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Detecting Evidence of Systemic Inflammation from Osteological Markers in the Indian Knoll Population of Ohio County, Kentucky

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Detecting Evidence of Systemic Inflammation from Osteological Markers in the Indian Knoll Population of Ohio County, Kentucky University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 12-2016 Detecting evidence of systemic inflammation from osteological markers in the Indian Knoll population of Ohio county, Kentucky. Krysta Wilham University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Wilham, Krysta, "Detecting evidence of systemic inflammation from osteological markers in the Indian Knoll population of Ohio county, Kentucky." (2016). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2587. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/2587 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DETECTING EVIDENCE OF SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION FROM OSTEOLOGICAL MARKERS IN THE INDIAN KNOLL POPULATION OF OHIO COUNTY, KENTUCKY By Krysta Wilham B.A., Northern Kentucky University, 2011 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology Department of Anthropology University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky December 2016 Copyright 2016 by Krysta N. Wilham All rights reserved DETECTING EVIDENCE OF SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION FROM OSTEOLOGICAL MARKERS IN THE INDIAN KNOLL POPULATION OF OHIO COUNTY, KENTUCKY By Krysta N. Wilham B.A., Northern Kentucky University, 2011 A Thesis Approved on November 21, 2016 by the following Thesis Committee: _______________________________________ Thesis Director Fabian A. Crespo, Ph.D. University of Louisville _______________________________________ Philip J. DiBlasi, M.S. University of Louisville _______________________________________ Sharon N. DeWitte, Ph.D. University of South Carolina ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my thesis committee: Dr. Fabian Crespo, Phil DiBlasi, and Dr. Sharon DeWitte, for their time and efforts towards helping me complete this project - your comments, encouragement, and patience over the course of the last year are most appreciated. I would also like to thank Dr. George Crothers and Nancy O’Malley at the University of Kentucky for allowing me to access the Indian Knoll collection, and for their assistance during the time I spent at the William S. Webb Museum of Anthropology. Lastly, I would like to thank my wonderful family for providing me with the encouragement I needed to complete the project. iii ABSTRACT DETECTING EVIDENCE OF SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION FROM OSTEOLOGICAL MARKERS IN THE INDIAN KNOLL POPULATION OF OHIO COUNTY, KENTUCKY Krysta N. Wilham November 21, 2016 Indian Knoll is an Archaic shell midden site located in the Green River region of west-central Kentucky, and was excavated twice in the first half of the 20 th century. While Indian Knoll has been the subject of frequent bioarchaeological studies, the present study presents an osteological analysis of the relationships between skeletal markers commonly associated with local inflammatory processes, and that have the potential to be used as proxies for systemic inflammation. The analysis revealed a significant positive association in the presence of periodontal disease (PD) and periosteal lesions (PL), suggesting a potential underlying hyper-inflammatory status or phenotype. These findings may indicate that different stress factors could have induced a shift in systemic inflammation. Significant positive associations were also observed between PD and age, and PL and age, which indicate an age effect. The present study also explored the associations between additional inflammatory lesions, and comparisons between age and sex. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 OBJECTIVE & HYPOTHESIS ...........................................................................................2 INDIAN KNOLL: THE SITE .............................................................................................5 Skeletal Population ..................................................................................................6 Temporal Span of Indian Knoll ...............................................................................7 Site Formation and Utilization .................................................................................8 Diet at Indian Knoll and Green River Sites ...........................................................13 OSTEOLOGICAL MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION & PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS ................................................................................................................................17 Abscesses ...............................................................................................................18 Auditory Exostoses ................................................................................................20 Cribra Orbitalia and Porotic Hyperostosis .............................................................23 Enamel Hypoplasia ................................................................................................28 Periodontal Disease ................................................................................................30 Supraeruption of Teeth ..........................................................................................33 Periosteal New Bone Formation ............................................................................34 Etiology of Periosteal New Bone Formation .........................................................39 Bowing of the Tibiae .............................................................................................44 PRIOR BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH .............................................................47 Abscesses ...............................................................................................................47 Auditory Exostoses ................................................................................................48 Enamel Hypoplasia ................................................................................................49 Metabolic and Hematological Disorders ...............................................................50 Periodontal Disease ................................................................................................52 Periosteal New Bone Formation ............................................................................53 LOCAL & SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION .....................................................................58 Immune Cells and Bone Cells................................................................................60 v Archaeological Research on Systemic Inflammation ............................................61 MATERIALS & METHODS ............................................................................................63 Metric Measurements and Photographs .................................................................63 Selecting the Sample Population ...........................................................................63 Age Estimation.......................................................................................................64 Sex Estimation .......................................................................................................66 Statistical Analysis .................................................................................................66 Scoring Lesions ......................................................................................................67 Coding Variables ...................................................................................................77 RESULTS ..........................................................................................................................78 Hierarchical Log Linear Analysis ..........................................................................79 Chi-Square Analysis ..............................................................................................80 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................88 Periosteal Lesions, Periodontal Disease, and Age .................................................88 Age and Sex Associations ......................................................................................90 Borderline Significant Associations between Lesions ...........................................92 Metabolic or Hematological Conditions, or Infection in the Cranium? ...............94 Exostoses................................................................................................................96
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