ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 44 NO. 1 WINTER 1994

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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife (one copy of publication) $18.50; Life membership $300.00. EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included in 1994 President Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue SE, East the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incor­ Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 porated non-profit organization. 1994 Vice President Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, BACK ISSUES Lancaster, OH 43130, (614) 653-6642 1994 Exec. Sect. Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 43130, (614)653-9477 Ohio Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Stone , by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$20.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, 1980's& 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43068, (614) 861-0673 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 43064, (614)873-5471 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gen­ 1994 Immediate Past Pres. James G. Hovan, 16979 South erally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to Meadow Circle, Strongsville, OH 44136, (216) 238-1799 business office for prices and availability.

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NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONE NUMBER 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE

The Harness Hopewell Village Sites It seems like is under siege at every turn. With FBI by Robert N. Converse 4 sting operations, NAGPRA, ARPA, reburial and repatriation, demon­ strations, and prohibitive, if not restrictive, legislation constantly being The Harness Hopewell Cache by Elaine Holzapfel 10 proposed, the future of the discipline is clouded. Therefore, it was es­ Diminutive Points by Chester Larsen 12 pecially discouraging to read a series of articles and/or editorials in Two Large Paleo Points From by Stephen Kelley 13 Archaeology magazine edited by the renowned archaeologist and gifted writer, Brian Fagan, setting forth a strategy to demean collec­ West Archeological Society and the Archaeological tors as a group in the eyes of society regardless of their conduct. Society of Ohio Joint Meeting 13 (Please see Archaeology January/February 1993, Page 64, Dalton-Like Point From Ashland County, Ohio Archaeology May/June 1993, Page 16, and Archaeology by Randy Hancock and Cathy Hancock 14 November/December 1993, Page 14, and interpret them for yourself.) The Thiebeau Site: With that said, if you think that this column is an attack on the pro­ An Insight into the of Darke County fessional archaeological community, you are wrong. It is rather an by Elaine Holzapfel 15 honest statement that many groups have a political agenda that is contrary to the interest of our membership. Five Lizard Effigies by Robert N. Converse 24 Our Society has a long and proud heritage of contributing to ar­ A Lizard Effigy from Kentucky by David E. Friley 25 chaeology! This tradition includes the work of professional and avo- cational archaeologists, collectors, land owners, and other interested Three Rare Shell Sandal Sole Gorgets by Ron Helman 26 parties who were or are our members. The list includes, but is cer­ Yellow Jasper by Robert N. Converse 27 tainly not limited to, Stanley Copeland, Earl Townsend, H.C. Wachtel, Visits to the Folsom and Clovis Type-Sites in New Mexico Sarge Smith, H.R., McPherson, Ray Baby, Martha Potter Otto, Bob Converse, Jeff Carskadden, Jim Morton, Wayne Mortine, Alva by Claude Britt, Jr. 28 McGraw, Mike Gramly, Lar Hothem, Dave Stothers, Bill Romain, Late Archaic Slate by Chad Wheeler 32 Claude Britt, Phil Shriver, Jim Murphy, John R. Heath, George DeMuth, Jeb Bowen, Don Gehlbach, Steve Fuller, Dorothy and Ernie Ohio and Michigan Slate by Dale and Betty Roberts 33 Good, Jerry Hastings, Tom Grubb, Steve Kelley, Philip Kientz, Leon Park Service Agents Steal a Collection 33 Kramer, Dave Kuhn, Brad Lepper, Russell Long, Gordon F. Meuser, Insight into the Yaw Mound by Gary Felumlee 34 Tom Pickenpaugh, Dave Snyder, Raymond Vietzen, Robert Harness, John C. Allman, Holmes Ellis, and many others. A Ross County Spool By Stephen Kelley 36 With such a Legacy, it is in this tradition that I urge you, the mem­ Prophetstown, Greenville, Ohio bers, to continue to share information on sites and collections. There by Richard Green and Tony DeRegnaucourt 37 are many professional archaeologists that will cooperate with avoca- The Kinzie Brooch by Richard Green 41 tional people for the good of the discipline. However, you must do your part by keeping good records and preserving all site material. Ornaments, Symbols, Binary Opposition and Aspects of the Also, you must collect with integrity and continue to support the Ohio Ideology of the Late Prehistoric Archaeologist with articles. by Thomas E. Pickenpaugh 42 I look forward to seeing you at our meetings. Grandstaff Cache by John S. Lutsch 50 A Hardstone Pendant by Ned and Mark Shaw 51 Sincerely, Larry L. Morris President

Front Cover: Shown in the color plate on the front cover are 49 fluted points from the collection of Robert N. Converse. All but two are from Ohio and Indiana.

3 THE HARNESS HOPEWELL VILLAGE SITES by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

At the recent Hopewell Conference in ments can best be described as body, of surface evidence. Chillicothe, the subject of a number of pa­ sporadic with research neither being Despite the biases and objections to pers touched on Hopewell habitations and supportive nor negating Prufer's surface collections, had the Chillicothe settlements. The opening paper (Pacheco model (Baker 1993). conferees traveled only a few miles south 1993) stated that the "Vacant Ceremonial To this criticism it might be added that of Chillicothe, they would have been privi­ Center - Dispersed Agricultural Hamlet" the small amount of fieldwork which has leged to see the most important Hopewell theory first proposed by Prufer (Prufer been performed is also short on publica­ surface collection in Ohio - one found in, 1965) was still fashionable and that re­ tion. Most of the reports, if they have actu­ on, and around one of the largest Hopewell search had supported this model of ally been written, have appeared in obscure monuments in the state, the Harness earth­ Hopewell habitation patterns. However, journals or consigned to that archaeologi­ works. This collection, assembled over a just prior to the conference, the Troyer site cal blackhole called the "report on file," lifetime of dedicated and assiduous surface report had been published in the Ohio where they languish and are available only hunting by owner Robert Harness, provides Archaeologist (Converse 1993) and as­ to other professionals if they can find a unique insight into Hopewell village sites serted that, contrary to the "Dispersed them. No summaries or abstracts are at ceremonial centers which could be ob­ Hamlet" portion of the theory, there were made available to the archaeological pub­ tained in no other way. indeed substantial Hopewell villages and lic or even other professionals. Thus, The Harness farm encompasses all but that Troyers was a case in point. The much of what has been learned about a tiny portion of the circles, square, walls, Troyer report further suggested that there Ohio Hopewell from excavation, usually and mounds which comprise this large was abundant empirical evidence in many paid for at the taxpayers' expense, is classic Hopewell monument known as the Ohio site collections to indicate that such treated as information too important to be Liberty or Harness Works. In addition, the large Hopewell villages were common. shared with the unworthy people who farm contains over 1,400 acres of land The evidence provided at Troyers and helped pay for it. Had the results of these which surround the works and which lie other sites is obviously at odds with the projects been published in journals read between it and the Scioto River. The main "Dispersed Hamlet" theory and places it in by the general archaeological public, infor­ artery of Hopewell travel passed directly serious question. mation made available by avocationalists, through the Harness property, and the but unknown to the researchers, may Harness earthworks would have been the A later paper in the opening program have put an altogether different light on first large ceremonial center encountered by Dr. James Griffin recounted the many many investigations. in Ross County when Hopewellians trav­ instances where Hopewell habitation de­ eled up the Scioto from the south. bris had been excavated in and around In the Troyer report, it was suggested the ceremonial centers. He asserted that that the "Vacant Center - Small Hamlet" During his years of collecting, Robert there had been sufficient occupational theorists had not sufficiently examined Harness has been meticulous in saving material found to indicate that there were collections of surface material found in and segregating every artifact found on habitation sites at many Hopewell earth­ Ohio. However, there is a bias among his property. All sites and fields have been work locations. This assertion substantially professionals regarding surface collec­ assigned numbers or letters and are challenges the "Vacant Center" part of the tions* (unless they were garnered by a marked accordingly on a large aerial map hypothesis, thus raising the question professional "survey"). Surface found ar­ of the property. He can therefore correlate whether the whole "Vacant Ceremonial tifacts are obviously out of context - they each artifact with the particular location on Center - Dispersed Agricultural Hamlet" are not often kept isolated - objects from which it was found. theory of Hopewell settlements should not several cultures or occupations are On a farm as large as the Harness prop­ be reexamined. mixed - they are not easily separable - erty, situated on Ohio's largest river, it is One assumption on which the theory is these are some of the arguments for this not unusual that artifacts from other occu­ predicated - that Hopewellians were corn bias. One of the primary reasons that sur­ pations are found. It would be unusual if farmers - has fallen by the wayside and is face collections are disdained is that they they weren't. However, the vast majority of not seriously accepted today. Another part are usually difficult to separate and inter­ the collection is directly related to Hopewell of the theory was based on the idea that pret since they are not found in situ. It is and the earthworks - a situation which is since there had been no "reliable reports" especially difficult for those who do not not surprising and is one which might be of villages near the earthworks, they simply have familiarity with such collections and found at other earthwork locations. did not exist. However, the evidence for who have not spent a good deal of time Two Harness sites will be considered in Hopewell villages near the earthworks is examining them. But if one proposes to this paper - Site A, the largest on the plentiful, as Dr. Griffin maintained, and as reconstruct the past from the evidence property, and Site 28, the closest to the the subject of this paper will show, is often available - in other words to practice ar­ earthworks. overwhelming if examined and interpreted chaeology, then he or she must consider Site A is located about 2,000 feet north correctly. the multiplicity of materials found on the of the small circle. It has been the most Almost all recent research has been di­ surface of the ground no matter how diffi­ prolific in producing Hopewell artifacts. In rected toward confirming this "vacant cult its interpretation. In many situations, Fig. 3 are shown 73 classic Hopewell center" theory and evidence which refutes surface material is all there is, and to ig­ it is either ignored or distorted to confirm nore it not only discounts over 90% of all existing evidence, but obviates the oppor­ * A serious objection to surface collections and col­ it. As one writer recently put it: lectors (and one which I share) is that many collectors tunity for the researcher to confirm, mod­ Until recently, Hopewell research do not keep their site material properly separated, ify, or reject models based on postulated might be characterized as long on identified, and intact. The legitimate collector has a theories. It would seem incumbent that unvarnished responsibility to keep his or her pieces speculation and short on actual the theorist temper the small amount of separate and marked as to provenience, and preserve fieldwork. Investigations directed excavated information with the larger a real opportunity to contribute to an avocation which toward Middle Woodland settle­ he or she enjoys.

4 points from this location. There are many One of the most troubling aspects of gular gorgets, a drilled canine animal other broken and damaged points from the Hopewell-Adena sequence are the tooth, a cannel coal pendant, ends of there, but these represent a typical cross- overlapping radiocarbon dates which in­ three bone elliptical Hopewell gorgets, section. They are like Hopewell points dicate that the two cultures were con­ and fragments of a classic Hopewell found at many other Ohio locations and temporary for perhaps a century or mica cutout (Fig. 13). The meaning of differ in no respect from those found, for longer. Such a situation seems incongru­ such a find is conjectural, but it does in­ example, at the Troyer site. They are the ous to most researchers and it hard to dicate that all such deposits were not everyday product of hunting activity and fathom. It has been postulated that placed in mounds. It is even possible that are what one might expect to find at a Adena, first occupants of the Scioto val­ this cache was buried before the earth­ habitation site. There is nothing even re­ ley lived side by side with the Hopewell works was built. motely ceremonial about them. The base people for some time, but were eventu­ One of the most unique finds in Ohio is fan shaped and the notches are long ally forced out or chose to leave the area Hopewell occurred between Site 28 and and open. Basal grinding is minimal or ab­ and move south and east of Ohio and the juncture of the large and small circles sent. Large percussion flake scars cover even as far as the east coast (Dragoo: (reported in this issue). It consists of over the blade, and the point is trimmed by typ­ 279,280) But radiocarbon dates are not 16 pounds of fragmented Hopewell ical short angular pressure flakes. As with always precise, despite their appeal to blades. Apparently the cache was first most small Hopewell points, their design the investigator and the propensity to re­ burned and then smashed in a way which seems to be somewhat haphazard and fer to them as hard fact rather than the produced curved and half-moon shaped carelessly executed. Some of the broken estimates that they are. Nevertheless, fragments. However strange this event, points have been reworked into drills. there was an Adena occupation of Site A what is strangest is that the blades are They vary in size from 1 % to 2% inches and prior to the time Hopewell arrived. made of Illinois flint. Despite the often despite their indifferent design, have a ho­ Thirteen Adena points are shown in Fig. cited connections between Ohio and mogenous appearance when seen in a 7. What may be significant to the Adena- Illinois Hopewell, these are the first group and are easily recognized. As with Hopewell contemporaneity theory is that pieces of flint from that state I have ever other sites, there is a mixture of used all Site A Adena points appear to be early seen in an Ohio collection. which varies from Flint Ridge to Upper types; none are the classic Flint Ridge In conclusion, it can be said that re­ Mercer and Delaware . Those who late Adena types. The occurrence of only gardless of theories which portray cere­ would look for such stone as , early types indicates that the Adena peo­ monial centers as vacant monuments River flint, or other exotic stone on ple had left the site either before visited intermittently by small groups, this sites near ceremonial centers, would be Hopewell arrived or shortly thereafter and does not seem to be the case at the disappointed with the Harness collection that their contemporaneity did not last Harness site. The collections speak for for no such stone will be found. long. themselves and indicate that the Harness The site has also produced numerous Subsequent to the Hopewell occupation earthworks was a busy and important Hopewell bladelets. Over 100 of them are of the site, the Intrusive Mound people center of Hopewell life and a place of shown in Fig. 4 . They are made from the lived there. Several Intrusive Mound points much activity. Just as in Medieval usual Flint Ridge flint of the highest color have been found (not pictured). A black Europe, where dominance of the Church and quality. A few examples of Indiana and white granite pendant, typical of required that communities be centered hornstone are in the collection, a not un­ Intrusive Mound, and later a classic gran­ around cathedrals, such must have been usual occurrence. The function of these ite ceremonial pick surfaced. Additional the case in Hopewell society. In cultures diminutive tools is arguable, but it seems Intrusive Mound evidence came from a where religion, social organization, and logical to assume that they were used for plowed out burial which was accompa­ beliefs were all one and the same, people some fairly common purpose since they nied by antler handles, a , tended to congregate at places where are found on all Hopewell sites. flint celts and an elk antler - all typical these beliefs were ceremonially displayed tools are scarce, a com­ of Intrusive Mound (Fig. 8). and reinforced - the large ceremonial mon Hopewell phenomenon. The only ac­ Harness Site 28 is located within a centers. tual from the site is a large Hopewell stone's throw of the two circles. Although celt (Fig. 5). No , pestles, or hammer- not as heavily occupied as Site A, it never­ References stones are in the collection. Two flat glacial theless is not a small site. It has produced Baker, Stanley W. cobbles with crude notches in each edge many classic Hopewell points and bladelets Phase III re-Examination of Selected Prehistoric are called netsinkers, but whether this was and other material. The points are shown in Resources and Phase II Testing of Flood their function is unknown. A great many Fig. 9. They differ in no respect from the Prone Areas Impacted by the Proposed crude examples of these notched stones points at Site A except to note that there PIK-32-13.55 Project in Seal Township, have come from other sites on the property. Pike County, Ohio Ohio Dept. of may be more than Flint Transportation Columbus 1993 Slate artifacts from the site are also Ridge flint used in their manufacture. Converse, Robert N. scarce. There are remnants of rectangular This site has produced other interesting The Troyer Site: A Hopewell Habitation Site and Hopewell two-hole gorgets and the ends artifacts in addition to numerous bladelets . a Secular View of Ohio Hopewell Villages of elliptical gorgets. Both of these types Some very large cores have been found Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 43 No. 3, have been found in other Hopewell con­ (Fig. 10) which are longer than the normal Columbus 1993 texts (Fig. 6). exhausted core. A fragment of a lizard effigy Dragoo, Don W. from Site A is like that found on is in the Site 28 collection. Although these Mounds For the Dead, Annals of Carnegie Museum, Vol 37 Pittsburgh 1963 other Hopewell sites. It is cordmarked or strange objects have never been recovered Oehler, Charles occasionally smooth, and grit tempered. from mound contexts in Hopewell, several Turpin Indians, Cincinnati Museum Revised Colors vary from orange to buff. are reported from Woodland situations 1973 In sum, the evidence from Harness Site which have included other Hopewell mater­ Pacheco, Paul J. A represents the debris from a sizable ial (Oehler 1973). Fragments of elliptical and Ohio Hopewell Regional Community and Hopewell village which was probably oc­ rectangular gorgets (Fig. 11) and two Settlement Papers Paper read at the cupied for some length of time. The collec­ chipped flint celts (perhaps Intrusive Mound Chillicothe Conference 1993 tion is identical with surface collections types) (Fig. 12) were also found on the site. Prufer, Olaf H. from other village sites. But, as mentioned An interesting discovery from Site 28 The McGraw Site Cleveland Museum of Natural History 1965 previously, there is material from other oc­ was the finding of what may have been a cupations, both before and after Hopewell. cache of three thin undrilled slate rectan­

5 H o

Figure 1 (Converse) Squier and Davis map of the Harness earthworks. North as indicated in their map is actually east. Site A is off the map left of the small circle. Site 28 is adjacent to the small circle and Site 18 where the cache was found is at the juncture of the two circles. Many other sites are on the property.

Figure 2 (Converse) Aerial photograph of the Harness site. Outline of earthworks is superimposed. Site A is in the upper left of photo, Site 28 is left of the small circle.

6 Figure 3 (Converse) Hopewell points from Site A on the Harness farm.

Figure 4 (Converse) Some of the many Hopewell bladelets from Site A.

7 Figure 6 (Converse) Fragments of slate gorgets from Site A.

Figure 5 (Converse) Hopewell celt, netsinkers and from Site A.

Figure 8 (Converse) Intrusive Mound artifacts found with a plowed out burial. An Intrusive Mound pendant and ceremonial pick came from the same site.

Figure 7 (Converse) Early Adena points found on Site A. No late Adena points have been found there. Figure 10 (Converse) Cores Figure 11 (Converse) Lizard effigy (restored) from Stie 28. and gorgets from Site 28.

Figure 9 (Converse) Hopewell points from Site 28. Site 28 is next to the small circle.

Figure 14 (Converse) Flint Ridge cores from various sites on the Harness farm.

Figure 12 (Converse) Chipped flint celts from Site 28.

9 THE HARNESS HOPEWELL CACHE by Elaine Holzapfel 104 E. Lincoln Greenville, Ohio

The Harness Hopewell cache consists of having been burned. They were broken The shape of the fragments is unusual; of fragments of blades made of white after they were burned, as none are black­ the breakage formed curved edges in­ Burlington chert, a -known Illinois va­ ened on the inner fractured surface. stead of the angular fracture lines charac­ riety. This cache is the only instance to Because of the great thickness of some teristic of flint. Whether this is because date of Burlington chert being found in of the pieces, several of the blades must flint breaks differently when it is hot or Ohio, and its presence 150 feet outside have been exceptionally large. Although when the blades are struck from an un­ the Great Circle at the Harness earth­ Mr. Harness has looked for chippage of usual angle, perhaps laid on edge, is a works near Chillicothe implies a bond be­ Burlington chert in the vicinity of the cache, matter which requires some pragmatic tween the Hopewell of Illinois and the he has found none, so the blades may experimentation. Hopewell of Ohio. have been made in Illinois and brought to It must be a universal thought that Bob Harness found the cache in 1964 the Harness earthworks in completed form. breaking an item, or "ritually killing" it "re­ on the edge of a terrace above the Scioto The cache consists of 16 pounds of leases its spirit," because this is the usual River. He tells of placing flags in the fragments ranging from silver dollar to explanation for broken caches, and this ground to mark the location of each dime size. Many people have tried to fit may or may not be the correct explana­ fragment found, as the cache had been the pieces together, but not one complete tion. We will never really know what pur­ scattered by the plow. By this method he blade has been reconstructed. Mr. pose was in the minds of prehistoric people determined where the concentration might Harness, therefore, believes that what he 2000 years ago when they brought large be and found the cache the first time he has found represents only a portion of the Burlington chert blades from Illinois, burned sifted the soil. original blades and that the remainder and smashed them, buried some, and re­ Evidence of a fire was found in a pit 14 were prehistorically placed elsewhere. moved the rest for disposal elsewhere. inches wide and 12 inches deep which Small bits and pieces have been found far contained dark-colored soil and bits of from the cache site, perhaps an indication "NOTE: Mr. Harness pronounces his charcoal. The great majority of the formerly that blade sections were distributed name Har' nuss, accent on the first syllable. white blades have a black patina, the result among some of the Hopewell people.

Figure 1 (Holzapfel) A portion of the fragments of the Harness Hopewell cache, showing blackened blades with unusual curved fractures.

10 (1) Pound cache Jan. 50,1964- after field was plowed in Dec. 1963. (2) Marked site to determine concentration. (3} During sifting of 40 sq. ft. found pit under main concentration. (4) Pit 14" in dia. 12" deep. Contained dark colored soil and bits of charcoal. No charred or cracked rock in pit. (5) All material found in what is now plow zone Nothing found in subsoil except pit. (6) There is more somewhere as I don't have enough pieces to assemble a complete blade. (7) Several different colors of flint involved. (8) I have most of the material because the Figure 2 (Holzapfel) Notes kept by Bob Harness about square was sifted. the cache. (9) Could thJfes be only a portion of the origins oache. ~ (10) Could the top soil today have been sub­ soil 2000 yrs. ago? The site is on a gentle slope. (11) Also found bits of Mica scattered through­ out the site, which indicates Hfcpewell of 2,000 years ago. /- (/JLJ FOO^Q Aefi&o*. /6To' curi>£ bide/JT<£i£•*•*-

Figure 3 (Holzapfel) Hopewell cache made of Burlington chert from Illinois. The burned and shattered fragments were found by Bob Harness 150 feet outside the Great Circle at the Harness earthworks.

11 DIMINUTIVE POINTS by By Chester Larsen 436 Second E. St. E. Brewster, Ohio

Figure 1 (Larsen) Shown in the color plate are some of the various types of small points in my collection. Points are from sev­ eral different cultures beginning as early as the Paleo Indian period. 12 TWO LARGE PALEO POINTS FROM KENTUCKY by Stephen Kelley P.O. Box #1 Seaman, Ohio 45679

Relic collector Preston Whiteman had a pretty good day when he found the Paleo point featured in Figure 1. Measuring 5% inches in length by VA inches wide, this beautifully crafted Parallel-flaked Lance­ olate ranks among the longest ever found in the Bluegrass State. It was discovered by Whiteman in a field on Stepstone Road near Sharpesburg in Bath County, Kentucky. It exhibits heavy grinding for 2% inches on each side of the base and little or no grinding across the base itself. What at first appears to be accidental nicks on each side of the base are actually small spokeshaves. Interestingly, these carefully chipped indentations are located within the laterally ground area. In Figure 2 is another fine Paleo point. Made of gray Indiana Homstone, this un- fluted blade measures 5% inches long and is VAe inches in width. It exhibits a small amount of grinding in the basal concavity and light lateral grinding extending about three inches on each side. This finely made relic was found many years ago in Campbell County, Kentucky.

References Converse, Robert N. Figure 1 (Kelley) A Parallel- Figure 2 (Kelley) A large 1973 Ohio Flint Types, The Archaeological flaked Lanceolate point from unfluted Paleo blade from Society of Ohio Bath County, Kentucky. Campbell County, Kentucky.

WEST VIRGINIA ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO JOINT MEETING WHEN: Saturday, June 18th 1994 10:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. WHERE: Beautiful Blennerhassett Island All participants and displays will depart by ferry from Parkersburg Point. The ferry runs on the hour, from 10:00 a.m. and a $3.00 round trip fee will be charged. A map will be provided with your summer meeting notice. When planning your display, please keep in mind that it will be transported on the ferry with you. AFTER THE MEETING STERNWHEELER CRUISE After the joint meeting a buffet and two-hour cruise boarding at 5:30 p.m. and departing from Parkersburg Point at 6:00 p.m. is available. The buffet will include chicken and roast beef, baked potato or potato salad, baked beans, cole slaw, fruit salad, sheet cake, potato chips, relish tray, rolls and butter, coffee and tea. A cash bar will be available. However, no alcoholic beverages may be carried on board. The top deck is open but the bottom deck is under roof and windowed in the event of inclement weather. The cost for the cruise and buffet is $18.00 per person to be paid in advance. Make your check payable to Donald A. Casto and forward the same no later than May 31st, 1994, to: Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130.

13 DALTON-LIKE POINT FROM ASHLAND COUNTY, OHIO by Randy Hancock and Cathy Hancock 1202SR302RR#5 Ashland, Ohio 44805

The Dalton-like transitional point pic­ tured (Figure I) was found on November 24, 1993, while surface hunting on our farm, located in Savannah, Ashland County, Ohio. The elevated six acre multi- component site ranges from the Archaic to the Woodland time periods (Figure 2). This site has been surface hunted since June 1991, and is located approximately half a mile north of glacially formed Savannah Lakes, bordered on the north and west by unnamed creeks that empty into the head­ waters of the Vermilion River. The is of the Early Archaic time period, from about 8500 to 7900 B.C. This point type is found throughout the United States, yet is con­ sidered to be a scarce find. This point exhibits many common Dalton traits. It has a ground concave base with basal thinning flutes on both faces. The area is heavily ground and runs parallel for approximately one third the length of the point. The blade has a pentagonal shape and the blade edges are serrated. The material is Upper Mercer Coshocton Flint. This point was probably wider and longer when originally worked; extensive use and resharpening has diminished its size to VA inches in Figure 1 (R. Hancock) Obverse and everse of the Dalton-like transitional point. Note the presence length. Known points of this type class of basal thinning flutes. range in size from 1 % inches to 3% inches in length.

Figure 2 (R. Hancock) Other artifacts found between 1991 and present on this multicomponent site. Dalton point is in the very center.

14 THE THIEBEAU SITE: AN INSIGHT INTO THE PREHISTORY OF DARKE COUNTY by Elaine Holzapfel 104 E. Lincoln Greenville, Ohio

"The art of the archaeologist lies in deriving informa­ Siberia around 13,000 years ago by way of hunting smaller modern species of animals, tion about behavior and events... from stone tools." the Bering land bridge and came south­ and supplementing their diet by gathering R. M. Gramly. The Vail Site 1982. ward through an ice-free corridor which ran nuts and berries. This new cultural stage is The Thiebeau (pronounced Tee - bo) site through Alaska and Canada (Jennings known as Piano. The Piano people made is located in Brown Township in the heart 1989). These nomadic early hunters, travel­ leaf-shaped spearpoints called lanceolates of Darke County, twelve miles from the ing in small family groups, arrived in south­ and stemmed lanceolates. Indiana state line. Because it was inhabited ern Ohio around 10,000 years ago. In the Five Piano points (Fig. 4) came from the by prehistoric people for over 100 cen­ shadow of the receding Wisconsin glacier Thiebeau site. The first is thin and finely- turies, the site has much to contribute to they moved northward, following and hunt­ made of dull gray Nellie chert from the understanding of the archaeology of ing mastodons, caribou, and giant elk in Coshocton County. The second is a slightly western Ohio. this harsh tundra-like environment. They stemmed lanceolate made of dull tan chert. Ronnie Thiebeau has surface-collected hunted some of the largest animals ever Third is a stemmed lanceolate made of on this cultivated locality for 25 years and preyed upon by man, using finely-chipped Upper Mercer flint. Fourth and fifth are has recovered several thousand artifacts. fluted points of a style so distinct that bases of lanceolate points. They are all thin As with most cultivated sites, the artifacts they have never been made before or and well made, even though the are yearly being destroyed beyond recog­ since. The winters were much colder than used are of fairly low quality. The Piano nition by farming implements. It is fortu­ they are now, with immense rivers of icy probably visited the site seasonally, and nate that Thiebeau started collecting a water pouring from the melting glacier. The there must have been hundreds of years quarter of a century ago since modern Paleolndians may have used sleds pulled when the site was vacant. farming methods and heavier equipment by dogs to travel swiftly over the frozen take their toll of existing evidence, and ground (Gramly and Funk 1990). The Archaic 7500 B.C.-1000 B.C. thus a comprehensive report may have The Paleo points found at the Thiebeau Around 7500 B.C. people who were been difficult if not impossible. site are smaller than average Paleo types, probably from the South migrated to the lo­ Even though large stone tools such as and only the first point (Fig. 2) is made of cality. They not only used totally different axes and long flint were probably top-quality vitreous flint. It is pink streaked types of projectile points, but they had an picked up by the landowners over a century with cream. The second point is made of entirely new lifeway. These people of the ago when the ground was first cultivated, pink jasper, the source of which is un­ Archaic had become more efficient in their and many artifacts were possibly removed known but which may have come from the use of the environment. They were hunters, by other collectors, the great quantity of glacial drift. It is thin and displays parallel gatherers, fishermen, and trappers, who material recovered by Thiebeau is an indica­ flaking which is typical of some Paleo flint also ate many kinds of wild plants. Their tion that the area was indeed heavily occu­ work. The third point is thin, made of tan lives were made more comfortable be­ pied. Artifacts were concentrated on what is flint, and the tip, which was prehistorically cause of the mats they had learned to probably a cluster of sites covering approxi­ broken, has been chipped into a graver/ weave and the plaited and twined mately 20 acres, although they were also spokeshave. Fourth is a point made of they made. As a result of what has been liberally scattered over 100 acres. Harrodsburg, Indiana, flint, the flaking on called Archaic efficiency, their population The Stillwater River, the second most im­ which has been obliterated, probably the slowly but steadily increased. It was the be­ portant drainage system in the county, bi­ result of natural weathering of the stone. ginning of a way of life that would endure sects the site in a northeast-southwest di­ Fifth is a basal portion which appears to almost 7,000 years. Archaic people in­ rection. Much of the soil is a dark silty clay have been prehistorically broken by impact. vented the atlatl or spear thrower, a device loam which is an accumulation of sedi­ The sixth point base is well made with which would increase the accuracy and ments from the Stillwater and from early small basal flutes. The last point is made of distance of their . They buried their glacial lakes. The banks of the river are flint that was probably the closest obtain­ dead in tightly-flexed fetal positions, fre­ generally above the normal level of flooding able raw material. It did not chip well, but quently in village . Their lives were (Lehman and Bottrell 1991). the presence of grinding on the base indi­ not easy; skeletal studies reveal that they Prehistoric man may have been attracted cates that it was hafted and used anyway. suffered from arthritis, dental abscesses, to this place for several reasons: its location The large black knife (Fig. 3) is made of rickets, and bone diseases. The Archaic is on the Stillwater, its proximity to large bogs Upper Mercer flint from Coshocton County, divided into three stages - Early, Middle, which would have attracted abundant Ohio. It is a thick unifacial blade which and Late. game, and the convenience of camping be­ would have been sturdy enough to cut the side fresh water on ground that usually did tough hides of large animals. The Early Archaic 7500 B.C-5000 B.C. not flood. The site was occupied by every The first projectile points made by the major group of people known to have in­ Piano 8500 B.C-7500 B.C. people of the Early Archaic are shown in habited western Ohio. These groups are di­ At around 8500 B.C. the climate Figures 5 and 6. The people who made the vided into cultural stages - Paleolndian, warmed and the large fauna Corner Notch points (Fig.5) and the group Piano, Archaic, Woodland, and Ft. Ancient. such as mastodons and giant beavers who made the Side Notch points (Fig. 6) gradually became extinct. These animals may have been sequential, or they could The Paleolndian 12,000-9000 B.C. may have been hunted to extinction, or have been contemporaries, each occupy­ Although Paleolndian material is they may have been unable to adapt to ing the site at different times. There is no scarce, six Paleo points (Fig. 2) were the warming climate, or they may have sign of the animosity between them which found at the Thiebeau site, indicating that succumbed to diseases carried by peo­ was to plague later groups, probably be­ Paleo man hunted or camped here in ple or dogs, diseases to which indige­ cause they were too preoccupied with sur­ perhaps several episodes. nous animals had no immunity (Gramly vival to engage in conflict. The Paleolndians were the ultimate pio­ and Funk 1990). Most of the Corner Notch points are neers. The best chronometric dating tells The Paleolndians adapted to the chang­ made of medium-quality tan flint, proba­ us that they entered this continent from ing environment by living in larger groups, bly procured from nearby, but now un-

15 known, sources. Three are made of black the Thiebeau site collection, and sixty of vices of prehistoric man would be tanta­ Upper Mercer flint. them are made of flint obtained from the mount to giving the Iceman a good All the Archaic Side Notch points have Cedarville-Guelph deposits in Logan Christian burial. heavily ground bases. Flint represented in­ County. Logan County flint is easily recog­ The Late Archaic may have seen the in­ cludes 5 of Upper Mercer, 2 of Harrison nizable with its brown specks on gray or vention of the , as the County, 1 of pink jasper, and the rest of tan cream. Some of the flint grades into a vitre­ diminutive points known as Birdpoints or and gray flint and chert of various grades. ous light blue (row 4, Fig. 14). The largest of Rivertons (Fig. 24) might be the first true At about the same time, but probably the points, however, is made of high-quality . Until recently it was thought slightly later, people who made an unusual gray and tan striped Flint Ridge Nethers that the bow and arrow was a later innova­ point with a bifurcated or double-branched flint, quarried near Newark, Ohio. Fourteen tion, but Leland Patterson (1993) has made base (Fig. 9) inhabited the site. Similar hafted scrapers (Fig. 15) also made of a strong argument for its earlier introduc­ points found in date to Logan County chert are in the collection. tion. A radiocarbon date of 1900 B.C. was around 6900 B.C. Some of these points are Identical point types along with hafted obtained for these tiny points at the Sabre made of good-quality tan chert, but many scrapers were found on sites in Logan farm (1993). Twenty birdpoints were found are of weathered Cedarville Guelph chert County (Cowan 1973). at the Thiebeau site. Six are of Flint Ridge from deposits in Logan County. Seven of Five Diagonal Notch points (Fig. 12) flint, one is of Carter flint from the bifurcates are made from such a unique were found, two of which are made of Kentucky, two are of red jasper, and one is vein of Upper Mercer flint streaked with black Upper Mercer flint, two are of made of Delaware chert. The remaining cream that it is possible to identify end Delaware chert, obtained from central points are made of unidentified but high- scrapers (Fig. 8) made of the same flint Ohio, and one is of Harrodsburg chert. quality flints. which were almost certainly made by the Of the nine Expanding Stem points (Fig. Distinct cultures began to develop in same people. 13), three are of Flint Ridge flint and six the latter part of the Archaic, around Around 6000 B.C. a group occupying the are made of locally available cherts. 2000-1000 B.C. The Glacial Kame peo­ site made a sturdy and distinctive tool, the , believed to have been ple, centered in northwestern Ohio, were Archaic Bevel (Fig. 10). Most of the Bevels used as atlatl weights, were being manu­ obtaining copper from Lake Superior and are made of tan chert which ranges from factured on the site. Figure 16, a large conch shells from the Gulf coast, an indi­ fine-grained to coarse. Included in this as­ slate preform for a winged , cation that they traded with or traveled to semblage are two Bevels made of black is pecked and partially ground. distant places (Converse n.d.). They are and gray Upper Mercer flint and one of Pitted stones, not pictured, were found. called Glacial Kame people because they Delaware chert. The bases, all of which are These occur throughout the Archaic and are known only by their burials in sand heavily ground, seem large in proportion to were almost certainly used in cracking and gravel ridges (kames) formed by the point size. This may indicate that they nuts. Strangely, there are no pestles in glacial outwash. The type of projectile were furnished with short handles and used the collection. point they used is not yet known. That the as knives. They were probably reduced in Glacial Kame people at least visited the size by repeated sharpening, and the many The Late Archaic 2500-1000/500 B.C. site is known by the presence of a Glacial broken bases indicate that they were heav­ Heavy-Stemmed points (Fig. 17) mark Kame gorget (Fig.25). ily used and broken prehistorically. the beginning of the Late Archaic at the The Red Ocher people, centered in Around 5700 B.C. Darke County became Thiebeau site. Most of them are made of Illinois and northern Indiana, represent an­ warmer and drier. Prairie plants and tan and gray dull chert, but several are other distinct culture that developed at this grasses from the West expanded into this made of multi-colored jasper. Heavy- time. Points known as Turkeytails, always area (Shane 1976). A survey (Cusick and Stemmed points were found at a site in made of Harrison County flint, are diag­ Montgomery County in association with nostic of the Red Ocher culture, and the Troutman 1978) points out that two prairies 3 still remained on the Stillwater near crude rectangular slate bars and A grooved base of one Turkeytail point (Fig. 26) was Versailles and Webster in 1978. This axes made of banded slate (Converse found at the Thiebeau site. The point may forested region with adjacent bogs, now 1976). The slate bars (Fig. 21) and the % have been traded to the Glacial Kame peo­ dotted with areas of open grasslands, grooved axes and hammers (Figs. 19, 20, ple or it may represent a brief occupation would have provided a great variety of 22) from the Thiebeau site, therefore, prob­ by the Red Ocher people. game as well as raw materials for textiles. ably belong temporally with the Heavy- The Late Archaic was the last time pre­ Stemmed points. The Raisch-Smith site historic man in Ohio made such ground The Middle Archaic 5000-3000 B.C. near Oxford, Ohio, was an Archaic site stone tools as gouges and axes, although The innovations which were initiated in which also produced Heavy-Stemmed some ground stone tools were used by the Early Archaic began to accelerate, points, drills, subrectangular bars, % later groups. marking the Middle Archaic period. Around grooved axes, pitted stones, and winged 5000 B.C. settlements became larger and bannerstones (Moffett 1949). A similar as­ Early Woodland - more permanent and increased varieties of semblage was found by Russell Long at Adena - 800 B.C.-A.D. 100 plants and animals were exploited. New the same site in 1962. Even though pottery had been in use in kinds of tools were invented to accommo­ The ten grooved hammers (Fig. 20) are the Southeast since 3000 B.C., its manu­ date the increasingly complex lifestyle, tools all made of various igneous rocks and facture did not spread to the Midwest until such as flint drills (Fig. 11) and ground stone were probably fashioned from rounded Early Woodland times, around 800 B.C. tools such as axes and grooved hammers. and smoothed glacial cobbles picked up (Jennings 1989). Pottery sherds have not People of the Archaic kept domesti­ in the Stillwater. been found at the Thiebeau site either be­ cated dogs. This is known because skele­ Archaic burials are purported to have cause pottery was not used here or, more tons of dogs have been found in Archaic been found in the vicinity of the site, inter­ likely, because it deteriorated in the acid burials along with burials, as well ments which would have been made at soil. In any case, the ability to cook and as in separate graves. Dogs were also about the same time the Iceman perished store food in ceramic vessels changed the eaten, as their bones were found among in the Alps. At other Archaic sites, such as culture. Settlements became more perma­ food remains (Webb 1946). the McCain site in Indiana (Miller 1941) nent, providing leisure time for more com­ Many varieties of projectile points appear and in Kentucky (Webb 1946), plex ceremonialism to develop. at this time. Each type represents a differ­ burials had been placed in shallow circular The Adena were the first to build mounds ent group of people who occupied the site pits which had been dug into refuse-satu­ for burial of the socially significant dead. at different times, and may or may not have rated soil. Bones of infants were also Within the thousands of Ohio mounds, been contemporaneous. A major occupa­ found in refuse dumps (Miller 1941). most of which have now been destroyed tion of the site was by a group of people The actual use of such items as slate by farming or construction, were found buri­ who used Pentagonal style points, almost bars, drills, and pitted stones is not als by as well as extended buri­ all of which are made from the same kind known. Much conjecture has been made, als, isolated skulls, and other skeletal parts. of flint. Sixty-five Pentagonals (Fig.14) are in but to assume too much about the de­ The Adena lived in small communities and

16 congregated for marriage and elaborate bur­ odic visits to Ross County to participate in and he was willing to share the information. ial ceremonies. They were hunters, gatherers, ceremonies, the significance of which is He is maintaining the site collection intact and fishermen, and they may have begun long lost. and available for future analysis. Mr. farming on a small scale. They smoked tubu­ Fifty-five Hopewell points (Figs. 29,30) Thiebeau has contributed generously to ar­ lar pipes made of stone, but probably only were found at the Thiebeau site, most of chaeology, a study which breathes life and smoked during rituals. There is evidence that which are made of tan and gray chert. meaning into an otherwise voiceless past. they may have been very tall people. They Thirteen are made of Flint Ridge flint, five wore bracelets andrings made of copper. are of jasper, and three are of Logan County Acknowledgment These people of the Early Woodland, who chert. Hopewell gorgets and pendants of Many thanks to Bob Converse and probably developed from indigenous colorful slate (broken) are shown in Fig. 31. Ohio Flint Types 1994 for major help in groups, are represented at the Thiebeau site The great Hopewell culture thrived for 600 segregating the lithic material in this large by forty-six Adena projectile point/ knives years. Then, around 500 A.D., the culture dis­ multi-component site. (Fig. 27) and three pendants made of slate appeared with no signs of violence. Why this (Fig.28). Most of the points have rounded spectacular culture arose and how it ended References Cited bases indicative of Early Adena although a is one of the great mysteries of archaeology. Archaeological Service Consultants, Inc. few of the points are the larger, flatter types 1993 The Sabre Farms Site (33Ro385). Ohio with squared bases characteristic of Late Late Woodland 600 A.D.-1200 A.D. Archaeologist 43(2):30. Carlson, John B. Adena. The lasted 900 years, Sometime after the disappearance of 1979 Hopewell, Prehistoric America's Golden Age. Early so the site was probably vacant for several the Hopewell, around 600 A.D., people Man magazine, winter. centuries in the later part of the period. known as Intrusive Mound came to Ohio, Converse, Robert N. Thirteen of the Adena points are made of probably from the Great Lakes area. Their 1976 Montgomery County Site. Ohio Archaeoloist gray Harrison County flint, several are of Flint name stems from the trait of intruding their 26(3):4. n.d. Glacial Kame Indians. Archaeological Ridge and Upper Mercer flints, but the ma­ Society of Ohio. 1994 Ohio Flint Types. burials into the summits of Hopewell Cowen, Owen jority are of coarse tan or gray chert. mounds. Their occupation of Ohio was 1973 Logan County Chert. Ohio Archaeologist 23(1):29. A cache of forty-one Adena blades brief, and they probably inhabited the Cusick, Allison W. and K. Roger Troutman made of Flint Ridge flint was recovered Thiebeau site intermittently. 1978 The Prairie Survey Project. Ohio State University, from the locality (Thiebeau 1977). Eleven of the Intrusive Mound points (Fig. Columbus. The Adena, Glacial Kame, and Red 32) from the Thiebeau site are made of tan Gramly, Richard Michael and Robert E. Funk Ocher cultures may have lived contempo­ 1990 What is Known and Not Known About the Human flint, although one is made of dark pink Flint Occupation of the Northeastern United States raneously for a period of time, but eventu­ Ridge. Intrusive Mound points are small, Until 10,000 B.P. Archaeology of Eastern North ally the Glacial Kame and Red Ocher peo­ thin, and delicate. America, Vol. 18. ple vanished, and the Adena continued on For the next 300 years there is no evi­ Jennings, Jesse D. for hundreds of years. It is not yet known if dence of any occupation of the site or of 989 Prehistory of . Mayfield Pub., those two cultures were eradicated by or any aboriginal people in the vicinity. Mountain View.CA. Kellar, James H. absorbed into the Adena culture. 1983 An Introduction to the Prehistory of Indiana. Ft. Ancient 1000-1550 A.D. Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis. Middle Woodland - The fifty-four Triangular points (Fig. 33) Long, Russell J. The Hopewell 100 B.C.-A.D. 500 were made by people of the Ft. Ancient cul­ 1962 The Raisch-Smith Site Near Oxford, Ohio. Ohio Beginning around 100 B.C. the amazing ture. Their large stockaded villages were lo­ Archaeologist, 24(3,4). Hopewell culture arose, achieving the high­ Lehman, Samuel F. and George D. Bottrell cated in southern Ohio along the Ohio 1991 Soil Survey of Darke County, Ohio. U.S. Dept. of est degree of development of any prehis­ River, where they raised corn, beans, and Agriculture. toric people in eastern North America. The squash. The northernmost Ft. Ancient vil­ Miller, Rex K. Hopewell were centered in Ross County, lage that has been excavated is SunWatch 1941 McCain Site, DuBois County, Indiana. Indiana but their influence was felt from the Great in Dayton. Hunters and foragers from Historical Society Prehistory Research Series, 2(1). Lakes to Florida. No one knows where they SunWatch may have sporadically camped Moffet, Ross came from, but they gradually replaced the 1949 Raisch-Smith Site. The Ohio State Archaeoloical at the Thiebeau locality. The surprisingly fre­ and Historical Quarterly, 58(4):428. Columbus. Adena. Osteologists have determined that quent presence of Triangular points embed­ Patterson, Leland W. they were not physically the same as ded in skeletons indicates that the Ft. 1993 Current Data on Early Use of the Bow and Arrow Adena. Some Adena people may have Ancient people were warlike. in Southern North America. Ohio Archaeologist stayed and mingled with the Hopewell, but The Triangular points in Fig. 33 are all 43(2):21. it is known that other Adena groups emi­ made of the same variety of tan chert. This Shane, Linda grated as far away as the East Coast. 1976 Late-Glacial and Postglacial Palynology and chert sometimes contains rust-colored fos­ Chronology of Darke County, West-Central Ohio. The Hopewell in southern Ohio under­ sils, with patches of white and occasionally University Microfilms, Ann Arbor. stood principles of astronomy and geome­ pink. It was probably obtained from flint de­ Swartz, B.K. Jr. try, which they used in the creation of giant posits at no great distance. These thin 1981 Indiana's Prehistoric Past. Ball State University, earthworks constructed of tons of earth. points were the last stone arrowheads made Muncie. They obtained many exotic materials by Thiebeau, Ronnie by prehistoric man (or woman) in Ohio. 1977 A Cache of Adena Flint Ridge Leaf Blades. trade or tribute: copper and silver from Lake By 1550 A.D. the Ft. Ancient villages Central States Archaeological Journal, 23(2). Superior, quartz crystals from Arkansas, had vanished, and the Ohio Valley was Webb, William S. pink conch shells and huge fossil khark largely depopulated at the time of early 1946 Indian Knoll. University of Kentucky Reports in teeth from the Gulf of Mexico, sheets of European exploration. Indian tribes famil­ Archaeology and Anthropology, 4(3) Lexington. mica from North Carolina, and translucent iar to us today were late migrants to the brown Knife River flint from North Dakota. area (Kellar 1983) (Swartz 1981). With this wealth of materials they created magnificent objects of art. They adorned Conclusion their bodies and clothing with thousarids of The Thiebeau site was occupied from freshwater pearls (Carlson 1979). the time early man first entered the area The Hopewell who occupied; the until the Ft. Ancient period. During its Thiebeau site did not own wealth them­ more than 10,000-year history, intermittant selves, as such resources were probably in periods, maybe hundreds of years long, the hands of a select few. They surely passed with little human habitation. knew, however, about the distant kreas A report of this significant site was possi­ from which the exotic materials were ob­ ble for three reasons: Ronnie Thiebeau tained. They probably knew about the walked thousands of hours to recover the great ceremonial centers at the earthworks material, he had the foresight to keep the Figure 1 (Holzapfel) The Thiebeau site is in southern Ohio and possibly made peri­ artifacts separate from those of other sites, bisected by the Stillwater River.

17 Figure 3 (Holzapfel) Knife, 4% inches long, made of black Upper Mercer flint obtained from Coshocton County. It was possibly used by the Paleolndians for cutting through tough hides of large animals.

Fig. 2 (Holzapfel) Paleo points (10,000 B.C.) from the Thiebeau site were used as heads of spears by early hunters when the glaciers were retreating across Ohio. After the extinction of the Pleistocene megafau- na, such points were never made again. tfttttf

Figure 4 (Holzapfel) Lanceolates and stemmed lanceo­ #i*#* lates (8000 B.C.) used by the Piano people, The points are very thin and display expert workmanship.

Figure 5 (Holzapfel) Thirty-six Corner Notch points (7000 B.C.). Bottom 3 rows are Serrated Corner notch, possibly used for sawing and cutting. This is one of a variety of point types manufactured in the Early Archaic.

Figure 6 (Holzapfel) Archaic Side Notch points (7000 B.C.). The site yielded 45 of these Early Archaic points. They are frequently found in the lowest (oldest) levels of excavations.

18 Figure 7 (Holzapfel) Two small Dovetail points (7000 B.C.) made of Flint Ridge flint and the base of a Dovetail made of black Upper Mercer flint. Dovetails are never found in large concentrations and may be specialized tools. t»!t*»9tft«

Figure 8 (Holzapfel) End scrapers made of black Upper Mercer flint streaked with brownish-cream. Flint is identical to that tM* used in last 5 Bifurcated points in Figure 9.

Figure 9 (Holzapfel) Bifurcated, or split-base, points have been radiocar­ bon dated at 6900 B.C. Forty-five Bifurcates of both large and small types were found. The last five in the bottom row are of such a distinct variety of Upper Mercer flint that they can be matched with the end scrapers in Figure 8.

Figure 11 (Holzapfel) Thirty-five flint drills and broken sections of drills. Drills were made in all periods of prehistory in Ohio, with perhaps the greatest concentration during the Middle Archaic (5000-3000 B.C.). Some may have been pins as well as perforators to make holes in bone, wood or leather.

Figure 10 (Holzapfel) Thirty-five Archaic Bevels (estimated date 6000-5000 B.C.) Among the most plentiful of Archaic tools, Bevels have heavily-designed bases which could have accommodated a short, heavy handle. They became beveled from frequent sharpen­ ing. Serration of blade edges indicates use as sawing.

19 Figure 13 (Holzapfel) Nine Expanding Stem points, one of the many varieties from the Middle Archaic (estimated date 5000-4000 B.C.). Figure 12 (Holzapfel) Five Diagonal Notch points, not a common type in Ohio. They date from the Middle Archaic.

Figure 15 (Holzapfel) Fourteen hafted scrap­ ers, probably made from broken Pentagonal points, also made of Logan Co., chert. ftttf

Figure 16 (Holzapfel) Slate preform or partially finished form of winged bannerstone (5000-4000 B.C.), believed to have been used as an atlatl weight. n PI If*!!* 4 ffft*t

rMiiiiffiiMfru""''""i'"''"'"i"mJ° Figure 14 (Holzapfel) Sixty-five Pentagonal points, sixty of which are Figure 17 (Holzapfel) Thirty-five Heavy Stemmed points (2500 B.C.) made of Cedarville-Guelph chert quarried in Logan county, many mark the beginning of the Late Archaic at this site. Such points have miles east of the site. Such points have been found on many been found on other sties in association with % grooved hammers, % Archaic sites in the Miami River drainage of western Ohio (est. date grooved axes, and rectangular slate bars, which indicates that these 5000-4000 B.C.) tools were all made by the same group of people.

20 fffVf*tffff

Figure 19 (Holzapfel) Two •fffffffff of the four % grooved axes.

Figure 18 (Holzapfel) Twenty-one Fishspears aka Brewertons.

Figure 20 (Holzpafel) Four of ten % grooved hammers.

Figure 21 (Holzapfel) Subrectangular bars made of slate, found on many Archaic sites in the Miami Valley. Their use is a subject of much speculation.

Fig. 22 (Holzapfel) Two of four slate axes found.

Figure 23 (Holzapfel) Four slate celts, two with squared polls, two with rounded polls.

Figure 25 (Holzapfel) Broken gorget of banded slate diag­ «9«9f9*t** nostic of the Glacial Kame people (2000-1000 B. C.) ••f»t»f#tf Figure 26 (Holzapfel) Base of Turkeytail point indicates contact with Red Ocher culture, centered several hundred miles west of Figure 24 (Holzapfel) Twenty diminutive Birdpoints or Riverton the site (1000 B.C.) points. They may have been the first true arrowheads and have been radicarbon dated at 1900 B.C.

21 Figure 28 (Holzapfel) Pendants made of banded slate are hallmarks of the Adena period. Their actual use is totally unknown.

Figure 30 (Holzapfel) The first Hopewell point is of Harrison County, Indiana, flint. The second is of brown Carter Cave flint from Kentucky and the third is of Upper Mercer flint from Coshocton County, Ohio.

Figure 27 (Holzapfel) Forty-six Adena points were found. The Adena were Ohio's first . The style of these points indicates that the site was inhabited by a group of Adena in the early part of their history, between 700 B. C. and 200 B. C.

Figure 31 (Holzapfel) Hopewell slate (A.D. 1 - A.D. 500). Top - ten round slate discs were found. They are frequently found on Hopewell sites, but their use is unknown. Bottom - Hopewell gorgets made of red, gray, tan, and pink slate. There is no clue as to their purpose. The word gorget, derived from Old French, is correctly pronounced gor-jit.

Figure 29 (Holzapfel) Fifty-five Hopewell points were recovered at the Thiebeau site. Hopewell occupied the site between A.D. 1 and A.D. 500. They were a part of Ohio's most advanced culture. Note three bladelets in top right of photo. VtvvfW

Figure 32 (Holzapfel) Twelve Intrusive Mound points. Because they are so delicate and thin, they are easily distin­ guishable from other types. Intrusive Mound people inhabit­ ed the site during the first part of the late , sometime after the disappearance of Hopewell, probably around 600-800 A.D. fW?«Vfl|fVf?Tt

,.j.,.,...i.i.|.i.|.i.|.i'i'i'i'i'i'i'i'i'iM'i'i'j'i'i'i'| i |M'iMYm>i>| |i»m » 3 * Figure 33 (Holzapfel) Fifty-four Ft. Ancient points were found at the Thiebeau site. They are all made of similar tan colored flint which was probably obtained from the nearest source, the location of which is not yet known. These were the last stone arrowheads made by prehistoric man in Ohio (1000 A.D.-1550 A.D.). Figure 34 (Holzapfel) Knife and bi-pointed knife, both typical of the Ft. Ancient culture.

>•#»»

Figure 35 (Holzapfel) More than fifty end scrapers were found which proba­ bly span the entire prehistoric occupation of the site. Eight end scrapers made of pink-cream-red jasper can possibly be linked with Fishspear/ Brewerton points of the same material (top row, first four). The last three in the top row are hafted scrapers sharpened from one side, indicating their Archaic manufacture. First three scrapers in third row are trianguloid, and several others have a dorsal ridge.

Figure 36 (Holzapfel) Knives. First on top row is a large spokeshave, almost certainly a wood-working tool. Raw materials include Harrison County flint, Upper Mercer flint, Flint Ridge flint, and local chert and jasper.

23 FIVE LIZARD EFFIGIES by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

Lizard effigies include some of the most References Mills, William C. bizarre shapes and forms of any prehistoric Oehler, Charles The Feurt Mounds and Village Site OAHS artifact class. They have been the center of Turpin Indians, Cincinnati, Museum Series No. 1, Quarterly Vol. 26, 1917 1950 Otto, Martha conjecture among collectors for many Personal Communication years and the argument about what these Oehler, Charles Turpin Indians, Revised 1973 unique objects represent is still unan­ swered (and is probably unanswerable). Some lizard effigies have eyes or horn­ like projections, others also have mouths. All of them have amorphous knobs which could only imaginatively be called heads. All have a rounded or expanded body and all of them have a tail. The tail may be long and slender or even fan-shaped and fringed. The body sometimes has a transverse ridge and a few rare ones have a collar-like ridge. Some of these transverse ridges have notches or tally marks. The materials used for lizard effigies are varied, but a vast majority are of banded slate. Such stone as talcose slate, sand­ stone, or even hardstone has been seen. Although these objects are called lizard effigies, many of those with well defined features have been described as birds, ot­ ters or snails. It may be said that no two are alike, and it would be difficult to find three of them which even resemble on an­ other. So many of them have only such rudimentary features that they appear to be haphazard stylized likeness of some unknown animal. There are a few clues to their origin. Excavations at the in 1946 and reported in 1950, show what may be lizard effigies from a Woodland mound (Oehler 1950: pl.65). A subsequent revision of the report indicated that the Rogers site in Petersburg, Kentucky, had two lizard effi­ gies (Oehler 1973: p, 62). Both the Woodland material from Turpin and from Rogers contain classic Hopewell rectangu­ lar gorgets. The Turpin collection also con­ tained a classic Hopewell pentagonal pen­ dant (ibid, photo 23). The flint work from the Turpin site suggests that the Woodland collection is typical of many Ohio Hopewell village sites. Additional evidence of a Hopewell origin is the discovery of a lizard effigy at the Scioto Trails site by Martha Otto (pers. comm). Also, two lizards were found during the excavation of the Feurt site by Mills (Mills 1971) but not with buri­ als. Since there was material from other cultures at Feurt's, these also could have been Hopewell. Figure 1 (Converse) Obverse and reverse of four lizard effigies. Left to right - sandstone, found on the George Shover farm east of Plain City, Madison Co. - Banded slate, found near Mt. Sterling, Madison Co. - Black slate, collected by Dr. Meuser, Fayette Co. - Talcose slate, collected by Dr. Meuser 4 miles south of Wilmington, Clinton Co. - Banded slate, found near Richwood, Union Co.

24 A LIZARD EFFIGY FROM KENTUCKY by David E. Friley 737C Werne Dr. Lexington, Ky 40504

This fine lizard effigy was found November 13, 1993, in Garrard County, Kentucky, about 3 miles south of Lexington. It is made of gray slate and is 3A inches long. The site on which it was found has produced materials form the Archaic to Mississippian. The origin of these unusual stones is unknown but there is a possibility that they may have a connection to Hopewell (see Five Lizard Effigies preceeding page). This effigy is unusual in that it has a deep groove across the center of the body and a shallow groove across the head. Other effigies have also been seen with but most of them are with­ out them.

0 I 2

0 I Figure 1 (Friley) Three views of lizard effigy from Garrard County, Kentucky.

25 THREE RARE SHELL SANDAL SOLE GORGETS by Ron Helman 1993 Dingman Slagel Rd. Sidney, Ohio 45365 I

Figure 1 (Helman) Three Ohio Glacial Kame shell gorgets.

Glacial Kame shell sandal sole gorgets from the south. The gorget at the top was The third was found in the are the hallmark of the Glacial Kame cul­ found in the Fox-Rammel Kame near Fort Kame near Roundhead. Nearly every shell ture. Shaped like the sole of a , these Recovery in Mercer County. The second gorget found has come from gravel re­ fragile pieces are made from Gulf Coast was found in the kame on the Zimmerman moval and few of them survived intact. The conch shell which was traded or bartered farm in Hardin County near Roundhead. center specimen was aboriginally repaired.

26 YELLOW JASPER by Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

Occasionally a point made of yellow stone is unknown. I doubt if there are any non-lustrous. As can be seen in the ac­ jasper is seen in Ohio surface collections. jasper quarries and it probably comes companying color plate, the stone was There seems to be no pattern to their oc­ from the glacial drift. Yellow jasper is an used by all cultures. There is also a red currence and they can be seen in any part opaque stone and often has tints of pink jasper found in Ohio which is a dark ma­ of the state. The origin of this pleasing or red. It usually has a matte finish and is roon color.

27 VISITS TO THE FOLSOM AND CLOVIS TYPE-SITES IN NEW MEXICO by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 52 Wapakoneta, Ohio 45895

Introduction valley of the dry Cimarron River at 6,400- the most significant sites in North American Every student who has ever taken an in­ foot elevation. It is located in extreme archeology. Early excavations at the site re­ troductory course in archeology has stud­ northeast New Mexico just a few miles covered evidence of human occupation in ied the Folsom and Clovis sites in eastern south of the Colorado state line. association with late Pleistocene fauna, in­ New Mexico. Although I have lived in the Approaching Folsom from the south one cluding wooly mammoth. Other animals Southwest at various times for many years, sees numerous lava flows which were found include camel, horse, dire wolf, and I'd never had the opportunity to visit probably associated with Capulin Volcano. sabertooth tiger. Because of the site's Folsom or Clovis until the summer of 1992. Folsom is a very small village. There is a tremendous long-term potential for addi­ I visited (the Clovis "type tiny post office and one pay phone. There is tional research, the site was incorporated site") in July, 1992 and I spent a day at no gas station and no grocery store. Sup­ into the National, Register of Historic Folsom that September. posedly, there is one restaurant in town Places in 1982. (The Folsom Inn). Meals are served by ap­ At the Clovis type-site is a small visitor in­ Discussion of Folsom pointment only. It is apparently located in formation building where visitors must reg­ The first generally accepted archaeologi­ someone's house. I was unable to locate it. ister before walking the trail through the site. cal evidence of the antiquity of man in the Folsom Museum is a privately-owned mu­ There a lady interpreter (probably a volun­ Americas was found in the summer of 1926 seum of local artifacts which is located on teer) explains the site and offers publica­ near the small New Mexico village of the main street. After Labor Day this mu­ tions for sale. Also, at this little visitor center Folsom. Excavations by a party from the seum is closed for the winter except by ap­ are some displays of local artifacts (Fig. 5). Denver Museum of Natural History uncov­ pointment. I visited Folsom in September, Folsom, Clovis, Agate Basin, Scottsbluff, ered bones of an extinct bison with a pecu­ 1992. The museum was closed and I was and other classic types are displayed. liar fluted point (named ) in situ unable to locate anyone to open it for me. The Blackwater Draw site itself can only between the ribs of the bison. All-in-all, a Readers of this article who might want to be seen by hiking a % mile trail. Starting at total of 23 more bison skeletons and 19 visit Folsom sometime could phone in ad­ the trail head (Fig. 6), the view is northwest. more fluted points were found during the vance (505) 278-2122 or (505) 278-3616 to This is the former location of the spring-fed summer. Although the significance of the make arrangements to see this museum. Blackwater Draw Lake. Here Clovis hunters was unknown before 1926, the Of interest to historians, on the main (11,300 B.P.) stalked Mammoth columbi site was actually known as early as 1904 street in Folsom is the 1888 Folsom Motel and Bison antiquus around the edge of this when a black cowboy named George which is on the National Register of Historic lake. Today the old lake bed is filled with McJunklin discovered fluted points and Places. Also, along this old business district back-dirt from gravel quarry operations. bones of large animals eroding from a are several old abandoned circa 1880 Standing in the site and looking back stream bank. This cowboy worked on Lige buildings (Fig. 4). The town of Folsom in the east (Fig. 7) one sees stratigraphy repre­ Johnson's Crowfoot Ranch. McJunklin was late 1800's was a booming railroad town. senting Pleistocene gravel and lake sedi­ persistent in bringing the bones and As I did some photography in this area, I ments. The deposits seen in the bottom of weapons to the world's attention. He told envisioned dance-hall girls and bar room this photo may be as much as two million so many people about his find that the shoot-outs! years old. The upper level is less than Denver Museum of Natural History began It is not possible to visit the actual site of 11,000 years old. the "Folsom dig" in 1926. McJunklin died the original Folsom dig. The site is located One more photo (Fig. 8) of the site will before the dig, so he never knew the real on private land and I understand the own­ be shown here. In the right foreground of significance of his discovery. The impor­ ers discourage tourists and others from vis­ this photo is the approximate location of tance to science of the Folsom excavations iting or knowing the exact location of the the first excavations between 1993 and was the fact that for the first time archaeol­ site. There probably wouldn't be much 1937. Three Mammoth columbi skeletons ogists had undisputable evidence for the there for the average person to see any­ were uncovered here associated with contemporaniety of man and extinct ani­ way. I've visited Lehner, Naco, and Murray Clovis fluted points, bone implements, and mals in North America. Springs in Arizona. After excavations are scrapers. Above this level were five skulls The village of Folsom, New Mexico is just completed, such Paleo-lndian sites aren't of Bison taylori associated with Folsom 5 or 6 miles north of Capulin Mountain very impressive to the average person. Points. Later, between 1950 and 1955, ex­ National Monument on N.M. Route 325 cavations by E.H. Sellards supported the (Fig. 1). The town can also be reached VIA Discussion of the Clovis Type-Site first discoveries. In the 1960's radiocarbon N.M. Route 72 from the small village of Des The Clovis "type-site", known as dating was used to date beds containing Moines. From the north side of the rim of Blackwater Draw, is 170 miles south of the the cultural materials, again supporting Capulin Volcano Mountain one can see the Folsom Site. It is located between the earlier conclusions. Folsom area in the distance. Word has towns of Clovis and Portales. Also, the The Museum. Perhaps even more inter­ reached me this past summer that the NPS Blackwater Draw Museum is located some esting than the type-site itself is the is closing Capulin Volcano. Geologists esti­ distance from the actual dig site. This mu­ Blackwater Draw Museum (located a dis­ mate that this old volcano is 7,000 years seum is located on U.S. Route 70 about tance away from the site). This museum old. Hence, Folsom Man never saw it. half way between Clovis and Portales. The was opened to the public in 1969. It is a The area of the "Folsom dig" is high site itself is located a short drive away from state-owned museum under the direction plains. The foothills of the Rocky Mountains U.S. Route 70 near Oasis State Park. The of Dr. John Montgomery of Eastern New can be seen in the distance looking north­ town of Clovis is the largest town in east- Mexico University. This museum is free to west. Today this area is cattle country (Fig. central New Mexico, being only 9 miles the public. However, it is only open be­ 2). Ten thousand years ago these plains from the Texas state line. tween Memorial Day and Labor Day, so were home to the Paleo-lndians and extinct Discovered in 1932 by A.W. Anderson of people planning a visit should plan ac­ bison. The town of Folsom is located in a Clovis, the Blackwater Draw Site is one of cordingly. Prior to my visit during the sum-

28 mer of 1992, I corresponded with Mr. One exhibit I found especially interesting Added Note Matthew Hillsman, the Museum Archeo- was a display on Sandia Cave (Fig. 12). It Anyone desiring more information on the logist. Upon arriving at the museum, I now is generally accepted that Sandia is two type-sites can write to the following found Hillsman to be very polite, courte­ the same age as Clovis and there never addresses: ous, and knowledgeable on the subject of was a Sandia Culture, as many of the old Folsom Museum Paleo-lndian archeology. textbooks suggested. Folsom , New Mexico 88419 The Blackwater Draw Museum is in- doubtedly the best museum in the world Additional Information Blackwater Draw Site pertaining to the Paleo-lndians. The ex­ The purpose of this article has been, ba­ Route 2, Box 146 Kl hibits of both artifacts and faunal materials sically, to give a general idea of what to ex­ Portales, New Mexico 88130 are outstanding. Photography is permitted pect from persons who might be interested in the museum. However, one should take in visiting the Folsom and Clovis sites. It is Blackwater Draw Museum either a flash or a tripod with high-speed not the purpose of this article to discuss Eastern New Mexico University film when visiting due to the dim lighting in the archeology of the Paleo-lndians in any Portales, New Mexico 88130 the exhibit cases. I really didn't go prepared detail. Much has already been written and for indoor photography. The museum offers is in our libraries and universities. For read­ Incidentally, a guide book to the Clovis for sale a few pertinent publications and ers of this article who might wish to do type-site can be purchased for 50$ from also they have T-shirts showing a Clovis more research on the subject, I recom­ the last two addresses. Indian man spearing a mammoth. These mend the publication by Carlson (1978) en­ All photographs accompanying this arti­ are priced very reasonable. titled, "The Peopling of the New World". cle are by the author. The exterior of the museum building it­ Another good source of information is a self (Fig. 9) probably puzzles lots of people collection of readings from Scientific Acknowledgements driving along the highway who do not American with an introduction by MacNeish Thanks are extended to Millie Kinzer, have knowledge of the site or archeology. (1972), entitled "Early Man in America". C. Bonnie Winslow, Tade Orr, and John Some motorists driving by probably won­ Vance Haynes, Jr. is a foremost authority Stockert, all residing in New Mexico, for der why camels and mammoths are on Pleistocene geology and Paleo-lndian their interest in this report. painted on this building in semi-arid New sites in the West. His article (Haynes, 1969) Mexico. The interior of the museum con­ entitled, "The Earliest Americans" presents References tains hundreds of artifacts and exhibits. excellent information. Although the above Carlson, John B. The museum is more spacious than would three references were written a number of 1978 The Peopling of the New World. appear from the outside. years ago, they still give good overviews of Northwestern University Archeological Not having taken high-speed film or flash the Paleo-lndians. Program. Evanston, III. Haynes, Vance C, Jr. with me, it was difficult for me to photo­ Several years ago I visited the Mexican 1969 The Earliest Americans. Science. Vol, 166, graph many of the artifact exhibits. National Museum of Anthropology in pp 709-715. However Figure 10 showing Frederick, Mexico City. In that museum was a dio­ Hillsman, Matthew Eden, and Scottsbluff Points gives a gen­ rama showing Paleo-lndians attacking a 1992 Personal Communication. Blackwater eral idea of the nature of the exhibits. There mammoth (Fig. 13). This photo is being in­ Draw Museum. are also several exhibits of faunal material cluded here because it shows a scene MacNeish, Richard S. (Intro) showing the in situ nature of it as it ap­ which might be typical of how Blackwater 1972 Early Man in America. Reading from peared when uncovered (Fig. 11). Shown in Draw appeared 11,300 years ago. Scientific American. W.H. Freeman & figure 11 are bones of mammoth, camel, Company. San Francisco. and dire wolf.

Figure 1 (Britt) Highway leading to the village of Folsom, New Mexico. The town is about 10 miles away.

•••••••jmnnHnni

29 Figure 2 (Britt) View of the area within one mile from Folsom, New Mexico. Ten thousand years ago this was the home of the Paleo- lndians and extinct bison. Today it is ranch land. Cattle, a corral, and the foothills of the Rocky Mountains can be seen.

Figure 3 (Britt) View of lava beds seen when approaching Folsom, New Mexico from the south, VIA St. Route 325.

Figure 4 (Britt) Old abandoned buildings along the main street in Folsom, New Mexico.

Figure 5 (Britt) Artifacts displayed at the little information center at the Blackwater Draw site. Shown here are Folsom, Clovis, Scottsbluff, Agate Basin, and other Paleo-lndian points.

OISTURD,* Figure 6 (Britt) A view of the Clovis "type-site" as seen from the trail head.

30 Figure 7 (Britt) View of the strata surrounding the site of the Ice Age Figure 8 (Britt) This is the site of the original finds of Clovis Points and lake at Blackwater Draw. View is looking east back towards the trail mammoths at Blackwater Draw, head. Upper surface is less than 11,000 years old.

Figure 10 (Britt) Artifacts dis­ played in the Blackwater Draw Museum near Portales, New Mexico.

Figure 9 (Britt) Exterior of the Blackwater Draw Museum as seen by motorists passing by on U.S. Route 70 in New Mexico.

Figure 12 (Britt) Exhibit on Sandia Cave at Blackwater Draw Museum.

Figure 11 (Britt) Exhibit in the Blackwater Draw Museum showing the re­ constructed in situ nature of bones of mammoth, camel, and dire wolf.

Figure 13 (Britt) A diorama in the Mexican National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City. It shows Paleo-lndians attacking a mammoth.

31 LATE ARCHAIC SLATE ARTIFACT by Chad Wheeler 516 S. Seventh St. Upper Sandusky, Ohio

In October of 1993, I found the slate ar­ up. This Artifact has engraved cross The same site has yielded many projec­ tifact shown in Fig. 1 at site 33wy 640, lo­ hatchings on both sides as shown in the tile points, scrapers and an ax dated be­ cated at the head of a small drainage drawing. The dark bold lines in the draw­ tween 2,000 to 5,000 years old. which runs into the Sandusky River. It is ing are deep scars from farm equipment. The spineback is 2,500 to 3,000 years made of banded slate and is similar to the In Fig 1, I show what the artifact would old. I hope to find the other missing piece. spineback gorget but one end is shaped look like if it were whole. The bigger por­ as a Bar amulet. The holes were drilled as tion is the part I found. in all spineback gorgets from the bottom

Figure 1 (Wheeler) Drawings of spineback gorget.

32 OHIO AND MICHIGAN SLATE by Dale and Betty Roberts Box 26-L Mt. Sterling, Iowa 52573

Shown are some pieces of slate form connecting frooves. The smaller one is get was originally collected by Dr. Ohio and Michigan in my collection. The rom Lewanee Co., Michigan and the Stanley Copeland. It was found by F.J. 3 anchor pendant is 3 /e inches long and large one is from Defiance Co., Ohio. Guinable on his farm 18 inches under the made of banded slate. It has tally marks The Glacial Kame gorget is made of red surface in Townsend Twp., Sandusky around its entire circumference. It is from slate and St. Josepch C, Michigan and Co., Ohio. It has 108 tally marks around Williams Co., Ohio. Two bar amulets with is 6 inches long. The Glacial Kame gor­ its circumference.

PARK SERVICE AGENTS STEAL A COLLECTION STEAL: 1. To take or appropriate (another's property) without permission, dishonestly, especially in a secret or surreptitious manner. (Webster's Unabridged Dictionary) When Tricia Shipley bought her hus­ morals and a society which seems to be a career. But read on and try to fathom the band Greg a wristwatch for his birthday, exploding with crime and violence and the following events and the story of a she didn't know that the receipt from that "anything goes" philosophy, Greg Shipley government bureaucracy gone crazy. purchase would someday be confiscated personifies all that we wish our children In October of 1993, Greg bought a col­ by Federal Agents to be used as evidence could be. One has the feeling after know­ lection of Southwestern pottery from a against him. Neither did Greg realize that ing young people like Greg and Tricia that woman in Tennessee. She had lived in when he took a picture of a few deer on a perhaps all is not lost - that there are still Tennessee for ten years having moved ridge across from his home (next to a site some really fine individuals in this world there from the Santa Fe area where she he hunted) that it too would be confiscated and our future is in good hands. and her former husband had accumulated to be introduced as evidence in Federal Greg began collecting Indian artifacts the collection over a 27 year period. It had court. By now, the reader will wonder what when he found some arrowheads on his been purchased at auctions and from the these innocent events are all about, but if family farm when he was a little boy. As numerous galleries in New Mexico and you have a heart condition or high blood with many of us, a chance circumstance Arizona, many vessels having several la­ pressure you should put this article down turned into a curiosity and love for the past bels from collections they had passed and read no more. There is a point to this and an appreciation for the prehistoric arti­ through. The collection was a well known story but it requires some background to facts plowed up by farmers. He grew up in one in the Santa Fe area and had been dis­ understand it. Champaign County where he surface played and shown in this couple's home If you had to pick a young man for a hunted, watched gravel operations to res­ for many years. Numerous collectors and son, or a brother, or a good friend, from cue pieces destined for highway fill, and archaeologists had seen it and in fact a Dr. our Society roster, you would search long bought century old collections at farm J.J. Brody of the University of New Mexico and hard before you could find a more auctions. He, like most of us, became a had curated part of the collection and in outstanding candidate than Greg Shipley. collector. Greg Shipley has other qualities the early 1980's it had toured Italy as part Still in his thirties, he works two jobs - - he has an effervescent enthusiasm and a of an American art exhibit. After buying the Honda of America, where he is in line for a quick and observant mind - he has be­ collection, Greg moved it to Urbana with promotion, and farming his family farm. He come in his young years a self-taught ex­ the idea of selling some of it and retaining once had a wrongful U turn traffic ticket, pert in prehistoric artifacts. He has been a some pieces for himself. but other than that he has an unblemished member of the Archaeological Society of In the middle of January, 1994, two men record with the law. He is cleancut, Ohio for twenty years and is well liked an called him from a fast food restaurant in doesn't swear, he doesn't drink or smoke respected. Thus far, the reader will per­ Urbana and asked to see his collection. He or take drugs, I've never seen him in a bad haps see parallels with his or her own ex­ courteously invited them to his house and mood, and he is hardworking and scrupu­ periences and will fail to see anything even showed them his artifacts including his lously honest. In these days of crumbling slightly insidious or menacing about such continued on page 51

33 INSIGHT INTO THE YAW MOUND by Gary Felumlee New Concord, Ohio

The Yaw Mound (33-MU-283) is located only souvenirs that this ancient indi­ References in eastern County, Ohio, near vidual left for public inspection. Henry Anonymous the villages of New Concord and Rix Mills says that he hopes to dig further into 1926 Academy Student Finds Relics in Indian (Figure 1). This area was once very rich in the mound. Mound. New Concord Enterprise, Volume archaeological sites. Stripmining operations XLV, June 3. in the 1970s and 1980s eliminated many From my discussion with Mr. Waddell, a Brown, Jeff 1976 A Late Prehistoric Hilltop Site, Muskingum sites and little information on the area has few more details came to light. The skele­ County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 26(1 ):24- ever been published. ton was in an extremely bad state of 28. preservation but appeared to be in an ex­ Surface collections from the ridge begin­ 1985 Archaeological Sites and Surface Mining in ning just south of New Concord to Rix Mills tended position. Many of the bones ap­ Southeast Ohio. Manuscript on file, Ohio contain stone tools and projectile points peared as little more than discolorations in Historic Preservation Office, Ohio Historical covering a vast spectrum of prehistoric the soil. The lower jaw was partially intact Society, Columbus. time. The ridge was used by Paleoindian upon discovery and Mr. Waddell attempted Moorehead, Warren K. groups through . One Late to save it and the skull. Both disintegrated 1892 Primitive Man in Ohio. Knickerbocker Prehistoric hilltop site (33-MU-32) was dis­ into tiny fragments, leaving only the three Press, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York. cussed by Jeff Brown in 1976. Excavations teeth. These were later discarded. The only Skinner, Shaune M. at this site by Brown, along with James artifact discovered in the uncovering of the 1986 Phase 1 and 2 Cultural Resource Survey Morton and Jeff Carskadden, revealed a skeleton was a slate pendant, called a for the Proposed Trade Winds Energy house pattern, shallow pits, and a ceramic small hatchet in the newspaper article, and Mining Tract, Union Township, Muskingum and projectile point assemblage suggesting it was found in the neck area of the skele­ County, Ohio. Archaeological Services a link to the Philo Phase Fort Ancient sites ton (Figures 2 and 3). No projectile points, Consultants, Columbus. located some fifteen miles to the southwest cache blades, or other items were found along the Muskingum River. This site was with the burial. destroyed by mining in 1974, shortly after The Waddell farm of Henry's youth has these limited excavations occurred (Brown produced some further evidence of prehis­ 1976,1985). toric occupation. Mr. Waddell collected a Warren K. Moorehead dug into three second pendant (Figure 3), a number of mounds near Rix Mills in 1882, noting later projectile points (Figures 4-7), and an un­ in his book Primitive Man in Ohio that "their usual partially drilled stone "ball" (Figure 8) exploration yielded nothing of interest or in the cultivated fields on the farm. The pro­ value, a few skeletons being found within jectile points range in age from the Archaic them" (Moorehead 1892). Other than a to the Woodland period. Of particular inter­ 1986 contract archaeology report which in­ est to the discussion of the Yaw Mound is cluded mention of the Yaw Mound (Skinner the Adena trapezoidal slate pendant and 1986), Moorehead's publication and Jeff the early to middle Adena stemmed projec­ Brown's reports have long been the major tile points, indicating early to middle Adena part of the archaeological record of eastern activity in the vicinity of the Yaw Mound. Muskingum County. Further examination of the mound and sur­ rounding habitation sites on the Waddell The Yaw Mound came to my attention Figure 1 (Felumlee) Map of Muskingum this past summer, when I met with Mr. farm would be needed to better understand the relationship between the mound and County showing the general location of the Henry Waddell, a lifetime resident of the Yaw Mound. New Concord area. He told me of a mound these other sites. that was on his old family farm. As a young In 1986 the ridgetop where the Yaw man about to graduate from high school, Mound is situated was slated for stripmin­ he had discovered and dug into it in 1926. ing. The mound was rediscovered during a The New Concord Enterprise, a weekly pa­ contract archaeology survey of the ridge per, had announced his discovery just be­ (Skinner 1986), and according to this re­ fore his graduation. In the June 3, 1926 is­ port, the mound appeared to be about one sue, the following story appeared: meter in height and fifteen meters in diame­ ter. The mining tract boundaries were re­ Academy Student Finds Relics In vised to preserve the mound, making this Indian Mound site one of the few that remain on this once Henry Waddell who lives on route archaeologically prolific ridge between New four made a very interesting discov­ Concord and Rix Mills. Information pro­ ery at his home last week. He found a vided by Mr. Waddell gives us some limited mound on his place that resembled insight into this once very active area. an Indian Mound. So with a pick and Special thanks go to Henry Waddell for shovel he dug into it and shortly sharing his information with me, and to Jeff found some Indian relics and the pul­ Carskadden for taking the photographs. I verized skeleton of a former Indian also wish to thank Dr. Jack Kovach, Dr. J. resident of this community. One of Knapp, and the late Steve Scott for allow­ the relics found was a small hatchet. ing me to view their surface finds and for It was not large enough to be termed sharing additional information about the a tomahawk It was a very small thin New Concord-Rix Mills area over the past Figure 2 (Felumlee) Recent photograph of Mr. bladed hatchet with a hole in the twenty years. Henry Waddell of New Concord, Ohio, holding center. In the skeleton Henry found the slate pendant he found in the Yaw Mound three teeth. These teeth were the in 1926.

34 Figure 4 (Felumlee) Miscellaneous early Archaic projectile points surface collected by Henry Waddell on his farm near New Concord, Ohio

Figure 3 (Felumlee) Both of these slate pen­ dants were found in the early part of the cen­ tury by Henry Waddell on his farm near New Concord, Ohio. The Adena trapezoidal pen­ dant was surface collected in a cultivated field and the elliptical pendant excavated from a mound on the farm in 1926. The mound is now known as the Yaw Mound.

Figure 6 (Felumlee) Late Archaic pentagonal points surface collected by Henry Waddell on his farm near New Concord, Ohio

0 \

Figure 5 (Felumlee) Late Archaic "Fish Spear" points surface col­ lected by Henry Waddell on his farm near New Concord, Ohio.

0 I 2 3 4 5

Fig. 8 (Felumlee) An unusual partially drilled Figure 7 (Felumlee) Early to middle Adena points surface collected by Henry Waddell on his farm stone "ball" surface collected by Henry near New Concord, Ohio Waddell on his farm near New Concord.

35 A ROSS COUNTY SPOOL by Stephen Kelley P.O. Box #1 Seaman, Ohio 45679

Illustrated are different views of a sand­ stone spool recently found in the Chillicothe area by a trapper who report­ edly found it on a river bank. Now in the collection of ASO member Stephen Lewis of Manchester, Ohio, this interesting relic has been crafted out of buff-colored, fine­ grained sandstone and measures 2VS inches in length. It is characteristically constricted in the center and has its sides decorated with deeply incised lines which are carved in a stepped pattern. Both the top and bottom are also deco­ rated with deeply incised lines. The top is distinguished by four groups of three lines each which radiate from a circle. This cir­ cle is carved in relief and surrounds a concavity which measures about V* inch in depth. The bottom is also divided into quadrants which give the overall appear­ ance of a cross. Between the arms of this cross are crudely incised circular designs. In imitation of the top, the center of the bottom is drilled about % inch deep. The 9 top measures 1 /6 inches in diameter whereas the bottom is 1 % inches across.

References Converse, Robert N. 1978 Ohio Slate Types, The Archaeological Society of Ohio

Figure 1 (Kelley) Side view of the Ross County spool.

Figure 2 (Kelley) Top view of the spool showing four groups of three lines Figure 3 (Kelley) Bottom view of the spool which features a cross-like each radiating from a circle. design.

36 PROPHETSTOWN, GREENVILLE, OHIO - 1805-1808 by Richard Green and Tony DeRegnaucourt Historic Archaeological Research, Inc. 106 North Street Arcanum, Ohio 45304

Early in 1805 near the dilapidated re­ preaching was readily accepted among the Shakers. During the spring and summer of mains of Fort Greenville, a new Delawares on the nearby White river in 1807, the Prophet received pack trains of Indian village was founded by Indiana (Edmunds, 1983). In March of 1806, supplies from the Shakers temporarily of­ and his brother "the the Prophet visited the White river village in fering relief to food shortages. Threats by Prophet". The political significance and au­ an effort to ferret out tribal members sus­ frontiersmen would later cause the Shakers dacity of the establishment of this village, pected of sorcery. Several Delawares were to discontinue support of the Greenville vil­ literally in the shadow of Anthony Wayne's put to death at the stake. Emphasis on indi­ lage (Edmunds 1983; Wilson 1914; Drake abandoned Fort Greenville, would later lend viduals having ties with Moravian mission­ 1855). credence to the doctrines set forth by the aries and that had accepted Christianity It is also evident that the Shawnee vil­ emerging Shawnee Prophet. This land, in­ was apparent in the Prophet's inquisition lage covertly received aid from the British deed much of Ohio, was ceded to the (Eggleston, 1897; Edmunds, 1983). during 1807 (Edmunds 1983). American United States as a result of the 1795 Treaty Having heard of the murders among the sentiment towards foreign aid to the of Greenville. Tecumseh and his Shawnee Delawares, the Indian territorial governor, Indians was hostile; particularly, after the followers did not attend the treaty signing William Henry Harrison, attempted to dis­ recent depredations of the revolutionary and were overt dissenters chastising the credit the Prophet and wrote ... war. Fort Wayne Indian agent, William Indian representatives who treated with "If God has really employed him, he has , was relentless in calling for the Ohio Wayne ultimately relinquishing most of the doubtless authorized him to perform mira­ village to be disbanded, and Harrison in Shawnee lands north and west of the Ohio cles, that he may be known and received Vincennes, continued to show concern river. From this village at the confluence of as a prophet. If he is really a prophet, ask over the Prophet and his followers. Fear Greenville and Mud creeks, the Prophet, him to cause the sun to stand still - the among the settlers was rampant, and rela­ through the primitive means of communi­ moon to alter its course - the rivers to tions with neighboring whites generally cation available to him, would reach out cease to flow - or the dead to rise from deteriorated (Drake 1855; Eggleston 1878). and touch virtually all nations and bands of their graves"... (Drake 1855:90). In June of 1807, several murders, appar­ Indian east of the Mississippi river and west The letter from Harrison would ultimately ently committed by Indians, caused of the (Edmunds backfire as the Prophet answered the chal­ Governor Edward Tiffin to mobilize the state 1983; Eckert 1992; Drake, 1855). lenges on June 16, 1806. At his teeming militia and call for a council with the The Prophet ascended in religious and Greenville village, and with a dramatic flair, (Drake 1855). Although Tecumseh political stature seemingly overnight. As a the Prophet predicted a total eclipse of the was able to mollify the Americans present at result of a comatose vision in which he sun. Of course, there is evidence that the the Chillicothe council to some extent, the claimed to have met with the Master of Prophet was previously informed by visiting situation remained tense. Moreover, the Life, the self-proclaimed prophet had thus astronomers that the eclipse would occur; growing population of Prophetstown was been directed to act as the incontrovertible nevertheless, this event catapulted him to becoming more difficult to provide for holy man for his people. He immediately prominence and credibility among his su­ (Edmunds 1983; Drake 1855). changed his given Shawnee name, perstitious followers (Drake, 1855; Early in 1808, Tecumseh, the Prophet Lalawethika (loosely translated Loud Noise Edmunds, 1983). and their followers abandoned the or Noisemaker) to the more prestigious During the summer of 1806, the Greenville village, burned the Council name of Tenskwatawa meaning Open Prophet's word spread westward to the house and wigwams (Edmunds 1984) and Door. A preponderance of the historical Kickapoos on the Sangamon river in Illinois moved west to the Wabash and record suggests that prior to this transfor­ (Edmunds, 1983). Many Indians began pil­ Tippecanoe rivers in Indiana (Darke 1855; mation Lalawethika was disgustingly alco­ grimages to the Greenville village to hear Eggleston 1878; Eckert 1992). holic and held little, if any, respect among the Prophet speak. Early in 1807, various Nearly all accounts agree that as many his peers (Eckert 1992). However his vision bands from the Great Lakes region includ­ as several thousand Indians of numerous denounced the use of the white man's ing Potawatomis from Michigan, Illinois and tribes throughout the old "fire water" and he henceforth abstained Wisconsin were arriving in Ohio. According visited and lived with Tecumseh and the from the use of alcohol. The reformed to several sources, there were over 400 Prophet at the Greenville village. The Tenskwatawa called for a return to the Indians camped at Greenville including Prophet's new doctrine polarized Indians habits and implements of his ancestors, Sacs, Winnebagos and Menominees from on the frontier and caused a diverse con­ and to relinquish the , clothing, the west, and Ottawas and Chippewas gregation of Indian factions to assemble, food and alcohol of the whites. The new from the Michigan country (Drake 1855; over the course of a three year period, at doctrine called for peace and brotherhood Eggleston 1878). this site. among all Indians and an end to inter-tribal Throughout the summer of 1807, it is es­ In April of 1993, the Darke County Park violence. The inherent undertones of the timated that more than 1500 Indians had District contracted with the Upper Miami Prophet's new religion were anti-white and passed through Fort Wayne alone Valley Archaeological Research Museum specifically anti-American. Inter-racial mar­ (Eggleston 1878; Edmunds 1983). At least (UMVARM) to conduct an intensive riage was to be avoided by all means and 700-800 Indians now inhabited the archaeological survey of a recently the new religion was to be held above all Greenville village, many of which were acquired 105 acre tract of land just west of others strongly prohibiting witchcraft or Shawnee, Delaware, Wyandots, Sacs and Greenville, Ohio. Preliminary archival sorcery (Drake, 1998; Edmunds, 1983). Miamis. Sources report that a large council research conducted by DCPD board mem­ The Prophet became an accomplished house (150' x 34') was constructed and bers, indicated that the entire parcel orator commanding the attention and re­ that at least 60 cabins and structures ex­ acquired by the Park District lies within the spect of his audiences (Eckert, 1992). isted along Greenville creek (Wilson 1914; former boundaries of the village founded Utilizing the precarious Greenville village as Edmunds 1983; 84). by Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet, his base of operations, his word was Although the Prophet had insisted upon in 1805. (site 33 Da 10). spread rapidly among neighboring factions, the alienation of whites, providing for the Further research indicates that the vil­ many of which were disgruntled by white ever increasing numbers must have been lage was established southwest of the con­ intervention on the frontier. There is strong difficult. For this reason, the Prophet used fluence of Greenville and Mud creeks and evidence to support that the Prophet's his pacific influence to solicit aid from the spanned several square miles. Much of the

37 land selected for the village was within the facts. Literally hundreds such modern both in the wooded area of the survey and flood plain of one or both creeks; however, metallic items were removed during the in the flood plain of Mud Creek was initiat­ the site was selected more as a political course of this survey. ed. Bob Nixon, employee of Dayton Power and religious statement by the brother than Numerous artifacts dating and attribut­ and Light and a DCPD board member, pro­ as an ideal habitat. able to both Fort Greenville 1793-1796 and vided backhoe assistance. Analysis of the The UMVARM continued to archival to the Prophet's village 1805-1808 were test trenches is ongoing at this writing. research begun by the DCPD and initiated recovered, mapped stabilized and cata­ A definitive pattern of artifact distribu­ a phase II surface reconnaissance in an logued. Final disposition will be determined tion is illustrated by a scattergram of recov­ effort to locate prehistoric and historic by the DCPD. Items associated with the ered artifacts mapped, in part, by volunteer archaeological sites and artifacts that might fort include: musket balls, cannon ball frag­ specialist, Ron Kopernac, utilizing (GPS) be located within the park boundaries. ments, saddle and harness furniture includ­ Global Positioning Satellite and computer Conventional surface survey tech­ ing a number of iron buckles and an iron software generated mapping. It is impor­ niques were utilized to check those areas stirrup, a 1792 military button and several tant to note that the Park District property of the park that had been previously culti­ as yet unidentified artifacts of probable mili­ is only a portion of what research dictates vated. In this manner, two prehistoric sites tary origin. See photos. that the full area of the village encom­ have thus far been found with one site Artifacts attributed to the Indian occupa­ passed. Much of the village area has been yielding artifacts dating to the late archaic tion include: musket balls, a cache of cut developed or otherwise disturbed and may period, approximately 5,000 years ago. and rolled pewter, a pewter bracelet or jew­ have once contained a greater concentra­ The other site yielded only non-diagnostic elry item and a silver brooch manufactured tion of artifacts having been within the lithic indicating a prehistoric by John Kinzie for the Indian trade between known area of heavier habitation. The campsite of an age and function that has 1780 and 1812 (Quimby 1966; Eckert DCPD, to their credit, purchased this land not been determined. 1984). See photos. (See "Kinzie Brooch" to develop a preserve on the undisturbed The main focus of the surface survey article inset). remains of the village. Please Note: The vil­ was to locate artifacts associated with the All artifacts from the wooded area were lage site is protected by state and federal historic era Indian village; however, conven­ recovered from the 6"-10" level with the archaeological protection laws. tional visual surface survey did not yeld any exception of one rather remarkable discov­ A two story log cabin will serve as an historic artifacts attributable to this period. ery which has yet to be attributed to either interpretive center on the site. Ongoing By the turn of the 19th century, much of an military or Indian manufacture. At an angu­ research and an effort to permit further 1 Indian's wares were of Euro-American origin lar depth ranging from 2' to 2 /2', the survey is under way. Additional artifacts and obtained through fur trade with the remains of a folded, apparently heat tem­ and data are anticipated as a result of whites. Subsequently, artifacts found in pered piece of tin measuring approximately future research. association with historic Indian villages are 12" x 24" and originally about W thick was Clearly, this undertaking simply could somewhat similar to those of early pioneer located and excavated. In a layer immedi­ not have been as rewarding without the habitation sites. (Although the Prophet ately surrounding and above the object enormous amount of time, energy and denounced the use of white man's imple­ were numerous elk or very large deer bone enthusiasm of the skilled and semi-skilled ments, certain weapons, utensils and tools fragments. Underneath and surrounding professional and avocational volunteers could not be relinquished). the tin was a layer of charcoal and ash. It is that assisted on this project. The results Many trade items were manufactured of surmised that this is the remains of obtained, in a relatively short period of time, metals such as iron, tin copper, brass and an early "dutch oven". It is apparent that a exemplify the necessity for this level of silver. For this reason, the use of modern deep pit was excavated and that the dis­ cooperation. Sincere thanks go out to all metal detector technology is ideally suited placed earth used to form a at one who helped make this project a success! for performing archaeological surveys on end of the pit. The piece of tin was bent to For those wishing to learn more about historic period sites. form three sides of the oven and to act as a this site, please contact H.A.R., Inc. at the Tony DeRegnaucourt, Richard Green, heat exchanger, while the fourth side pro­ previously mentioned address or call and Larry Hamilton, members of H.A.R., vided access for . When the oven 1-800-301-4999. A booklet containing Inc., offered to facilitate an efficient and was no longer needed the deformed reflec­ information about the complete archaeo­ more productive survey strategy by con­ tor was discarded in the pit and the hole re­ logical investigations undertaken at the ducting an intensive metal locating search filled. No other items were excavated in site is being published and will be avail­ of the Greenville site. In a Phase II survey conjunction with this feature. able for a nominal price. such as this one, it is possible to quickly Obviously, this example is derived delineate and map the site while simultane­ through conjecture; however, this type of References Cited ously recovering numerous artifacts with cooking arrangement is known to have Drake, Benjamin the use of metal detectors. been employed by the military of this 1855 Life of Tecumseh and His Brother the Several problems were encountered period. Lacking any further evidence or Prophet With a Historical Sketch of the and overcome during the course of the pre­ military artifacts within the excavation, and Shawanoe Indians. H.M. Rulison, Queen liminary work. A large portion of the Park assuming that the civilian militia or Indians City Publishing, Cincinnati. District property is wooded and subject to may have adopted this technique, the oven Eckert, Allan W. a heavy, indeed impassable, undergrowth feature remains of unknown origin. 1992 A Sorrow In Our Heart: The Life of of briars. Obviously, a mid-summer survey Artifacts located in the plow zone of the Tecumseh. Bantam Books, New York. of the wooded areas was not feasible. cultivated portion of the Park District prop­ Edmunds, R. David Volunteers Troy Meyer, Tom Smith and erty were, of course, located at depths 1983 The Shawnee Prophet. University of Debbie Whitacre, aided in completing ranging from the very surface to approxi­ Nebraska Press, Lincoln. some of the fieldwork before the site mately the 12" level. Several apparent cabin 1984 Tecumseh and the Quest for Indian became too overgrown. The DCPD was sites were located in this area and were out­ Leadership. Little, Brown, and Co., Ltd., also more than cooperative and had the lined by a scattering of broken and bent New York. cultivated segments of the site turned by a hand forged nails. Typical pioneer cabin Eggleston, Edward local area farmer. Without this cooperation sites will generally yield at least some evi­ 1878 Tecumseh and the Shawnee Prophet. and volunteer assistance, the survey could dence of occupation and debris other than Dodd, Mead, & Company, New York. not have commenced until late fall. nails; however these sites were distin­ Quimby, George Ira An intrinsic problem encountered with guished by a lack of additional diagnostic 1966 Indian Culture and European Trade regard to wooded areas is the annoying remains. This may offer conclusive consis­ Goods. The University of Wisconsin presence of modern trash items including, tency with research which suggests that the Press, Madison. but not limited to, modern shotgun shell Indians did not intend to return to this site Wilson, Frazer E. hulls, bullets, tin and aluminum cans, dis­ and salvaged as much as possible before 1914 History of Darke County, Ohio From Its carded farm implements, etc. This surface burning their structures and moving west. Earliest Settlement to the Present Time. layer must be stripped in order to reach A backhoe test trenching scheme to Hobart Publishing Company, Milford, below and recover the deeper, older arti­ determine soil stratification and alleviation, Ohio

38 Figure 1 (Green-DeRegnaucourt) Cache of Britannia Pewter, rolled for Figure 2 (Green-DeRegnaucourt) Cache of buckles found in one hole repre- storage and/or transport by metalsmith, all found in one hole. senting saddle furniture.

Figure 4 (Green-DeRegnaucourt) Various hand forged iron square nails from Shawnee house sites. ' H |' (11 > H j' t < |' i iTTii 11 M | * i' i' i • | • M r *i < |» "i |71" fi i« | • n pTr|TTTjT|

Figure 3 (Green-DeRegnaucourt) Various calibers of musket balls including .36, .45, .69, and buckshot. Also lead spew from making the balls and bullets.

< i < 111'1 • 111> |' |l | 11' | M 11 • 1111111111111111 I i 111 . | 11111111. |. 11 |. | i, • |. | • | • I • | • I ., M • i •, • i r- 1 2 3 « 5 Figure 5 (Green-DeRegnaucourt) Buckle, brass ring, and fragment of a spirit Figure 6 (Green-DeRegnaucourt) Oxen or wine bottle base from 1790-1810 period.

39 Figure 8 (Green- DeRegnaucourt) Iron ring and wood chisel.

Figure 7 (Green-DeRegnaucourt) Two horseshoes

Figure 9 (Green- DeRegnaucourt) Several old iron objects including hook in upper left corner and two old strike-a-lights or firesteels in lower right corner.

Figure 10 (Green-DeRegnaucourt) Spur missing rowel and stirrup.

111111111

Figure 11 (Green-DeRegnaucourt) Two numbered (74 and 49) lead identifica­ Figure 12 (Green-DeRegnaucourt) Shawnee silver tion discs and scabbard tip. trade brooch made by John Kinzie between 1780- 1810 with his touchmark (JK). 9%% )

Figure 13 (Green-DeRegnaucourt) Various cannonball Figure 14 (Green-DeRegnaucourt) Three complete cannonballs fragments from Fort Greene Ville (1793-1796). These excavated at Fort Jefferson in 1930 which is 8 miles southeast were fired during training exercises, formations, and of village. signals to hunting and recon parties.

40 THE KINZIE BROOCH by Richard Green 603 W. Spring St. Brownstown, IN 47220

On November 23, 1993, while continuing river near current Defiance, Ohio. Most region in Illinois. Kinzie was present, in the archaeological survey of Tecumseh and trading at this post was with Shawnees and 1812, at the Fort Dearborn massacre. the Prophet's Greenville, Ohio village, (see Ottawas. (Griswold 1917 and Howe 1888). Most of the above information regarding "Prophetstown, Greenville") a very rare and In 1790, General Josiah Harmar de­ John Kinzie was gleaned from Eckert fascinating artifact surfaced. The area in stroyed Kinzie's Miamitown trading post be­ (1983). Although further research of Kinzie's which the find was made was densely fore being defeated by and Blue life is forthcoming, it is clear that he traded overgrown in vegetation and much dreaded Jacket. In 1791, Kinzie is credited with do­ with and had amiable relations with most of briars. Members of Historic Archaeological nating nearly all his supplies to the Indians the various Indian factions in the Northwest Research, Inc. had discontinued the survey marching against St. Clair. General Wayne's Territory, some of whom certainly visited of this wooded area during the summer and 1794 army destroyed Kinzie's remaining Tecumseh and the Prophet's village be­ resumed the search in early October. This trading post and erected Fort Defiance on tween 1805 and 1808. section of the woods was previously impen­ the Maumee river at the mouth of the The brooch could have been manufac­ etrable and, in fact, would require a ma­ Auglaize. It is believed that Kinzie was never tured at any time in the 25-30 years prior to chete in order to extend the pattern of the offered restitution of his loss by the British the establishment of the Greenville village. metal detector search. Principal Investi­ government. In conjunction with the U.S. In any event, this fine piece of silver was gator, Tony DeRegnaucourt, widened a occupation of Detroit in 1796, John Kinzie very valuable during this era and certain to path through the dense foliage while I fol­ became a United States citizen. Kinzie es­ be sorely missed when its loss was discov­ lowed with a metal detector recovering all tablished a new post on the St. Joseph river ered by the previous owner. Today, almost metal objects in the area being cleared. near the Potawatomis in 1797. two centuries late, the brooch has found a The artifact, which has been identified as In 1804, Kinzie closed his St. Joseph river new owner and home with the Darke a silver brooch, (Fig.1) was located at ap­ operation and moved to Chicago. The new County Park District. proximately 10" below the surface with business operated there at least through the several large roots preventing easy access. war of 1812 as Kinzie & Forsyth Merchants References Cited A much larger excavation surrounding the of Chicago. Also in 1804, William Henry Eckert, Allan W. area of the brooch recovery was both ex­ Harrison made John Kinzie the first Justice 1983 Gateway to Empire. Bantam Books, amined with metal detectors, and sifted for of the Peace of Chicago. Trading with New York non-metallic artifacts. The brooch was a Potawatomis, Sacs, Foxes, Winnebegos, Griswold, B.J. 1917 The Pictorial History of Fort Wayne, Indiana, singular recovery and no other artifacts Ottawas and Menominees, Kinzie's Robert O. Law Company, Chicago. were discovered in the immediate vicinity. Chicago operation flourished ultimately ex­ Howe, Henry As the photo illustrates, the overall condi­ panding to Milwaukee and the Rock River 7888 Historical Collections of Ohio, Two volumes. C.J. tion of the silver artifact is very good with the krehbiel & Co., Cincinnati. exception of loss of the pin that functioned as a fastener and some slight deformation. The maker's touch marks "JK" in square cartouche identified the manufacturer as John Kinzie (Quimby, 1966). Preliminary re­ search reveals that John Kinzie was not only a silversmith, but also an affluent trader significantly influencing many of the tribes that may have visited Prophetstown at Greenville. Born December 27, 1763, John Mackinzie, later shortened his name to Kinzie. In 1774, at age 10, Kinzie inden­ tured himself as apprentice silversmith with Quebec silversmith George Farnham, Ltd. In 1777, he moved to Detroit and went to work for William Burnett's business in the Indian trade. Kinzie worked both in Detroit and at a trading post in the Potawatomi vil­ lage of chief Topenebe on the St. Joseph of-the-Lake river. Apparently, Kinzie was respected by the Indians as a fair trader and accomplished silversmith. His given Indian name was Shawneeawkee, "The Silver Man". By age 17, in 1780, John Kinzie was an Indian trader entirely on his own. Two posts were established on the Maumee river. The first was near the principal village of the Miami tribe, Kekionga, also called Miami- town, encompassed by present Ft. Wayne, Indiana. At this post, he traded primarily with Miamis, Potawatomis, Shawnees and Ottawas. The second Maumee river post Figure 1 (Green) Silver trade brooch made by John Kinzie between 1780-1810 with his touchmark was located at the mouth of the Auglaize (JK).

41 ORNAMENTS, SYMBOLS, BINARY OPPOSITION AND ASPECTS OF THE IDEOLOGY OF THE LATE PREHISTORIC MONONGAHELA CULTURE by Thomas E. Pickenpaugh Curator Branch, Naval Historical Center, 901 M Street, SE Washington Navy Yard, Washington, DC 20374-0571

Abstract America is also addressed. females, children, and infants (of an inde­ The desire for political power, social The Structure of Social Status in terminate sex for the latter two), where they status, and the survival of the species are Monongahela Society appear as necklaces and bracelets (Brown, universals in human societies the world The social system of the Monongahela 1981:16; Carskadden and Morton, 1983:34- over. Among the Late Prehistoric Native was neither egalitarian, nor was it a social 35; Cresson, 1942:19; Davis, 1984:4-5; American Monongahela peoples of the system with a formal class structure. Social Dunnell, 1962:3; Grubb and Allen, 1980:16; Upper Ohio Valley of eastern North status was very likely achieved, based on Nale, 1963:170; Patterson, 1977:136; America, these universal desires found personal merit, rather than hereditary, Zimmerman and Randolph, 1986:49). The expression in their ornament complex. The where the individual is born into a particular ornament types are Marginella apicina shell carnivore/herbivore tooth pendants - both class or caste. Indeed, with a village popu­ beads, tubular shell beads, and shell disk real and imitation freshwater shell and lation probably rarely exceeding 150 to 200 beads. The first two types are of a marine mineral forms - were male political power, people, in combination with the fact that a origin, while the source of the shell disk high social status, and phallic symbols. limited number and type of ornaments are beads is not clear, as the manufacturing And bird bone, pottery disk, and ocean ordinarily recovered from the majority of the material is potentially of either marine or shell beads were female vagina/fertility Monongahela villages excavated, social freshwater origins. Also associated with symbols. The various sources and forms status can be assumed to be only some­ the female and child burials are bird bone of the materials comprising the ornament what beyond a lower level of formation and beads, where they are occasionally pre­ complex indicate the Monongahela uni­ development. Social status positions of a sent in considerable numbers, and appear verse was composed of the following permanent nature found in the villages to have functioned primarily as garment components: land, freshwater, bedrock, would have included a headman, repre­ decorations (Augus-tine, 1940:57; air, sea, and culture. In addition, the senting the political institution, and a Carskadden and Morton, 1983:34; Dragoo, ethnographical evidence indicates the shaman, representing the religious institu­ 1955:95; Herbstritt, 1981:42; Mayer-Oakes, teeth of larger, more fierce animals are tion. All other social status positions that 1954a:7-8). Only very rarely are women one of several universal political power existed in Monongahela society were prob­ reported to have been buried with pen­ symbols found in tribal and chiefdom vil­ ably secondary and more ephemeral in dants, although infants and children (of lage-level cultures around the world. character. And would have ceased to exist indeterminate sex) were now and again upon the deaths of the individuals, or when (both real teeth and freshwater shell imita­ the people ceased to practice their skills or tion elk canines) (Boyce, 1985:45; Dragoo, Introduction talents, or to be leading participants in an 1955:96). Males on the other hand, in addi­ Research on the ornaments of the Late important activity. For example, a hunter, or tion to being less frequently buried with Prehistoric Monongahela (A.D. 1000 to an individual who engaged only part-time in ornaments than females, appear to have 1600) of the Upper Ohio Valley of the east- trade. Evidence which may be cited for a been interred with fewer ornaments, and a em United States indicates that potentially village headman at Monongahela sites is lesser number of bead types. Marginella numerous facets of this culture may be illu­ the repeated recovery of bear and, secon­ apicina shell beads and bird bone beads, minated. The number of ornament types darily, wolf teeth pendants. Similarly, the for example, do not seem to be associated and the diversity of the sources of the evidence for a shaman would perhaps be with male skeletons. To this it may be materials utilized in the manufacture of the the recovery of a cluster of ornament types added, a shift in the location of the shell ornaments serve accordingly to illustrate manufactured from the teeth of large and disk and tubular shell beads from the neck their importance in the culture rather than small carnivores and herbivores, cannel area to the sides and back of the skull, sug­ the contrary. Thus, in this paper, the pen­ coal pendants, freshwater shell pendants, gests a change in the function - from neck­ dants and beads are viewed as symbols marine shell beads, and large and small laces to headdress decorations (George, whose function and meaning can be ascer­ bird bone beads. To this may be added Babish, and Davis, 1990:63; Mayer-Oakes, tained, and not merely as quaint examples some evidence for religious or ceremonial 1954a:5, 7). Pendants, again, do not of prehistoric jewelry. More specifically, the activity, for example, several clusters of appear to have been but rarely buried with pendants and beads form a duality. The agate rock, as found at Brokaw Village males (Mayer-Oakes, 1954a:6). teeth pendants are male power symbols, within the context of a house (see and the beads female fertility symbols. By way of contrast, the site report liter­ Pickenpaugh, 1993:43) - where the ature representing much of the Monon­ Hence, aspects of the Monongahela cul­ remains of a necklace comprised of the ture which are considered are the structure gahela territory indicates the general fre­ ornament types noted above were also quency of appearance of the various orna­ of social status, the model on which politi­ recovered (Figure 1). cal power is founded, and the order of the ment types at the villages. Hence, bird Monongahela universe. This latter topic bone beads are recovered at more village introduces the concept of binary opposi­ Ornament Types and locations than any other ornament type tion, which plays such a key role in these Archaeological Context (Augustine, 1940:54; Brown, 1981:63-65; investigations. The perspective of the A comparison of the Monongahela Buker, 1970:40-41; Butler, 1939:16, 43- analysis and interpretation of the orna­ ornament types recovered from burials 44; Carskadden, 1977:42-43; George, ments is that of the decision making with those recovered from other village 1983:56; Mayer-Oakes, 1954a:7, 9, 23, process of the manufacturer as he selects contexts indicates a considerable discrep­ 26; Pousson, 1983:117-118), followed in his materials for the manufacture of the ancy in types. The most apparent and order of frequency by bear teeth pendants ornament symbols, and the manufacturing striking differences are that most of the (Augustine, 1938:8; Baker, 1981:22-23; process itself. As these last two processes ornaments recovered from the interments George, 1983:56-57; Grubb and Allen, introduce the concept of subliminal sex are manufactured from shell, and that they 1980:15, 20; Herbstritt, 1981:33-34; symbols, their utilization in product adver­ are beads. In addition, the ornaments are Mayer-Oakes, 1954b-47, 53, 56; Robson, tisement and sales in contemporary most frequently associated with adult 1958:119-120, 124), tubular shell beads

42 (Brown, 1976:26-27; Buker, 1970:42; and herbivores, with essentially similar of the pendant has a dual message or Dunnell, 1962:10; George, Babish, and behavior, but proportionate to their size, are idea that he wishes to communicate. Davis, 1990:63; Grubb and Allen, 1980:16, found in lesser numbers on Monongahela Hence, in choosing his manufacturing 21), Marginella apicina shell beads (Butler, sites. For example, bobcat, raccoon, gray material, it must represent the land com­ 1939:46; Dragoo, 1955:95, 111, 113), shell fox, deer, and dog. Accordingly, a hierarchy ponent of the universe, and possess disk beads (Cresson, 1942:19; George, of power, or a point system, was assigned attributes that are both similar to and dif­ Babish, and Davis, 1990:62-63), cannel to the animals, and by extension, to the ferent from the materials representing the coal pendants (Boyce, 1985:31, 42; Brown, dentition pendants, which represented and male division of culture, freshwater, and 1976:24-27; 1981:52-53, 56-57; Carskad­ symbolized the animals, with the largest bedrock, but different from the air compo­ den, 1977:87, 95; Herbstritt, 1981:33-34), and most ferocious animals accorded the nent. The various carnivores and herbi­ wolf teeth pendants (Brown, 1981:68-69; most power and the smallest and most vores with their piercing canines and pow­ Buker, 1968:41-42; Carskadden, 1977:44), docile animals the least. In addition to the erful crushing molars and premolars freshwater shell pendants (Augustine, teeth pendants of the carnivores and herbi­ would have met these requirements. More 1940:54; Brown, 1981:58-59; Buker, vores are the much less frequently reported specifically, carnivores and herbivores 1968:37, 39; Butler, 1939:38, 46; Dragoo, pendants manufactured from squirrel, tur­ represent land; and the ferocious preda­ 1955:96, 113; Dunnell, 1980:16, 20, 23), tle, hare, and/or rabbit; namely, ilia, cora- tory behavior of the carnivores and the etc. Bird bone beads, in addition to being coids, and humeri. As these animals are large size and easy ability of the herbi­ recovered from more archaeological sites not at all fierce, nor were they represented vores to defend themselves, places these than any other ornament type, also appear by dentition, they were assigned the lowest land-bound animals in binary opposition in greater numbers than any of the other possible power values in the overall power with birds. Secondly, by taking the large ornament types at the numerous sites system. (See Tables 1 and 2 for a compari­ molars and premolars of the wolf, elk, and examined. However, bear teeth pendants, son of animal types used in the manufac­ deer, and breaking off lengthwise entire although they are recovered at nearly as ture of ornaments from Brokaw Village vs. portions of a tooth, and then grooving the many sites as bird bone beads, are typi­ the species list of animals recovered from base of the remaining root for suspension, cally found in quite limited numbers, with the Site.) but leaving the incisors and canines large­ one or two being the norm, although three ly unaltered - as they naturally possess a and more are occasionally found. It is Methodology thin elongate form - and then double- hypothesized that the reason for this is that The foregoing analysis and interpreta­ drilling a hole in the center of the base of bear teeth pendants were the primary sym­ tion of Monongahela ornaments as sym­ the root, the maker creates the basic form bol of male power and authority and high bols is perhaps too abstract to clearly for patterning dog teeth and imitation social status and prestige in the male domi­ understand them, as it does not ade­ nacreous shell and black mineral stylized nant Monongahela society, whereas bird quately state the underlying elements teeth on, which represent the male divi­ bone beads were one of the symbols comprising the symbols, how they are sion of culture, freshwater, and the denoting the inferior status of females in this formed, their function, or define what a bedrock components of the universe. The society. Likewise, Marginella apicina and symbol is. Thus, in this paper, a symbol is subliminal message encoded by the maker shell disk beads were also female symbols, defined as an object that possesses dual is that a thin elongate base-drilled or and wolf tooth and cannel coal canine pen­ attributes, with each attribute best charac­ grooved-root carnivore or herbivore tooth dants were male power symbols, although terizing the thing that it represents. And its pendant represents Nature's powerful and of a reduced scale in comparison to bear function is to communicate two types of predatory carnivores (black bear, gray teeth pendants. information to an observer: one is appar­ wolf, bobcat, raccoon, and gray fox), and ent - the material identifies the animal, the large size and power of the herbivores Political Power - A Nature Model mineral, or object represented, and the (elk and deer), and a phallus, the very bases for symbolizing political power and The structure of the political power corresponding component or division of high social status of males in the male system of the Monongahela culture was the universe; and one is subliminal - the dominant Monongahela society. Accord­ predicated entirely on a model observed shape identifies the sex assigned to a ingly, the observer of the individual wear­ in nature. Thus, the model the system was component of the universe, and the pres­ ing the pendant - in combination with based on was one of natural selection as ence or absence of political power and other ornament types on a necklace - observed by the Monongahela in the nat­ high social status. The elements of a sym­ decodes the message communicated in ural food chain of nature. Accordingly, the bol include the manufacturing material, its the carnivore or herbivore tooth pendant - large powerful carnivores, namely the shape, color, origin, and - where the orna­ and other ornament types - and thereby black bear and the gray wolf, and the ments are from animals - behavior, and knows the status of the individual wearing large powerful herbivore, the elk, symbol­ the type of locomotion. In addition, how the necklace in the community. ized the pinnacle of this power system, they are formed is the manufacturing with the black bear clearly at the top. The process. In the following section, the orna­ In the second example, dog tooth pen­ two carnivores, with their large piercing ment complex indicates the presence of a dants are considered. In this instance, canines and powerful crushing molars, number of binary oppositions or natural again, the maker has a dual idea or mes­ preyed on smaller weaker animals, while dualities in the Monongahela culture, sage that he wishes to communicate. the elk, with its large size and strength, which combine together to form the Hence, in choosing his manufacturing was easily able to defend itself. Clearly, it Monongahela order of the universe. material, it must represent the male divi­ is the canines, molars, and incisors of sion of the cultural component of the uni­ these three large mammals that represent Ornaments, Symbols, Binary verse, and possess attributes that are the most frequently found pendant types Opposition, and the Order of the both similar to and different from the on Monongahela sites, with the bear being Monongahela Universe material representing the land, freshwater, the most frequently found. Thus, it is the The highest and most important com­ and bedrock components of the universe, power, size, and intelligence of the black ponent in the hierarchical order of the but different from the female half of the bear that made it epitomize and symbolize Monongahela universe representing males cultural component. A dog tooth would political power and leadership, and high is land, symbolized primarily by the teeth have met these requirements, as the social status and prestige. Similarly, it is of the various powerful predatory carni­ process would have the power, size, and organizational struc­ vores and large herbivores of the TRANSFORMED the wolf from Nature into ture of the gray wolf that also made it American East. Similarly, teeth are also an animal CONTROLLED by man with symbolize power, leadership, and high the model in form on which all other male Culture. More specifically, a dog repre­ social status in Monongahela society, components of the universe are based sents the male division of the cultural albeit on a somewhat reduced scale. (Figure 2, A-H). Thus, in the first example, component of the universe, and its ani­ Of course, tooth pendants of numerous carnivore and herbivore tooth pendants mate character and four-footed above- other medium-sized and smaller carnivores are considered. In this example, the maker ground origins places it in binary opposi-

43 tion with the fired pottery vessel, repre­ (Figure 3, A-K). In this example, again, the form that is relatively harmless, and a senting the female division of the cultural maker of the pendant has a dual message vagina, the bases for symbolizing fertility component. Secondly, by taking the dog or idea that he wishes to communicate. and a lack of political power and a low premolars and removing one of the roots, Hence, in choosing his material of manu­ social status of females in Monongahela and grooving the other two for suspen­ facture, it must represent the bedrock society. (It is worth noting that in the sion, but leaving the canines, incisors, and component of the universe - the lowest in Monongahela cultural system, if they had molars unaltered - as they naturally pos­ the hierarchical order of the Monongahela wished to represent birds as a socio-politi­ sess a thin elongate form - and then dou­ universe representing males -, and pos­ cal power symbol, they would have used a ble-drilling a hole in the center of the base sess attributes that are both similar to and beak or a claw, as these are the means by of the roots, the maker replicates the different from the materials representing which birds kill their prey or defend them­ shape of the carnivore and herbivore tooth the freshwater and land components of selves. Females, then, are depicted as pendants, and their imitation forms in can­ the universe and the male division of cul­ "passive" relative to "active" males.) nel coal and freshwater mollusk shells, ture. The various hard black bedrock min­ In the sixth example, pottery disk which represent the land, bedrock, and erals would have met these requirements. beads are considered. In this instance, freshwater components of the universe. More specifically, cannel coal, carbona­ again, the maker has a dual idea or mes­ The subliminal message encoded by the ceous sandstone, and indurated shale sage that he wishes to communicate. maker is that a thin elongate base-drilled represent bedrock, and their inertness and Hence, in choosing his manufacturing or grooved-root dog tooth pendant repre­ black color places them in binary opposi­ material, it must represent the female divi­ sents a culturally controlled ferocious ani­ tion with the nacreous (white) freshwater sion of the cultural component of the uni­ mal that can be used to assist man in bivalves (- vs. +). Secondly, by shaping verse, and possess attributes that are hunting, and a phallus, the bases for sym­ the material into a canine tooth shape, and both similar to and different from the bolizing political power and a high social then doubledrilling a hole in the center of materials representing the air and marine status of males in Monongahela society. the base of the root for suspension on a components, but different from the male Accordingly, the observer of the individual necklace, the maker encodes a subliminal half of the cultural component. A sherd of wearing the pendant - in combination with message that the tooth represents a pow­ pottery from a fired pottery vessel would other ornament types on a necklace - erful predatory carnivore, and a phallus, have met these requirements, as the firing decodes the message communicated in the bases for males symbolizing their process would have TRANSFORMED clay the dog tooth pendant - and other orna­ political power and high social status in from Nature into a product of Culture. ment types - and thereby knows the sta­ Monongahela society. Again, the observer Actually, the reader should note that a tus of the individual wearing the necklace of the individual wearing the pendant - in double TRANSFORMATION is repre­ in the community. combination with other ornament types on sented here, as FIRE itself has been a necklace - decodes the message com­ brought under the control of Cultural man In the third example, stylized freshwa­ municated in the black mineral tooth pen­ for his uses; it has been "tamed" and ter shell tooth pendants are considered. In dant - and other ornament types - and taken from Nature. More specifically, a this instance, again, the maker of the pen­ thereby knows the status of the individual pottery vessel represents the female divi­ dant has a dual idea or message that he wearing the necklace in the community. sion of the cultural component of the uni­ wishes to communicate. Thus, in choosing verse, and its inanimate character and the his manufacturing material, it must repre­ The highest and most important com­ original recovery of the clay from below sent the freshwater component of the uni­ ponent in the hierarchical order of the the surface of the ground places it in bina­ verse, possess attributes that are both Monongahela universe representing ry opposition with the domesticated dog, similar to and different from the materials females is air, symbolized primarily by the representing the male division of the cul­ representing the male division of culture hollow long bones of the various bird tural component. Secondly, by taking the and land, but different from the marine types of the area. Similarly, hollow long pottery sherd and shaping it into an component of the universe, and be a color bones are also the model in form on which essentially round, sun life symbol, which it that is the opposite of the black bedrock all other female components of the uni­ imitates in shape and color, and then minerals utilized in the manufacture of verse are based (Figure 2, l-N). Hence, in drilling a hole through its center, the maker those ornaments. The common North the fifth example, tubular bird bone beads replicates the shape of the marine shell American freshwater nacreous bivalve are considered. In this example, again, the disk and tubular shell and bird bone beads mollusk shells of the family Unionidae maker has a dual idea or message that he which represent the ocean and air compo­ would have met these requirements. More wishes to communicate Thus, in choosing nents of the Monongahela universe, and specifically, the Unionidae shells represent his manufacturing material, it must repre­ places it in binary opposition with the freshwater, their bivalve classification con­ sent air, and possess attributes that are tooth-shaped pendant ornaments repre­ trasts them with the marine univalves, and both similar to and different from the senting the male division of culture, and their nacreous character (pearly white materials representing the female division the land, freshwater, and bedrock compo­ color) places them in binary opposition of culture and the marine component of nents of the universe. The subliminal mes­ with the black bedrock minerals (+ vs. -). the universe, but different from land. The sage encoded by the maker is that a Secondly, by shaping the shell material various species of birds of flight with their round, drilled clay bead represents a cul­ into a canine or incisor tooth shape, and essentially hollow long bones would have tural form that is harmless, and a vagina, then double-drilling a hole in the center of met these requirements. More specifically, the bases for symbolizing fertility and a the base of the root for suspension on a birds represent air, and their ability to fly lack of political power and a low social necklace, the maker encodes a subliminal places them in binary opposition with status of females in Monongahela society. message that the tooth represents a pow­ land-bound animals. Secondly, by making erful carnivore or herbivore, and a phallus, the long bones into tubes by cutting off In the seventh example, marine shell the bases for males symbolizing their the joint ends, and then removing the mar­ disks and tubular shell beads are consid­ political power and high social status in row from inside the bones, the maker cre­ ered. In this instance, again, the maker of Monongahela society. Again, the observer ates the basic form for patterning marine the bead has a dual idea or message that of the individual wearing the pendant - in shell disk and tubular shell beads on, he wishes to communicate. Thus, in combination with other ornament types on which represent the ocean; and pottery choosing his material of manufacture, it a necklace, decodes the message com­ disk beads, which represent the female must represent the sea - the lowest com­ municated in the freshwater shell tooth division of the cultural component. In ponent in the hierarchical order of the pendant - and other ornament types - and addition, it places bird bone beads in Monongahela universe representing thereby knows the status of the individual binary opposition with the tooth pendant females - and possess attributes that are wearing the necklace in the community. ornaments representing the land compo­ both similar to and different from the nent of the universe. The subliminal mes­ materials representing the female division In the fourth example, stylized cannel sage encoded by the maker is that the of culture and air, but different from the coal, carbonaceous sandstone, and hollow bird bone beads represent a bird freshwater and bedrock components. The indurated shale pendants are considered

44 marine univalve shells with a columella of Land O Lakes, Inc., in its trademark ground. A yellow bottle cap, with a repeat sufficient size would have met these packaging of margarine products also of the above on the cap top, using only requirements. More specifically, marine employs subliminal male and female sex the colors orange and yellow, appears on shells represent the ocean, their univalve symbols. In this example the "O" in Land the 16 ounce bottle. It is accordingly classification contrasts them with the O Lakes is a female vagina symbol; the apparent that the colors red, orange, yel­ freshwater bivalves, and their white color two feathers (the one on the viewer's right low, blue/green, black and white, which contrasts them with the black minerals with the bottom half white and the top half comprise nearly the full range of primary representing the bedrock component of red, and the feather on the left with the colors in the solar spectrum of light - and the universe. Secondly, by cutting the bottom half white and the top half black) recognized as the several universal colors material into disks or cylinders, and drilling projecting from the back of the Native - have been combined with the subliminal a hole lengthwise through their middle, the American maiden figure's head into the male and female sex symbols to create maker replicates the shape of the hollow, "O" are male phallic symbols; the large, complementary binary opposites in both tubular bird bone beads and ceramic disk rising sun in the background is a female form and color. Again, note the presence beads, which represent the female divi­ nature symbol; the white rays emanating of the three colors comprising the oppos­ sion of culture and the air component of from the sun are male phallic symbols; the ing points of a color solid: white (top), the Monongahela universe, and places its necklace beads the Indian maiden figure black (bottom), and red (middle). form in binary opposition with the tooth- is wearing are female symbols; and the Avalon Natural Spring Water of Mirabel, shaped pendant ornaments symbolizing Indian maiden herself is a female symbol. Quebec, Canada also employs subliminal the bedrock, freshwater, and land compo­ In addition, the colors red, yellow, green, male and female sex symbols on the label nents of the universe. The subliminal mes­ blue, black, and white appear. Colors of its 12 fluid ounce bottles. In this exam­ sage encoded by the maker is that the which cover much of the solar spectrum ple, the words "Natural Spring Water" shell beads represent an ocean life form of light and the opposing points of a color appear in black letters inside the "O", a that is harmless, and a vagina, the bases solid (white at the top point, black at the female sex symbol, of the red and white for symbolizing female fertility and a lack bottom point, and red in the middle; see trademark word AVALON. Indeed, in order of political power and a low social status Webster's Third New International to subliminally draw the viewer's attention of females relative to males in Dictionary, 1966:447-450). to the "O" and "Natural Spring Water", a Monongahela society. It may be noted Meridian Natural Spring Water of the semi-reclining young female figure in a that with minor exceptions, and the Meridian Beverage Company, Atlanta, white, one-piece bathing suit, extends her method of manufacture, all of the above Georgia, also utilizes subliminal male and bent hand upwardly - forming a black applies to the Marginella apicina shell female sex symbols on the label of its 20 duck's head in silhouette - into the bottom beads as well. fluid ounce bottles. In this instance, a dark of the "O". In addition, if a straight line is blue triangle, with its point uppermost, is a extended downwardly from the center of Subliminal Advertisment male symbol, and a half-gray/half-dark- the "O" to the reclining figure, the line ter­ and Sex Symbols blue circle placed midway up the right minates directly over her vagina. To this it Nearly simultaneous to the realization side of the triangle is a female symbol. may clearly be added, the white swim­ that the Monongahela ornament pendants Indeed, two colors have been used to ming suit is intended to draw the viewer's were subliminal male phallic symbols and form the circle in order to draw the view­ eyes to the female figure's breasts and the beads female vagina symbols was the er's attention to the two geometric forms lower abdominal/buttocks area. A male collateral observation that the food, bever­ and the gray rectangular background. The symbol, in the form of a red triangle, is age, computer, and petroleum industries words "NATURAL" and "SPRING" appear "inobtrusively" present in the lower left- were employing subliminal male and female in dark blue letters over the two pink phal­ hand corner of the label. The background sex signs in their identification trademarks lic-shaped backgrounds on the left hand colors, blue and white, transform from one and sales advertisements. Although the side of the triangle, and the word to the other from top to bottom. It is symbols were cast by the designers into "WATER" occurs in white at the triangle's accordingly apparent that the colors red, somewhat new forms, there could be no base. Below these two basic geometric white, black, and blue, the first three of doubt of their identity: the letter O, the forms a repeat of seven, alternating, male which comprise the opposing points of a number 0, and the disk-shape are female and female athletic figures, participating in color solid - and are recognized as the symbols analogous to the manufactured as many different types of sports, appear three most important of the universal col­ prehistoric beads, and the various elongate in dark blue silhouettes against a pink ors have been combined with the sublimi­ forms and triangles are male symbols anal­ background. With regard to the latter nal male and female sex symbols to cre­ ogous to the prehistoric pendants. Several color, pink is considered a feminine color ate complementary binary opposites in examples will illustrate. The Hewlett- in the American culture, and blue a mas­ both form and color. Also, the colors red, Packard Company in its advertisement of culine color. These two colors, symboliz­ white, and blue are the national colors of HP DeskWriter printers for the Macintosh is ing the two sexes, comprise the binary the United States of America. an example. Thus, in the color photo on opposition of dark/light, and come from page 5 of the August 9, 1993 77'me maga­ nearly opposite ends of the solar color Conclusions zine (Vol. 142 No. 6) the "H" stands for he; spectrum of light. In fact, male and female For the archaeologist studying the Late the "S" stands for she; the yellow-green symbolism takes three forms on the label Prehistoric Monongahela culture, nearly ball with a red "a" (the first letter of the of this product: abstract geometric forms, every artifact category recovered has a English alphabet) on it is a female symbol; colors, and realistic human figures. Only utilitarian function. Quite possibly the only the number "1" (the first number of the white represents the top point of a color major exception to this is the ornament Arabic numbering system) is a phallic sym­ solid, as pink and gray are "weak" forms complex. Nevertheless, it is an oversight bol; the flat, black disks are female sym­ of red and black. to conclude that the ornaments recovered bols; the various colored triangular shapes The Coca-Cola Company also employs were unimportant to these Late Prehistoric are male symbols; the various colored balls substantial male and female sex symbols peoples. Thus, the early observations by are female symbols the two elongated, pur­ on its 12 and 16 fluid ounce Classic cans the author that the pendant and bead ple objects are phallic symbols; the partially and bottles. In this instance a full, black materials represented such a broad diver­ blocked bluegreen sun with radiating blue Coca-Cola bottle, a male phallic symbol, sity of sources (land, freshwater, marine, rays is a female nature symbol; and the stands upright inside a bright-red disk- bedrock); that a clear majority of the pen­ DeskWriter printer is an artifact manufac­ shaped background. This latter form, a dants were tooth-shaped (both real and tured by cultural man. Hence, in this adver­ female symbol, is given its shape by a thin imitation); that the animal types consistently tisement, male and female symbols are in white line which encircles much of the represented by the pendants were large, complementary binary opposition with composite, except along the top, where powerful carnivores and herbivores (bear, each other; in addition, Nature and Culture the word "ALWAYS" occurs in white let­ elk, wolf); that the pendants and beads are also paired opposites. ters on a curvilinear blue-green back­ appeared to have essentially opposing

45 characteristics (solid, hard, and elongate son of the natural dualities or binary oppo­ 1. In fact, examination of the several vs. hollow, soft, and round); and that the sites of the Monongahela with the duali­ cultures of the northern Luzon mountains mineral materials utilized in the manufac­ ties of Mesoamerica and the Andes indi­ of the Philippines, the Plains Indians of the ture of pendants were consistently black cates similarities and differences. One Upper Missouri River of the United States (one of the universal colors), led to the initial example of a conceptually similar duality during the 1830s (Catlin, 1973), the excep­ realization that the ornaments were sym­ is life and death. For the Monongahela, tionally warlike Shuar (Jivaro) of eastern bols with cultural meaning, and not merely carnivore teeth, both real and imitation, Ecuador (Stirling, 1938), and the head­ quaint examples of prehistoric jewelry. suggest power and death, and the various hunting peoples of interior Borneo, sug­ Indeed, subsequent research and writ­ bead forms as symbolic vaginas and fertil­ gests that warfare may have been the ing has indicated pendants were associ­ ity symbols, suggest life. Also, although means by which the Monongahela ated with males, and that teeth pendants land and water are natural contrasting attained political power and social status. were symbols of male political power and dualities in the Andes and Mesoamerica, 2. Other examples are horns and claws. high social status, while beads were asso­ land appears to be contrasted with air by Catlin reports the occasional appearance ciated with females, and were female fer­ the Monongahela, and freshwater with of buffalo bull horns surmounted on the tility symbols, and indicators of a much marine saltwater. headdresses of the chiefs of the various lower social status of females relative to The above interpretation by the author tribes of Indians occupying the Plains of males, and were perhaps wealth items as of Monongahela ornaments as symbols the Upper Missouri River during the 1830s well. The former appear to be found within with assigned meaning and forming nat­ (1973: 101-104); and leopard claw neck­ the context of houses in the Monongahela ural complementary dualities based on laces are worn only by the village chiefs of villages - where they presumably were masculine and feminine gender is not at all the Middle Cross River region of Nigeria. components of necklaces (Figure 4) -, unreasonable and accords fairly well with Leopard claws are also reported to be while the latter are found much more fre­ the traditional interpretation of symbols. worn on the hats of the African Congo quently with burials of women, children, The ocean, for example the anima mundi, chiefs (exhibits, National Museum of and infants (of an Indeterminate sex for the Great Mother - and shells are typically African Art, Smithsonian Institution). the latter two). Ethnographical data from assigned the feminine gender, with shells the Bontok, Northern Kankany, and representing female fertility - the vulva Acknowledgements Kalinga, indigenous cultures of the analogy (Cooper, 1978:108, 121, 151) or a The author would like to take this Cordillera Central Mountains of northern womb; a disk, a circle, and a ball symbol­ opportunity to thank Dr. Francis M. Luzon, Philippines, would substantiate the ize the sun (Ibid., p. 17, 36, 51; Frutiger, Hueber, Department of Paleobiology observation that tooth pendants are male 1989:280-282); and among the American (NMNH), Smithsonian Institution, and Mr. political power and high social status sym­ Indians the sun was a feminine power Victor Krantz, Photographic Division bols and beads female fertility symbols (Cooper, 1978:162-163). Teeth, however, (NMNH), Smithsonian Institution, for their and wealth items, but nor political power symbolize more than attack and defense assistance in photographing the various symbols (see de Villa, Farr, and Jones, (and warfare as they did in China) (Ibid., p. ornaments from Brokaw Village (Figures 1 1988:82-83, 164-165). 169) for as already noted, among the & 3 and 2 & 4, respectively). I would also Hence, the duality of pendants and Bontok and southern Kalinga of northern like to express my appreciation to Dr. beads as ornament symbols appears at Luzon, Philippines, necklaces of crocodile, Storrs L. Olson, Department of Vertebrate the heart of the Monongahela culture as boar, and dog canine teeth symbolize male Zoology (NMNH), Smithsonian Institution, it illuminates several aspects of the ideol­ political power and high social status (see for confirming that the bone beads from ogy. Accordingly, natural selection is the de Villa, Farr, and Jones, 1988:92-93). Brokaw Village were in fact manufactured model on which both social status and Also, in Melanesian Fiji and Polynesian from bird bones. In addition, I would like political power of males was founded, as Samoa and the Hawaiian Islands, one of to thank Mr. Robert Converse for permis­ they were interrelated phenomena 1 And, the important symbols of a chief or king's sion to use the photograph of a Fort pendants and beads as paired opposites, rank - that is, male political power and Ancient Hardin Village site burial necklace or complementary binary opposites, are prestige - was a necklace of whale's teeth (Figure 5). The readers of this work have the symbolic forms utilized by the (Roth, 1953:97, 99-100; Routledge, been Dr. James B. Griffin, Dr. James J. Monongahela for depicting the various 1985:64, 118, 206; Buck, 1930:628-630, Krakker, and Dr. Francis M. Hueber of the divisions of the world or universe they Plate LIV; Holmes, 1974:26-27, 81; National Museum of Natural History, inhabited, and the assignment of gender Keesing and Keesing, 1956:75; Bryan, Smithsonian Institution, and Dr. Edward to each of them. Thus, on the one hand, 1938:29; while in the interior of the M. Furgol of The Navy Museum, Naval the material of manufacture of an orna­ Malayan archipelago island of Borneo, the Historical Center. The author thanks them ment identified the apparent animal, min­ political leader wore tiger canine teeth in for their interest in the research. This arti­ eral, or object represented, and the corre­ the upper part of his ears (information from cle is U.S. Copyright No. TX 091801. sponding division of the universe, while caption, and a photograph in: Cultures of the subliminal shape identified the sex the Pacific and Asia exhibits, National References assigned to a component of the universe, Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Augustine, Edgar E. and the presence or absence of political Institution). Finally, a full necklace of col­ 1938 Recent Discoveries in Somerset County. lared peccary canines in conjunction with Archaeologist, 8(1). power and high social status. Clearly, the 1940 Fort Hill. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 10(2). pendants were phallic symbols and the numerous strands of beads are the con­ Baker, Stanley W. beads vagina symbols. temporary symbols of political power and 1981 The Henderson Rocks Site (46-Ta-1): A leadership in Zabalo, Ecuador, a small vil­ Preliminary Look at Cultural Perseverance in the The utilization of the various ornament lage of Cofan Indians living near the Rugged Upland. Region of Northern West types by the Monongahela for the purpose Aguarico River in the Amazon Basin, Virginia. West Virginia Archeologist, (32). of depicting relative social status, political Boyce, Hettie L whose chief is an American born among 1985 The Novak Site: A Late Woodland Upland power, and the various divisions of the the Cofan (Dowling, 1993:68-74). Thus, in Monongahela Village. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, universe are clear indications of their addition to the Monongahela - and its par­ 55 (3). regard for nature and an awareness of ent culture, the Fort Ancient (Figure 5) - Brown, Jeffrey D. natural dualities. This is equally true of the 1976 A Late Prehistoric Hilltop Site, Muskingum recorded ethnographical evidence from County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist, 26 (1). art and architecture of the indigenous civi­ various tribal and chiefdom village-level 1981 The and Ohio Monongahela. Kent lizations of Mesoamerica, the Andes, and cultures around the world indicates teeth State Research Papers in Archaeology. No. 3. their neighbors before the 16th century are one of the universal symbols utilized by Kent. Bryan, Edwin, H. Jr. A.D. Some of the natural dualities noted man to depict male political power, high 1938 Ancient Hawaiian Life. Advertiser Publishing 2 for the latter regions are: "day and night, social status, prestige, and leadership . Company. Honolulu. sun and moon, land and water, [and] life The vast majority of the teeth are canines Buck, Peter Henry and death" (Funk and Wagnalls New 1930 Samoan Material Culture. Bernice P. Bishop of large, powerful animals. Museum, Bulletin 75. Honolulu. Encyclopedia, Vol. 21, p. 240). A compari­

46 Buker, William E. Dowling, Claudia Glenn Mayer-Oakes, William J. 1968 The Archaeology of McKees Rocks Late 1993 The Great White Chief, in: Life magaine, 16 (10). 1954aThe Speidel Site (46-0h-) Ohio County, West Prehistoric Village Site. Pennsylvania Dragoo, Don W. Virginia. West Virginia Archeological Society, Archaeologist, 38 (1 -4). 1955 Excavations at the Johnston Site, Indiana County, Inc. Publication Series No. 2. Moundsville. 1970 The Drew Site (36-AL-62). Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 25 (2). 1954bThe Scarem Site, Washington County, Archaeologist, 40 (3-4). Dunnell, Robert C. Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 24 Butler, Mary 1962 The Hughes Farm Site (46-0h-9), Ohio County, (2). 1939 Three Archaeological Sites in Somerset County West Virginia. West Virginia Archeological Nale, Robert F. Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Historical Society, Inc. Publication Series No. 7. 1963 The Salvage Excavations of the Boyle Site (36 Commission. Bulletin No. 753. Harrisburg. Moundsville. WH 19). Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 33 (4). Carskadden, Jeff 1980 Duvall: A Monongahela Settlement in Central Patterson, Richard P. 1977a The Philo II and Richards Site Bone and Antler Ohio County, West Virginia. West Virginia 1977 Preliminary Report on Fragmented Human Industries, Report No. 4. In: Carskadden, Jeff Archeologist, (29). Skeletal Remains from the Richards Site: and James Morton, editors. The Richards Site Frutiger, Adrian Evidence of Cannibalism. Report No. 9. In: and the Philo Phase of the Fort Ancient Tradition. 1989 Signs and Symbols. Their Design and Meaning. Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton, editors. Occasional Papers in Muskingum Valley Translated by Andrew Bluhm. Van Nostrand The Richards Site and the Philo Phase of the Archaeology, Nos. 1 -9 Reinhold, New York. Fort Ancient Tradition. Occasional Papers in 1977bThe Lithic Industries of the Philo II and Richards George, Richard L. Muskingum Valley Archaeology, Nos. 1-9. Sites, Report No. 5. In: Carskadden, Jeff and 1983 The Gnagey Site and the Monongahela Pickenpaugh, Thomas E. James Morton, editors. The Richards Site and Occupation of the Somerset Plateau. 1993 Man and His Symbols: Ornaments from the Late the Philo Phase of the Fort Ancient Tradition. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 53 (4) Prehistoric Monongahela Brokaw Village Site Occasional Papers in Muskingum Valley George, Richard L., Jay Babish, and Christine Davis and Beyond. Ohio Archaeologist, 43 (2). Archaeology, Nos. I-9. 1990 The Household Site: Results of a Partial Pousson, John F. Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton Excavation of a Late Monongahela Village in 1983 Archeological Excavations at the Moore Village 1983 Shell Artifacts from the Richards Site. Ohio Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania Site, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Archaeologist, 33 (2). Archaeologist, 60 (2). Historical Park, Allegany County, . U.S. Catlin, George Grubb, Thomas C. and Arthur Allen Department of the Interior, . 1973 Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and 1980 The Hunt Site (33BL-6) Part IV - Bone and Shell Robson, John Conditions of the North American Indians. Volume Artifacts. Ohio Archaeologist, 30 (1). 1958 A Comparison of Artifacts from the Indian 1. Dover Publications, Inc., New York. Herbstritt, James T. Villages Quemahoning and Squirrel Hill. Cooper, J. C. 1981 Bonnie Brook: A Multicomponent Aboriginal Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 28 (3-4). 1978 An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Traditional Locus in West Central Pennsylvania. Roth, George K. Symbols. Thames and Hudson Ltd, London. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 51 (3). 1953 Fijian Way of Life. Oxford University Press. Cresson, Francis M., Jr. Holmes, Lowell D. London. 1942 Village Sites in Southwestern Pennsylvania. 1974 Samoan Village. Case Studies in Cultural Routledge, David J. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 12 (1). Anthropology. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. 1985 Matanitu: The Struggle for Power in Early Fiji. Davis, Christine E. New York. University of the South Pacific. Suva. 1984 A Mortuary Pattern for Monongahela. Keesing, Felix M. and Marie M. Keesing Stirling, M. W. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 54 (1 -2). 1956 Elite Communication in Samoa, A Study in 1938 Historical and Ethnographical Material on the de Villa, Jill Gale, Maria Farr, and Gladys Jones Leadership. Stanford Anthropological Series Jivaro Indians. Smithsonian Institution, U.S. 1988 E Masferre, People of the Philippine Cordillera: Number Three. Stanford University Press. Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin 117. Photographs, 1934-1956. Devcon, I.P. Stanford. Washington. Philippines. Zimmerman, Jean O. and James Randolph 1986 Burial #6, Hartley Site (36GR23). Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 56 (3-4).

TABLE 1 TABLE 2

ORNAMENT TYPES FROM BROKAW VILLAGE (33BL-6) SPECIES LIST FROM BROKAW VILLAGE (33BL-6)

MAMMALS

1. Bear canine pendants 1. White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus 2. Gray Wolf molar, premolar, and canine pendants 2. Elk Cervus elaphus canadensis 3. Bobcat canine pendants 3. Black bear Ursus amerleanus 4. Raccoon canine pendants 4 . Can id Cams spp. 5. Gray Fox molar pendants 5. Bobcat Lynx rufus 6. Elk premolar and incisor pendants 6. Raccoon Procyon lotor 7. Deer molar and premolar pendants 7 . Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus 6. Dog premolar, canine, Incisor, and molar pendants 8 . Dog Canls familiarls 9. Shale pendants 9 . Red fox Vulpes vulpeg 10. Cannel Coal canine pendants (Including fragments) 10 Gray squirrel Sciurus carolinens is 11. Sandstone canine pendants 1 1 Fox squirrel Sclurus nlger 12. Freshwater Shell pendants (stylized canines) 12 Cottontail rabbi t Sy 1 vilagus t lorldanus * Fragments: carnivore tooth pendants 13 Chipmunk Tamlas strlatus 13. Snowshoe Hare innominate pendants 14 Beaver Castor canadensis 14. Rabbit ilium pendants 15 Porcupine Erethlzon dorsatum 15. Squirrel ilium pendants 16 Muskr&t Ondatra zibethlcus 16. Turtle Shell pendants 17 Opossum Dldelphus marsupial Is 17. Turkey Digit pendants IS Wood rat Heotoma florldana 19 Woodchuck Marmota monax BEADS: 20 Smal1 rodents Rodent la 21 Mole/Vole/Rat Cricetldae 18. Marglnella apicina hell beads 19. Shell Disk beads BIROS 20. Bird Bone beads 21 . Pottery Disk beads 1 . Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 2. Ruf fed grouse Bonasa umbellus Total 357 3. Bobwhlte qual1 Col inus virgin!anus 4. Passenger pigeon Ectoplstes migratorius 5. Barred owl Strix varia 6. Duck spp. Anas spp. 7. Passerines spp.

REPTILES

1. Eastern Box turtle Terrapene carolina 2. Salamander Ambystoma spp.

Faunal analysis of Brokaw Vi1 age material was completed by: Ms Julie O'Shaughnessy-Lacy Pre gram for Cultural Resource Assessment Unl versity of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky 40506

47 Figure 1 (Pickenpaugh) Necklace - a projected reconstruction, with pendants alternated with bird bone beads. A, black bear canine B, gray wolf molar C, raccoon canine D, cannel coal canine E, freshwater mollusk shell canine F, deer molar G, Marginella apicina shell H, shell disk I, elk premolar J, gray wolf molar K, bobcat canine L, raccoon canine M, cannel coal canine N, deer premolar O, Marginella apicina shell P, shell disk

Figure 2 (Pickenpaugh) Components of the Monongahela universe.

Male components are symbolized by real and imitation teeth. Land is represented by: A, bear canine B, bobcat canine

The male division of culture by: C, dog premolar D, dog canine

freshwater by: E-F, nacreous bivalve shell "canines"

bedrock by: G-H, black mineral "canines"

The female components are symbolized by beads. Air is represented by: I-J, bird bone beads

The female division of culture by: K-L, pottery disk beads The ocean by: M, shell disk bead N, Marginella apicina shell bead Figure 3 (Pickenpaugh) Black pendants. A, shale B-F, cannel coal G, sandstone H-K, cannel coal

Figure 4 (Pickenpaugh) Necklace • a projected reconstruction, with pendants alternated with bird bone beads. A, gray wolf canine H, sandstone canine B, turkey digit I, turkey digit C, deer molar J, deer molar D, dog premolar K, dog premolar E, squirrel ilium L, rabbit ilium Figure 5 (Pickenpaugh) Necklace of wolf canine teeth alternated F, Marginella apicina shell M, Marginella apicina shell with bone beads, from a Fort Ancient, Hardin Village (Kentucky) G, shell disk N, shell disk burial. Photo by Robert N. Converse.

49 GRANDSTAFF BLADE CACHE by John S. Lutsch 2991 Shreve Eastern Rd. Shreve, Ohio 44676-9144

This blade cache was found in Ross tering on one area, hand hold exposing bat­ appears to have a useful form as a multi­ Co./Paxton Twsp. on a terrace north of tered area suggests chopper/ use, purpose tool with a spokeshave, scraper Paint Creek 5/90 by Barry Grandstaff. still evident. edges and a heavy-duty incisor spur. After seeing some of the blades on the 8.) 94.1 mm./61.1mm./16.9mm. Material is 16.) 67.4mm./37.9mm./11.6mm. Material surface, the rest were recovered just below a mottle of white and grayish blue, appears appears to be Upper Mercer with quartz the plow zone as plowing was in progress. to be a multi-purpose triangular inclusions, light retouch on long sides, Length, width and thickness were mea­ blade, retouch on both long sides from tip to spokeshave on one side, triangular in cross- sured at their greatest. Each piece was base, refer to photo 4 (obverse) the right side section this blade is very similar to no. 10. numbered, followed by its length, width and of the middle ridge is nearly flat (although the 17.) 72.5mm./47.0mm./12.4mm. This thickness in mm., then any observations photo creates the illusion that the tip is leaf-shaped blade is a light blue and gray about material, knapping, or possible use canted to the right) and may have func­ mottle with quartz and fossil inclusions, per­ and lastly a figure reference number. tioned as some sort of plane, retouch in this cussion bulb is visible on wide end, effort 1.) 98.6mm./47.3mm./13.1mm. Gray area was made on the reverse with 34.5mm was made at thinning, no evidence of with white mottle, no evidence of retouch, from the tip being beveled at approx. 40°, retouch or use. small striking platform, scars from previous two lunate shaped shaftscrapers at lower left 18.) 57.5mm./41.6mm./6.7mm. This blade strikes. corner, unusual deposit is visible just above large percussion flake is gray and black, it 2.) 95.8mm./64.1mm./13.6mm.. Mottled lower left corner which has been partially has a spokeshave worn into the hinge end, pink and creamy blue, striking platform removed during the course of retouch no retouch is evident, flake is very sharp, shows rind from parent core, some pres­ (blood?), retouch on the excurvate side (left) this may have been a handy multi-purpose sure retouch on specific areas, three lunate has been performed on the obverse. tool with several cutting edges, and the shaped spokeshaves, percussion bulb and 9.) 72.2mm./47.5mm./17.3mm. Material potential for four incisors, one on each top hinge fracture visible. is Upper Mercer with large flake scars on corner and a swallow-tail at it's bottom which could easily be resharpened as the 3.) 85.1mm./48.4mm./13.1mm. Appears both sides, battering all around blade except for the gray end. percussion bulb from the spall strike has to be "Ohio blue" with quartz inclusions, been removed. some brown stains possibly from tannic 10.) 74.3mm./45.6mm./15.0mm. Material acid, small piece of striking platform still evi­ is a tan color with "hinge" and little left of Of the eighteen pieces, four are uniface dent on tip, covered with large percussion striking platform, two spokeshaves on which show evidence of retouch, four are scars from blade strikes/thinning, some bat­ opposing sides and ends, it's amazingly uniface in that they are blades struck from a tering on one edge (chopping?). similar to blade no. 16. parent core and exhibit no retouch. 4.) 79.8mm./39.5mm./13.2mm. Original 11.) 76.1 mm./32.2mm./15.2mm. Blue/ On the remaining ten, all have been striking platform on wide end with "rind", gray flint blade with "hump" more towards thinned, and several show a similarity in slight plow damage suggests gray patina the narrow end of the obverse side, vast form, blades numbered 3, 5, 14, could be cover, large percussion scars, some "rind" majority of thinning done on obverse side. one group as could no. 7 and 12, or no. 4 from parent core on some surfaces, some 12.) 76.1mm/58.9mm./19.2mm. An and 11. effort was made at thinning, no evidence of ovate shaped blade of a blue/gray flint, In an attempt at placement of this cache retouch, some battering on one side. some of striking platform intact, battering in an archaeological time frame, it may very 5.) 85.6mm./59.2mm./17.4mm. This leaf- nearly the whole way around, some scaring well have been a Palaeo hunters' cache for shaped form appears to be Upper Mercer from previous blade strikes, percussion future use with complete tools and pre­ with white and quartz inclusions, no retouch bulb and hinge thinned off. forms. flaking, evidence of battering on one side 13.) 65.5mm./44.9mm./12.1mm. Material References and half way around wide end. is a tan and cream, some thinning but no Converse, Robert N. retouch and light use. 1973 Ohio Flint Types, Archaeological Society of Ohio 6.) 85.6mm./59.2mm./9.2mm. Material Gramly, R.M. is a tan and cream with brown streaks and 14.) 77.3mm./43.0mm./16.2mm. Made 1993 The Richey Clovis Cache Partners' Press. quartz inclusions. Long percussion scars from Upper Mercer this leaf-shaped blade Kenmore, Ky. shows battering and heavy use on nearly 1992 Guide to the Palaeo-lndian Artifacts of North from previous blade strikes, narrow strik­ America, Persimmon Press. Buffalo, New York. ing platform, a small amount of retouch, it's entire outline. Hothem, Lar very sharp. 15.) 78.6mm./84.7mm./16.1mm. A large 1986 Indian Flints of Ohio, Hothem House Books. 7.) 72.2mmV55.3mm./15.3mm. Material irregular blade of Upper Mercer with per­ Lancaster, Ohio. cussion bulb, hinge and striking platform 1990 First Hunters. Ohio's Paleo-lndian Artifacts is similar to no. 6, large percussion scarring Hothem House. Lancaster, Ohio. with no evidence of retouch, some light bat­ intact, no evidence of thinning or retouch,

Figure 1 (Lutsch) The Grandstaff Cache.

Figure 2 (Lutsch) Entire cache.

50 PARK SERVICE AGENTS STEAL A COLLECTION Continued from page 33 newly-acquired pots. Several days later, They told Greg that the vessels had been il­ A roll of film he took of the agents removing his property. one of these men called from Arizona and legally obtained but when asked how they Photographs of his display for best site award at a state AS0 asked if he would sell the entire South­ could prove the origin of pots which had meeting. western collection since a couple he knew been in collections as long as 80 years, Since the third of February, Greg has not wanted to buy it. Greg sent them photos of which were unmarked, some of which were heard a single word from the Park Service the pieces and the couple made plans to from Mexico, and some of which had been of the whereabouts of his property. Despite come to Ohio to negotiate the purchase, in several collections, he was told that the the fact that the was cautioned by the which they did shortly thereafter. A price Park Service had "people who could tell". agents not to say a word about the opera­ was agreed upon and a down payment They also informed him that a copper spear tion to anyone, he has now retained the was made and a contract for the balance in his collection, which he had bought at services of an attorney who will look into signed. While this was taking place, the auction and which was plainly marked as to the legality of what appears to be a viola­ man who called, and who had accompa­ its origin in Wisconsin, was from "Isle tion of the private property rights and nied the purchasing couple, showed Greg Royale Federal Park" and was illegal. In to­ search and seizure provisions of the a box of relics which he said his grandfa­ tal there were eight agents who had flown Constitution. ther had found in the 1950's in southern from Santa Fe and had rented Lincoln au­ The preceeding narrative, as bizarre as it Ohio. This man had mentioned the relics in tomobiles and a truck to consummate this sounds, is true. It would be laughable if it the previous phone conversation and Greg act of government sponsored theft. didn't have such tragic consequences. Greg Shipley is now faced with the formi­ had told him in a letter and over the phone The agents moved into his home, made that he was not interested in them since dable task of confronting the federal gov­ themselves comfortable, used his furniture ernment with their unlimited resources (our they had purported to have come from and bathroom, sent out twice for food, were "Wayne Forest". He told them again in his tax money) and attempting to get his prop­ there for fourteen hours and searched every erty back. living room that he was not interested in drawer, cabinet and closet in his house. anything from state land. However, the They video taped most of his home and When one reads or sees on television man now changed his story and said only ransacked his office. They then confiscated similar examples of government excess, that they had come from the Athens area the pots - 620 of them for which Greg had there is always the belief that somewhere and that they were for sale. The group in­ paid $47,000 - and took them to Santa Fe. along the line sanity will prevail. But it never cluded a small Hopewell pipe, a stone celt, They even seized four reproduction pots does where the government is concerned. a conch shell and a small copper object. which can be bought in any museum gift Giving guns, badges and the authority of Also included was a fake pipe and a small shop. the federal government to Keystone Cop copper celt with an old painted catalogue types who have absolutely no sense of the Among the things confiscated to be used number. Greg told them that it would be as evidence are the following: difference between criminals and innocent unlikely that a single collection would con­ Ohio Archaeological Society membership card. citizens, is dangerous. Inevitably, they must tain uncatalogued relics, one catalogued Central States Society card. arrest someone to justify their positions and relic and a fake pipe and that if his grandfa­ Photos and negatives of all the pictures of him and his wife expenditures of tax money - and just as in­ ther had found them he would have cata­ taken while they were relic hunting. evitably, it is someone who has never com­ Radiocarbon date data from a salvage site he had dug and logued all of them - and certainly not a fake which he had paid for with his own money. mitted a crime in their life. The Park Service piece. The man reiterated that he didn't The photos of the deer because they were running over a site laments that they don't have the manpower know the actual source that they were Greg hunts across the road. to protect the millions of acres under their "from around Athens" and that they would All photos and negatives, over 100 of them, of the pottery jurisdiction and that looters are daily rav­ sign a paper attesting to it. Shipley, after collection. aging sites under their protection. And yet All letters from collectors. getting the receipt, bought the relics and A UPS shipping receipt to Gregory Perino. they can, apparently with tongue in cheek, paid for them. By this time the purchasing Receipts for a display table at the Owensboro show. justify the expenditure of money and the couple had come back upstairs and all four Receipts for a display table at the Springfield show. time of eight agents coming all the way His sales agreement with the seller of the pottery collection. along with Greg were in his kitchen. At this Their own sales agreement to buy the collection. from Arizona to Ohio, renting expensive point they produced badges marked A catalogue of the collection recently made by Claude Britt. cars, staying at high priced motels, in an at­ National Park Service, Natural Resources Letters from Claude Britt. tempt to make themselves appear as sav­ Protection Unit. With that, four more A postcard from Claude Britt. iours of our cultural resources. The Greg Shipley check book. agents, some wearing guns, stepped into The Greg Shipley savings account book. Ironically, these illegally seized pots may the house. The head agent, one J.W. The receipt for the wristwatch his wife Tricia bought for him. now be returned to any Indian group who Tanner, explained that since some of the Scrapbooks and over 200 personal photos. can provide some vague connection to pots MAY have come from government All letters from the woman in Tennessee. His telephone book. them. Thus, it is certain that someday they land they were seizing the whole collection. The receipt that they gave him assuring him that the relics he will again appear on the market. purchased were not from public land.

A HARDSTONE PENDANT by Ned and Mark Shaw 64 McClain Ave., New Holland, Ohio 43145 The trapezoidal pendant form is the This pendant was originally collected by Reference most common of all pendants found in the Hubert C. Wachtel of Dayton, Ohio and Converse, Robert N. 1 eastern United Staes. However, the pen­ was found in Clark County, Ohio. It is 5 / 1978 Ohio Slate Types, Columbus, Ohio dant pictured here is significantly rarer than inches long and 3/ie of an inch thick. the typical trapezoidal pendant in that it Hardstone pendants have sometimes been was crafted from beautiful dark green and found with Intrusive Mound material and white speckled granite. this may be from that culture.

BACK COVER: (Shaw) Granite pendant from Clark County, Ohio

51 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the Sate of Ohio, to seek and pro­ mote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.