longer farmed. sociation with Early Woodland material in At the present time, with the evidence we While all the points in the Alexander refuse pits at the Cramlet Site east of have available to us, at least two possibili­ collection are the same basic style, there Newcomerstown, Ohio (Mortine, 1964). The ties exist for the use of the Alexander Site. is some diversity. There are six pieces unusual aspect of the Alexander site is that First, it may represent a campsite used by (Fig. 2; top row 1-4, middle-row 1-2) that thus far this style of artifact is the only one people passing from one river system to an­ have been reworked into blunts or scrap­ found. Although there is some variation on other by the shortest route. Second, it may ers from what were broken or damaged the basic point style it would seem that this have had a more specific use such as a points. In Fig. 3 (fourth from left top row) collection was a meager inventory of utili­ procurement site for hunting game by small a small drill or graver point appears to tarian tools and projectile points. The author bands of hunters. have been worked on the tip of the is aware of only one other site in our area point. There were 72 corner-notched where this comer-notched point is the only References Late Archaic/Early Woodland points in style found. This site was brought to my at­ Converse, Robert N. the collection. Twenty three or 31.9% tention several years ago by a long time sur­ 1973 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological were pentagonal in form. Fifty percent of face hunter, Kris Kunz. Within the last year I Society of Ohio the total collection had been manufac­ was able to verify Mr. Kunz's account by Mortine, Wayne A. tured from colorful Van Port Flint Ridge observing another collection from the same 1964 The Cramlet Site. Ohio Archaeologist, 14( ). 112-114 Fig. 2 (Mortine) Corner-notched: Late Archaic/Early Woodland. Top row, 1-4, Middle row 1-2, blunts or scrapers made from damaged or broken points.

Fig. 3 (Mortine) Corner-notched: Late Archaic/Early Woodland. Fourth from left top row has been retouched to form a small drill or graver point.

Fig. 4 (Mortine) Corner-notched: Late Archaic/Early Woodland.

7 AN EARLY SECOND MILLENNIUM B.C. COMPONENT ON A SMALL STREAM IN SENECA COUNTY, OHIO by Jonathan E. Bowen 419 Sandusky Ave. Fremont, Ohio 43420

For the past twenty years I have been Ritchie 1961). Unfortunately for settlement References conducting surface investigations at pattern studies, Genessee points are un­ DeRegnaucourt, Tony 33SE7, a Late Archaic site on the head­ common in the region around 33SE7, so 1991 A Field Guide to Prehistoric Point Types waters of Green Creek in Section 6, Reed that meaningful distributional comparisons of Ohio and Indiana. Occasional Township, Seneca County, Ohio. The are not yet possible. Monographs of the Upper Miami Archaeological Research Museum No. 1. General Land Office surveyor's field notes On the other hand, the artifact assem­ Ansonia, Ohio. indicate that, during the 1820's, the site blage at 33SE7 is most interesting. A single Ellis, Chris J., Ian T. Kenyon, and Michael W. was located within an oak-hickory-beech- preform (Fig. 1, a), a Genessee point (Fig. 1, Spence maple forest, about five kilometers south b), a severely resharpened Genessee point 1990 The Archaic in The Archaeology of of the southern boundary of a very exten­ (Fig. 1, c), and 27 large thinning flakes (Fig. Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, ed. by sive grassland/oak savannah, the Castalia 1, d), all of white Vanport chert, have been C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris, pp. 65-124. Prairie, which covered hundreds of square recovered. No small sharpening flakes, Occasional Publication of the London kilometers. I have examined the entire sur­ which would indicate tool maintenance, Chapter, Ontario Archaeological Society face of the approximately 5000 square me­ were found. All of the flakes seem to have No. 5. London. ter site every spring and fall since 1972, for been the result of tool manufacture. None Fogelman, Gary a total of 40 visits. Although thirty items (27 show any obvious retouch. The entire se­ 1988 Projectile Point Topology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing, flakes, 3 bifaces) have been recovered, quence of bifaces, from preform, to tool, to Turbotville, Pennsylvania. that works out to only 0.75 item per visit. worn-out tool is present (Fig. 2). Justice, Noel Thus, numerous visits have been neces­ Sometime during the period of 2000- 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the sary to determine the nature of this site. 1500 B.C. some people made at least one Midcontinental and Eastern United What makes 33SE7 noteworthy is its tool or preform at 33SE7. They lost a pre­ States. Indiana University Press, single component status. All of the 30 form and a functional Genessee point, and Bloomington. items recovered consist of non-heat treated discarded a worn out point. The uniform Ritchie, William A. 1961 A Typology and Nomenclature of New creamy white Vanport (Flint Ridge) mater­ nature of the raw material suggests that the York Projectile Points. New York State ial. The single obviously diagnostic biface occupation of 33SE7 may have been of Museum and Science Service Bulletin is a Genessee point, which dates the as­ very short duration, and may have involved No. 384. Albany. semblage to the period of ca. 2000-1500 a month or less, even a single day. There is B.C. (DeRegnaucourt 1991; Ellis et al no evidence that 33SE7 was occupied be­ 1990; Fogelman 1988; Justice 1987; fore of after that single, brief episode.

8 DUES

Dues: Regular $17.50 Husband and wife $18.50

All memberships and subscriptions are based on the calendar year. Members may join at any time during the year, and will receive all four issues of the Ohio Archaeologist for the current year as they become available.

All renewal memberships for the coming year should be paid by December 31 of the current year.

Past issues of The Ohio Archaeologist, as well as other publications, are available at additional cost.

Make check or money order payable to Archaeological Society of Ohio, and send with this application to the Business Manager, c/o ASO Business Office. HELP OUR SOCIETY GROW! ENROLL A NEW MEMBER!

Every member of the Archaeological Society of Ohio has a friend or acquain­ tance who is interested in the prehistory of Ohio and the Midwest. They may be a collector, surface hunter or just some­ one interested in our rich archaeological heritage who wants to help preserve Ohio's past. Give this membership application to that friend or acquain­ tance. He or she will be rewarded by receiving four yearly issues of The Ohio Archaeologist as well as attending meetings and joining one of our many chapters. It is an opportunity to share his or her interest with our nearly 3,000 members. Fig. 2 Superimposed preform, functional point, and worn out point. 9 A NOTCHED SANDSTONE TOOL by David W. Reed 2469 Scott Drive Wooster, Ohio 44691

Mark O'Donnel found this sandstone has been worked into an incurvate could also have been used for the wrap­ tool as he was plowing his garden in shape. The obverse side shows beveled ping of netting. September of 1992. The site is in Killbuck wear at the top. The stem surface is flat. Twp. in Holmes County, Ohio. Both sides of the stem at the lower end Reference It is made of soft brown sandstone and show considerable wear. A flat spot ap­ Converse, Robert N. measures 41/ inches long, 2!4 inches wide pears on the side of the top section. 1978 Ohio Stone Tools. The Archaeological at the top end, and 1 % inches wide at the Possible uses of the artifact vary. It Society of Ohio. stem. The lower portion of the stem has may have been used as a digging or re- been smoothed, and the middle section sharpening tool, or perhaps as a pestle. It

Fig. 1 (Reed) Sandstone tool from Holmes County.

10 CRINOID, SHELL AND STONE BEADS by John Robinson 1414 W. Market St. Crawfordsville, Indiana

We acquired the beads shown in the il­ lustrations at a farm auction near Fort Recovery, Ohio, some years ago. They were said to be from the Fox-Rammel ^m glacial kame site. The crinoid beads, Fig. 1, are made from fossil crinoids - the smallest is 6mm and the largest 17mm. There were around 250 beads in the lot. In Figs. 2 and 3 are other beads from the same location. They are made of shell, bone and stone. The stone beads are drilled with conjoining holes.

Reference Converse, Robert N., The Glacial Kame Indians pages 108-133.

C Fig. 1 (Robinson) Crinoid stern beads.

Fig. 2 (Robinson) Shell beads. Fig. 3 (Robinson) Stone, bone and shell beads.

11 A DOUBLE-BITTED COPPER ADZE by John McKendry 79 Perry Street Buffalo, NY 14203

Judy Wright, a member of the Beau covered with verdigris and weighs toric damage or dulling, possibly from Fleuve chapter, recently found the 197.5 grams. It is bi-convex in cross- use. Such artifacts are usually associ­ above adze on the Three Trees site near section. One of the two cutting edges is ated with Early to Middle Woodland or the mouth of the Cattaraugus River at flaring and the other is constricted. Meadowood (500 B.C. to Hopewell 100- Lake Erie. Both cutting edges are excurvate and 300 A.D.). The adze is made of native copper sharp. The constricted edge has prehis­

Fig. 1 (McKendry) Copper adze found in Silver Creek area.

12 PRE-WOODLAND ARTIFACT DISTRIBUTION FOR THE TONTOGANY CREEK AND SUGAR CREEK DRAINAGE SYSTEMS by Mike Kiel

I. INTRODUCTION Paleo, Archaic, and Woodland phases. imply, however, that sites do not occur in Within the region of northwestern Wood Additionally, any materials that could not areas other than on these sand eleva­ County there are several drainage systems be readily identified to a specific culture tions. It is strictly a result of collector that empty into the Maumee River. These were placed in an unknown category. preference and location. systems draining from the south flow For each culture and the unknown, ma­ There are a total of 992 artifacts through an area composed of glacial terials were recorded according to readily recorded on the composite that are cul­ beach ridges and sand elevations that identifiable configuration and type (i.e. turally identifiable (See Fig. 2). For the were important to the settlement and projectile point types, tools, and orna­ purpose of this study, the 37 potsherds travel of early Aboriginal cultures. The pur­ ments). Each lithic subgroup was totalled accounted for under the Woodland cate­ pose of this study is to analyze the surface for each culture, then compiled to show a gory will be omitted from the total leaving collected material from my collection and total for all cultural materials collected by a balance for comparison of 955. This evaluate the concentration of all pre- site. All individual site data was then omission results from the possibility that Woodland and phase material having di­ compiled into a composite for the re­ potsherds from the same site may be rect proximity to specific drainage systems. spective drainage systems. from the same vessel. If this would be the As a result of collector location, there is The comparisons reported in this study case, then they should be recorded as .a high concentration of sites lying in di­ will deal solely with the summary data one artifact. Since it is unclear whether or rect proximity to two specific drainage recorded in the culturally defined col­ not this is the case, their omission re­ systems that have produced surface col­ umns. This method was used to eliminate duces the possibility of greatly swaying lected material for this study. This paper the possibility of inadvertently showing cultural comparison data. The only real will concentrate on the distribution of this any cultural bias. It may be possible for purpose for their being recorded was to material for the Tontogany Creek and the reader, however, to draw conclusions show evidence of their existence. Sugar Creek drainage systems. Although as to cultural placement of unknown ma­ the data reported in this paper represents terials where the identifiable culture and A. The Paleo-lndian Period only one collection and two drainage sys­ the unknown columns show prevalence For the drainage system there were 50 tems, it is believed that this data base is by type. artifacts recorded having the morphologi­ representative of all major drainage sys­ Projectile points are the most commonly cal attributes to fit into this period. This tems in this section of Wood County. found pre-ceramic artifacts that illustrate assemblage represents 5.2% of the total "sufficient temporal variation and internal data culturally identified. This material was II. PROJECT METHODOLOGY or horizontal uniformity to permit meaning­ collected off 24 sites in the composite pro­ The source for this paper's raw data ful cultural inferences and distinctions to ducing a distribution rate of 58.5%. was isolated strictly to the author's col­ be made" (Murphy 1975:82). For this rea­ The earliest phase represented in the lection in order to avoid the possibility of son, it will be evident that the bulk of the assemblage is the Holcombe Complex inaccurate documentation from other col­ data reported in this study falls into the dating to about 9,000 B.C. (Fitting et al lections. All site materials have been his­ projectile point category. At the same 1966; Stothers 1982) with 4 points torically documented and segregated to time, it is evident that the majority of the recorded. These points are smaller than ensure accurate analysis. This means of data recorded under the unknown cate­ earlier fluted point styles and are not ac­ recording site data may not yield the gory falls into the various tool types. This tually fluted. They're very thin, with con­ same information that would be found if results from such a broad horizon of cul­ caved bases that are basally thinned stratified random sampling were exe­ tural use for the "generic" types of tools (Fitting ef al, 1966). One point is made cuted. It is a means, however, of utilizing collected (i.e. scrapers, knives). from Upper Mercer flint the other 3 are a significant sample of surface-collected All artifacts were assigned to typologi­ produced from Ten Mile Creek chert. material to compare with data analyzed cal names based on the similarities in In addition to the 4 points, 3 uniface in adjoining sections of northwestern their morphological attributes to those knives, 3 flake scrapers, and one graver Ohio (Payne 1982:4). described in literature. In the case of the spur were recorded having the morpho­ The first step in this project involved classification of knives, however, all data logical attributes to fit into this period. plotting all sites in proximity to Tontogany recorded represents only those artifacts Here again, these tools were manufac­ and Sugar Creeks on United States having no basal work (i.e. ovate forms, tured from either Upper Mercer flint or Geographical Survey 7.5 series quadrangle uniface, etc.). This was done to draw a Ten Mile Creek chert. maps. Due to the area of residence of the clearer line between knives and Archaic The balance of the material recorded in author, it was found that of 62 sites utilized point types, which in many cases were this assemblage consists of 39 Hi-Lo for this study, 52 sites are clustered in the used as utility tools. points. These points evolved late in the Grand Rapids Quadrangle. The balance of Paleo period and are often referred to as the sites overflow into the Bowling Green III. TONTOGANY CREEK Transitional points (Converse 1973). It is North and Western Quadrangles, respec­ There were a total of 41 sites plotted believed that these points may represent tively (See Fig. 1). for the composite of the Tontogany Creek a modification of the basally thinned The next step in the process involved drainage system. From this total, a clus­ Holcombe point (Stothers 1982) or a recording all surface-collected materials ter of 32 sites lie in the Grand Rapids phase leading into the bifurcate se­ from each site by two means. The first Quadrangle in direct proximity to the quence of the Early Archaic period. means of breaking site material down was west branch of Tontogany Creek. The All 24 sites are represented in the dis­ by lithic composition. For the purpose of balance of the sites fall into the Bowling tribution of Hi-Lo points, with only 6 sites this study, materials were segregated into Green North Quadrangle and relate to the producing 2 or more points. This indi­ fling/chert, stone, and slate categories. main stream. All sites lie on sand eleva­ cates a relatively even distribution Following this segregation, all data was tions which are likely the remnants of through the drainage system and a well- recorded by cultural chronology including post-glacial beach ridges. This is not to established population. In conjunction

13 with even distribution, another factor that sites that produced this material giving the that the relative lack of stone tools indi­ supports an established population, is type a 51.2% distribution rate. Specific cates very light settlement. It is the au­ the predominant use of locally derived types recorded with this basal morphology thor's opinion, however, that this poor chert sources for the manufacture of were Archaic Corner Notch, Concave representation results from factors other these points. The primary lithic material Base Corner Notch, Vosburg (Converse than those relating directly to settlement used for their manufacture was Ten Mile 1973; Hothem 1986), Amos and Brewerton patterns in the Archaic period. Creek chert which could be derived from Corner Notch (Hothem 1986). The primary factor is that many of the the exposed glacial till within this For the system, there were 9 Corner sites in this drainage system have been drainage system (Asmus 1979). Removed points and 7 Basal Notch known and hunted for many years. In points collected. These totals only repre­ this region Tontogany Creek has long B. The Archaic Period sent 1.7% of all identifiable material cata­ been known to be one of the primary Recorded in the drainage system com­ logued and were the least represented in travel routes inland from the Maumee posite are 517 artifacts representing the the drainage system. The one unique fea­ River and heavy hunting pressure has Archaic period. This represents 54.1% of ture with the Basal Notch points was that resulted. It is believed that, between all culturally indentifiable material recorded. the examples were predominantly manu­ long-term hunting pressure and the ease The material distribution rate was 92.7% factured from Flint Ridge flint. in which artifacts of this size can be resulting from 38 sites producing Archaic The most significant point type repre­ identified, the stone tools from the major material. From this total, 29 sites pro­ sented in the system was the Stemmed sites have been distributed into several duced 2 or more artifacts. This broad dis­ Base type. There were 110 examples col­ area collections. tribution correlates with the distribution lected for a rate of 11.5% of all material Another factor having a significant represented in the earlier Paleo period and identified. These points were assembled bearing on volume is the change in agri­ supports the opinion that there was a well- from 21 sites for a distribution rate of cultural practices. Over the past 15 years established aboriginal population prior to 51.2%. The key to this distribution, how­ no-till and chisel plowing has virtually the Woodland period. ever, is that 73 points were collected eliminated collecting opportunities on the The first category listed on the study from only two sites. majority of the sites in this area. While sheet for the Archaic period was termed The Freeworth and the Free East sites this factor has little bearing on the major Kirk's serrated. For the purpose of this both produce large, crude lanceolate and sites that have been hunted for many study, both the stemmed and notched stemmed argillite or sub-greywacke points years prior to this change, there are still a varieties were included even though there (Fox 1978; Kenyon 1980; Stothers 1983) significant number of sites that received may be some variation in their respective belonging to the Satchell Complex. In the very little hunting pressure prior to the occurrence during the Archaic period. Ohio Archaeologist, 33(2):29, 1983, David change. The author believes that these There were a total of 22 artifacts recorded, M. Stothers of the Laboratory of Ethnoar- sites still hold a good sample of stone representing 2.3% of the total of all identi­ chaeology, University of Toledo, reported tools, but it is unlikely they will be recov­ fiable material, with 18 of these being the on the radiocarbon dating for the Satchell ered in the future if current tilling prac­ notched variety. Only 10 sites were repre­ Complex in Northwestern Ohio. Material tices are continued. sented in the drainage system for a distri­ collected from the Freeworth site was Finally, the stone tools collected in bution rate of 24.4%. dated at 1240 +/- 65 B.C. giving it a Late this system, and those that will be dis­ There were 82 bifurcates accounted for Archaic temporal placement. cussed for the Sugar Creek system, are in the summary making them 8.6% of the The balance of the examples in this as­ made from a variety of hardstones. The total of all identifiable material. These arti­ semblage consisted primarily of Late examples that are manufactured from facts were distributed over 22 sites for a Archaic Stemmed points and a few Archaic the more porous varieties show a signifi­ rate of 53.7%. All bifurcate types were Expanded Stem. As with all previous point cantly greater amount of deterioration represented (i.e. MacCorkle, St. Albans, types, locally derived cherts were the pri­ than those made of fine grained hard- LeCroy, Lake Erie), however, the Lake Erie mary sources for manufacturing. stones. It is believed that this results and LeCroy variants were predominant. In the Flint/Chert tool kit there were 24 from the more porous varieties absorb­ Archaic Bevels totalled 37 and were knives, 32 preforms/ovate blades, 39 ing moisture, then breaking down during 3.9% of the total identifiable material scrapers, 7 drills, and 3 awls for a total the freezing and thawing process over recorded for the drainage system. This of 105 tools recorded having the mor­ the years. A significant number of the group was collected from 17 sites for a phological attributes to fit into the sites are littered with fragments of hard- distribution rate of 41.5% for the drainage Archaic period. The problem encoun­ stone that show signs of surface work, system. The majority of the examples tered with cataloging these tool styles but not enough to give an indication of showed extensive resharpening and all lies in the fact that they were used tool classification. had heavy basal grinding. through all cultural periods. For the In the Slate Tools/Ornaments category The Side Notch category accounted drainage system there was a total of 692 there were a total of 7 artifacts recorded for 86 points or 9% of all identifiable ma­ tools recorded, but 546 of this total was consisting of 2 slate knives and 5 ban- terial recorded. This assemblage was ac­ recorded under the unknown column nerstones. The knives recorded in this cumulated from 30 sites for a distribution since their morphological attributes category were placed in the Archaic se­ rate of 73.2%. Included in this category didn't clearly identify cultural placement. quence as a result of their morphologi­ of base style were Archaic Side Notch, It's the author's opinion that a significant cal attributes being consistent with Meadowood (Converse 1973), Brewerton percentage of the undefined tools proba­ other site examples made from different Side Notch (Hothem 1986), and Feheeley bly originated during the Archaic period lithic materials. For bannerstones, there points (Fitting 1975). As with all of the based on the findings in the point type were 4 of the winged variety and 1 earlier reported point forms, it is evident categories. More time will be required to geniculate. All were manufactured from that locally derived cherts were the pri­ thoroughly analyze this tool assemblage gray banded slate. As with the stone mary source for manufacturing. Ten Mile to give it better definition. tools category, this sample should not Creek and Pebble cherts predominated, In the Stone Tool category there were 5 be considered as a complete represen­ however, Pipe Creek, Columbus, and three quarter groove hammers, 6 three tation for the Archaic period. Heavy Delaware cherts were also represented. quarter groove axes, and 1 notched celt hunting pressure in years past has con­ A total of 40 Corner Notch points, or (Converse 1973) recorded. This assem­ tributed significantly to the absence of 4.2% of the total material, was collected blage represents only 1.3% of all material larger artifacts for collecting today. from the drainage system. There were 30 identified and may lead some to assume

14 IV. SUGAR CREEK The system produced 16 points of the ing the identification process for this sys­ The main stream of Sugar Creek two Kirk's varieties described earlier. This tem as was described for the Tontogany flows in a northerly route through north­ total represents 3.2% of all the material Creek system. western Wood County and empties into culturally identified. The site distribution In the Stone Tool category there were the Maumee River approximately two rate for the type was 42.6% with 9 sites 22 three quarter groove hammers and 4 miles upstream from the mouth of producing these points. three quarter groove axes recorded for a Tontogany Creek. Its route is relatively Bifurcates were collected from 13 sites total of 26 tools. This total represents parallel to the west branch Tontogany giving the type a distribution rate in the 5.1% of the total material culturally identi­ Creek and in some points the distance system of 61.9%. A total of 35 points fied in the drainage system. Interestingly, between the two is only a half mile. As a were assembled from the system which this total is more than double the total as­ result, the land composition where the equals 6.9% of all culturally identifiable sembled for the Tontogany Creek system. sites are located in this system is virtu­ material. MacCorkle, St. Albans, LeCroy, This correlates with the opinion that the ally identical to that of the Tontogany and Lake Erie variants were all repre­ lack of stone tools in the Tontogany Creek Creek system. sented with the Lake Erie variant pre­ system results from long-term hunting The site composite for the Sugar Creek dominating. pressure. The sites in the Sugar Creek drainage system consists of 21 sites all A total of 17 Archaic Bevels were as­ system were relatively unknown until located on sand elevations similar to sembled in the drainage system. This as­ hunted by the author. those discussed for the Tontogany Creek semblage represents 3.4% of the total There were no artifacts recorded in the system. A total of 507 artifacts were identifiable material recorded. There were Slate Tools/Ornaments category for the recorded having the morphological attrib­ 8 sites that produced this type giving it a system. Since several of the sites pro­ utes to give accurate cultural placement distribution rate of 38.1 % in the system. duce an abundance of Archaic related (See Fig. 3). As with the Tontogany Creek For the Side Notch category there were materials, it is the author's opinion that composite, I've excluded potsherds from 53 points recorded. This represents they have yet to surface. This opinion re­ the total used to calculate type density. 10.5% of all the culturally identifiable ma­ sults from two factors. First, the majority terial recorded. The variants represented of the sites in this system are relatively A. The Paleo Indian Period in this assemblage was Archaic Side young in terms of years known to surface For the system there were 18 artifacts Notch, Meadowood (Converse 1973), collectors. Second, due to the change in recorded having the morphological at­ and Brewerton Side Notch (Hothem agricultural practices discussed in the tributes to fit into this period. This as­ 1986). This assemblage was collected Tontogany Creek section, there has been semblage represents 3.6% of the total from 15 sites in the drainage system for a very little opportunity to collect from the data culturally identified. Ten sites were distribution rate of 71.4%. sites most likely to produce this material represented in the assemblage making There were 19 Corner Notch points for the past ten years. the distribution rate for Paleo related recorded, or 3.7% of all identifiable mate­ material 47.6%. rial reported for the drainage system. V. SUMMARY As with the Tontogany Creek system, From the 21 sites in the system, 8 pro­ In view of the information shared for the earliest phase represented was the duced artifacts of this basal morphology the Tontogany Creek and Sugar Creek Holcombe Complex. The one point for a distribution rate of 38.1 %. The vari­ drainage systems, it is the author's opin­ recorded was manufactured from Ten Mile ants recorded under this type were ion that a substantial pre-Woodland popu­ Creek chert and possesses all the morpho­ Archaic Corner Notch, Concave Base lation existed in this section of Wood logical attributes for the style. Both basal Corner Notch, Vosburg (Converse 1973; County. Even though this analysis has thinning and heavy lateral and basal grind­ Hothem 1986), and Brewerton Corner been limited to one collection and two ing are present, along with the absence of Notch (Hothem 1986). drainage systems, it is believed that other any fluting. There was a combined total of 5 area collections would produce relatively Fitting into the period, but not necessarily Corner Removed and Basal Notch points the same proportion of pre-Woodland into the Holcombe Complex, were one recorded for the system. As with the material if analyzed. large uniface scraper and two awls pro­ Tontogany Creek system, these were the These two systems are relatively close duced from Ten Mile Creek chert. Both least represented of the point types re­ in proximity, therefore, all of the sites awls are flakes with a single chipped spur ported. This total is the equivalent of only contained in both systems fall into an protruding. 1 % of all identifiable material recorded in area that is approximately 4 miles The balance of the material recorded the system. Likewise, the distribution rate square. This concentration of sites, cou­ consisted of 14 Hi-Lo points. These points was well below the other types coming in pled with the volume of material col­ were assembled from 9 sites for a distrib­ at 19%. lected from the area, gives a relatively ution rate in the system of 42.9%. Ten Stemmed points assemble from the clear picture of the density and distribu­ Mile Creek chert predominated as the system totalled 30 points and were 5.9% tion of pre-Woodland material. lithic material of preference, however, of the total material identified. These Collectively, for the Tontogany Creek there were examples of Columbus and points were collected from 10 different and Sugar Creek drainage systems there Delaware cherts. sites giving the type a distribution rate of were 1462 artifacts recorded that could 47.6% for the drainage system. The two be culturally identified based on their B. The Archaic Period variants represented in this category were morphological attributes (See Fig. 4). There were 230 artifacts recorded in Late Archaic Stemmed and Expanded Combined Paleo artifacts totalled 68, or the drainage system composite repre­ Stem points. 4.7% of the total of all identifiable mater­ senting the Archaic period. This assem­ In the Flint/Chert tool kit there were 16 ial recorded. Between the systems, 34 blage represents 45.4% of the total of all knives, 11 scrapers, and 2 drills recorded sites were represented for a distribution culturally identifiable material recorded in having the morphological attributes to fit rate of 54.8%. Archaic material recorded the system. All but two of the sites pro­ into the Archaic period. This assemblage totalled 747 artifacts and was 51.1% of duced Archaic material giving the system of 29 tools represents 5.7% of all mater­ the total identifiable material recorded. a distribution rate 90.5%. The lithic ma­ ial culturally identified. By comparison, This material was distributed over 56 terials used for the manufacture of the there was a total of 359 tools recorded sites for a distribution rate of 90.3%. artifacts to be described in this system for the system including those that A review of the point types recorded in are virtually identical to those used in the weren't culturally identifiable. It is evi­ this study indicates that the aboriginal Tontogany Creek drainage system. dent that the same problem existed dur­ population in this area developed late in

15 the Paleo period and grew significantly Converse, R.N. Kenyon, IT. during the transition into the Early Archaic 1973 Ohio Flint Types. A special publication of 1980 The Satchell Complex in Ohio: A period. This is supported by the progres­ The Archaeological Society of Ohio. Perspective from the AuSable Valley. Ontario Archaeology, No. 34 Toronto, sion from the 5 Holcombe points recorded Revised January 1973. Converse, R.N. Canada. for the combined systems to the 53 Hi-Lo 1973 Ohio Stone Tools. A special publication of Murphy, J.L. points, which are considered to be a tran­ The Archaeological Society of Ohio. 1975 An Archaeological History of the Hocking sitional type leading into the Early Archaic Revised January 1973. Valley, Ohio University Press. Athens, Ohio. period. Continued growth in the Early Fitting, J.E. Payne, J.H. Archaic period is supported by the 38 1975 The Archaeology of Michigan (2nd Edition). 1982a Some Notes on the Satchell Complex of Kirk's and 117 Bifurcates recorded for the Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield the Western Lake Erie Drainage Basin: A combined systems. Hills, Michigan. Preliminary Report. TAARS News and Notes, newsletter of the Toledo Area Finally, the absence of earlier Paleo ma­ Fitting, J.E., S. Devlsscher, and E.J. Wahla 1966 The Paleo-lndian Occupation of the Aboriginal Research Society, 82(6): 2-8. terial in this study should not be taken as Holcombe Beach. Anthropological Papers, Payne, J.H. an indication that this region was not fre­ Museum of Anthropology, University of 1982b The Western Basin Paleo-lndian and quented by Paleo hunters prior to the Michigan. No. 27, Ann Arbor. Early Archaic Sequences. Paper submitted Holcombe Complex. Numerous examples Forsyth, J.L. for honors in Anthropology, December, of Barnes, Gainey, and Enterline points, all 1973 Late-Glacial and Post-Glacial History of 1982. Laboratory of Ethnoarchaeology, of which preceded the Holcombe phase, Western Lake Erie. The Compass of Sigma University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio. are present in the author's and several Gamma Epsilon. 51(1); 16-26. Stothers, D.A. other area collections. However, none Fox, W.A. 1982 Earliest Man in the Western Lake Erie have been collected within the boundaries 1978 Sub-Greywacke in Southwestern Ontario Basin. Man in the Northwest. 23: 39-48. of this study or in any quantity other than Prehistory. KEWA. 78(1): 4-7, Newsletter of Stothers, D.A. isolated finds. the London Chapter, Ontario Archae­ 1983 Radiocarbon dating the Satchell Complex ological Society. in Northwestern Ohio, Ohio Archaeologist, Hothem, L. 33(2): 29. References 1986 Indian Flints of Ohio, Hothem House Asmus, R. Books. Lancaster, Ohio. 1979 Who Were The First Wood Countians? Spitler Site 33-Wo-81.

Fig. 1

16 KJHI0Q»MV rmnrir KTTP mMonsTTir SUGAR

ARTIFACT nRKCRTPTION ARTIFACT riRsruiPTTON

FLINT & CHERT FLINT a CHERT PRIVt PfllHTK A TtYlI.q latal PR0J POINTS A TOOLS Paler, Fluted/Unfluted 4 4 Fluted/Unf luted 1 1 Hi-Lo 39 39 Hi-Lo 14 14 Kirk'a Serrated 22 22 Kirk's Serrated 16 16 Bifurcate B2 62 Bifurcate 35 35 Beveled 37 37 Beveled 17 17 Side Notch 86 139 2 227 Side Notch 53 82 4 139 Corner Notch 40 26 2 66 Corner Notch 19 14 2 35 Corner Removed 9 16 25 Corner Removed 3 11 14 Bual Notch 7 7 Baaal Notch 2 1 3 Statanjad 110 65 175 Stemmed 30 41 1 72 Triangular 91 91 Triangular 63 63 Knivea 3 24 9 89 135 Knives ie 10 61 87 Pre forma/Bladen 32 2 69 103 Preforms/Blades 21 28 49 Scrapera 3 39 20 330 392 Scrapera 1 11 7 178 197 Drills 7 3 23 33 Drilla 2 12 14 Awls 1 3 25 29 Awls 2 12 14 Subtotal SO 496 371 550 1 ,469 Subtotal 18 204 250 296 770 KTONT TOOLS smm? Tmw 3/4 Groove Haaiuera 5 3/4 Groove Miami n 22 22 Pitted Hammers 6 6 Pitted Hammers 7 7 Ungrooved Hammers 7 7 Ungrooved Hammers 7 7 3/4 Groove Axes 6 2 6 3/4 Groove Axea 4 1 5 Celts 1 5 7 13 Celts 5 9 14 Adzee 1 Adzes Abradara Abradere Subtotal 12 5 23 40 Subtotal 26 5 24 55 SLATE Tnor.c/nBNAM SUTT mor-q/ORNAM Knives/Discs 2 6 8 Knivea/Disca 6 8 Celts 3 2 5 Calta 3 3 Pendants 1 1 Pendants Gorgets e 1 9 Gorgets 4 4 Bannera/Atlatl Wgta. S 5 Banners/Atlatl Wgts. Birdatones Birdatones Bar Amuleta Bar Amulets Subtotal 7 12 9 28 Subtotal 4 11 15

POTSHERDS 37 84 121 POTSHERDS 77 83 160 Grand Total 50 517 425 666 1 .656 Grand Total 18 230 336 416 1,000

TABLE 1 TABLE 2

TnNTnOANY AND RtlfiAP. mVKt RYSTRMS mMPOSTTF ARTIFACT nFfirTRTPTTnN

FLINT St CHERT PROJ POINTS A TOOT.R Pa lea Archaic Woodland [Inknnwr Total Fluted/Unflutad 5 5 Hi-Lo 53 53 Kirk * a Serrated 38 38 Bifurcate 117 117 Beveled 54 54 Side Notch 139 221 6 366 Corner Notch 59 40 4 103 Corner Removed 12 27 39 Basal Notch 9 1 10 Stemmed 140 106 1 247 Triangular 154 154 Knives 3 40 19 160 222 Preforms/Blades 32 23 97 152 Scrapers 4 50 27 506 569 Drills 9 3 35 47 Awls 3 3 37 43 Subtotal 68 702 621 646 2.239 STONE TOOLS 3/4 Groove Hammers 27 27 Pitted Hammers 13 13 Ungrooved Hammers 14 14 3/4 Groove Axes 9 3 12 Celts 2 10 16 26 Adzes 1 1 Abraders Subtotal 36 10 47 95 KTATT TOni.R/ORNAM Knives/Discs 2 14 16 Celts 3 5 6 Pendants 1 1 Gorgets 12 1 13 Bannera/Atlatl wgts. 5 5 Birdatones Bar Amuleta Subtotal 7 16 20 43

POTSHlTRnK 114 167 281

Grand Total 66 747 761 1,082 2,658

TABLE 3

17 EASTERN OHIO A.S.O. MEMBERS MAKING A MOVE by Brian DaRe 58561 Sharon Blvd. Rayland, Ohio 43943

One could easily argue that the Golden- The artifact show will be held this August on the first Wednesday of each month at Age of archaeological activity in Eastern 7, 1993, from 10:00 AM to 4:30 PM inside 7:00 PM, emphasized the new philosophy Ohio had been in the 1960's. A.S.O. mem­ the Delf Norona Museum at Grave Creek in Eastern Ohio and the rationale of A.S.O. bers were riding a string of successes at Mound State Park in Moundsville, W.Va. members to participate in a West Virginia the Mattie Stewart, Bedway, Five Point For further information call the Park at 304- event. Mocic states that "we want to build Ridge, and the Big Elm sites while numer­ 843-1410 (personal communication Yoho a bridge between the two states so that ous local enthusiasts were to amass col­ March 15,1993). we can share the archaeological knowl­ lections from a seemingly endless suppi,' Grave Creek Mound State Park is an ex­ edge of our valley" (personal communica­ of prehistoric encampments. However, re­ cellent facility for an event of this nature. tion Mocic March 15, 1993). Mocic's cent events in Eastern Ohio may be show­ This park "was the first declared National statement is directly in line with Yoho's per­ ing that the best is yet to come. Park Historical Landmark in West Virginia. It spective on regional archaeology who During the early part of 1992, a small was granted that status by the Department stated that she can justify the artifact show group of A.S.O. members joined the Upper of the Interior in 1964" (personal communi­ because "it emphasized the mission state­ Ohio Valley Chapter, West Virginia Arche- cation Yoho March 15, 1993.) The Park ment of the West Virginia Parks. That is, to ological Society, Inc. and began to play an contains "probably the most famous of the preserve, protect and educate the people important part in that organization. Adena burial mounds, and certainly one of of West Virginia's past" (personal commu­ John M. Mocic, an A.S.O. member from the most impressive. Not only is it the nication Yoho March 15, 1993). She con­ Dilles Bottom, was chosen to that Board of largest Adena mound, but it is the largest tinued the discussion with an insight into Directors and was on a committee with conical type of any of the mound builder her philosophical approach. "It was gratify­ Harry Heckman of McMechen, W.Va. and structures . . .In 1938, road engineers mea­ ing to see the interest from both sides of Bob Kersten of Moundsville, W.Va. The sured the height at 69 feet and the diame­ the Ohio River. They were willing to edu­ purpose of this committee was to sort ter at the base at 295 feet... Construction cate each other. . . There is a lot of good through the archives at the Delf Norona of the mound took place in successive work being done by amateurs and in one Museum for relics that were to be shown stages from about 250-150 B.C., as indi­ room, a visitor had the opportunity to visit at the First Native Indian Artifact Exhibit cated by the multiple burials at different lev­ three states at once" (personal communi­ held at the Grave Creek Mound State Park els within the structure . . . The total effort cation Yoho March 15,1993). in Moundsville, W.Va. required the movement of over 60,000 tons While it is true that this event generated a The idea for this exhibit originated from of earth" (Grave Creek Mound State Park, couple hundred dollars of additional book Bob Kersten. Kersten said "It was just an Pamphlet by West Virginia Division of sales in the Museum's Gift Shop, the real idea that I didn't expect to fly... I mentioned Tourism and Parks Dec, 1990:NP). value lies in its educational potential, not it to Susan Yoho (curator of the museum) In Eastern Ohio and in the Upper Ohio only for the school children and their teach­ and she was all for it. . . Kersten said most Valley, in general, there seems to be a grow­ ers but also for the college archaeology of the pieces to be displayed for the event ing awareness of our rich prehistorical re­ and anthropology professor who has the have not been seen by the public. Many are sources. This compounded with concerted opportunity to survey the relics of a local­ pieces that society members themselves efforts from various groups collectively act­ ized area. As Yoho states, "we have a cap­ have unearthed. Others have been stored at ing as a whole has produced the ingredients tured audience of amateurs who are willing the museum." (The Intelligencer August 17, necessary for a successful project such as to share their knowledge of the Upper Ohio 1992:9). After searching through numerous this artifact exhibit. For example, it was well Valley with anyone who will listen" (personal boxes, many of the better pieces were se­ publicized throughout West Virginia and lo­ communication Yoho March 15,1993). lected that dated from 500-1600 A.D. to cally in both newspapers and television sta­ In the opinion of this writer, Yoho's exem­ nearly 8000 B.C. tions. Eastern Ohio A.S.O. members did plary actions may reflect a growing tend by In addition to utilizing the Delf Norona their part by bringing their friends, relatives, the professional archaeological community Museum's collection, Upper Ohio Valley etc. to the first local artifact show since Sally to utilize the talents of the avocation ar­ Chapter, West Virginia Archeological Buffalo in the early 1970's. chaeologist in order to supplement the Society, Inc. members, local A.S.O. mem­ At first glance, it would be easy to as­ needs of their own mission statements. bers, and regional collectors were invited sume that the ingredients for this joint ef­ Yoho frankly states that "I could not have to participate in a family oriented event. In fort were steadfast in philosophies that done this with a year of grant money ... I all, 25 exhibitors, including 8 A.S.O. mem­ were always present. Quite to the contrary! would have had to rent these artifacts . . . bers displayed collections rarely seen by It should be remembered that "we are and it might not have had the personal im­ the public. With an estimated 1500 visitors faced with a dilemma in the Upper Ohio pact that these collectors gave to the ex­ to the 6 hour artifact show, it was apparent Valley. Sometimes a mere six to ten miles hibit" (personal communication Yoho that interest in archaeology had not dwin­ separates the three states of Ohio, West March 15,1993). dled in the last 20 years in the Upper Ohio Virginia and Pennsylvania" (DaRe and The world that we live in today is an ex­ Valley. With improved strategies to en­ Waters 1991:19). Perhaps as little as 10 tremely cost conscious one. When facilities hance public involvement by a new breed years ago the barriers to such an event such as Grave Creek Mound State Park of socially conscious collectors and com­ may have been too formidable. However, have to initiate an Energy Management munity oriented establishments, such as the cooperation developed from the annual System in order to provide for a climate Grave Creek Mound State Park, one would joint shows of the Archaeological Society controlled environment to protect our pre­ expect that this event will have a lasting ef­ of Ohio and the West Virginia Archaeolog­ historic heritage and still remain within their fect on regional archaeology in our area. ical Society, Inc. has started to pay divi­ budget, opportunities for expanding coop­ Susan Yoho's response to the support dends on a wider basis. eration between the amateur and the pro­ shown by the public and the enthusiasm John M. Mocic, the president of the re­ fessional will make themselves available. In displayed by the exhibitors was clearly visi­ cently formed Dividing Ridges Archaeologi­ the future, it will be up to the amateur, their ble in her recommendation that there will cal Club, Chapter of the A.S.O. which chapters and the A.S.O, to seize the op­ be a Second Native Indian Artifact Exhibit. meets at the Citizens Bank of Martins Ferry portunities that may be present.

18 References Shriner, Kathy. West Virginia Division of Tourism and Parks. August 17,1992 Artifacts of Ancient Indians to December, 1990 DaRe, Brian and K. Waters. be Shown. The Intelligencer, Wheeling, Grave Creek Mound State Park. 1991 A Burton Base Dovetail from Brown's Island W.Va., 9. State Capitol Complex, Charleston, W.Va., with Collected Thoughts on the Archaic in pamphlet. the Upper Ohio Valley. Ohio Archaeologist, 41(2):19. '1

-v-s GRAVE _CREEK_MOUND This world-famous burial mound was St by the Adena people sometrme before the Christian Era. The mound was originally 69 feet high, 295 feet in diameter, and was encircled by a moat. There were many mounds in the • --Wlrffe *»*»»»- area-hence the city's name: Mounds* ville. In 1838, the Grave Creek M©und was tunnelled into and tvro log tombs with several burials and grave offer­ ings were found.

Fig. 1-2 (DaRe) Grave Creek Mound State Park.

Fig. 3-16 (DeRe) Scenes from the First Native Indian Artifact Exhibit (After Kersten).

19 A LATE SIXTEENTH CENTURY RECYCLED POTTERY VESSEL FROM THE LOWER RAPIDS OF THE SANDUSKY RIVER by Jonathan E. Bowen 419 Sandusky Ave. Fremont, Ohio 43420

Recycling empty, broken, or worn out Although found about 20 centimeters and conveniently as a dipper experimen­ items is now widely practiced throughout deep within the Wolf phase midden, the tally. Flotation of the soil within the dipper most of North America. In Ohio many dipper dates to a later period. While not revealed nothing. While the original, com­ municipalities are now in the midst of in­ terribly diagnostic, the shell-tempered ves­ plete vessel had a capacity of about 600 stituting curbside recycling programs. sel from which it was made exhibits attrib­ milliliters, the dipper has a capacity of While some recycling is based on break­ utes of the terminal Fort Meigs phase and about 200 milliliters. ing up discarded items (i.e. glass con­ the subsequent Indian Hills phase, from as Both the archaeological and the ethno­ tainers) in order to make new items of the early as A.D. 1575 until as late as A.D. graphic records show abundant exam­ same sort, objects may also be recycled 1640. I think that the dipper was probably ples of damaged pottery vessels being through converting them to other uses manufactured during the earlier portion of recycled for various other uses. In Ohio, after they are no longer serviceable. The that time span. Cylindrical storage pits of the example that comes to mind are the dipper made from a broken pottery ves­ both the terminal Fort Meigs phase and numerous Fort Ancient gaming discs sel described in this paper is an example the Indian Hills phase are located within made from potsherds. This is, however, of the latter form of recycling. four meters of the spot at which the dipper the first example of a damaged vessel I found the dipper (Fig. 1) while exca­ was recovered. which was recycled into a dipper that I vating a fourteenth century Wolf phase The dipper was found near the head of am aware of in the greater Ohio region. midden at archaeological site 33SA8 dur­ a neonate who was buried head to the ing the summer of 1991. The village site west, feet to the east, and covered with a Reference on Sandusky Avenue (33SA8) in Fremont, layer of fist-size cobbles. The remains are Ohio, is located at the lower rapids of the currently being studied by Paul Sciulli, Bowen, Jonathan E. Sandusky River. It was occupied inten­ physical anthropologist at The Ohio State n.d. An Overview of Western Basin Late sively during at least two periods early in University. The purposeful placement of Woodland Occupations at the Foot of the the Wolf phase (ca. A.D. 1250-1350), and the vessel beneath the layer of cobbles, Lower Rapids of the Sandusky River. Manuscript submitted to the Ohio again perhaps continuously during the and its otherwise complete condition Archaeologist. Fort Meigs and Indian Hills phases, from strongly suggests to me that it was in­ about A.D. 1500 until as late as A.D. deed recycled into a dipper after it was 1640 (see Bowen n.d.). originally damaged. Also, it works well

Fig. 1 Front and rear views of dipper made from damaged pottery ves- Fig. 2 Side views of dipper made from broken pottery vessel from 33SA8. sel from 33SA8.

20 CURRENT DATA ON EARLY USE OF THE BOW AND ARROW IN SOUTHERN NORTH AMERICA by Leland W. Patterson

Abstract peared and was immediately adopted by mean weight of 2.07 grams for arrow points Data are summarized on the present all cultural groups that were exposed to with a standard deviation of 0.28 grams. state of knowledge regarding the initial use this new technology. As previously noted Most regions of southern North America of the bow and arrow in southern North (Patterson 1982:19), the literature gives the have not had this type of study, so that in America. Although not widely accepted, impression that there is a "magic line" at most regions there are not good analytical there is increasing evidence for introduc­ about the 50th parallel which impeded criteria established for distinguishing be­ tion of the bow and arrow in the Archaic southward diffusion of the bow and arrow tween arrow points and small dart points. time period, at least as early as 2000 B.C. for a considerable time period of several There is a study of this type available for thousand years. the Northwestern Plains (Knight and Keyser Introduction The possibility of diffusion of the bow 1983). Without good analytical criteria it is In a previous study (Patterson 1982), it and arrow from Asia into the North possible to overlook early arrow point was noted that the introduction of the bow American Arctic and then southward is specimens. Although there are ethno­ and arrow to southern North America is widely recognized (Ford 1974; Fiedel graphic examples of use of heavy arrow commonly stated to begin at approxi­ 1987:146; Patterson 1982:19). There is points (some over 4 grams), these seem to mately A.D. 500, with the start of the gen­ considerable controversy, however, on the be specialized cases where long-range ar­ eral use of small standardized types of timing of this diffusion pattern. As dis­ row trajectory is not important. Dennis bifacial projectile points. Evidence for cussed here, there are basic problems in Stanford (personal communication) notes much earlier use of the bow and arrow in recognizing the earliest forms of bow and from his experience in Alaska that Eskimos southern North America was then pre­ arrow technology. The early use of unifacial used heavy arrow points when firing on sented in that study. Additional data on arrow points, with later standardization of caribou herds at very short range. early use of the bow and arrow has been bifacial arrow point types, is supported by Projectile point weight is a good at­ obtained since the previous study (ibid.), currently available data. tribute to consider on a regional basis. and it is now appropriate to give a current Studies by Patterson (1985) and Thomas summary of information on this subject. Identification of Bow and Arrow (1978) indicate that most projectile points Introduction of the bow and arrow to Technology with weights under 2.3 grams are good southern North America at a much earlier Unfortunately, wood components of bow candidates for use as arrow points. Many date than is generally assumed would and arrow systems are seldom preserved in archaeologists seem to use time rather negate some of the cultural impacts that the prehistoric record. There are only a few than technical attributes of projectile points have been attributed to introduction of this examples of arrow shafts at prehistoric in judging whether a specimen is an arrow technology. For example, Ford (1974:402) sites in southern North America, with or a dart point. For example, there is little states for sometime around A.D. 400 that preservation of wood artifacts being more justification in classifying a projectile point "One new technological change that could common in dry caves in the west. Some that weighs under 2 grams as a dart point, have been used to disrupt trade arteries examples of preserved arrow shafts are rather than an arrow point, simply because was the replacement of the atlatl by the dated much earlier than A.D. 500. Aikens the specimen dates earlier than A.D. 500. bow and arrow, introduced from Asian and (1970:Figure 113) recovered arrow shafts at A major problem in identifying early use Arctic sources into the Midwest at this Hogup Cave in Utah with earliest dates of of the bow and arrow is in the identification time". Fiedel (1987:243) concludes that the 650 B.C. for Stratum 10 and 2660-1250 of all forms of arrow points, including uni­ Hopewell decline in the Midwest at about B.C. for Stratum 8 (ibid., Table 2). Lewis facial forms which are often simply pointed A.D. 400-600 coincides with the replace­ and Kneberg (1957:32,48) recovered a marginally retouched flakes. Data from ex­ ment of the spear thrower by the bow and cane arrow shaft at an Early Woodland site cavations and surface collections in arrow. Cultural impacts from early use of in Tennessee dated to 100 B.C. Southeast Texas show that unifacial arrow the bow and arrow are discussed in this At most prehistoric sites, use of the bow points are fairly common in this region paper in terms of demographic evidence. If and arrow must be determined by the mor­ (Patterson 1989). Some examples of unifa- there was a gradual replacement of the at­ phologies of projectile points. There are two cial arrow points from site 41HR315 latl by the bow and arrow, as discussed by general problems associated with this type (Patterson 1980) are shown in Figure 1. Cressman (1977:106) for the Great Basin, of analysis. These problems are: (1) distin­ One small pointed flake from site 41HR210 many popular interpretations for the initial guishing between arrow points and small (Patterson 1975: Figure 1) had asphalt on use of the bow and arrow are doubtful. In dart points, and (2) identifying all forms of the basal end, which could be evidence of some geographic regions, such as the arrow points, including unifacial forms. hafting on an arrow shaft. Unifacial arrow Southeast Woodlands (Hudson 1976:76, Distinguishing between arrow points and points in Southeast Texas are made from 116) and Southeast Texas (Patterson 1980; small dart points seems best done on a re­ flakes and small prismatic blades, using Aten 1983:306), the bow and arrow never gional basis (Patterson 1985:88), due to fairly steep marginal retouch. This type of completely replaced the atlatl. possible local variations in technology. In point can be quickly replicated using a There is an increasing body of evidence general, however, arrow points are smaller chert flake as a pressure flaking tool for use of the bow and arrow in southern than dart points, because good balance is (Patterson and Sollberger 1980). All of the North America at a much earlier date than needed for arrows. A study for Southeast examples of unifacial arrow points in is accepted by the common archaeological Texas (Patterson 1985) shows that most Southeast Texas fall within the upper di­ dogma. Many investigators reject early arrow points in this region have thick­ mensional limits established for bifacial ar­ dates for the bow and arrow without giving nesses less than 5 mm, stem widths under row points (Patterson 1985) of 5 mm thick­ any consideration to the time that might be 9 mm, and weights under 2.3 grams. ness and 2.3 grams weight. required for diffusion and adaptation of a Thomas (1978) has shown that a distinc­ Wenke (1950:568) has noted that a new technology by local cultures. It appar­ tion between arrow points and small dart study by Odell (1988) indicates that ar­ ently seems to some archaeologists that points can be made using some ethno­ chaeologists have often looked at the bow and arrow technology suddenly ap­ graphic data. Thomas (1978:469) gives a wrong stone tools in trying to reconstruct

21 ancient hunting. Odell's study identifies a Elko Corner-Notched (1.9-6.1 grams), Elko (Patterson 1980:Figure 7G, Figure 101). class of arrow points as being small re­ Side-notched (1.9-5.6 grams), Pinto These specimens may be early examples touched flakes that exhibit impact frac­ Barbed (1.1-4.1 grams), and Residual of development of bifacial arrow points tures of the same types as obtained in ex­ Side-Notched (1.2-4.2 grams). There is a from initial unifacial point technology. perimental use of the bow and arrow (Odell possibility that some of the lighter speci­ Even farther south in Mesoamerica, and Cowan 1086). The use of unifacial ar­ mens were being used as arrow points at Tolstoy (1971:Table 2) shows Bassett, row points (retouched flakes) is thus sup­ the same time that heavier specimens Fresno and Perdiz arrow point types in the ported by use damage patterns as well as were being used as dart points. Another Middle Preclassic at 850 to 400 B.C. If dif­ artifact form. Odell's (ibid.) study of a large possibility would be that the range of fusion of the bow and arrow was from the number of retouched flakes from the weights represents a developmental se­ north, the bow and arrow should start even Lower Illinois Valley seems to agree with quence from heavier dart points to lighter earlier than this time period in southern Patterson's (1982) study of unifacial arrow arrow points. North America. points from Southeast Texas. Hughes and Willey (1978:185) give a ra­ It would seem that most archaeologists diocarbon date of A.D. 120 for bifacial ar­ Diffusion of the Bow and Arrow overlook unifacial arrow points simply be­ row points in the Texas Panhandle, about I have previously proposed that the bow cause they are not looking for this type of 500 years earlier than other dates given in and arrow diffused from the Arctic south­ artifact. It is easy to overlook unifacial ar­ Texas for the beginning use of the bow ward through North America with an indus­ row points in a lithic flake collection. Often, and arrow. In Central Oklahoma, an even try to produce small prismatic blades close examination with a magnifier is re­ earlier radiocarbon date of 840 B.C. has (Patterson 1973,1982). Earliest use of the quired to determine if a pointed flake is for­ been given by Taylor (1987:9) for a bifacial bow and arrow in the New World seems to tuitous or the product of purposeful re­ arrow point. derive from Asiatic technology. Chard touch. More often, however, the analytical There are a number of locations in the (1969:129) feels that the bow and arrow problem is psychological. Many investiga­ midwestern and eastern United States may represent a single invention with sub­ tors are not prepared to recognize re­ where diminutive projectile points occur in sequent rapid worldwide diffusion. Uni­ touched flakes as arrow points. It is not the Late Archaic period, well before A.D. 0. facial arrow points and inset blades have clear why this psychological barrier exists Examples include the Riverton culture in been found in Siberia at about 9000 B.C. in southern North America, since unifacial Illinois and Indiana (Winters 1969:41), New (Aksenov 1969:Figure 1). Even earlier ex­ arrow points have been used throughout York (Ritchie 1969:Plate 29-10-11), and amples of stemmed arrow points have the world, with especially well-known ex­ Wisconsin (Wittry 1959). Further investiga­ been found in Kamchatka dating to 12,000 amples in the Eurasian Mesolithic period. tions should be conducted to determine if B.C. (Chard 1974:37). Earliest use of the There are even ethnographic examples of these diminutive point types are related to bow and arrow in the New World appears unifacial arrow points in the New World, the bow and arrow. Diminutive projectile to be with the use of bone points with inset such as the Lacandon Maya (Gibson 1976; points are also known from the Archaic pe­ segments of microblades. Barbed arrow Patterson and Sollberger 1980). riod in southern Ontario, Canada (Wright points dating to approximately 8000 B.C. 1978:Table 1). Swanson (1972:210) pro­ have been found at the Trail Creek site in Chronologies of Bifacial Arrow Points posed that start of a new distinctive small Alaska (Larsen 1968:54). Inset blades of There is increasing evidence that bifacial projectile point series may indicate possi­ the early Akmak phase of the Onion arrow points in some regions of southern ble use of the bow and arrow as early as Portage site in Alaska may have had use North America did not start as late as the 6000 B.C. in Idaho. for the barbed arrow points (Anderson common assumption of A.D. 500-700. In Data from the Riverton culture in Illinois 1970:58) similar to Trail Creek in time. the Great Basin several sites have indica­ and Indiana give a good example of possi­ Southern diffusion of the bow and arrow tions of early use of the bow and arrow. ble early use of the bow and arrow. The was relatively rapid. Small bifacial points There are small points weighing under 2 Terminal Archaic Riverton culture dates associated with the bow and arrow are grams at least as early as Stratum 8 (2200- from about 1600 to 1000 B.C. (Winters found in the Maritime Archaic of Labrador 1250 B.C.) at Hogup Cave in Utah (Aikens 1969). Merom and Trimble Side-Notched as early as 5000 B.C. (Fitzhugh 1972, 1970). Dalley (1976:71) shows the use of projectile point types from the Riverton cul­ 1978). This probably represents an already the bow and arrow as early as 650 B.C. at ture (Justice 1987:130) are diminutive standardized technology, compared to ini­ Swallow Shelter in Utah. Webster (1980:65) types that could easily be classified as ar­ tial diffusion of the bow and arrow with use has reported dates for the bow and arrow row points. Many specimens of these point of unifacial points. One of the earliest ex­ as early as 3300 B.R in western Idaho at types from a site in Bartholomew County, amples of use of the bow and arrow in the northern end of the Great Basin. Indiana have thicknesses under 5 mm and southern North America is in Colorado at Grosscup (1960:32) has given a date of neck widths under 9 mm (Bergman, Rue the Magic Mountain site. Irwin-Williams 500 B.C. for the first use of the bow and and Doershuk 1991). Merom and Trimble and Irwin (1966:Figure 42) show small uni­ arrow at Lovelock Cave in Nevada. Side-Notched points from this site have a facial points made from small prismatic Hester and Heizer (1973:8) see the intro­ weight range of 1.5 to 3.8 grams, with 70 blades that could easily have functioned as duction of the bow and arrow in the percent of 30 specimens weighing less arrow points, dated at approximately 3500 Great Basin at about A.D. 500. Their con­ than 2.3 grams (C.A. Bergman, personal B.C. After about 2000 B.C., examples of clusion seems to be based on not being communication). Many Merom and Trimble prismatic blade industries with possible willing to accept that the bow and arrow Side-Notched points would be classified unifacial arrow points are found throughout and atlatl were in concurrent use in the as Scallorn-like arrow points if found in the Southeast United States. Great Basin for a long time period, as Texas. This site also has somewhat larger discussed by Cressman (1977:106). As Lamoka-like points with characteristics Chronologies of Unifacial Arrow Points noted above, concurrent use of the bow similar to Merom and Trimble Side- Industries for the manufacture of small and arrow and the atlatl is known from Notched points. This is a situation similar prismatic blades occur throughout the some regions of the United States, such as to some sites in the Great Basin, with the Southeast United States in the Late Southeast Texas (Patterson 1980; Aten possibility that different size points of simi­ Archaic period, with unifacial points that 1983: 306) and the Southeast Woodlands lar shapes were being used as arrow and seem to be associated with the bow and (Hudson 1976:76,116). dart points. arrow. For the Poverty Point culture Aikens (1970:35-41) shows several bifa­ Two untyped, stemless bifacial arrow (1500-500 B.C.), Gibson (1976) has made cial projectile point types at Hogup Cave points were found in the Archaic period a functional comparison of "Jaketown that have wide ranges in weight, such as strata at site 41HR315 in Southeast Texas perforators" and ethnographic examples

22 of unifacial arrow points of the Lacandon (ibid.:350) notes that unifacial points be­ some economics that significantly higher Maya Indians. A number of microtools as­ gin to increase about 4,000 years ago, population densities were possible." This sociated with the Poverty Point microblade and rose dramatically in Middle Woodland concept fits well with the Late Archaic industry (Webb and Gibson 1981:Figure 3) and Mississippian times. Odell's conclu­ Poverty Point culture and the Early Wood­ could easily have functioned as arrow sions are based on a study of several land Hopewell culture. These cultures were points. Some of the unifacial artifacts re­ thousand specimens. able to develop complex societies, with ex­ ferred to as "perforators" in the Archaic pe­ Another candidate for early use of the tensive trade and monumental earthworks, riod at other locations in the Southeast bow and arrow is the Hopewell culture of without much subsistence support from states could have been used as arrow Illinois and Ohio. As previously noted •.griculture. More efficient hunting by use of points, such as those illustrated by Watson (Patterson 1987), the Ohio Hopewell the bow and arrow would have given signif­ (1974:Figure 4) for Florida. In California, culture had a significant prismatic blade icant subsistence support. Hunter-gatherer Singer (1979) reports microblades in use industry, but investigators have not de­ bands in Southeast Texas also increased over a long time span that could have termined the functional uses of pris­ dramatically in population during the Late been used as inset blades for arrow points. matic blades here. Small prismatic blades Archaic (1500 B.C.-A.D. 100) and early David T. Hughes (personal communica­ could have been used as elements for Ceramic (A.D. 100-600) periods (Patterson tion) has noted examples of small unifa­ arrow points by the Hopewell (100 B.C.- 1991:Figure1). cial and bifacial points from site 34JN28 in A.D. 400), especially since the bow and Johnston County, Oklahoma, with many arrow appears to have been in use during SUMMARY specimens coming from the Early Ceramic the same time period farther south in The following is a summary of conclu­ level and some possibly coming from as Tennessee (Lewis and Kneberg 1957). sions that can be made on initial use of the early as the Middle Archaic at several bow and arrow in southern North America: thousand years B.C. Cultural Impacts of Early Use of 1. The bow and arrow diffused south­ It is now known that unifacial arrow the Bow and Arrow ward in North America from the Arctic, ar­ points are fairly common in Southeast As noted above, if the bow and arrow riving in southern North America about Texas, as shown in Table 1 for published started in southern North America much 4,000-5,000 years ago. sites in the regional data base (Patterson earlier than generally recognized, then pro­ 2. Initial diffusion of the bow and arrow 1989). Many specimens are from multi- posed cultural impacts of the start of the was with unifacial points, with later stan­ component surface collections with un­ bow and arrow at about A.D. 500 are not dardization of bifacial arrow points. determined time periods for the unifacial valid. Wenke (1990:565) has noted a sharp 3. Initial diffusion of th bow and arrow points. Several time periods could be increase in population in eastern North was related to technology for small pris­ represented for unifacial points, since America from about 800 B.C. to A.D. 800. matic blades. many of these sites start in the Late This covers the Early and Middle Wood­ 4. The bow and arrow did not diffuse Paleo-lndian or Early Archaic and con­ land periods in the East and the Late through southern North America at an tinue through the Late Prehistoric. Archaic and Early Ceramic periods in even rate. Specimens of unifacial arrow points from Southeast Texas. Wenke (ibid.:568) then 5. In many areas of southern North single component surface collections notes, based on Odell's (1988) study for America, the bow and arrow did not imme­ represent the Late Prehistoric (A.D. 600- unifacial arrow points, that "The use of diately replace the spearthrower weapon 1500), Early Ceramic (A.D. 100-600), and such projectile points seems to have in­ system. Late Archaic (1500 B.C.-A.D. 100) time creased dramatically after about four thou­ 6. The bow and arrow made important periods. The Late Prehistoric time period sand years ago, and by the first few cen­ economic contributions to cultures of the is represented by excavated specimens turies A.D. the bow and arrow may have Late Archaic and Early Ceramic/Early of unifacial points from 41HR273 (Ensor been adding enough extra production to Woodland time periods. and Carlson 1991: Figure 42), 41PK88 (McClurken 1968:Figure 48), 41WH19 (Patterson et al, 1987:Figure 4), and Tabic 1. Lnifaiial Arrow Points from Southeast Texas. 41WH12 (Patterson and Hudgins 1989). At site 41HR315 in Harris County (Patterson No. of 1980:Table 6), there are excavated speci­ Sut Wink (A) Time Peti,Kl(sl (Bl Eoiau mens of unifacial arrow points from the 4IAU7 s Mined LA, EC. LP 1 41HRI82 s Mixed LA. EC, LP 2 Late Prehistoric, Early Ceramic, Late 4IHRIM s Mixed EC, LP 4 Archaic and Middle Archaic time periods. 4IHRI85 s Mixed LA. EC, LP 7 4IHR206 s Mixed LA, EC, LP 24 A good example of a unifacial arrow point 41HR208 s LP 1 4IHR209 s Mixed LA, EC. LP 8 (Figure 2) was excavated from the Early 41HR2I0 s Mixed LA. EC LP 14 Ceramic level at site 41WH73, deeper than 4IHR2I5 s Mixed EC, LP 1 41HR223 s Mixed LA, EC 8 Late Prehistoric strata that contained con­ 4IHR244 s Mixed LA, EC, LP 13 ventional bifacial arrow points (to be pub­ 4IHR245 s Mixed EC. LP 2 4IHR241 1 LP 3 lished in Houston Archeological Society 41HR250 s LA 2 site report).This specimen has a small area 41HR255 s LP 7 4IHR267 s EC 1 of bifacial retouch at the tip and marginal 4IHR273 E LP 2 retouch on both lateral edges, Unifacial ar­ 4IHR293 s LP 3 4IHR3I5 E MA, LA, EC LP 54 row points continue to be overlooked by 4IHR52S s Mixed LA, EC, LP 1 4IPK88 E LP 7 many investigators in Southeast Texas. 41WHI2 E LP 1 Based on excavations at 41HR315, the 4IWHI9 E LP 2 4IWH37 S Mixed LA. EC, LP 1 bow and arrow started sometime in the 4IWH73 E EC _1 Middle Archaic (3000-1500 B.C.), with pris­ 170 matic blades and unifacial arrow points TOTAL both starting in this time period. (A) S - surface collection E • excavated

Similar conclusions on the use of unifa­ (B) LP - Late Ptebistoiic (AD 500-1500) cial arrow points (marginally retouched EC - Eatly Ceramic (AD 100-600) LA • Late Atchalc (1500 B CAD 100) pointed flakes) have been made by Odell MA - Middle Atchaic (1000 I sou BO (1988) for the Lower Illinois Valley, com­ pared to data from Southeast Texas. Odell

23 7. Initial use of the bow and arrow is not Hester, T.R. and R.F. Heizer Patterson, L.W. and J.D. Hudgins recognized in many regions of southern 1973 Review and Discussion of Great Basin 1989 Excavations at Site 41WH12, Wharton North America simply because appropriate Projectile Points: Form and Chronology. Co., Texas. Houston Archeological Society University of California Archaeological Journal 95:1 -11. research has not been done. Research Facility, Berkeley. Patterson, L.W., J.D. Hudgins, R.L. Gregg Hudson, C. and W.L. McClure References 1976 The Southeastern Indians. University of 1987 Excavations at Site 41WH19, Wharton Aikens, CM. Tennessee Press. County, Texas. Houston Archeological 1970 Hogup Cave. University of Utah Hughes, J.T. and PS. Willey Society, Report No. 4. Anthropological Papers 93, Salt Lake City. 1978 Archeology of the MacKenzie Reservoir. Patterson, L.W. and J.B. Sollberger Aksenov, M.R Texas Historical Commission, 1980 Mayan Blade Manufacture and the Bow and 1969 Archaeological Investigations of the Early Archeological Survey Report 24. Arrow. Louisiana Archaeology 7:83-100. Mesolithic Site of Cheremushnik. Arctic Irwin-Williams, C. and H.J. Irwin Ritchie, W.A. Anthropology 6(1):45-49. 1966 Excavations at Magic Mountain. Denver 1969 The Archaeology of New York State, Anderson, D.D. Museum of Natural History, Proceedings Revised Edition. Natural History Press, 1970 Akmak. Acta Arctica, Fasc. 16, No. 12. Garden City. Copenhagen. Justice, N.D. Singer, C. Aten, L.E. 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the 1979 Current News. Lithic Technology 8(1):1-2. 1983 Indians of the Upper Texas Coast. Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Swanson, E.H. Academic Press. Indiana University Press. 1972 Birch Creek. Idaho State University Press. Bergman, C.A., D.J. Rue and J.F. Doershuk Knight, G.C. and J.D. Keyser Taylor, J.W. 1991 Riverton Uthics and Woodland Ceramics: 1983 A Mathematical Technique for Dating 1987 Oklahoma's Oldest Arrowpoint? Salvage Archaeological Data Recovery at 12-B- Projectile Points Common to the of an Ancient Hearth at the Canyon Road 815, A Multicomponent Prehistoric Site in Northwestern Plains. Plains Anthropologist Site (34CN46), Canadian County. Bartholomew County, Indiana. By 28(101 ):199-207. Oklahoma Anthropological Society 3D/Environmental Services, Inc. for Texas Larsen, H. Newsletter 35(7):7-9. Gas Transmission Corporation. 1968 Trail Creek. Acta Arctica, Fasc. 15, Thomas, D.H. Chard, C.S. Copenhagen. 1978 Arrowheads and Atlatl Darts: How the 1969 Man in Prehistory. McGraw-Hill. Lewis, T.M.N, and M. Kneberg Stones Got the Shaft. American Antiquity 1974 Northeast Asia in Prehistory. University of 1957 The Camp Creek Site. Tennessee 43(3):461-472. Wisconsin Press Archaeologist 13(1):1-48. Tolstoy, P. Cressman, L.S. McClurkan, B. 1971 Utilitarian Artifacts in Central Mexico. In: 1977 Prehistory of the Far West. University of 1968 Livingston Reservoir, 1965-66: Late C.F. Ekholm and I. Bernal (eds.), Utah Press. Archaic and Neo-American Occupations. Archaeology of Norther Mesoamerica, Part Dalley, G.F. Texas Archeological Salvage Project, 1, Handbook of Middle American Indians, 1976 Swallow Shelter and Associated Sites. Paper No. 12. University of Texas Press, pp. 270-296. University of Utah Anthropological Papers Odell, G.H. Watson, T.C. 96, Salt Lake City. 1988 Addressing Prehistoric Hunting Practices 1974 The Microlithic West Bay Site, Florida. Ensor, H.B. and D.L. Carlson Through Stone Tool Analysis. American Florida Anthropologist 27(3):107-118. 1991 Alabonson Road: Early Ceramic Adaptions Anthropologist 90:335-355. Webster, G.S. to the Inland Coastal Prairie Zone, Harris Odell, G.H. and F. Cowan 1980 Recent Data Bearing on the Question of County, Southeast Texas. Archaeological 1986 Experiments with Spears and Arrows on the Origins of the Bow and Arrow in the Research Laboratory, Texas A&M Animal Targets. Journal of Field Great Basin. American Antiquity 45(1): University Reports of Investigations No. 8. Archaeology 13:195-212. 63-66. Fiedel, S.J. Patterson, L.W. Webb, C.H. and J.L. Gibson 1987 Prehistory of the Americas. Cambridge 1973 Some Texas Blade Technology. Bulletin 1981 Studies of the Microflint Industry at University Press.Fitzhugh, W.W. of the Texas Archeological Society Poverty Point. Geoscience and Man 1972 Environmental Archeology and Cultural 44:89-111. 22:85-101. Systems in Hamilton Inlet, Labrador. 1975 41HR210, A Multi-Component Site in Wenke, R.J. Smithsonian Contributions in Harris County, Texas. La Terra 2(4): 17-22. 1990 Patterns in Prehistory. Oxford University Anthropology 16. 1980 The Owen Site, 41HR315: A Long Press. 1978 Maritime Archaic Cultures of the Central Occupation Sequence in Harris County, Winters, H.D. and Northern Labrador Coast. Arctic Texas. Houston Archeological Society 1969 The Riverton Culture. Illinois Archeological Anthropology 15(2):61 -95. Report No. 3. Survey Monograph 1. Ford, R.D. 1982 Initial Employment of the Bow and Arrow Wittry, W.L. 1974 Northeastern Archeology: Past and Future in Southern North America. La Tierra 1959 Archaeological Studies of Four Wisconsin Directions. Annual Review of Anthropology 9(2):18-26. Rock Shelters. Wisconsin Archaeologist 3:385-413. 1985 Distinguishing Between Arrow and Spear 40:137-267. Gibson, J.L. Points on the Upper Texas Coast. Lithic Wright, J.V. 1976 Lacandon Arrowheads and Jaketown Technology 14(2):81-89. 1978 The Implications of Probable Early and Perforators: A Possible Historical- 1987 Comments on Prismatic Blade Middle Archaic Projectile Points from Functional Analogue. Louisiana Technologies. Ohio Archaeologist Southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 3:207-215. 37(3):20-22. Archaeology 2:59-78. Grosscup, G.L 1989 A Data Base for Inland Southeast Texas 1960 The Culture History of Lovelock Cave, Archeology. Houston Archeological Reprinted from La Tierra, Quarterly Nevada. Reports of the University of Society, Report No. 6. Journal of the Southern Texas Archae­ California Archaeological Survey, No. 52, 1991 Mobility-Settlement Patterns and Berkeley. ological Association. Population Dynamics of Inland Southeast Texas. Houston Archeological Society Journal 99:16-21.

24 PALEO PROJECTILE POINTS by Stephen Kelley P.O. Box #1 Seaman, Ohio 45679

Shown in Figure 1 is a Paleo Indian pro­ Figures 2 and 3 show the obverse and Ohio. This relic" is 3% inches long by VAe jectile point which possesses attributes of reverse sides of a fluted point found in inches in width. It is made of Brassfield both Agate Basin and Beaver Lake forms. recent years by Jamie Wolfe in Bourbon Flint and exhibits heavy grinding on the It is made of a high grade of yellowish- County, Kentucky. It measures 2% inches basal edges and on the base which is brown flint with irregular pinkish- red in length and is 1 inch at its widest point. slightly concave. Evidence of resharpening stripes—perhaps a variety of Carter Cave This relic is crafted from Boyle Chert, a is present. Mr. Russell Webb of Seaman Flint. The point displays distinctive basal high quality material the source of which found this point on his boyhood farm flaring and exhibits a small amount of is found in eastern Kentucky. It exhibits which is located about a mile southeast of grinding on each side of the base but heavy grinding on the basal sides as well the village off of Burnt Cabin Road. none on the straight-edged base itself. as in the basal concavity and also dis­ This relic was found by Bill Workman on plays resharpening. REFERENCES the Licking River in Bath County, In Figure 4 can be seen an Agate Basin Justice, Noel D. Kentucky. It measures 3% inches in length projectile point found many years ago 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the and is 1 Ke inches at its widest point. near the village of Seaman, Adams County, Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

••••Hj

Fig. 1 (Kelley) Fig. 4 (Kelley) Paleo point from Agate Basin type Bath County, point found near Kentucky. Seaman, Ohio.

Fig. 3 (Kelley) Fig. 2 (Kelley) Reverse side obverse side fluted fluted point found point found in in Bourbon Bourbon County, County, Kentucky Kentucky. exhibiting an off- center flute.

25 DIFFERENT TYPES ... OR ARE THEY VARIETIES? by Kent D. Vickery and James C. Litfin Department of Anthropology University of Cincinnati ML #380 Cincinnati, Ohio 45221

In a recent article entitled "Three Fulton, Harrison and Hebron varieties of 1966:102) Different Types", Converse (1993) provides the Turkey-tail type). To these three classifi- KEY NOTCH [form] (Perino, 1971:96, photographs and descriptions of three catory "levels," we have added a fourth— Plate 48) Archaic projectile points: "so-called form. In an effort to clarify what we meant Synonymy: Thebes," "Archaic bevel," and "expanded by these terms, the following definitions E-NOTCH (Winsch, 1974) notch" points. He then proceeds to chas­ are provided from our paper: (OHIO VARIETY) THEBES [variety] tise "professional archaeologists" for refer­ TYPE: a grouping of projectile points (Perino, 1985:378) ring them all to the same type, which he that differs significantly from other, simi­ While it is apparent that only one type— represents as an "unscientific practice" larly grouped, points in at least basic Thebes—is recognized by us, the fact that that "smacks of an unscholarly approach." morphology; our classification has three varieties, one Whether due to coincidence or not, all of VARIETY: a grouping of points referable subvariety and one form demonstrates Converse's criticisms apply precisely to to a particular type but differing from it in that we recognize that they differ in some our treatment of the "types" in question in more subtle morphological ways than the respects. In essence, classifying points a recent paper that we presented (Vickery differences evident between and among such as these as different fypes empha­ and Litfin, 1992), mimeographed copies of types. Some types have a modal form as sizes their differences. Classifying them as which were distributed. We wish to clarify well as varieties while other types consist varieties of a single type emphasizes their some of the issues in that presentation as only of varieties; similarities. In our opinion, Converse's they relate to Converse's criticisms. Our SUBVARIETY: a variety of a variety, "three different types" do share some fea­ comments are mainly directed at typologi­ based on morphological differences; tures in common. Indeed, this is only our cal concepts and the use of particular FORM: generally not differing morpho­ opinion, and we recognize that others ei­ names for types. logically from the types or varieties to ther may not see the similarities that we do Scientists, researchers and collectors which they are referred; rather, the differ­ or choose to express another opinion that have struggled with the meaning of the ences are primarily in size and technique emphasizes, from a classificatory stand­ categories of classifications ever since the of manufacture. point, what they perceive as the differ­ Linnaean taxonomic system was proposed From these definitions, it should be clear ences between them. It is just these vari­ and put into practice nearly 200 years ago. that points classified as separate varieties, ous perceptions of projectile points and The concept of a "type" has great antiquity even if they are all referred to the same other artifacts that make their classification in archaeology, having been applied exten­ type, are indeed recognized as differing a challenging, and somewhat subjective, sively to collections of pottery in various one from another. Such was our treatment undertaking. parts of the Old and New Worlds. As it was of Converse's "three different types." We Another criticism leveled by Converse is used initially, the pottery type was intended define one more term before presenting, the use of "proper" (i.e., cultural) names for to isolate a grouping of vessels and sherds for the readership's approval or disap­ projectile points as opposed to the more of an easily recognizable style that differed proval, the exact way in which we classi­ traditional practice of referring to them by from other, similarly grouped, vessels and fied these, and related, points in our paper. descriptive labels. We appreciate this view sherds. Following closely on the heels of We use the term "synonymous" to refer and hasten to acknowledge the advantage early definitions of pottery types was the to named types we believe are identical to that using descriptive labels for point types concept of a "variety," which accommo­ types, varieties, subvarieties or forms that has in creating a mental image of the dated stylistic variation within a single de­ have been given different names. The prac­ type's basic shape as an aid to identifying fined type. Thus, a single type could have tice of listing previous names given to a it. However, we wish to call attention to several varieties, each one differing from particular species is a common one in biol­ some potential pitfalls in doing this, which the others to some degree that was pre­ ogy, and the list is called a "synonymy." are, unfortunately, often beyond the control sumed to be more subtle than the differ­ The synonymy comes into existence when of the researcher who assigns descriptive ences befween types. a researcher decides that one particular names to projectile point types. The type-variety distinction also has species name among several that refer to In essence, the trick is to come up with been applied to projectile points, but the same species is the proper one to use a descriptive name that uniquely and un­ seemingly not with the degree of fore­ henceforth. ambiguously corresponds with a projectile thought, precision or consistency that one Our classification of "Thebes" points is point type, we believe that in a few in­ commonly finds in many ceramic classifi­ given below, followed by the bibliographic stances, this has been achieved. As far as cations. We believe this to be at least par­ reference of what we consider the earliest we are concerned at present, the descrip­ tially responsible for Converse's dismay adequate definition of each: tive labels "Dovetail" and "Turkey-tail" con­ with archaeologists subsuming his three THEBES [type] (Perino, 1971:96, Plate 48) jure up mental images of two distinctive different "types" under the single type Synonymy: point types and do not lead to confusion name "Thebes." We regard them as vari­ ARCHAIC BEVEL (Converse, 1963:96) with any other types. This is not true of eties rather than distinct types. CACHE DIAGONAL NOTCHED [variety] some other descriptive labels. For exam­ The matter of how projectile points are (Holland, 1970:85, Plate 15m). This type ple, "leaf shaped" is nonspecific as to what classified is even more complex. While the was originally named by Winters (1963:20, kind of leaf the person naming the point use of the term "variety" is not uncommon Fig. 3A, B), presumably for specimens has in mind. A sassafras leaf looks very as applied to projectile points (see, for ex­ from the Cache River Valley, but the type different from the leaf of a chinquapin oak. ample, Broyles' [1971: 62-65, 72-75] divi­ was not then described. He referred them "Expanded notch" and "Archaic Bevel" sion of Kirk Corner Notched and St. to the "Thebes Type Cluster" (Winters, seem not to apply to only one point type; Albans Side Notched point types into 1963:20). the notches of Normanskill points (Ritchie, Small and Large and "A" and "B" varieties, GREENVILLE CREEK SIDE NOTCHED 1971:37-38, Plate 18), for example, are ex­ respectively), one occasionally encounters [subvariety] (DeRegnau court, 1991:40-41, panded, and Hardin Stemmed points the term or concept of "subvariety" (see, Plate 6) (Scully, 1951:3) are both Archaic and for example, Didier's [1967] division of EXPANDED NOTCH [variety] (Converse, beveled. Even if one were to give very

26 thoughtful consideration to the matter of While we recognize that chipping style alike, and that significant strides toward re­ exactly what descriptive label should be may have diagnostic value with respect to solving some of the problems Converse, applied to a particular projectile point type, classifying and identifying projectile points, Creighton and others have aptly identified there is no assurance that a type would not it seems more often to pertain to several can be made. As Creighton (1993) queries: be discovered and/or defined at some fu­ "types" of points, all or most of which may "The problem has been postulated. Who ture date that has the same shape while belong to one culture period, for example. has the definitive answer?" Although we perhaps differing in other characteristics. It Horizontal transverse, oblique transverse have committed thought and research at­ is for these reasons that we advocated us­ and collateral pressure flaking are virtual tention to the matter, we would hardly rep­ ing cultural labels instead, over which the hallmarks of Paleoindian chipping, but are resent our viewpoints as "the definitive an­ researcher can exercise a degree of con­ hardly restricted to one particular swer." There is a job to be done here, and trol in the sense that he or she can, with Paleoindian point type. By the same token, it seems to us that it is best approached in the effort of undertaking a literature search, we generally disfavor associating one kind the spirit of cooperation. We invite the avoid duplicating type names. Using cul­ of raw material with just one particular readership of this magazine to join with us tural labels, however, may pose another point type. While most Turkey-tail points in the pursuit of this challenging but poten­ problem that is addressed by Converse— are made of Harrison County flint, this raw tially rewarding endeavor. that of using "foreign names for Ohio types material was used to make other types of which often have no validity in time or points and the techniques of manufacture References space" (Converse, 1993). that were used to produce one type of Broyles, Bettye J. While we acknowledge a degree of point in flint can, often with only slight ad­ 1971 Second Preliminary Report: The St. Albans Site, serendipity in the particular cultural names justments, be applied to other raw materi­ Kanawha County, West Virginia. West Virginia that have been given to certain projectile als with similar fracture properties. Geological and Economic Survey, Report of Archeological Investigations, No. 3. Morgantown. point types, it strikes us as a much more We acknowledge that the classification Converse, Robert N. common practice for archaeologists to as­ of projectile points in Ohio and throughout 1963 Ohio Flint Types. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 13, sign names based on sites that yielded the the Midwest has become quite messy due No. 4. collections inspiring new type definitions, to the indiscriminate naming of types with­ 1966 Ohio Flint Types (Revised). Archaeological Society or on some nearby feature of the land­ out regard for whether or not the same of Ohio. Columbus. scape, etc. St. Albans, Hardaway Side- 1993 Three Different Types. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 43, types had been previously named, thereby No. 1, p. 18. Notched, Graham Cave Notched and duplicating type definitions. As expressed Creighton, Wm. J. Modoc Notched are all examples, and byCreighton(1993); 1993 It Seems to Me.... Indian-Artifact Magazine, Vol. such a list could be extended to dozens You will find types, both localized and of 12-1, p. 47. more. In another recent paper, for exam­ wide dispersion, which meet the same list DeRegnaucourt, Tony ple, Litfin, Jackson and Vickery (1993) de­ 1991 A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of of features but bear diverse names. Indiana and Ohio. Occasional Monographs of the fined ten Fort Ancient triangular arrow- Furthermore, types have been named points, the names of seven of which Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research without sufficient descriptions and/or illus­ Museum, No. 1. Ansonia, Ohio. derived from sites with known occurrences trations of them, and a host of other omis­ Didier, Mary Ellen of the types while another was named after sions and commissions have led to consid­ 1967 A Distributional Study of the Turkey-Tail Point. an archaeological phase in which the type Wisconsin Archeologist, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 3-73. erable confusion and ambiguity. Obviously, Holland, C. G. occurs, another after the name of the ar­ there is a problem here of major propor­ chaeologist who excavated the site where 1970 An Archeological Survey of Southwest Virginia. tions. Importantly, it pertains to a data base Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, No. specimens of the type were found, and yet that is used to identify various prehistoric 12. Smithsonian Institution Press. City of another after a physiographic province in cultures in this part of the Midwest. Washington. which found, and yet another after a phys­ Approaches to overhauling this data Litfin, James C, Pamela C. Jackson, and iographic province in which sites with ex­ Kent D. Vickery amples of the type are located. base include purging duplicated and inad­ 1993 A Chronological Seriation Approach to Fort equately defined types so that we may Ancient Triangular Arrowpoints in the Central Ohio Types must be defined somewhere in henceforth operate with a much reduced Valley. Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of space; i.e., a type definition is created list of agreed-upon types. Many of the the Society for American Archaeology, St. Louis, based on a collection of like points that is "types" defined in the literature are, we be­ Missouri, April 14-18,1993. usually found in a certain area of limited lieve, more appropriately treated as vari­ Perino, Gregory 1971 Guide to the Identification of Certain American geographic extent. Admittedly, there is no eties, and some even as subvarieties or Indian Projectile Points. Oklahoma Anthropological assurance that the area yielding the speci­ forms. These need to be identified as such Society, Special Bulletin No. 4. Norman. mens upon which the type definition is as a step toward a better understanding of 1985 Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North based is the "heartland" of the people the relationships among projectile points American Indians, Vol. 1. Points & Barbs Press. who made them. However, it is at least that takes into account temporal place­ Idabel, Oklahoma. one area with known occurrences. Given Ritchie, William A. ment and cultural affinities in addition to 1971 A Typology and Nomenclature for New York ethnographic and archaeological exam­ morphometric characteristics. Projectile Points (Revised). New York State ples of far-ranging hunting territories (e.g., Our intent in this paper has not been to Museum and Science Seeman and Munson, 1980:62) and mi­ criticize Converse; such would be counter­ Seeman, Mark R, and Cheryl A. Munson grations—seasonal or otherwise—it is productive. Furthermore, he is not alone in 1980 Determining the Cultural Affiliation of Terminal Late likely wise not to consider a particular Woodland-Mississippian Hunting Stations: A expressing disenchantment with existing Lower Ohio Valley Example. North American point type as geographically restricted, or projectile point classifications. Creighton Archaeologist, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 53-65. to define it in such a way as to exclude its (1993), for example, has observed Scully, Edward G. occurrence outside the area within which that:Apparently point typology was never 1951 Some Central Mississippi Valley Projectile Point it was first recognized. planned as a precise science, it just grew. Types. Museum of Anthropology, University of Therein lies the basis of confusion .... How Michigan. Ann Arbor, (mimeographed) A final comment is prompted by Vickery, Kent D., and James C. Litfin Converse's specification of "designs, chip­ wonderful it would be to have a universal 1992 A Proposed Revision of the Classification of ping style and materials [being] the very and accurate way to type points! Midwestern Paleo-lndian, Early Archaic and essence of typology." If by "designs," We acknowledge Converse's (1963) pio- Middle Archaic Projectile Points. Presented at the Converse means the basic shapes and neering efforts to introduce some order "First Discovery of the Americas" Conference, sizes of points, we are heartily in agree­ Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus, Ohio, into the complexity of projectile point April 21,1992. ment. We are firmly of the conviction that styles by means of a classification system Winsch, John J. morphology should be the most basic cri­ that was gratefully received by those with 1974 Identifying Flint Artifacts, No. 2 of a Series. The terion upon which to base type definitions, an interest in studying this fascinating "E" Notch Point. Artifacts, Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 28. followed by size and, of course, taking into class of prehistoric artifacts. We believe Winters, Howard D. account that points represented as related 1963 An Archaeological Survey of the Wabash Valley in that his contributions along this line exem­ Illinois. Illinois State Museum, Report of to one another in a classificatory way must plify a commonality of purpose among av- Investigations, No10. Springfield. also be related temporally and culturally. ocational and professional archaeologists

27 THE HART COLLECTION

29 28 THE SABRE FARMS SITE (33Ro 385) by Archaeological Service Consultants, Inc. 4620 Indianola Ave. Columbus, Ohio 43214

In 1988, Archaeological Service Consul­ stone, quartzite, and other igneous rocks. thick, plain surface, grit-tempered ceram­ tants, Inc. conducted data recovery of the The features contain few artifacts and ics. The projectile points are Meadowood, portion of the Sabre Farms site to be im­ appear to be the discarded rocks associ­ diagnostic of Early Woodland sites in the pacted by the construction of an AT & T ated with hot stone boiling, roasting, and Northeast (Ritchie and Funk 1973), and two fiber optics cable. The site is situated cooking. FCR scatters are larger than Adena stemmed projectile points (Plate 5F atop a rise at about the 623 ft (192 m) FCR piles and may represent stones & G). Thick grit-tempered ceramic sherds contour in the floodplain, approximately flung away from their point of usage for were recovered from both the midden 762 meters east of the present channel of cooling purposes (Plate 3). and Features 4 and 13. Analysis of pot­ the Scioto River in Ross County, Ohio A total of 29 pit features were exca­ tery characteristics indicates that it may (Figure 1). The dimensions of the site, vated at Sabre Farms (Figure 3). All of be a regional variant of Fayette Thick. based on the distribution of surface de­ these features except Features 8, 11, 12, Although the pottery assemblage was bris, are roughly 100 meters east-west by 13E, and 33 were defined at the base of small, it did exhibit most of the traits of 500 meters north-south or roughly 4.99 the midden. The first two exceptions that type. hectares (12.5 acres) [Figure 2]. Data re­ were within the midden, while the remain­ Six features (F2, F4, F6E, F10/37, covery was restricted to the excavation of ing exceptions were located at the base F13W, and F34) can be assigned to the a series of contiguous 4 meter x 5 meter of the plowzone. Pit features were sorted Early Woodland occupation. Four of blocks (Plates 1 and 2). Manual removal of into four shape classes: basin shaped these are refuse pits, one is a burial pit, the plowzone and hand excavation of the (BS); shallow flat bottom (SFB); deep flat and one is an irregularly-shaped pit filled underlying midden horizon identified a to­ bottom (DFB); and irregular shaped (IRR) with red ochre associated with the burial tal of 30 pit features and 18 fire-cracked [Figure 5]. A total of three post holes pit. Feature 13W is a large pit feature rock (FCR) features (Figure 3). were excavated (Figure 4). Spatially, containing a tightly flexed adult. The in­ A midden deposit was encountered at these post holes were located in the cen­ terment was situated on its left side, ori­ the base of the plowzone across the en­ tral part of the site. ented in a north-northwest direction. Age tire excavated area (Figure 4). The mid­ Twelve features could be assigned to of the individual was placed at 23 years. den was dense with FCR and ranged temporal period and indicated that Late A lithic cache covered in red ochre was from 5 cm to 20 cm in thickness. Exca­ Archaic, Early Woodland, and Late placed stratigraphically beneath the bur­ vation of the midden revealed that dis­ Woodland components were present at ial (Plate 6). The cache consisted of two crete FCR concentrations, possibly from the site. drills, two bifaces, a lamellar flake, and hot rock cooking (Plate 3) and recogniz­ LATE ARCHAIC: The Late Archaic com­ two smaller flakes, all manufactured of able feature orifices, occurred at various ponent is represented by a series of small, Flint Ridge and Upper Mercer flint, which depths (Figure 4). A total of 7,190 lithic expanding stem, corner-notched points appeared to have been carefully stacked items, 228 ceramic sherds, and 1,001.60 and small, trianguloid, side-notched points within the ochre-stained soil and then kg (2,208.10 lbs) of FCR were recovered (Plate 4) similar in size and shape to covered by a mixture of soil and ochre. from the excavation of approximately Merom Expanding Stem and Trimble Side Charcoal obtained from the burial yielded 53.60 cubic meters of midden. Ceramic Notched points (Winters 1969). All 19 a corrected radiocarbon date of 3540 ± sherds from the midden represent four specimens were manufactured from flakes. 130 B.R (1880 B.C.), with a two sigma types of temper: angular grit and small, These tools were found in the midden as calibrated range of 2279 to 1520 B.C. In rounded pebbles (71); crushed angular well as in features associated with other spite of the early date, this feature was limestone (141); grit/limestone (2); and later cultural components. considered to belong to the Early chert/limestone (3). Fifteen Merom and Only Feature 19, a deep inslanting, flat Woodland occupation based on compa­ four Trimble projectile points were recov­ bottom pit (DFB) can be assigned to the rable features reported for other Early ered from the midden excavation. Late Archaic occupation. Although a total Woodland Meadowood phase sites and However, other tool forms were also re­ of 43.70 kg of thermally broken igneous the lack of such features at Late Archaic covered, indicating a multicomponent sandstone and limestone rock was re­ Riverton phase sites. Microwear analysis nature of the midden horizon. Except for moved, there was no evidence of internal was conducted on four tools from the a thin, sealed level or lens, no other visi­ burning. The feature also contained 15 Early Woodland features. Two tools ble stratification was evident, suggesting pieces of shatter, 37 flakes, 2 bifaces, showed no wear, one retouched flake in­ that limited alluviation occurred at the and 4 retouched flakes. The carbonized dicated wood planing, and one re­ site between episodes of occupation. plant remains consisted of nutshell (prob­ touched flake indicated antler/bone The consequence of little alluviation re­ ably hickory nut). Faunal elements con­ scraping. Although bone fragments were sulted in a midden of mixed temporal af­ sisted of deer, unknown mammal, and present in many features, the only identi­ filiation which was further complicated turtle. Microwear analysis was conducted fiable animal was deer. The paleobotani- and disturbed by plowing. Unfortunately, on six tools from Feature 19. The results cal remains in the features consisted of only one radiocarbon date was secured indicated that four retouched flakes were wood charcoal and hickory nut or general from a sample taken from the midden. used for antler/bone scraping/planing Juglandaceae. The sample was submitted from charcoal while one flake was used for wood whit­ and returned a corrected radiocarbon LATE WOODLAND: The Late Wood­ tling and one flake was used as a meat date of 3290 ±140 B.R (1340 B.C.), with land component is represented by the knife. Although the assemblage was a two sigma calibrated range of 1930 to presence of Chesser Notched (1), small, it reveals a number of activities in­ 1270 B.C. Raccoon Notched (3), and Jack's Reef (7) cluding butchering, woodworking, and projectile points (Plate 5 J-N) and by Features included FCR concentration bone or antler working. cordmarked, limestone and chert tem­ such as rock piles (12) and rock scatters EARLY WOODLAND: The Early Wood­ pered pottery. (4). FCR piles are small, tight clusters of land component at Sabre Farms is repre­ Eleven features were associated with FCR and thermally-altered granite, lime- sented by both projectile points and the Late Woodland component. Two of

30 these features (Features 8 and 33) con­ and mussel bivalves. Carbonized botani­ Woodland date is supported by the pres­ tained badly disturbed human remains, cal remains consist of walnut and hickory ence of a variant of Fayette Thick pottery. while the rest were trash filled pits. Both nutshell, chenopodium seeds, grass A variety of features associated with this burial pits were found within the midden. seeds, and unidentified seed fragments. temporal period indicate domestic activi­ Other feature types included irregularly- The Late Woodland pottery is limestone- ties such as cooking, as well as ceremo­ shaped pits (F23); basin-shaped pits (Fl, tempered and cordmarked with S-twist nial activities such as burial. Foodstuffs FN, F12, F13E, F36E, and F36W); and cordage. It is very similar to ceramics present at the site indicate the procure­ deep flat bottom pits (F6W and F35). from Peters and Chesser caves. As such, ment of hickory shell, Juglandaceae, and Feature 35 is particularly interesting be­ the pottery has been assigned to the deer. Other activities at the site repre­ cause of the immense size and depth of Peters phase, making Sabre Farms the sented by tool use include woodworking the feature. The maximum depth of the first open air habitation site associated and bone scraping. feature was 1.5 meters and the maximum with this component. The Late Woodland occupation is asso­ width at the top was 208 cm (Plate 7). Eleven features lacked diagnostic in­ ciated with the Peters phase. The single Artifact inclusions consisted of bone, clusions. This category included two ir­ radiocarbon date indicates occupation lithic debris, FCR, and pottery. A single regularly-shaped pits (F9/39 and F15); within a range of A.D. 339 to A.D. 639. The radiocarbon date was obtained using seven basin-shaped pits (F3, F5, F22, tool assemblage indicates that a variety of charcoal and nutshell from Stratum B F38, F44, F45, and F46); two shallow flat activities were being undertaken at the and C. When corrected for fractionation, bottom pits (F24 and F47); and one deep site including butchering, hide working, a radiocarbon date of 1560 ± 70 B.R flat bottom pit (F40). woodworking, plant cutting, and bone (A.D. 390) was obtained with a two sigma working. The presence of a variety of fea­ calibrated range of A.D. 339 to A.D. 639. SUMMARY ture types including deep storage pits, Twelve tools were subjected to mi­ Data recovery at Sabre Farms suc­ cooking pits, and burials indicates more crowear analysis from the Late Woodland ceeded in obtaining a valuable data set on than just a temporary occupation at the features. Four flakes showed evidence of the utilization of this portion of the Scioto site; and the site is certainly the first open use as a meat knife, hide scraping, cutting Valley by Late Archaic, Early Woodland, air (non-rockshelter) site associated with hide, and a knife on plant material. and Late Woodland populations. Specif­ the Late Woodland Peters phase. Retouched flakes showed evidence of use ically, excavation of the midden and as wood scrapers, sawing on wood, bone Feature 19 indicated that the Late Archaic References and antler scrapers, and cutting hide. period was represented by a series of Nass, John P. Jr., Flora Church, Annette One bone tool, a split deer bone awl, Merom and Trimble projectile points dating Erickson-Latimer, and Myra Giesen was recovered from Feature 35. The pierc­ to a period of approximately 3879-3219 1990 Phase IV Data Recovery at the Sabre Farms (33 Ro 385), a Multi-component ing surface has been worn and abraded B.R The activities at the site included Prehistoric Site in Ross County, Ohio. butchering, wood working, and bone or from usage. Cut marks are visible at the Submitted to Bucher, Willis & Ratliff, head portion of the awl and along the split antler working. Foods present at the site Chillicothe, Ohio. edges of the bone. presumably for consumption included Ritchie, William A. and Robert E. Funk Subsistence data from the Late Wood­ hickory nut, deer, unknown mammals, and 1973 Aboriginal Settlement Patterns in the land pit features indicates both animal and turtle. Although no hearths were present, Northeast. New York State Museum and carbonized plant remains. Most of the ani­ the presence of FCR in Feature 19 indi­ Science Service Memoir 20. Albany. mal bone could not be identified, but the cates cooking activities. Winters, Howard D. small sample that was present represented The Early Woodland people who occu­ 1969 The Riverton Culture. Report of Investigations 13, Illinois State Museum three classes of vertebrates consisting of pied the Sabre Farms site were present and the Illinois Archaeological Survey. white-tailed deer, turtle, unknown bird, at the site circa 1880 B.C. This early Early

OHIO

Sabre Farms

Fig. 1 Location of the Sabre Farms site, 33 Ro 385.

31 LEGEND • Lat* Archaic (-•»iu>«. • Lmty Woodland Foalunta •-0A • Law Woodland featum

Fig. 2 Excavated portion of the Sabre Farms site. »

Fig. 3 Block excavation showing location of pit features, burials, and post holes.

SCALE LEGEND 0 25 50 75 100 200 •__ —— 1 1 I J Plowzone CM | Midden

• Soil lens

Fig.4 Cross-section of a portion of the site showing midden deposit and feature depth.

DEEP. FLAT BOTTOM SHALLOW. FLAT BOTTOM BASIN SHAPED

^^tf^t^eJ^^TTui

Fig. 5 Cross-sectional profiles of selected pit features. 32 Plate 1 Aerial view of excavations at the Sabre Farms site.

Plate 2 Block excavation of portions of the Sabre Farms site.

33 Plate 3 Fire-cracked rock concentration common at the site.

r "( W »P • ^^B IjjljfF i *^aaai

• • • '! aW ^H

• ^W

Plate 4 Merom and Trimble L points. >.mm*aaaaal Las - ^B

0 5 cm 1 ™-*i 0 1 2 m.

Plate 6 Lithic items found in cache with burial.

/ Plate 7 Early excavations in Feature 35. Plate 5 Various point styles.

34 ANOTHER "PROBLEMATICAL by Stephen Kelley P.O. Box #1 Seaman, Ohio 45779

Shown is a fascinating artifact which appears to be prehistoric in origin. This human foot effigy is presently owned by Ernest R. Liming of Georgetown, Ohio, who has had it in his possession for about twenty years. He obtained it from an elderly gentleman who claimed to have found it on a sandbar in the Ohio River at Manchester in Adams County, Ohio. The relic is nothing more than a slightly modified natural cobble. It is 1* -.* made of a very dense black stone obvi­ ously worn smooth by the forces of na­ ture. Viewed at a certain angle, the natu­ rally shaped stone resembles the general outline of a human right foot. Someone, • presumably a prehistoric citizen of the mid Ohio Valley, has carved distinctive toes on the stone completing the illusion of a human foot. It measures 4% inches in length by 1% inches wide. Whether or not this relic is prehistoric will probably never be fully ascertained but it is interesting to note that there are several Fort Ancient village sites in the area includ­ ing one just above Manchester and the hu­ man foot was depicted in a variety of ways by the Fort Ancient Culture. Smoking pipes carved in the likeness of the foot as well as petroglyphs carefully pecked and ground into slabs of stone have been attributed to the Fort Ancient people. Two well known foot petroglyphs are located about twelve miles upriver from Manchester.

References Kelley, Stephen 1974 Adams County Petroglyphs. Ohio Archaeologist 24 (2): 12

Fig. 1 (Kelley) Human foot effigy from Manchester, Ohio.

35 MAN AND HIS SYMBOLS: ORNAMENTS FROM THE LATE PREHISTORIC MONONGAHELA BROKAW VILLAGE SITE AND BEYOND by Thomas E. Pickenpaugh Curator Branch, Naval Historical Center Washingotn Navy Yard, Washington, DC 20374-0571

ABSTRACT As is typical of the Monongahela culture, types are found with burials or not. And if The Brokaw site (33BL-6) is a temporary the Brokaw site is characterized by shell- they are, are they: (1) part of a necklace, seasonal Archaic hunting camp (7000-700 tempered ceramics, triangular and small, bracelet, or headgear, or were they sewn B.C.) and Late Prehistoric (A.D. 1350-1450) notched chert projectile points, maize agri­ onto an item of clothing, and (2) what is the Monongahela village site located in the up­ culture in combination with hunting and sex and age of the burials. lands of east-central Ohio in the Unglaci- gathering, and an oval-shaped village plan ated Allegheny Plateau physiographic composed of an open central plaza sur­ THE ORNAMENTS province. In this paper the ornaments from rounded by houses which were, in turn, Bear Canine Pendants (Figure 3, A-B) Brokaw Village are identified and described enclosed by a palisade. Research specific Two "modern" black bear (Ursus ameri- and comparisons are made with the orna­ to the Brokaw site, however, indicates the canus) canine pendants were recovered ments from other Monongahela and - sec­ Monongahela Cordmarked and Mononga­ from plow zone excavation units at Brokaw ondarily - Fort Ancient village sites in the hela Plain pottery recovered is related to Village. The larger specimen, from an ex­ Middle and Upper Ohio Valley area. A func­ the Johnston Phase of the Monongahela ceptionally large mature adult male, is from tional symbolic interpretation of the beads culture. In addition, the sources of chert unit 9-Q, and overlay part of a double- and pendants from these sites is proffered, were the adjacent Ohio River Valley to the walled house structure located in units which suggests the ornaments are the key east of Brokaw and the more distant Flint 7-Q, 7-R, 8-Q, 8-R, 9-Q, 9-R, I0-Q, and I0-R. to identifying the structure of social status Ridge and Upper Mercer quarries located Nearly the entire surface of this right in Monongahela society, the model on to the west and northwest of the site (in mandibular cl canine evinces a moderate which their power system is based, and the Licking and Coshocton counties, respec­ amount of polish, although the crown of order of the Monongahela universe. tively). And, finally, subsistence economics the tooth is damaged. The differential in was based primarily on Northern Flints the amounts of polish found on this part of maize agriculture, the gathering of black the tooth indicate the canine was already INTRODUCTION walnut and hickory nuts, and the hunting damaged prior to being worked, and again Early in the 11th century A.D. the native of such game animals as white-tailed deer, more recently by foliation. The maximum Late Woodland societies inhabiting the ter­ elk, black bear, squirrel, cotton-tail rabbit, metric data are: length: 18.3 mm, and ritory of the Monongahela in the Upper turkey, and ruffed grouse. width: 12.5 mm. The second, and much Ohio Valley underwent a considerable smaller pendant, from unit 2-M, is a left transformation as a result of influences From Brokaw Village, a total of three mandibular cl canine, and is also from a from the Mississippianized Fort Ancient hundred and fifty-one ornaments and or­ mature adult, but a female. Only the root culture to the south and west (Figure 1). nament fragments have been recovered. remains, however, as nearly all of the Aspects of the culture which are known to Accordingly, in this report an identification, enameled portion of the tooth was either have undergone change are projectile point frequency of occurrence, site context, and broken off and polished over or was natu­ and ceramic styles, the location and plan of a brief description of the pendants and rally worn down prior to removal from the the villages, and a shift in the food econ­ beads found at Brokaw is provided. In ad­ jaw (A. K. Bahrensmeyer, Smithsonian omy which incorporated maize agriculture. dition, where a bead or pendant is obvi­ Institution, personal communication) . The In addition to these several changes, which ously part of an ornament cluster, the iden­ metric data are: length: + 14.2 mm, and have been the subject of much research tity of the cluster is determined by the width: 9.1 mm. Both specimens were dou­ and discussion over the years, the Monon­ excavation unit designations from which ble-drilled near the base of the root, with gahela also borrowed the ornament the ornaments were recovered (Figure 2). the holes tapering from an exterior 5.0 to complex of the Fort Ancients. Thus, the In this regard, in order to insure a maxi­ 7.0 mm in diameter to an interior 3.5 mm. pendants and beads recovered from mum recovery of ornaments, all soil matrix, Each pendant was also associated with a Monongahela sites are essentially not re­ both plow zone and below, has been put cluster of ornaments recovered from its re­ covered from the antecedent Late Wood­ through either %" or %" hardware cloth spective excavation unit area. land sites of the area, although a few of the mesh screens. The plow zone was re­ ornament types are known to date as early moved by round-faced shovels, and the Regarding the specimen from unit 9-Q, as classical Adena and Hopewellian times midden and features in ten centimeter in­ as stated above, this mandibular canine is of the eastern United States. crements by 45-5 Marshalltown trowels. exceptionally large for a modern adult male The soil matrix was hand-carried in plastic The Brokaw site (33BL-6), a multicom- black bear. The question therefore may be buckets to the screens. Excavation unit ponent archaeological site with Archaic, posed, is this tooth from a grizzly bear size was five-foot squares. Middle or early Late Woodland, and Late (Ursus arctos), and it arrived through trade Prehistoric Monongahela cultural affilia­ In addition to the above, an examination at Brokaw Village from the Plains west of tions, is located in the uplands of the of the Monongahela - and secondarily Fort the Mississippi, or is it from a black bear, Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau physio­ Ancient - archaeological site report litera­ and of local origins? As there is known graphic province of east-central Ohio ture is undertaken in order to compare the sexual dimorphism in both of these forms (Belmont County). Of the various cultural Brokaw Village ornaments with ornaments of Ursus, including the dentition (Gordon, manifestations present at Brokaw, it is the from other village sites in the Monongahela 1977:247; Gordon and Morejohn, 1975:40- Monongahela which is considered here. and Fort Ancient territories, thereby per­ 44; see also Graham, 1991:240-244), Thus, around the 15th century A.D. the mitting the determination of the general twelve generally smaller grizzly bear Brokaw site was occupied and abandoned frequency of appearance of a pendant or mandibles, marked female, and twelve on at least two and perhaps three occa­ bead type, the probable distribution of an generally larger black bear mandibles, sions. Consequently, relatively extensive ornament type, the variations of form of an marked male, were selected from the archaeological remains and numerous ornament type in the two territories, and Smithsonian Institution's mammalian col­ subplow level features appear at the site. whether the various pendant and bead lection for canine width measurements in

36 an effort to resolve this hypothetical erately polished over its root surface and suspension. Both pendants were double- dilemma (see Table 1). Using dial calipers, the other exhibits no polish at all. A third drilled through the base of the root and the canine width metrics were determined pendant, the smaller left mandibular m3 subsequently polished. The holes taper by measuring maximum tooth width at the molar, is from unit 5-Q. Although specula­ from an exterior 4 mm in diameter to an in­ base of the enamel. Accordingly, the bio- tive, the relative proximity of this specimen terior 2.6 mm. Both Specimens are associ­ metric data indicate there is a slight over­ to the others may suggest they were asso­ ated with clusters of pendants and beads lap of approximately 0.8 mm in the size of ciated. A moderate amount of polish ap­ recovered from their respective excavation the canines of the two bear types. Such a pears over the root surface of this object. unit areas. conclusion is in marked contrast to similar All three teeth were double-drilled near the The archaeological literature suggests research undertaken by Kurten (1960:4-5) base of the root, with orifice size ranging bobcat canine pendants are particularly and Russell Graham (Illinois State from 2.8 to 3.5 mm in diameter. A fourth rare at Monongahela and Fort Ancient Museum, personal communication), how­ specimen, recovered from the wall of units sites. A single grooved bobcat upper ever, who report a decided non-overlap­ l-P and P-l, was manufactured by breaking canine tooth is reported for the Monon­ ping differential in the size of the canines of away a segment of the mandibular p4 pre­ gahela Ryan site (George, 1978:31-32) in these two modern Ursus forms. This dis­ molar, full-grooving the retained portion Westmoreland County in southwestern crepancy in research results is presumably near the base of the root for suspension, Pennsylvania, but no other references are real, though, and may well be explained by and then moderately polishing much of the noted. Their presence at Brokaw and the deliberate skewed selection process remaining root surface as high as the Ryan, however, indicates this pendant employed by the author. Nevertheless, as crown. The artificial surface created by type is under reported. a generalization, it is clear that grizzly bear fracturing the tooth remained both unmod­ canines are considerably larger than their ified and unpolished. This pendant was Raccoon Canine Pendants (Figure 3, IK) black bear counterparts. This observation also associated with a cluster of orna­ One left and one right maxillary d, and may also be considered valid for the past ments recovered from the contiguous ex­ three left and one right mandibular d rac­ 2500 years, and would therefore be applic­ cavation units. A final example is a male coon (Procyon lotor; Frederick Grady, able to classical Hopewell and Late mandible canine split lengthwise through Smithsonian Institution, personal commu­ Woodland times as well. Thus, on the ba­ the middle from unit L-3. This specimen nication) canine pendants have been found sis of biometric data in general, and the was probably manufactured by drilling at Brokaw Village. All six specimens are more pronounced curvature of black bear through either side of the tooth for suspen­ from the plow zone: excavation units 4-N, mandible canines in comparison to griz­ sion, removing the base of the root 1 cen­ 5-L, 1-R 7-R 10-P, and M-2. Double-drilling zles, the Brokaw specimen is identified as timeter below the enamel portion of the appears near the base of the root of five being black bear. tooth, and then polishing the remaining specimens, whereas the pendant from 10-P Bear teeth pendants are recorded for the surface. This pendant like the others, was is three-quarter grooved. Exterior hole size vast majority of Monongahela and Fort associated with a cluster of ornaments ranges from 3.3 to 4.5 mm, and the interior Ancient village sites reported. Frequencies from the adjacent excavation squares. from 2.0 to 2.9 mm.Concerning the condi­ vary from site to site, nevertheless, greater Wolf teeth pendants manufactured pri­ tion of the pendants, one is split longitudi­ numbers are usually found at Fort Ancient marily from canines and secondarily from nally and three exhibit minor to moderate villages than Monongahela - for examples, molars are reported relatively frequently at damage to the enameled portion of the see Hardin Village (Hanson, 1966:145) and Monongahela and Fort Ancient village teeth. Five specimens are associated with the Bonnie Brook site (Herbstritt, 1981:33). sites. Also reported are worked wolf incisor ornament clusters, while the canine from Pendant forms occur as canines (George, and canine teeth of an unknown function unit M-2 is unclear. The pendants from 4-N 1983:56), molars (Carskadden, 1977:44; (Buker, 1970:42; George, Babish, and and 5-L are part of one cluster, and the Guilday, 1955:142), and premolars (Baker, Davis, 1990:61), and a wolf mandible, pendants from 7-P and 10-P are part of a 1981:22-23), with canines occurring in by grooved for suspension, with the ramus re­ cluster associated with the double-walled far the greatest numbers - followed by moved (Carskadden, 1977:46). The number house structure reported above. molars. Regarding the canines, the roots of perforated wolf teeth pendants found at Raccoon canine pendants are found at were either "cut" (Augustine (1938a:8) or the sites ranges from one to six specimens Monongahela and Fort Ancient sites, but were perforated (Robson, 1958:120) for (see Buker, 1968: 42; Butler, 1939:43; are reported infrequently at both. In Ohio purposes of suspension. The favored Augustine, 1940:54) . Of course, one of the they are reported at such Fort Ancient vil­ mode was clearly perforation by drilling. problems in comparing site materials is that lages as Richards (Carskadden, 1977:44) Interestingly, with the exception of a some authors do not identify the Canis den­ and Blain (Prufer and Shane, 1970:137, greater number of bear tooth pendants be­ tition to the species level, therefore it is not 139), and in Pennsylvania at Gnagey ing recovered from Fort Ancient sites than clear whether the wolf and dog are both (George, 1983:56) and Scarem (Mayer- Monongahela, no other clear cut patterns represented, or only one of them (see the Oakes, 1954b:47, 53, 56), Monongahela vil­ are discernible. Bear canines, however, Boyle, Blain, and Man site reports of Nale, lage sites. The geographical distances be­ may have been more frequently associated 1963:177; Prufer and Shane, 1970:137; tween these sites lead the author to believe with Fort Ancient burials (see Hanson, Moxley and Bloemker, 1985:11). Perforated that raccoon canine pendants occur at a 1975:78; Moxley and Bloemker, 1985:9, wolf teeth are only infrequently recorded as greater number of sites than those from 17) than Monongahela (see Boyce- associated with burials at Monongahela which they are reported, but for various Ballweber, 1987:50). (Butler, 1939:43) and Fort Ancient sites reasons they are not found or identified. (Hanson, 1966:145). Gray Wolf Teeth Pentants (Figure 3, C-F) Gray Fox Molar Pendant (Figure 3, L) A total of five gray wolf (Canis lupus) Bobcat Canine Pendants (Figure 3, G-H) A single gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargen- molar, premolar, and canine pendants have Two bobcat (Lynx rufus) canine pen­ teus; Frederick Grady, Smithsonian been found in plow zone excavation units. dants were reported from plow zone con­ Institution, personal communication) molar Two molar pendants are from contiguous texts of squares 9-Q and 19-T. The pen­ pendant was recovered from the plow squares overlying part of a house structure dant from 9-Q is assumed to be associated zone wall of excavation units P-1 and Q-1. in units 8-R and 9-R (see above), and are with part of the double-walled house struc­ This undamaged right mandibular ml mo­ made from the same section of the large ture noted above. The canine from 19-T lar tooth pendant was made by shallowly left mandibular ml molar. Their proximity, in displays no signs of damage, while the half-to-three-quarter grooving the two fact, indicates they were part of the same specimen from 9-Q is lacking a base as a roots 3 to 5 mm above the root bases for item of adornment. One specimen is mod­ result of a fracture occurring at the point of purposes of suspension. The root surface

37 below the crown was then moderately pol­ excavated units and one is from the sur­ it is longer and thinner by comparison. The ished over. This specimen is also part of a face of the site. One damaged pendant maximum metric data are as follows: +36.2 cluster of ornaments which was found in from the plow zone of unit 8-S, and an­ mm, width: 14.5 mm, thickness: 4.7 mm. the contiguous excavation units. other specimen from the plow zone of unit The quality of the workmanship is good. Gray fox molar pendants are apparently 10-P, which exhibits tip and basal damage, As the manufacturing raw material came quite rare at Monongahela and Fort are associated with the double-walled from close proximity to a coal bed, the ma­ Ancient sites, as no other direct references house structure underlying units 7-Q, 7-R, terial is assumed to be of local origin. The to this pendant type have been noted in 8-Q, 8-R, 9-Q, 9-R, 10-Q, and 10-R, and color is black. This pendant is part of a the archaeological literature. Conversely, the ornaments associated with this area. cluster recovered from J-4 and the sur­ gray fox canine pendants are reported Also, a specimen in perfect condition from rounding excavation units. sporadically at both Monongahela and the plow zone in unit 4-M is associated The canine-shaped sandstone pendant Fort Ancient sites (Prufer and Shane, with a cluster of ornaments in that unit at present appears to be unique to Brokaw 1970:- 137; Brown, 1981:68; George, area. Morphologically, one specimen is di­ Village, for there are no reports of its recov­ 1983:56; Baker, 1981:23; McMichael, amond of coffin-shaped (Figure 3, F) and ery in the Monongahela and Fort Ancient 1963:18), and gray fox ilia, inominate, four others appear to resemble canine archaeological literature. In fact, examina­ and worked jaws are found on Fort teeth (Figure 3, B-E). The remaining three tion of the site reports for these two cul­ Ancient and Monongahela sites in eastern are tip fragments. Diagonal cutting or rasp tures indicates that sandstone pendants in Ohio (Carskadden, 1977:45-46; Brown, marks on two of the latter suggest the ob­ any form are apparently quite rare. A single 1981:65; Grubb and Allen, 1980a:15), but jects were broken at the site during the specimen, tending towards oval in outline, do not seem to be reported east of this process of manufacture. Metric measure­ is reported from the McKees Rocks site in area in the Monongahela territory. Only the ments of the only complete pendant are: southwestern Pennsylvania (Buker, 1968: gray fox ilia is reported in association with length: 32.7 mm, width: 8.1 mm, and thick­ 36, 38), while another, triangular-shaped, a burial (Carskadden, 1977:45). ness: 3.4 mm. Three additional specimens was recovered from Henderson Rocks in exhibit minor to moderate tip and/or basal northern West Virginia (Baker, 1981: 12,14). damage. The metrics range from: length: Shale Pendant (Figure 4, A) Both sites are of Monongahela affiliation. +14.6 mm to +32.6 mm, width 5.3 mm to A single micaceous indurated shale 11.3 mm, and thickness: 3.2 to 6.8 mm. (Francis M. Hueber, Smithsonian Insti­ Freshwater Shell Pendants Five pendants are double-drilled. tution, personal communication) pendant (Figure 5, A-C) was recovered from a large, partially stone- Cannel coal pendants are found on the Four freshwater bivalve unionid lined storage/refuse pit 18" below the soil majority of the Monongahela and Fort (Myroslaw Harasewych, Smithsonian surface in excavation unit 20-W. In outline, Ancient sites excavated. The Fort Ancient Institution, personal communication) shell the specimen is triangular in shape. The sites in eastern Ohio and the Monongahela pendants, which are most likely made from maximum metric measurements are: sites in general produce primarily diamond, Elliptio dilatus or Pieurobema coccineum, length:43.2 mm, width: 24.7 mm, and coffin, tear-drop and canine-shaped pen­ have been found at Brokaw. Two are from thickness: 3.8 mm. The quality of the dants (see Brown, 1976: 24, 27; 1981: 52- the plow zone of excavation units 2-Q and workmanship is mediocre, as no great ef­ 53; Grubb and Allen, 1979: 21, 24; 8-Q, one was recovered from the context fort was expended to create a smooth, Carskadden, 1977:87, 95; Dunnell, of a sandstone hearth at the 8.5"-11" level polished surface. Two double-drilled holes 1980:16, 20, 23; Nale, 1963: 171, 184; of unit 4-M, and the last was recovered for suspension appear near the broad Buker, 1968: 37-38; Weslager, 1939:61; from the living floor of a house in unit 5-L, base. The holes measure 5.5 mm on the Boyce, 1985:31, 42; Herbstritt, 1981:33- 8"-8.5" below the soil surface. All four flat faces and contract to 2.5 mm halfway 34; Baker, 1981:12,14). The diamond, cof­ specimens, unfortunately, are broken-three through the specimen. fin, canine, and tear-drop forms are be­ through the perforations and one is a basal Shale pendants, in general, are not a fre­ lieved by the author to be stylized fragment. The pendant from 4-M is tear­ quently occurring material/artifact type at variations on the general theme of carni­ drop in form, while the specimens from 2- Monongahela and Fort Ancient sites. In vore canine teeth. Five-sided (Buker, Q is a stylized canine. Both are bifacially Ohio their record is one of marked ab­ 1970:33) and discoidal (Dragoo, 1955:110) drilled. The maximum metric data are: sence, since with the exception of the forms are rare in this region. The Fort +18 and +20 mm in length, width: 9.0 and Brokaw site, none seem to be recorded. In Ancient sites in Kentucky and West Virginia 9.7 mm, and thickness: 4.6 and 6.4 mm. Pennsylvania, however, their appearance - clearly exhibit a broader range of artifact The specimen from 8-Q is essentially in several object forms - is more frequent. shapes than their northern neighbors, tooth-shaped in outline (+12.5 mm in Shale pendants are accordingly reported namely, diamond, bi-pointed, and claw- length and 7.5 mm wide). And, unlike the at the Reckner site (Augustine, 1938a:8), shaped pendants, plus beads, and oval two other pendants from Brokaw, was Powell No. 1 (Augustine, 1938c:62), disks (Hanson, 1966:132, 139; 1975:79, drilled through only one face. This variation, Montague (Butler, 1939:39-40), McKees 82; McMichael, 1963:20, Moxley and however, may conceivably be explained by Rocks (Buker, 1968:36, 38), Drew Buker, Bloemker, 1985:15, 17,19). In fact, in the the thinness of the object (3.3 mm). The re­ 1970:31-33), and Gnagey (George, 1983: Kentucky-West Virginia area, the cannel covery location of the artifact suggest it 52-53). As four of these sites are in coal claw appears at more archaeological was associated with the house structure Somerset County, where shale is readily sites than cannel coal imitation teeth. in the 7-10-Q-R area of the site, and available (Augustine, 1938a:7; 1938b:45; Cannel coal is of course black in color. with other ornaments from this location. Butler, 1939:39; George, 1983:53), shale is Regarding the origin of the molluskan shell fauna, freshwater unionids would perhaps a substitute material for slate, Sandstone Pendant (Figure 4, G) have been readily available in nearby used at the Fort Ancient Blain Village site One carbonaceous argillaceous sand­ Wheeling and McMahon creeks. The (Prufer and Shane, 1970,:115, 120) and the stone (Francis M Hueber, Smithsonian Brokaw specimens have a pearly white, Monongahela Wylie (Eisert, 1981:35), Institution, personal communication) pen­ or nacreous, appearance. Henderson Rocks (Baker, 1981:12, 14), dant was recorded from the plow zone of and Hunt sites (Grubb and Allen, 1979:21, excavation square J-4. Although the base Freshwater mollusk shell pendants are 24). Where reported, both materials tend to is missing as a result of a break occurring reported in limited numbers relatively fre­ be black, and secondarily gray. at the point of the double-drilled hole, in quently at Monongahela village excava­ outline the specimen imitates the shape of tions, particularly in the eastern portion of Cannel Coal Pendants (Figure 4, B-F) a carnivore canine tooth. In that regard the their territory (Augustine, 1938b:45; Eight cannel coal specimens have been artifact resembles several of the cannel 1938d:86; 1940:54). At Fort Ancient sites, found. Seven are from the plow zone of coal pendants described above, although in contrast, freshwater mollusk pendants

38 are reported very infrequently. The most units. And a sixth, seventh, and eighth, and 9-Q, and are presumed to be associ­ commonly occurring form among the from the plow zone and level 2 of units J-3 ated with part of a house structure and a Monongahela is the imitation elk canine and L-4 were associated with a house in large cluster of ornaments recovered from tooth (see Butler, 1939:46; Dragoo, those and the adjacent excavation units in those and the more immediately adjacent 1955:96; Dunnell, 1962:16; 1980:23; that area. The remaining twenty-one excavation units. Finally, a single shell disk Mayer-Oakes, 1954a: 13; Buker, 1968:37; Marginella beads are from the plow zone of bead was found in units K-106, K-107, Brown, 1981:58-59), although other forms, excavated units, although more than sev­ and K-109, where they are, again, be­ such as bear tooth (Augustine, 1938a:8) eral are associated with ornament clusters lieved to be parts of ornament clusters. and claw, are known. To this may be in the K-101 through K-110 unit series. All The maximum/minimum metric data range added, at Johnston and Montague, fresh­ twenty-nine specimens were modified for for the eleven cylinder-shaped disk beads water mollusk pendants are reported with use by obliquely grinding through the sur­ are: thickness: 2.2 to 4.5 mm; diameter: infant burials. At Johnston, they appear to face near the top left of the univalve at a 4.8 to 6.9 mm; interior hole diameters: 2.1 have been part of a necklace (Dragoo, point approximately ninety degrees from to 3.2 mm. 1955:96). The freshwater mollusk pendants the natural opening. The damage observed Small shell disk beads are found with recovered from the Buffalo and Richards to several of the shells may have occurred considerable frequency at Monongahela sites, the only Fort Ancient sites where while being worn on a necklace or garment and Fort Ancient archaeological villages. they are clearly identified, take the form of of clothing, although farm machinery can­ Their actual number counts, however, are a stylized tooth and a claw (Hanson, not be ruled out. generally considerably lesser at Mononga­ 1975:78; Carskadden and Morton, Marginella apicina shell beads are fre­ hela sites. A clear exception to this, though, 1983:35), an alternate form to the tooth. quently recovered in varying numbers from is the Phillips site in Fayette County in Freshwater shell pendants were also found the Monongahela and Fort Ancient sites southwestern Pennsylvania, where over with burials at Buffalo. examined. Marginella beads are reported 4000 small disks comprised a group of sporadically in plow zone, midden, refuse shell bead necklaces discovered with a Marginella Apicina Shell Beads (Genus pit, and other feature contexts as well. child burial (Cresson, 1942:19). Indeed, Prunum Apicinum) Figure 5, D-F) However, in strong contrast to the non- where the context is reported, small shell Marginella apicina (Menke, 1828:46) is a shell type ornaments recovered, Marginella disk beads are usually found with burials, very common, shallow-water shell species shell beads are most frequently found in whether at Monongahela sites (Mayer- found from North Carolina to Florida, association with human burials, where Oakes, 1954a:15; Dunnell, 1962:3; Grubb throughout the West Indes, and along the bead numbers range from one to four hun­ and Allen, 1980a:16; George, Babish, and Gulf States of the U.S. (Abbott, 1974:250) dred and forty-four (see Boyce, 1985:42; Davis, 1990:63; Augustine, 1938b:45), or and the Yucatan of Mexico. Andrews George, Babish, and Davis, 1990:64; Nale, Fort Ancient (Prufer and Shane, 1970:145; (1977:155) and Ode (1986:101), however, 1963:174; Butler, 1939:46; Augustine, McMichael, 1963:20; Hanson, 1966:157; indicate this species does not occur along 1938a:10; Hanson, 1975:78; 1966:157; 1975:69, 78; Coovert, 1988:30-31). At both the northern two-thirds of the coast of Moxley and Bloemker, 1985:17; Coovert, site types, too, the locations of the beads Texas. And Coovert (1988:29; personal 1988:30). In addition, where reported, the within the burials indicate they were communication, 1991) would contend it is beads are found in the vicinity of the neck, bracelets, necklaces, or possibly parts of probably either absent of quite rare along thus suggesting they were parts of neck­ headdresses. As a matter of interest, no the entire Gulf Coast between South Texas laces (Patterson, 1977:136; Carskadden positive correlation is readily apparent be­ and Florida. Nevertheless, its greatest fre­ and Morton, 1983:34-35; Brown, 1981:16; tween age and sex, and the location of the quency of occurrence is along the coasts Dragoo, 1955:95). The evidence also sug­ ornament types. Two possible exceptions of Florida (Rehder, 1981:599-600). Regard­ gests the Monongahela village sites in however may be that headdress beads ing the northern range of Marginella apic­ Maryland (Pousson, 1981:123; Boyce- were associated with adult males - at least ina, research and discussions of the author Ballweber, 1987:49), West Virginia (Mayer- among the Monongahela, and, among the with Raye N. Germon (Smithsonian Insti­ Oakes, 1954a:25; Dunnell, 1962:4, 33; Fort Ancient, the beads may have been tution) indicte this warm-water species is Baker, 1981:24), and Pennsylvania sewn onto a garment. More secondarily, all but absent from the more northern, (Herbstritt, 1981:33; Michael, 1983:7; small shell disk beads are reported in plow cooler waters of the Chesapeake Bay off Augustine, 1940:54; George, 1983:58, 60) zone (Pousson, 1983:123), midden the coast of Virginia. Thus, it would appear produce fewer Marginella beads than their (Applegarth, Adovasio, and Donahue, that the numerous Marinella apicina shell Ohio Monongahela (Brown, 1981:58; 1978:41), and refuse pit (Carskadden and beads recovered from the archaeological Grubb and Allen, 1980a:16) and Fort Morton, 1983:35) contexts. sites of North America came from the east­ Ancient counterparts (Patterson, 1977:136; As a general tendency, small shell disk ern seaboard states of the southeast, but Hanson, 1975:78; 1966:157; Coovert, beads are found on Ohio Fort Ancient south of the state of Virginia. Parenthetically, 1988:29). Interestingly, the Fort Ancient and Monongahela sites (Prufer and archaeologists should note that prior to Blain Village site does not record the Shane, 1970:145; Coovert, 1988:30-31; bleaching and fossilization, this shell Common Atlantic Marginella bead (Prufer Carskadden and Morton, 1983:35; Brown, species is quite glossy and rather colorful. and Shane, 1970). 1976:26; 1981:58: Grubb and Allen, A total of twenty-nine marine univalve 1980a: 16), and on sites in the central part Marginella apicina-or Common Atlantic Shell Disk Beads (Figure 5, G-H) of the Monongahela territory (Dunnell, Marginella-shell beads have been A total of eleven shell disk beads manu­ 1962:3; Cresson, 1942:19). Small shell disk recorded from Brokaw Village. One bead factured from an unknown marine or fresh­ beads, in combination with larger shell disk appeared in excavation unit 2-K, 18" be­ water shell type have been recovered from beads, are found in the middle to eastern low the soil surface in a refuse pit. A sec­ Brokaw Village. It is possible, however, that part of the Monongahela area and Fort ond specimen was recovered from below the manufacturing material may be the col­ Ancient sites south of the Ohio River the plow zone at a depth of 9.5" in unit 6- umella of a marine spiral univalve. Two (Mayer-Oakes, 1954a:15; George, Babish, M, and may have been associated with a beads are from the general site surface and Davis, 1990:63; Boyce, 1985:42-43; refuse pit in the northwest quadrant. A and nine from excavated plow zone units. Hanson, 1966:157; 1975: 69, 78). Finally, third, fourth, and fifth beads, from the plow A single specimen was found in units K-2 larger shell disk beads are found on zone in units 8-S, 10-R, and 10-Q, were and K-5, which are assumed to be part of Monongahela sites in the northeastern and associated with part of a house and a clus­ an ornament cluster from these and the eastern parts of their territory (Herbstritt, ter of ornaments in units 10-R and 10-Q, adjoining excavation units. In addition, two 1981:33; Michael, 1983:7; Dragoo, and the immediately adjacent excavation shell disk beads were found in units 8-Q 1955:111; Butler, 1939:46).

39 Elk Teeth Pendants (Figure 5,1) covered from what is believed to be the liv­ maining roots for suspension. Both premo­ Three elk (Cervus elaphus) teeth pen­ ing floor of a house in excavation unit 4-M, lars exhibit a moderate amount of polish dants have been recovered from Brokaw level 2 (9"-13"). The root of the tooth has over the root surfaces. The third molar Village. Two are incisors and one is a pre­ been altered from its original configuration pendant, a mandible ml, has both roots molar. The larger incisor, a lower left i1, was and then polished and double-drilled for three-quarter grooved, but the enamel por­ recovered from the surface of the site, while suspension. The tooth crown is heavily tion of the tooth is missing. The fourth the other, a lower right i3, was found in the worn and an unusual wear pattern appears specimen, a d canine, is from the plow plow zone of excavation unit 2-K. This lat­ on one of its lateral surfaces. A break oc­ zone of the northeast quadrant of unit K- ter tooth is assumed to be from the trun­ curs at the base of the root thus damaging 102. This tooth is in relatively poor condi­ cated part of the large underlying refuse pit the small perforation - approximately 3.0 tion and lacks a base as a result of a frac­ which extended into the adjoining squares mm in maximum diameter on the exterior ture occurring at the point of the double- surrounding it. Unfortunately, the tooth is surfaces and contracting to 2.3 mm in the drilled hole. Orifice size was approximately broken through the middle of the perfora­ interior. Two additional deer molar pen­ 2.5 mm. The fifth specimen, an incisor, also tion near the base of the root, although the dants are from a refuse deposit 20 to 30 from the plow zone of unit K-102, is too remaining portion of the root exhibits a cm below the soil surface in unit K-3. The fragmentary to further identify. All five spec­ moderate amount of polish and was dou­ roots of both the ml and m2 mandibular imens are associated with clusters of orna­ ble-drilled. The perforation contracts from specimens were grooved 3 to 6 mm above ments. The two from unit K-102 are as­ an exterior 3.5 mm to an interior 2.5 mm. the base of the roots in order to facilitate sumed to be part of the same cluster. Finally, the large elk lower left p4 premolar suspension, but no other modifications Dog teeth pendants are not very com­ pendant was recovered from a depth of 16" were undertaken. Both are from mature monly reported at Fort Ancient and Monon­ below the soil surface in a small refuse de­ adult deer, with the crown surfaces indicat­ gahela sites. In addition, they are frequently posit in excavation unit 8-Q. This ornament ing minimal to moderate wear. Finally, a not distinguished from wolf teeth (see was manufactured by breaking off a portion right mandible p2 premolar tooth pendant, Hanson, 1966:145; Prufer and Shane, of a premolar tooth, three-quarter grooving modified so that only the cheek-side sur­ 1970:137; Moxley and Bloemker, 1985:11; the single remaining root 8 mm above the face and one root remained for grooving Nale, 1963:177). Dog canine pendants ap­ base, and then highly polishing the original and suspension, and a left maxilla molar, pear to occur throughout the region, while crown and root surfaces as far down as the modified so that only the palate-side sur­ the notched root premolar form (Brown, grooving. This pendant is part of an orna­ face and one root remained for grooving, 1981:68-69; Grubb and Allen, 1980a:20) ment cluster recovered from 8-Q and the were recovered from the plow zone of 7-Q may be restricted to sites west of Maryland, surrounding squares. and 10-Q, respectively. All of the above Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. Dog teeth pendants are associated with clusters of Elk incisor tooth pendants are appar­ pendants have been reported in association ornaments. The specimens from 7-Q and ently quite rare, since only at the Monon­ with burials at the Monongahela Friendsville 10-Q are part of a cluster of ornaments as­ gahela Johnston site in southwestern site (Boyce-Ballweber, 1987:50-51) and with sociated with a double-walled house struc­ Pennsylvania is this tooth type specifically some frequency at the Fort Ancient Hardin ture found underlying these and other units identified (Dragoo, 1955:96). Clearly, elk Village site (Hanson, 1966:145). in the immediate area. molars, canines, and mollusk shell imita­ tion elk canines are reported much more Deer molar pendants are apparently Bird Bone Beads (Figure 5, P-R) frequently. The canine forms - both real rarely found at Monongahela and Fort A total of one hundred and forty tubular, and imitation shell - appear to be princi­ Ancient sites, since only one other direct two barrel-shaped, and one hundred and pally associated with the Monongahela reference to this pendant type has been twelve bead fragments have been recov­ (Butler, 1939:46; Dragoo, 1955:96, 111; noted in the archaeological literature ered from plow zone, midden, and feature Dunnell, 1962:16; 1980:23; Grubb and (Mayer-Oakes, 1954a:6). Weslager (1939:62) contexts at Brokaw Village. Virtually sev­ Allen, 1980a:15; George, 1983:56; Boyce, and Grubb and Allen (1980a:15) record the eral length/diameter ratios appear, but the 1985:42, 45). And the molars with the Fort presence of perforated deer teeth at the majority may be categorized as relatively Ancient (Carskadden, 1977:44; Moxley Monongahela Windy Hill and Hunt sites in short, tubular beads with larger diameters, and Bloemker, 1985:6). Where elk canine southwestern Pennsylvania and east-cen­ and therefore ascribable to the Monon­ forms are recorded with burials and the tral Ohio, respectively, but do not further gahela Johnston Phase (Dragoo, 1955:110), relative age of the skeletons is known, elk identify the teeth to type. Still, the exami­ although the Brokaw specimens are a little canine pendants among the Monongahela nation of Figure 11 - row 2, number 2 longer and a little thinner. The mean length appear to be associated with infants (Grubb and Allen, 1980a:15) - suggests of one hundred complete specimens is (Butler, 1939:16; Dragoo, 1955:96; Boyce, this tooth may be a deer molar pendant. 27.9 mm, while the range is 12.5 to 73.5 1985:45). Pendant locations are around the The specimen from the Speidel site in the mm (the latter bead was recovered from neck and behind the base of the skull. Elk northern panhandle of West Virginia re­ the plow zone of unit 8-P, and was part of tooth pendants are also reported by ported by Mayer-Oakes had both roots a large ornament cluster). The mean diam­ Augustine at the Reckner site, Fort Hill No. grooved for suspension and was found eter is 7.5 mm and the range 3.9 to 11.3 1, Fort Hill No. 2, and Peck No. 2 sites, but, near the chest of an aged adult male burial. mm. The process for manufacturing beads unfortunately, they are not further identified consisted of scoring the selected bone at to type (1938a:8; 1938d:86; 1940:54, 57). Dog Teeth Pendants (Figure 5, N-O) the desired length, snapping off the ends, Among the Fort Ancient, burial age identifi­ One canine, one incisor, one molar and modifying the specimen to the desired shape, and polishing. Nearly all of the cation and elk tooth form association is two dog (Canis familiaris) premolar pen­ beads exhibit moderate to extensive pol­ less clear (Hanson, 1966:145; 1975:78). Elk dants have been identified (Frederick ishing, except on the ends, which were fre­ tooth pendants are occasionally found in Grady, Smithsonian Institution, personal quently left uneven. The Brokaw speci­ refuse pit and other pit types (Augustine, communication). One P4 premolar is from mens are assumed to be manufactured 1938d:86; Moxley and Bloemker, 1985:6). the plow zone of excavation unit 1-M, a primarily from turkey, with a few made second P4 premolar is from the 40-50 cm from hawk, eagle, or swan-sized birds. level of a fire pit in unit K-3, and the third, Deer Molar Pendants (Figure 5, J-M) Unfortunately, the necessary diagnostic at­ One premolar and four deer (Odo- an ml molar, is from the plow zone of unit tributes required for identification are not coileus virginianus; W. Chris Wozencraft, 2-R The two maxilla P4 pendants were present on the finished ornaments (Richard Smithsonian Institution, personal communi­ manufactured by first breaking away one Zusi, Smithsonian Institution, personal cation) molar pendants have been noted at of the two adjacent smaller roots of the communication). Brokaw. One deer molar pendant was re­ teeth, and then halfgrooving the two re­

40 Bird bone beads are nearly a ubiquitous hole in the larger specimen is evenly round (McMichael, 1963; Hanson, 1975), or the ornament type at Monongahela and Fort and contracts from 13.0 mm and 10.0 mm Brown Hilltop site (Brown, 1976). Where Ancient village sites. At Monongahela vil­ on the outside surfaces to a diameter of 5.0 they do occur, however, their numbers ap­ lages bird bone beads are also the most mm in the center. This latter pottery bead is pear with greater frequency (Carskadden, frequently occurring of the various orna­ part of a cluster of ornaments found in units 1977:44; Moxley, 1985:44; Moxley and ment types recovered. Beads manufac­ P-1, Q-1, R 1-Q, 1-R, 2-R 2-Q, 2-R, 3-R 3- Bloemker, 1985:9-10, 17). Thus, six of the tured from bird bones are found in plow Q, 3-R, and 4-R, while the former is associ­ ten turkey digit pendants reported for the zone, midden, refuse pit, house, burial, and ated with a cluster in units K-104, K-105, Richards site are from a necklace. And at other feature types as well. However, K-106, andK-107. Man, one hundred and sixty turkey digits the feature context they are most often Pottery disk beads are reported sporadi­ occurred in combination with five hun­ reported in is burials (see Brown, 1981:15- cally throughout the Fort Ancient and dred and fifteen barrel shaped bone 16; Grubb and Allen 1980b:27; Dunnell, Monongahela territories. In the latter area a beads, which were associated with a 1962:3; Herbstritt, 1981:33-34, 42; single pottery disk bead per site is nor­ young adult burial of indeterminate sex Augustine, 1938b:45; Hanson, 1966:143- mally all that is recorded (Brown, 1981:38; and age. In another instance at Man, 145). In this context, the beads appear Nale, 1963:176, 179; Mayer-Oakes, three hundred and forty-one digits were to have been parts of necklaces 1955:112; Boyce, 1985:41-42). In addition, found in conjunction with three hundred (Carskadden, 1977:43; Butler, 1939:16), at Hanna (Butler, 1939:56) and Moore and twenty-six barrel-shaped bone functional hair ornaments (Nale, 1963:175) Village (Pousson, 1983: 111-112), sites on beads. These were associated with a six­ et cetera, or were perhaps sewn onto a the southeastern Monongahela periphery, teen year old female - burial numbers 15 garment, such as a skirt (Carskadden and the beads are possibly manufactured from and 6, respectively. Morton, 1983:34; Mayer-Oakes, 1954a:26; pipe stem fragments. At Fort Ancient sites Herbstritt, 1981:42, 58; Dragoo, 1955:95, ceramic disk beads appear to occur with Snowshoe Hare Innominate Pendant 110; Augustine, 1940:57; Hanson, 1975:31, greater frequency (McMichael, 1963:19; (Figure 6, E) 78; Moxley and Bloemker, 1985:17). In the Hanson, 1966:101-102; 1975:87-88), al­ A single snowshoe hare (Lepus ameri- few examples identified, the sex of the though Gartley (1977:19) cites only one canus; W. Chris Wozencraft, Smithsonian skeletons was female, or a child, whose disk bead at Richards. Institution, personal communication) pen­ sex could not be identified. Only one was dant was recovered from the 9"-12" level male - a Fort Ancient interment. Turkey Didget Pendants (Figure 6, C-D) of excavation square 2-M. This specimen A comparison of Monongahela and Fort Four turkey digit (Meleagris gallopavo) was manufactured from the innominate Ancient bone bead information suggests pendants have been noted from the bone of a snowshoe hare by modifying the the Monongahela beads are, overall, a little Brokaw site. Two pendants are a left pha­ lateral flaring surface, reducing the overall smaller in length and diameter, and a lanx 1, of digit 2, a wing bone, and two are length by cutting off part of the bone, and lesser number of beads occurs per site. a right phalanx 1, of digit 2 (Frederick rather crudely boring a hole through one The apparent smaller size of the Monon­ Grady, Smithsonian Institution, personal surface for purposes of suspension. The gahela beads may perhaps be explained communication). One left phalanx 1 is from diameter of the perforation is approxi­ by the observation that the Monongahela a living floor or midden 10"-14" below the mately 4.0 mm. The maximum length is utilized birds and smaller mammals more soil surface in excavation unit 4-L. The sec­ 35.6 mm, width: 13.5 mm, and thickness: frequently in the manufacture of their orna­ ond specimen, also a left phalanx 1 of digit 6.4 mm. A moderate amount of polish ap­ ments than their Fort Ancient counterparts, 2, but larger, is from the plow zone of unit pears over a majority of the surface area of who had a more marked preference for K-3. The third pendant, a right phalanx 1, the pendant. This specimen is part of a deer (see Hanson, 1966:145; 1975:78). identical in size to the K-3 phalanx, was re­ cluster of ornaments found in unit 2-M and Bird and mammal types for which there covered from a rodent disturbed area at a the surrounding excavation units. appears to be some evidence of Monon­ depth of 9.5" in J-2. The fourth specimen, Snowshoe hare innominate pendants gahela usage in the making of beads are also a right phalanx 1, is from unit 19-R, 9' are not reported at other archaeological turkey (see Brown, 1981:65; Nale, below the soil surface - and is the smallest sites per se. Brown (1981:66-67), however, 1963:186; Drew, 1970:40; Dragoo, of the four ornaments. The pendants were does report cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus 1955:111; Pousson, 1983:117; Baker, made by somewhat carefully boring an off- floridanus) innominate pendants at the 1981:23), marsh duck (Pousson, 1983:117), centered vertical hole (3 mm in diameter) Monongahela Tower site to the west of grouse or crow-sized birds (George, through the broad anterior ends of the dig­ Brokaw, and intimates they also occurred 1983:56), swan (?) (Guilday, 1955:144), rab­ its. A moderate amount of polish appears at the Fort Ancient Richards site, located bit (Brown, 1981:65; George, 1983:56), and over the entire surface of the larger left and even further to the west. Examination of deer (Dragoo, 1955:111; Nale, 1963:175). right phalanx 1 specimens, whereas the this latter report, though, indicates they are smaller left phalanx 1 pendant exhibits only fox ilia (Carskadden, 1977:45) and not cot­ Pottery Disk Beads (Figure 6, A-B) wear polish. The small right phalanx 1 orna­ tontail rabbit after all. Two pottery disk beads have been found ment from 19-R displays no wear or polish at all. The specimens from units 4-L, J-2, in the plow zone of excavation units 3-Q Rabbit Ilium Pendant (Figure 6, F) and K-3 are associated with ornament and K-104. The moderately smooth but One rabbit ilium (Sylvilagus floridanus); clusters. Indeed, the pendants from J-2 uneven edges of the disks and the abrupt Frederick Grady, Smithsonian Institution, and K-3 are part of the same cluster. shortness, depth and breadth of the mod­ personal communication) pendant was erately smoothed-over cord marks along One or two examples of this artifact type found in a refuse deposit in excavation unit the edge of the larger disk indicate the are recovered from Monongahela sites D-14 at the 8"-12" level. The ornament beads are modified pieces of objects throughout their lands at both Johnston was made by snapping off the proximal manufactured for other purposes. Their and Drew phase village settings (Brown, end of the left ilium, and neatly drilling a thicknesses - 2.6 mm and 7.1 mm - sug­ 1981:65; George, Babish, and Davis, hole through one wall Surface for suspen­ gest they are possibly from a small and 1990:61; Dragoo, 1955:112; Baker, sion. The hole diameter contracts from 3.2 medium-sized vessel, respectively. The 1981:23; Pousson, 1983:120). Less fre­ to 2.3 mm. The maximum metric data are maximum diameters are 13.1 mm and 30.7 quently are turkey digit pendants reported as follows: length: 33.9 mm, width: 14.7 mm. Both disks were drilled from both at Fort Ancient sites, for example, their mm, and thickness: 4.5 mm. Highly pol­ faces. The orifice in the smaller bead is el­ presence is not recorded at such sites as ished surfaces are visible on various parts liptical in outline and contracts from an ex­ Blain Village (Prufer and Shane, 1970), of the pendant due to post manufacturing terior 5.0 mm to an interior 3.0 mm; the Hardin Village (Hanson, 1966), Buffalo polish and wear.

41 The rabbit pelvis pendant recovered from lar, but pointed at one end (Brown, Hence, bird bone beads are recovered at Brokaw Village is unique to this site. With 1981:62); the Richards and Philo II speci­ more village sites than any other ornament no other references appearing in the extant mens are manufactured from Snapping type, followed in order of frequency by literature. Only at the nearby Tower site turtle coracoids (Carskadden, 1977:44); bear teeth pendants, tubular shell beads, (Brown, 1981:66) is a cottontail rabbit pen­ and the perforated humerus pendant Marginella apicina shell beads, shell disk dant reported. In short, the utilization of from Henderson Rocks was made from a beads, cannel coal pendants, wolf teeth rabbit remains to produce ornaments may box turtle (Baker, 1981: 23). One of the pendants, fresh water shell pendants, etc. be restricted to a limited geographical area Richards pendants is from a necklace. Bird bone beads, in addition to being re­ in the western territory of the Monongahela. Finally, it isn't clear whether the three turtle covered from more archaeological sites leg bones associated with burial 10 - an than any other ornament type, also appear Squirrel Ilium Pendant (Figure 8, E) approximately ten year old child - at the in greater numbers than any other artifact A single gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinen- Montague site were perforated pendants type at the numerous sites examined. sis; Frederick Grady, Smithsonian or not (Butler, 1939:16). However, bear teeth pendants, although Institution, personal communication) pen­ they are recovered at nearly as many sites dant was recovered from the plow zone of Pendant Fragments as bird bone beads, are ordinarily found in unit L-3. This specimen, like the rabbit il­ Four tooth pendant fragments cannot be quite limited numbers, with one or two be­ ium above, was produced by breaking off identified. The specimen from excavation ing the norm, although three and more are the proximal end of the left ilium, and very unit 25-U (8"-12" level) may be a raccoon occasionally found. It is hypothesized that neatly drilling a hole obliquely upward canine, the fragment from 3-K (8"-12" the reason for this is that the phallic- through one wall surface to meet the newly level) may be a gray fox canine, the frag­ shaped bear teeth pendants were the pri­ created proximal end. The diameter of the ment from 2-R (plow zone) may be a wolf mary symbol of male power and authority orifice is 2.0 mm. Maximum specimen or dog incisor, but the specimen from the and high social status and prestige in the length is 25.1 mm, width: 8.6 mm, and plow zone of unit T-8 is far too fragmentary male dominant Monongahela society, thickness: 3.9 mm. Much of the remaining to hazard even a guess. The incisor from whereas the vagina-shaped bird bone surface exhibits a moderate amount of unit 2-R is assumed to be associated with beads were one of the symbols denoting polish. This ornament is part of a cluster of the ornaments from P-1 ,Q-1,1 -P, 1 -Q, 1 -R, the inferior social status of females in this pendants and beads found in L-3 and the 2-P, 2-Q, 2-R, 3-P, 3-Q, 3-R, and 4-R. And society. Likewise, Marginella apicina and contiguous excavation squares. the canine fragment from 25-U may be as­ shell disk beads, were also female sym­ sociated with three bird bone beads and bols, and wolf tooth and cannel coal pen­ Again, as in the example of the rabbit dants were male power symbols, although pelvis already noted, the squirrel ilium pen­ three Marginella apicina shell beads recov­ ered from the plow zone of excavation of a reduced scale in comparison to bear dant from Brokaw is not reported at other teeth pendants. Monongahela and Fort Ancient sites. This units 23-U, 24-U, and 26-U. All four speci­ may in part be explained by the small size mens are double-drilled. Viewed from a different perspective, ex­ of the ornament, but more likely the type is amination of the Monongahela archaeolog­ simply restricted to a limited geographical Conclusions ical literature in which burials are reported area. Only at the Fort Ancient Richards site Analysis of the Monongahela Brokaw and associated grave goods are identified to the west of Brokaw Village are squirrel Village ornament complex indicates a total indicates ornaments are more frequently pendants also found. These, however, take of twenty-one pendant and bead types found with infants and children, than the form of jaws (Carskadden, 1977:46). have been recovered from the site surface, adults. And, when found with adults, the plow zone excavation units, and features individuals are generally females. In addi­ tion, the grave goods are usually bird bone Turtle Shell Pendant (Figure 6, G) (Table 2). The manufacturing raw materials beads, marine univalve shell beads, and One turtle shell carapace (Terrapene Car­ are comprised of seven different types. fresh water bivalve shell pendants, (see olina) pendant has been noted. The con­ Thus, the pendants were manufactured Coovert, 1988:30; Brown, 1981:16; Grubb text from which the specimen was recov­ from teeth, bone, shell, cannel coal, shale, and Allen, 1980:16; Mayer-Oakes, 1954a:5, ered was a living floor 11 "-14" below the and sandstone, while the beads were 7; Dunnell, 1962:3; Nale, 1963:170; soil surface in the northeast and northwest made from bone, shell, and pottery. Animal Herbstritt, 1981:33-34, 42; George, Babish, quadrants of unit 5-L. In outline the object types represented by the dentition and and Davi5, 1990:63-64; Dragoo, 1955:95- is nearly T-shaped, with rounded notches bone pendants are black bear, gray wolf, 96, 110-111; Boyce, 1985:45; Weslager, in the narrow part of the "T" for suspen­ bobcat, raccoon, gray fox, elk, deer, hare, 1939:60-61; Butler, 1939:16, 43, 46; sion. The maximum measurements are: rabbit, squirrel, turtle, and dog. Turkey and, Augustine, 1938a:11; 1938b:45; 1940:53; length: 33.7 mm, width: 36.2 mm, and secondarily, swan, eagle, and hawk-sized Cresson, 1942:19). The marine shell bead thickness: 1.7-3.7 mm. The object was bird bones represented the bone beads. types appear in greater abundance than manufactured by simply breaking away a Regarding the shell ornaments, pendants their freshwater pendant counterparts. By section of the shell which was comprised were manufactured from fresh water bi­ way of contrast, black bear and gray wolf of the base of the carapace and part of the valve mollusks, and beads from marine tooth pendants are very infrequently asso­ thin upper shell as well. This latter section univalve mollusks. With the exception of ciated with burials, while bobcat, raccoon, was subsequently modified by breaking the marine shell beads, all of the other ma­ gray fox, shale, cannel coal, sandstone, the material at several points so as to cre­ terials were locally available and the orna­ snowshoe hare, rabbit, and squirrel pen­ ate an overall T-shape. Finally, notches ments were presumably manufactured by dant types are not reported as associated were carefully cut into the thin part of the the Brokaw inhabitants. Still, no cannel with burials at all. Accordingly, burial orna­ bone where it joined the thicker part of the coal, shale, or sandstone manufacturing ments are typically manufactured from bird shell base. The quality of the workmanship debitage has been found during the exca­ bones, marine univalves, and fresh water is poor. No post manufacturing polishing vations. The most frequently occurring bivalves, all of which, symbolically, are was undertaken. This specimen is part of a pendant type at Brokaw is manufactured nonterrestrial animals. That is, they repre­ cluster of ornaments associated with unit from cannel coal, and the most frequently sent the air, marine, and fresh water com­ 5-L and the contiguous excavation units. appearing bead type is made from bird bones. ponents of the Monongahela universe. To Pendants manufactured from turtle are this it may be added, bird bone beads and reported very infrequently at Monongahela A sample of the site report literature rep­ marine univalve beads are female symbols, and Fort Ancient sites, and none take the resenting much of the Monongahela terri­ and therefore represent low value power form of the Brokaw specimen. Thus, the tory indicates the general frequency of ap­ symbols and a low social status in the Tower site example is generally rectangu­ pearance of the various ornament types.

42 male dominant Monongahela society. habiting the area, (3) the elk premolar pen­ plow zone and the first ten cm level of the Thus, although the marine univalves are dant, the two wolf molar pendants, the features below the plow zone in excavation imported through trade from the Southeast deer molar and premolar pendants, the units J-2, K-2, L-2, J-3, K-3, L-3, J-4, K-4, and represent wealth items, they were not unionid shell canine tooth pendant, the L-4, K-5, and 1-M (Figure 2). As in the symbols of power and authority. As much large flatfish, and the long, thin bird bone above two examples, these ornaments are as anything else, they were symbols used beads, and one of the three unidentifiable of interest because: (1) the wolf canine to identify the female, and her low social bone pendant fragments are unique dis­ crown pendant, the sandstone canine pen­ status in society in comparison to males. coveries at Brokaw Village, (4) only one dant, the squirrel pelvis pendant, and the In addition, they also represented the ma­ other bobcat canine pendant, four raccoon two dog premolar pendants are unique rine component of the Monongahela uni­ canine pendants, six cannel coal pen­ finds at Brokaw Village, (2) only two other verse. Whether or not they are related to dants, nine small shell disk beads, and deer molar pendants, plus two turkey digit the afterworld isn't clear. On the other twenty-six Marginella apicina shell beads pendants have been recorded from the hand, as noted, the various pendant types have been found at Brokaw, and (5) the site, (3) in contrast to the two previous ex­ are generally noticeably absent in burial various ornaments present symbolically amples, although a modified wolf canine is contexts. This is to be attributed to the fact represent land, freshwater, air, and marine present, the pendant types comprising this that the pendants symbolized male power animals, and bedrock. Although with only necklace are not manufactured from the and authority, high social status of males three or four exceptions the ornaments re­ teeth of carnivores such as bear, bobcat, relative to females, and, they were rank in­ covered are of a plow zone origin, they are raccoon, and fox, animals which are signia in the everyday world of the all assumed to be associated with part of a marked by their predatory behavior, (4) the Monongahela. Thus, no attempt was made double-walled house structure underlying ornaments comprising this necklace in­ by the Monongahela to take their worldly the excavation units noted above. In addi­ clude squirrel, a small animal (plus the power with them to the afterworld. Several tion, they are also believed to be contem­ pendant is a pelvis, and not a jaw contain­ ornament cluster examples recovered from poraneous and associated with three clus­ ing teeth), and turkey, a game bird, which Brokaw Village will illustrate. ters of several multicolored rocks - a light is represented by a digit, and not a beak. gray limestone and orange-red hematite The teeth and beak of the latter two, if pre­ Some Proposed Evidence for Social clast in a dark gray agate - located in the sent, would have symbolized the level of Status and Religious-Political southeast quadrant of unit 9-R, to which a power of these two animals, and (5) the Leadership religious or ceremonial symbolic function bead and pendant types recovered repre­ A number of ornament clusters have has been ascribed (two additional speci­ sent the air, land, marine, culture, and been identified at Brokaw Village, but only mens were recovered from the plow zone bedrock components of the Monongahela three have been nearly completely exca­ of units 10-R and 10-Q and are thought to universe. The context from which the orna­ vated. In each of the latter instances, many have formed another cluster). Finally, one ments were recovered is presumed to be a of the ornaments are from the plow zone, of two, of the two largest and most aes­ house. It is not suggested the residence but features indicating the ornaments were thetically appealing of the thermally altered was that of a shaman or an important po­ associated with houses appear immedi­ Flint Ridge flint sidescrapers was recov­ litical leader - for as noted, no bear, bob­ ately below the ornament cluster areas. ered from the plow zone of excavation unit cat, raccoon, or fox teeth pendants were Indeed, in two instances, the number of or­ 8-Q (Figure 6, H). This sidescraper on a rel­ recovered but an individual with at least a naments recovered has been sufficient to atively large primary flake exhibits a dull, minimally recognized social status within conclude that the pendants and beads muted purple-gray surface on the initially the village, and perhaps a minimal amount comprised necklaces, with the largest pen­ prepared exterior core surface, whereas of political power as well. the interior surface and the retouched lat­ dant forming the center piece, and a num­ A third proffered example of an individ­ ber of paired, successively smaller pen­ eral edges, produced subsequent to ther­ mal alteration, are quite lustrous and the ual with relatively high social status in the dant ornament types appearing on the village community is represented by a lateral sides, which gave the necklaces a colors are much brighter, but altered from their original hues. It is believed this Flint cluster of ornaments from excavation units somewhat symmetrical appearance. A de­ P-1, Q -1, P, 1-Q, 1R, 2-R 2-Q, 2-R, 3-Q, scription and interpretation of each follows. Ridge material was specifically selected because of the known unnatural dull/lus­ 3-R, and 4-R. In this example a gray wolf Ornament types comprising the first trous, dark/light effect that heat treating p4 premolar pendant, a raccoon d canine necklace are a black bear canine pendant, would produce. The owner thereby would pendant split longitudinally, a gray fox ml two large gray wolf molar pendants, an elk be able to socially distinguish himself from molar pendant, a dog ml molar pendant premolar pendant, a bobcat canine pen­ the general village population by this tool fragment, a wolf or dog incisor fragment, a dant, two raccoon canine pendants, two with its unique characteristics. Combined freshwater mollusk imitation elk canine cannel coal canine pendants, a freshwater together, these several observations have pendant, a pottery disk bead, a very large bivalve unionid shell canine tooth pendant, led the author to believe that this locale bird bone bead fragment, and five bird a deer molar and premolar pendants, three was that of the residence of the village bone beads and eighteen bird bone bead marine univalve Marginella apicina shell shaman. An individual with very high social fragments represent this cluster. All of the beads, a large, flatfish bird bone bead, a status within the community and the rec­ specimens are from the plow zone. Again, long, thin bird bone bead, two shell disk ognized religious leader of the village, and these artifacts are of particular interest in beads of either fresh water or marine ori­ very likely a political leader as well. view of the fact that the grooved root wolf gins, seventeen small bird bone beads and molar pendant, the gray fox molar pen­ sixteen bird bone bead fragments, and A second example is of a minor social dant, the imitation elk canine pendant, and three double-drilled unidentifiable bone status position and is represented by a the large bird bone bead fragment are pendant fragments (Figure 7, A-N). The or­ cluster of ornaments comprised of a wolf unique discoveries at Brokaw, (2) only one naments are from excavation units 7-P, 7- canine crown pendant, a sandstone canine other pottery disk bead, one other Canis Q, 7-R, 8-P, 8-Q, 8-R, 8-S, 9-R, 9-Q, 10-R pendant, paired left and right turkey digit incisor pendant, two additional grooved and 10-Q (Figure 2). These objects are par­ pendants, paired left and right deer molar root dog tooth pendants, and five other ticularly interesting in view of the observa­ pendants, two dog premolar pendants, a raccoon canine pendants have been found tions that (1) the bear canine is an excep­ squirrel pelvis pendant, three Marginella at the site. The materials of manufacture tionally large specimen (Charles Handley, apicina shell beads, two shell disk beads, represent land, air, and freshwater animals, Smithsonian Institution, personal commu­ ten bird bone beads, and fifteen bird bone and culture; and hence, these components nication), (2) nearly all of the canines and bead fragments (Figure 8, A-M). With one of the Monongahela universe. Also, as in molars are from the largest carnivores in­ exception, the ornaments are from the the example of the evidence noted for a

43 shaman appearing above, the second of comes from the indigenous peoples of the types used are boar tusks, brass rings, and the two largest and most attractive of the Cordillera Central Mountains of the red and white beads. It is not until middle thermally altered Flint Ridge flint side- Philippines. Thus, from 1934 to 1956, or older age that some males begin to ac­ scrapers was associated with this cluster Eduardo Masferre, a Filipino photographer tually wear ornaments. These take the of ornaments (Figure 6, I). This specimen of Spanish-Northern Kankany descent, form of ceremonial pendant necklaces, was recovered from the plow zone of unit photorecorded the people, places, and which are passed down from generation to P-1. With the exception of the color (or­ lifeways of the indigenous Bontok, generation to the most prestigious son of ange and black striped flint) and the form Northern Kankany, Kalinga, and Gaddang the family, and symbolize the political (an angular core chunk with lustrous wavy of northern Luzon. Peoples whose cultures power and social status of the individual in flake scars appearing over the entire pres­ still retained many of the elements of pre- his village ward (Figure 10). Ornament sure flaked piano surface and the adjacent colonial Philippine life. At a photographic types comprising the necklaces are boar, working edge), all that was noted regarding exhibition of a selection of E. Masferre's crocodile, and dog teeth; the beadlike ob­ the above specimen applies to this artifact works at the National Museum of Natural jects between the boar tusks are bamboo. as well. Although no bear canine was re­ History, Smithsonian Institution, Masferre's For clarification of questions on the covered, and no evidence of religious ac­ photographs (see de Villa, Farr, and Jones, above, the author is indebted to Patricia tivity was noted, it is believed this cluster 1988) and the accompanying written 0. Afable, Curator, Department of Anthro­ of ornaments represents evidence for a documentation essentially depicted a di­ pology, Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Afable political leader and his high social status chotomy in the types of ornaments worn is from Baguio, Philippines, and has done within the community. by the two sexes of these peoples - al­ linguistic field work in the area south of the Northern Kankany, and undertook the nec­ The above examples accordingly indi­ though several distinct regional cultures essary research for the Masferre photo­ cate that differences in social status did could be discerned. graphic exhibition. exist in Monongahela society. Thus, males, Accordingly, with regard to females, represented primarily by carnivore teeth, from a very early age to full adulthood, fe­ held a "rank" according to the types of ani­ males wear an increasing number of Acknowledgments mal teeth and other ornaments they were beads, of increasing value. To illustrate, a The identification process of the ob­ entitled to wear. Females, on the other very young girl - from three to five years of jects composing the ornaments from hand, had a lower social status than age - may wear from one to three choker- Brokaw Village was in large measure ac­ males, and wore ornaments from animals length strands of small necklace beads. If complished with the assistance of vari­ from the air, sea, and culture components she is wearing three, probably only one ous individuals employed at the Natural of the universe. That is, the female compo­ would be made of inexpensive glass; the History Building, Smithsonian Institution. nents of the universe. The reason, of other two strands would simply be made Accordingly, all who participated in this course, that males wore female ornaments of Job's tears (bistakaw seeds). Girls from undertaking are gratefully acknowledged. in addition to their own was to show male six to ten continue to wear only one to As the names of these individuals appear dominance over females and the superior three strands of small necklace beads, but in the body of the text, they will not be status of the male in society. now the strands may be longer, and all of referenced here. The photographs of the Finally, although preferences for orna­ the beads are made of inexpensive glass. artifacts were commendably accom­ ment types may well have varied through At adolescence, when girls become more plished by Dr. Francis M. Hueber, Depart­ time and space in the Monongahela terri­ aware of their female sex, additional ment of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Insti­ tory, such a study is complicated by the strands of beads may be added to their tution, while the photographs of the map observations that (1) ornament types found necks as chokers and necklaces, and, for depicting the Monongahela and Fort with burials are limited in number, (2) orna­ the first time, one or two strands of beads, Ancient territories and the site map were ment clusters recovered in non-burial con­ made of larger bead types, is worn in the ably undertaken by Victor Krantz, Photo­ texts may also be limited in types, because hair (Figure 9). The greatest number of graphic Division, Museum of Natural their function was to identify the status of beads a woman wears however, is at her History, Smithsonian Institution. Finally, the individuals entitled to wear them, and wedding, and subsequently, when involved the author takes special pleasure in ex­ (3) ornaments appear to be frequently re­ in ceremonial activities. The combination pressing his gratitude to Dr. James B. covered from a plow zone context, and of everday and festive beads represents a Griffin and Dr. James J. Krakker, Depart­ failure to use this source because of its conspicuous display of her family's wealth ment of Anthropology, Smithsonian disturbed nature precludes the recovery of and social status. (Aspects of this synopsis Institution, for graciously reading the many pendants and beads. Indeed, at may perhaps be more applicable to the manuscript, and for their comments and Brokaw Village, approximately seventy Kalinga and Gaddang, among whom a enthusiasm for the paper. The 1992 ex­ percent of all the ornaments recovered are greater number of beads are worn.) cavating field season was generously funded by the National Geographic from the plow zone, and, excluding bird Young and middle-aged boys, in con­ Society, and the author thanks the bone beads, eighty percent are from this trast to their female counterparts, do not Society for its support. This article is U.S. context. wear ornaments. In fact, males do not ap­ Copyright no. TXu 501 701. pear to utilize ornamentation until they ap­ Supporting Ethnographic Data proach a marriageable age at early adult­ Ethnographic data which may be cited hood, and then, not as personal adornment, to support the above interpretations but as decoration to their hats. Ornament

44 TABLE 1 Mandible Canine Width Measurements of Grizzly (Ursus arctos) and Black Bears (Ursus americanus) (all specimens from National Museum of Natural History, Department of Mammalogy)

Black Bear Mandible Mandible From Male Left C Right C NMNH No. MM ' MM ' State Locale

231356 9.3 9.3 NM Monticello 251463 10.5 10.3 OR Silver Lake 28890 10.6 10.6 VA Rockingham County 250125 11 .0 11 .7 OR Jack Creek 228259 11.0 11 .5 NM Mogollon 170869 11 .5 11 .5 NM Black Canyon 303193 11.6 11 .5 PA Game Commission 235100 11.6 11.7 NM Chloride 19897 12.0 11.5 SC Sankee Swamp 232454 12.0 12.4 NM Fairview 235102 12.4 12.4 NM Pinos Altos 235096 12.5 12.6 NM Pinos Altos

Grizzly Bear Mandible Mandible From Female Left C Right C. NMNH No. MM MM ' State Locale

89531 12.0 11 .8 AK Chigagoff Sound 76579 12.2 12.2 AK Sitka 89530 12.3 12.2 AK Kruzoff Sound 76465 14.0 14.4 AK Shaktolik River 91672 14.5 14.5 AK Alaska Peninsula 91674 14.6 14.8 AK Alaska Peninsula 91681 14.8 14.5 AK Alaska Peninsula 82025 14.9 15.0 AK Alaska Peninsula 91670 15.0 15.2 AK Alaska Peninsula 91673 15.2 15.2 AK Alaska Peninsula 130651 17.7 16.7 AK Ugasik Lake 91671 18.4 19.0 AK Alaska Peninsula TABLE 2

ORNAMENT TYPES FROM BROKAW VILLAGE

PENDANTS: No, 1. Bear canine pendants 2 2. Gray Wolf molar, premolar, and canine pendants 5

3. Bobcat canine pendants 2 4. Raccoon canine pendants 6 5. Gray Fox molar pendants 1 6. Elk molar and incisor pendants 3 7. Deer molar and premolar pendants 5 8. Dog premolar, canine, incisor, and molar pendants 5

9. Shale pendants 1 10. Cannel Coal canine pendants (including fragments) 8 11. Sandstone canine pendants 1 12. Freshwater Shell pendants (stylized canines) 4 Fragments: carnivore tooth pendants 4 13. Snowshoe Hare Innominate pendants 1 14. Rabbit ilium pendants 1 15. Squirrel ilium pendants 1 16. Turtle Shell pendants 1 17. Turkey Digit pendants 4

BEADS:

18. Marginella apicina shell beads 29

19. Shell Disk beads 11

20. Bird Bone beads 254 21. Pottery Disk beads 2

Total 351

46 1 i F/'gure 7. Map depicting Monongahela and Fort Ancient territories and location of sites: 1 Brokaw (33BL-6); 2 ... Tower (33BL-15); 3 Hunt (33BU-16); 4 Brown Hilltop: 5 Richards (33MU-113); 6 Duvall (460H-16); 7 Speidel 4 PENNSHV«NI« (460H-7); 8 Hughes Farm (460H-9); 9 Scarem (36WH-22); ^/~^ 10 Drew (36AL-62); 11 McKees Rocks (36AL-16); 12 Boyle OHIO (36WH-19); 13 Wylie (36WH-274); 14 Household (36WM- MOMON04to 61); 15 Novak (36FA-34); 16 Montague (36SO-4); 17 Reckner (36SO-7); 18 Fort Hill; 19 Peck No. 2 (36SO-8); 20 • „•" ••• .A Gnagey (36SO-55); 21 Squirrel Hill (36 WM-35); 22 FORT AMCIfNT Johnston (36IN-2); 23 Bonnie Brook (36BT-43); 24 Firendsville (18GA-23); 25 Moore (18AG-43); 26 ~~^\v V ••• v>% \ Henderson Rocks (46 TA-1); 27 Man (46LG-5); 28 Buffalo .*x\ sJ^r*^ M0 (46PU-31); 29 Hardin; 30 Blain (33RO-49). 1 '*" "/ / ^v .'•

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BROKAW VILLAGE

EXCAVATION UNITS

Fig. 2 Map depicting Brokaw Village and areas of completed excavations.

47 Fig. 3 Pendants, carnivore teeth. A-B black bear canines; C-F gray wolf molars and premolar; G-H bobcat canines; I- K raccoon canines; L gray fox molar.

Fig. 4 Pendants. A shale; B-F cannel coal; G sandstone.

Fig. 5 Pendants and beads. A-C freshwater shell pendants; D-F Marginella apicina shell beads; G- H shell disk beads; I elk incisor pendant; J-M deer molar pendants; N-0 dog teeth pendants; P-R bird bone beads.

48 MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO (Please print or type - Be sure to include zip code)

Name First Name Middle Initial Last Name

Street

City . State Zip

Recommended by

Signature THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO 5210COONPATHRD. PLACE PLEASANTVILLE, OH 43148 STAMP HERE

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO 5210COONPATHRD. PLEASANTVILLE, OH 43148 Fig. 6 Beads, pendants and chert scrapers. A-B pottery disk beads; C-D turkey digit pendants; E snowshoe hare innominate pendant; F rabbit ilium pen­ dant; G turtle shell pendant; H-l thermally altered Flint Ridge flint sidescrapers.

Fig. 7 Shaman's necklace - a projected reconstruction, with pen­ Fig. 8 Necklace - a projected reconstruction, with pendants dants alternated with bird bone beads. A, black bear canine; B, alternated with bird bone beads. A, gray wolf canine; B, gray wolf molar; C, raccoon canine; D, cannel coal canine; E, turkey digit; C, deer molar; D, dog premolar; E, squirrel ilium; freshwater mollusk canine; F, deer molar; G, Marginella apicina F, Marginella apicina shell; G, shell disk; H, sandstone shell; H, gray wolf molar; I, bobcat canine; J, raccoon canine; K, canine; I, turkey digit; J, deer molar; K, dog premolar; L, cannel coal canine; L, deer premolar; M, Marginella apicina Marginella shell; M, shell disk. shell; N, shell disk.

49 Fig.9 As girls reach adolescense, they add more strands of beads to their necks and hair. (Southern Kalinga-Apayao Province - Luzon, Philippines)

Fig WLakayKabayo, respected elder of dap-ay Bilig, wearing his ceremonial necklace of crocodile, boar, and dog teeth in woven rattan. (Sagada, Mountain Provice - Luzon, Philippines)

50 References Cordillera: Photographs, 1934-1956. Kurten, Bjorn Devcon I.P. Inc. Philippines. 1960 A Skull of the Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos Abbott, Ft. Tucker Dragoo, Don W. L.) from Pit 10, Rancho La Brea. Los 1974 American Seashells, the Marine Mollusca 1955 Excavations at the Johnston Site, Indiana Angeles County Museum, Contributions of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania in Science, (39). North America. Second Edition. Van Archaeologist, 25 (2). Herbstritt, James T. Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York. Dunnell, Robert C. 1981 Bonnie Brook: A Multicomponent Andrews, Jean 1962 The Hughes Farm Site (46-0h-9), Ohio Aboriginal Locus in West Central 1977 Shells and Shores of Texas. University of County, West Virginia. West Virginia Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Texas Press, Austin. Archeological Society, Inc., Publication Archaeologist, 51 (3). Applegarth, J. D., J. M. Adovasio, and Series No. 7, Moundsville. McMichael, Edward V. J. Donahue 1980 Duvall: A Monongahela Settlement in 1963 1963 Excavations at the Buffalo Site, 1978 46SU3 Revisited. Pennsylvania Central Ohio County, West Virginia. West 46-Pu-31. The West Virginia Archeologist, Archaeologist, 48 (1). Virginia Archeologist, (29). (16). Mayer-Oakes, William J. Augustine, Edgar E. Eisert, Ronald W. 1954a The Speidel Site (46-0h-7) Ohio County, 1938a Recent Discoveries in Somerset County. 1981 The Wylie Site (36WH274). Pennsylvania West Virginia. West Virginia Archeological Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 8 (1). Archaeologist, 51 (1 -2). Society, Inc. Publication Series No. 2. 1938b Indian Fortifications in Somerset County. Gartley, Richard Moundsville. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 8 (2). 1977 Ceramics from the Richards Site and the 1954b The Scarem Site, Washington County, 1938c Somerset County Excavations The Philo Phase of the Fort Ancient Tradition, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Powell Sites. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Report No. 3. In: Carskadden, Jeff and Archaeologist, 24 (2). 8(3). James Morton, editors. The Richards Site 1955 Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley; an 1938d Important Research on Peck and Martz and the Philo Phase of the Fort Ancient Introductory Archaeological Study. Rock Shelter Sites in Somerset County. Tradition. Occasional Papers in Anthropological Series, No. 2. Annals of Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 8 (4). Muskingum Valley Archaeology, Nos. 1 -9. Carnegie Museum, 34. Pittsburgh. 1940 Fort Hill. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, George, Richard L. Menke, Carolo Theodora 10(2). 1978 Monongahela Artifacts from the Ryan 1828 Synopsis Methodica Molluscorum Baker, Stanley W. Site. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 48 (3). Generun Omnium et Specierum Earum. 1981 The Henderson Rocks Site (46-Ta-1): 1983 The Gnagey Site and the Monongahela Michael, Ronald L A Preliminary Look at Cultural Occupation of the Somerset Plateau. 1983 Redstone Old Fort (36FA8): A Hilltop Perseverance in the Rugged Uplands Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 53 (4). Monongahela Site. Pennsylvania Region of Northern West Virginia. West George, Richard L, Jay Babish, and Christine Archaeologist, 53 (1 -2). Virginia Archeologist, (32). Davis Moxley, Ronald W. Boyce, Hettie L. 1990 The Household Site: Results of a Partial 1985 Recent Excavations at the Man Site 1985 The Novak Site: A Late Woodland Upland Excavation of Late Monongahela Village (46LG5). West Virginia Archeologist, Monongahela Village. Pennsylvania in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. 37(1). . Archaeologist, 55 (3). Boyce-Ballweber, Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 60 (2). Moxley, Ronald W. and James Bloemker Hettie. Gordon, Kenneth R. 1985 The Man Site: A Preliminary Report on a 1987 Cultural Manifestations at the Friendsville 1977 Molar Measurements as a Taxonomic Late Prehistoric Village Site in Logan Site in Garrett County, Maryland. Tool in Ursus. Journal of Mammalogy. County, West Virginia. West Virginia Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 57 (2). 58 (2). Archeologist, 37 (2). Brown, Jeffrey D. Gordon, Kenneth R. and G. Victor Morejohn Nale, Robert F. 1976 A Late Prehistoric Hilltop Site, 1975 Sexing Black Bear Skulls Using Lower 1963 The Salvage Excavations of the Boyle Muskingum County, Ohio. Ohio Canine and Lower Molar Measurements. Site (36 Wh 19). Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 26(1). Journal of Wildlife Management. 39 (1). Archaeologist, 33 (4). Graham, Russell W. 1981 The Tower Site and Ohio Monongahela. Ode, H. 1991 Variability in the Size of North American Kent State Research Papers in 1986 Distribution and Records of the Marine Quaternary Black Bears (Ursus ameri- Archaeology. No. 3. Kent. Mollusca in the Northwest Gulf of canus) with the Description of a Fossil Buker, William E. Mexico, in: Texas Conchologist, 22 (3-4). Black Bear from Bill Neff Cave, Virginia. 1968 The Archaeology of McKees Rocks Late Patterson, Richard P. In: Purdue, James, Walter Klippel, and 1977 Preliminary Report on Fragmented Prehistoric Village Site. Pennsylvania Bonnie Styles, editors. Beamers, Human Skeletal Remains from the Archaeologist, 38 (1 -4). Bobwhites, and Blue-Points: Tributes to Richards Site: Evidence of Cannibalism. 1970 The Drew Site (36-AL-62). Pennsylvania the Career of Paul W. Parmalee. Illinois Report No. 9. In: Carskadden, Jeff and Archaeologist, 40 (3-4). State Museum Scientific Papers, 23, James Morton, editors. The Richards Site Butler, Mary Springfield. and the Philo Phase of the Fort Ancient 1939 Three Archaeological Sites in Somerset Grubb, Thomas C. and Arthur Allen Tradition. Occasional Papers in County Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania 1979 The Hunt Site (33BL16) Part III - Lithics Muskingum Valley Archaeology, Nos. 1 -9. Historical Commission. Bulletin No. 753. and Pipes. Ohio Archaeologist, 29 (4). Pousson, John F. Harrisburg. 1980a The Hunt Site (33BL16) Part IV - Bone 1983 Archeological Excavations at the Moore Carskadden, Jeff and Shell Artifacts. Ohio Archaeologist, Village Site Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 1977 The Philo II and Richards Site Bone and 30 (1). National Historical Park Allegany County, Antler Industries, Report No. 4. In: 1980b The Hunt Site (33BL16) Part V - Burials Maryland. U.S. Department of the Interior, Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton, and Interpretation. Ohio Archaeologist, National Park Service. editors. The Richards Site and the Philo 30 (3). Prufer, Olaf H. and Orrin C. Shane Phase of the Fort Ancient Tradition. Guilday, John E. 1970 Blain Village and the Fort Ancient Occasional Papers in Muskingum Valley 1955 Animal Remains from an Indian Village Tradition in Ohio. The Kent State Archaeology, Nos. 1 -9. Site, Indiana County, Pennsylvania. University Press. Kent. Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 25 (2). Redher, Harald A. 1983 Shell Artifacts from the Richards Site. Hanson, Lee H., Jr. 1981 The Audubon Society Field Guide to Ohio Archaeologist, 33 (2). 1966 The Hardin Village Site. Studies in North American Seashells. A Chanticleer Coovert, Gary A. Anthropology, No. 4. University of Press Edition. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 1988 Marginellas from Sunwatch, A Prehistoric Kentucky Press. Robson, John Indian Village in SW Ohio. In Marginella 1975 The Buffalo Site - A Late 17th Century 1958 A Comparison of Artifacts from the Indian Marginalia, 4 (4). Indian Village Site (46 PU 31) in Putnam Villages Quemahoning and Squirrel Hill. Cresson, Francis M., Jr. 1942 Village Sites in County, West Virginia. Report of Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 28 (3-4). Southwestern Pennsylvania. Archaeological Investigations Number 5, Weslager, W. C. Pennsylvania, 12 (1). West Virginia Geological and Economic 1939 The Monongahela Woodland Culture of de Villa, Jill Gale, Maria Fair, and Glayds Jones Survey. Morgantown. Western Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania 1988 E. Masferre, People of the Philippine Archaeologist, 9 (4).

51 A QUARTZITE PESTLE by Charles West New Richmond, Ohio

This pestle was found by Gladys Alsip twenty years ago on Kellog Avenue near U. S. Route 52 in a back yard flower bed. For years she used it as a door stop. Made of yellow quartzite, it is 7W high and is symmetrically perfect.

Fig. 1 (West) Quartzite pestle found near New Richmond, Ohio.

52 SOUTHEASTERN OHIO ARTIFACTS by Lamont Baudendistel 3813 Happy-Hollow Rd. Bethel, Ohio 45106

Fig. 2 SANDSTONE SPOOL (Baudenistel) This well engraved sandstone spool was found by Bill Collins on the State Line Site located in western Hamilton County, Ohio in 1953. It measures 2% inches in length, 1% inches through the center and 2 inches across the flared ends. The spool is drilled lengthwise through the center.

Fig. 1 HARDSTONE SPUD (Baudenistel) This hardstone spud is made of a dense, black porphyry material and is Fig. 3 NOTCHED OVATE (Baudenistel) This notched ovate was found by Jay Frame in 1962 7 3/e inches in length and 2% inches in width across the bit. while looking for "skipping rocks" on a sand bar of the Ohio River in Bracken County, It was found by Butch Hargett in 1979 in a trash pit in Kentucky. It is made of green-banded slate, measuring 5 inches in length, 4 inches in width northern Hamilton County, Ohio. at its widest point. The ovate demonstrates old salvage work on one wing.

53 Call for Membership Call for Membership 5000 AMATEUR ARCHAEOLOGISTS are asked to join the AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR AMATEUR ARCHAEOLOGY. The newly-formed organization will serve both amateurs and members of the public of all ages who have a budding interest in archaeology. Especially welcome are members who share their knowledge about the human past and who feel that such information is not the prerogative of special groups. Also sought are advocates of the right of responsible individuals to investigate archaeological sites anywhere. The AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR AMATEUR ARCHAEOLOGY believes that science cannot prosper without the help of all concerned citizens. ACTIVITIES OF THE ASAA As membership goals are attained, the following will occur: 1) A toll-free telephone number for members seeking information and advice about any topic in archaeology; 2) An annua] conference, staged in different cities around the country; 3) A newsletter (in newspaper format) published twice a year; 4) Lectures by Society organizers to Members' groups; 5) Special publications of interest to amateur archaeologists. There has never been a national organization dedicated to the concerns of amateur archaeologists.

For further information about membership, please contact: Dr. Richard Michael Gramly, ASAA Organizer, c/fo Great Lakes Artifact Repository, # 79 Perry Street, BuffaloN.Y. 14203. 716-849-0149 (FAX 852-0093). —

IN MEMORY

Danny Hesson Thomas C. Grubb He was a member of the Gay Street Son of Mr. and Mrs. John Hesson, died MOUNT VERNON — Thomas United Methodist Church in Mount May 2, 1993, at the age of 11. He was a Christman Grubb, 85, of 1017 Newark Vernon. He was a member of the Ohio member of the Archaeological Society of Road, Mount Vernon, died on March 11, Historical Society and the Ohio Ohio and received a junior award ribbon 1993, at the Centerburg Nursing Center Archaeological Society; was past presi­ at the March 21 meeting. He will be following an extended illness. dent of the American Society" of missed at the meetings, where his family He was born on Nov. 17, 1907, in Microbiology; and had served on the displays prehistoric and historic artifacts. Narberth, Pa., to Wallace B. and Mary board of directors for the Mount Vernon Services were held May 4 at Carey, Ohio. (Christman) Grubb. He retired in 1972, af­ Salvation Army. He had also served as a ter 28 years as research director for the volunteer tutor for the Mount Vernon City Vicks Division of Richardson-Vick Inc. Schools. Grubb was responsible for the research Surviving are his wife of 52 years, and development of Vicks Formula 44 Louise (Sondermann) Grubb; two sons, cough syrup for the Vicks Division. He Thomas C. Grubb Jr. of Marengo and was a graduate of Hamilton College in Gary S. Grubb of Bridgewater, N.J.; a Clinton, N.Y., and received his doctorate daughter, Mrs. Donald E. (Linda) from the University of Chicago. For sev­ Woodworth Jr. of Merrimack, N.H.; and eral years, he served as a professor of mi­ six grandchildren. crobiology in the schools of Dentistry and Pharmacy for the University of Maryland.

54 Preliminary Conference Announcement and Call for Papers A VIEW FROM THE CORE A CONFERENCE SYNTHESIZING OHIO HOPEWELL ARCHAEOLOGY Sponsored by the Ohio Archaeological Council November 19 and 20,1993 The Comfort Inn Chilicothe, Ohio

The primary objective of the Second which addresses the major themes of the The OAC will review the abstracts and Annual Ohio Archaeological Council conference. A panel discussion will fol­ selection of participants will be made by (OAC) Conference is to synthesize ar­ low. Papers which address more specific June 15, 1993. Selection will be based chaeological research from the core area topics will be included in a Contributed on adherence to conference theme and of Ohio Hopewell in order to expand our Papers Session. scholarly content. Additional conference understanding of the Middle Woodland All interested parties are encouraged to details will be available after August 15. period (1500-2000 years B.R) earthwork submit a 200 word abstract to the Proceedings of A View From The Core and mound builders of the central Ohio Conference Coordinator by May 31, Conference will be published by the Valley. Papers are invited on all aspects 1993. Please submit to: OAC. of Ohio Hopewell including subsistence The OAC is a private, non-profit corpo­ and environmental, settlement patterns, Dr. Paul J. Pacheco, ration registered with the State of Ohio in technology, ceremonial and mortuary be­ OAC Conference Coordinator 1975 as a charitable scientific and edu­ haviors, as well as origins and decline. A 124 West Maple Street cational organization promoting the ad­ Plenary Session will focus on a broad Granville, Ohio 43023 vancement of archaeology in Ohio. synthesis of Ohio Hopewell archaeology (614)587-1686 MYSTERIES OF THE MOUNDS: A SUMMER FESTIVAL IN CELEBRATION OF THE PAST The Ohio Historical Society presents a Archaeology Day which will include the June 5th and September 4th. series of programs on the magnificent annual Artifact and Fossil Indentification The series of slide programs will be mounds and earthworks of Ohio and the Workshop. Slide programs will be pre­ free to members of the Ohio Historical great civilization which built them. The sented by experts on a variety of topics Society. For non-members there will be a programs will be held at Moundbuilders such as the Newark Earthworks, Serpent fee of $2 per event or $15 for the entire and Flint Ridge State Memorials in Mound, and a variety of Hopewell village series. Licking County, Ohio. The Summer sites. These slide programs will be held For further information contact Bradley Festival will consist of informative and on Saturdays, from 1-2 PM, at Lepper at (614) 344-1920 or James entertaining slide programs and an Moundbuilders State Memorial between Kingery at (614) 344-1919. SCHEDULE 5 June "Old Fort or Sacred Circle: changing interpretations of Newark's earthworks" Bradley Lepper. Ohio Historical Society. 12 June "Textiles from Ohio's Mound sites: clues to the past" Lucy Sibley & Kathryn Jakes, Ohio State University. 19 June "Serpent Mound: a new look at an old snake-in-the-grass" Robert Fletcher & Terry Cameron. 26 June "The Alligator and Eagle: Licking County's effigy mounds" Bradley Lepper, Ohio Historical Society. 3 July "The Holy Stones of Newark: who really discovered America?" Jeff Gill, Licking County Archaeology & Landmarks Society and Bradley Lepper, Ohio Historical Society 10 July "The Hopewell Site" N'omi Greber, Cleveland Museum of Natural History. 17 July "1992 Excavations at Newark's Great Circle" Dee Anne Wymer, Bloomsburg University 24 July "Hopewell hamlets in the Racoon Creek Valley" Paul Pacheco, Ohio State University 31 July "Beyond the Licking Valley: a Hopewell hamlet in Vinton County, Ohio" Flora Church, Archaeological Research Consultants, Inc. 7 August "The Newark Expressway Project: a Hopewell hamlet at the Newark Earthworks" Bradley Lepper, Ohio Historical Society 14 August "Moundbuilders and moonshine" Ray Hively and Robert Horn, Earlham College. 21 August "Warren K. Moorehead at Wounded Knee" Jeff Gill, Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society. 28 August "The Great Hopewell Road" Bradley Lepper, Ohio Historical Society 2Jb August ARCHAEOLOGY DAY Artifact and Fossil Identification Workshop Flint Ridge State Memorial Michael Hansen, Geologist, Ohio Department of Natural Resources Jack Blosser, Archaeologist, Ohio Historical Society Bradley Lepper, Archaeologist, Ohio Historical Society Bring your artifact and fossil collections for identification! 4 September "The Last Paleoindian: a view of the Dalton Culture from the Olive Branch site" William Pickard, Ohio State University

Back Cover: Dovetail Found in Delaware County by Dave Mercer, 7766 Worthington-Galena Road, Worthington, Ohio 43085. I found the 5% inch dovetail point in Delaware County in November of 1992. It was awarded best field find at the January 1993 meeting.

55 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeoloqical society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological site and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.