UNDERSTANDING 19TH-CENTURY INDUSTRY • THE BIRTH OF THE MAYA • PREHISTORY DEFROSTED

FALL 2004

a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 8 No. 3

43> $3.95 7525274 91765 archaeological tours led by noted scholars superb itineraries, unsurpassed service For the past 29 years, Archaeological Tours has been arranging specialized tours for a discriminating clientele. Our tours feature distinguished scholars who stress the historical, anthropological and archaeological aspects of the areas visited. We offer a unique opportunity for tour participants to see and understand historically important and culturally significant areas of the world.

Professor Barbara Barletta in Sicily

SICILY & SOUTHERN ITALY VIETNAM GREAT MUSEUMS: Byzantine to Baroque Touring includes the Byzantine and Norman monuments Beginning with Hanoi’s rmuseums and ancient pagodas, As we travel from Assisi to Venice, this spectacular tour of Palermo, the Roman Villa in Casale, unique for its 37 we continue into the heartland to visit some of the ethnic will offer a unique opportunity to trace the development rooms floored with exquisite mosaics, Phoenician Motya minorities who follow the traditions of their ancester’s. We of art and history out of antiquity toward modernity in and classical Segesta, Selinunte, Agrigento and will see the temples and relics of the ancient Cham both the Eastern and Western Christian worlds. The Siracusa — plus, on the mainland, Paestum, Pompeii, peoples, and the villages and religious institutions of the tour begins with four days in Assisi, including a day trip Herculaneum and the incredible "Bronzes of Riace." modern Cham. In the imperial city of Hue, marvelous to medieval Cortona. It then continues to Arezzo, Padua OCTOBER 9 – 25, 2004 17 DAYS remains of the Nguyen kings are set against the romantic and Ravenna, where we will see churches adorned with Led by Prof. Barbara Barletta, University of Florida Perfume River, while in the old port of Hoi An the blend of some of the richest mosaics in Europe. Our tour ends architectural styles of its temples, pagodas and shrines with three glorious days in Venice. Throughout we will MAY 28 – JUNE 13, 2005 17 DAYS will enchant us. After exploring the waterways of the delta, experience the sources of visual inspiration for a Led by Prof. Blaise Nagy, College of the Holy Cross we end our stay in the river port of Ho Chi Minh, where a thousand years of art while sampling the food and drink THE DESERT FRONTIERS OF EGYPT sense of vitality permeates the atmosphere. that have enhanced the Italian world since it was the An exploration of ancient Egypt’s geographic frontiers DECEMBER 31, 2004 – JANUARY 16, 2005 17 DAYS center of the Roman Republic and Empire. and the peoples, goods and ideas that have crossed Led by Prof. Jeffrey Riegel, U. of California, Berkeley MARCH 2 – 13, 2005 12 DAYS them. Highlights include border fortifications along the Led by Prof. Ori Z. Soltes, Georgetown University Suez, the ancient remains of a turquoise mine at SRI LANKA Sarabit el-Khadim, Coptic desert monasteries along the Among the world’s first Buddhist kingdoms, the island of MAYA SUPERPOWERS Red Sea, St. Catherine’s monastery in the Sinai and the Sri Lanka offers wonders far exceeding its small size. As This tour examines the ferocious political struggles newly opened tombs and temples in Luxor. Our four- we explore this mystical place, we will have a glimpse of between the Maya superpowers in the Late Classical day cruise on Lake Nasser will enable us to visit sites life under kings who created sophisticated irrigation period. At the heart of these struggles was a bitter not easily accessible to travelers. The spectacular systems, built magnificent temples and huge dagobas, antagonism between Tikal in Guatemala and Calakmul in desert landscapes of the Sinai and serenity of Lake carved 40-foot-tall Buddhas and built a royal residence Mexico. New roads will allow us to visit these ancient Nasser will add to the magic of this special tour. and gardens on the top of a 600-foot rock outcropping. cities, as well as Lamanai, the large archaeological project Our journey takes us to six World Heritage sites as well at Caracol in Belize, Copan and Edzna and Kohunlich in OCTOBER 8 – 26, 2004 19 DAYS as monasteries, tea plantations, wildlife sanctuaries, Mexico. The tour also provides opportunities to experience Led by Prof. Lanny Bell, Brown University colonial hill stations, colorful rituals and festivals giving us the still-pristine tropical forest in the Maya Biosphere NORTHERN CHILE & EASTER ISLAND an understanding of Sri Lankan culture and history. Reserves. Our adventure ends in Campeche, a UNESCO The enigmatic giant statues on Easter Island and the JANUARY8 – 25, 2005 18 DAYS World Heritage Site. enormous areas of perfectly preserved geoglyphs of Led by Prof. Sudharshan Seneviratne, U. of Peradeniya MARCH 5 – 21, 2005 17 DAYS northern Chile will be highlights of this unusual tour. In Led by Prof. Jeffrey Blomster, George Washington U. Chile visits include the archaeological remains of THE SPLENDORS OF ANCIENT EGYPT NOVEMBER 11 – 27, 2005 the Atacameno culture, pre-Inca fortresses, fine This in-depth tour begins with six days visiting Cairo’s Led by Prof. John Henderson, Cornell University museums, old colonial churches and Santiago. Lastly, major sites. We will also spend a day in the Delta we study the fascinating prehistoric Rapa Nui culture visiting Tanis and in the Faiyum Oasis to see the TUNISIA during our seven-day stay on remote Easter Island. collapsed pyramid of Meydum and Roman Karanis. Based in Tunis for four days, we will spend a full day at With five full days in Luxor we will have a thorough OCTOBER 21 – NOVEMBER 7, 2004 18 DAYS Phoenician Carthage and explore the northeastern part exploration of the temples and tombs of Thebes, as well Led by Dr. Jo Anne Van Tilburg, University of California of the country. Leaving Tunis we tour Dougga, as Dendera and Abydos before a five-day Nile cruise on Thuburbo Majus, the unique underground Numidian GREAT MUSEUMS: Berlin, Vienna & Turin the deluxe Oberoi Philae. The tour concludes with three capital at Bulla Regia, Sbeitla, the Islamic monuments This tour focuses on the great museum collections of days in Aswan, the Nubian Museum and Abu Simbel. in Kairouan and Tunisia’s major Roman and Byzantine Egyptian, Classical and Near Eastern Art in Berlin, Vienna FEBRUARY4 – 23, 2005 19 DAYS sites. We will spend two days exploring oases deep in and Turin. For all who have visited Egypt, Turkey, Greece, NOVEMBER 11 – 30, 2005 the Sahara Desert — plus lovely coastal towns, Berber Italy or Syria, or will visit these places, this tour is a Led by Prof. Lanny Bell, Brown University villages and exotic bazaars. treasure trove of art from their ancient cities. We will visit MAY 20 – JUNE 5, 2005 17 DAYS major collections of Christian art as well as museums EASTERN INDIA Led by Professor Pedar Foss, DePauw University known for their paintings. There will also be opportunities Our new tour of the states of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and to attend opera, ballet or other performances. Bihar, the birthplace of Buddhism, begins in Hyderabad, ADDITIONAL TOURS brimming with palaces, tombs and mosques. In Orissa Egypt for Grandparents & Grandchildren; Libya; Malta, OCTOBER 7 – 17, 2004 11 DAYS we experience traditional Hindu culture at the pilgrimage Led by Prof. Ori Z. Soltes, Georgetown University Sardinia & Corsica; Silk Road of China; Ireland; Japan; town of Puri and the colossal temple to the sun god at Cyprus, Crete & Santorini; Etruscan Italy...and more. SOUTHERN INDIA Konarak. In Calcutta, capital of British India, we visit This popular tour begins in Bombay and includes the India’s earliest archaeological museum. The tour ends in Ellora and Ajanta rock-cut cave temples and the state of Bihar. Housed within a small triangle are Kanchipuram, one of the seven sacred cities of India. We three incredible sites, Bodhgaya, where Buddha gained will visit the famous shore temples outside Madras, the enlightenment, Rajgir, place of Buddha’s meditation, and temples and palaces of Trichy, Madurai, Mysore, Goa and Nalanda, site of the great 5th-century international sail the backwaters of Kerala to Cochin. Highlights of the Buddhist university. The tour is enhanced by colorful tour will be Badami’s cave temples and the extraordinary cultural performances commissioned for our group. Vijayanagar ruins at Hampi, a World Heritage site. FEBRUARY 18 – MARCH 8, 2005 19 DAYS FEBRUARY7 – MARCH 3, 2005 24 DAYS Led by Prof. Sudharshan Seneviratne, U. of Peradeniya Led by Prof. John M. Fritz, University of Pennsylvania american archaeology a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 8 No. 3 fall 2004

COVER FEATURE 27 THE WORLD WIDE WEB OF ANTIQUITIES BY ELAINE ROBBINS The Internet is providing a new market for illegal antiquities trading. Archaeologists and law enforcement officials are struggling to deal with this problem.

12 UNDERSTA NDING 19TH-CENTURYINDUSTRY BY HILARY DAVIDSON America’s military-industrial complex began with the West Point Foundry. Archaeologists are investigating the foundry’s remains to understand how it operated. 20 PREHISTORY DEFROSTED BY CATHERINE DOLD Melting ice patches in Canada’s Yukon Territories are yielding amazing ancient organic artifacts. 31 THE BEGINNINGS OF MAYA CIVILIZATION BY MICHAEL BAWAYA Researchers have largely ignored the piedmont region in southern Guatemala. But there are indications that it played an important role in the Maya’s development. 40 THE FATHER OF SOUTHWESTERN ARCHAEOLOGY BY TAMARA STEWART Alfred Vincent Kidder employed a scientific methodology in his work at Pecos Pueblo.

44 new acquisition RABINOWITZ WOODLAND SITE DONATED BY CONCERNED LANDOWNER J E R R Y Having never been excavated, the Giesey site could offer a wealth 2 Lay of the Land of information about its inhabitants. 3 Letters 45 new acquisition EXPLAINING MISSISSIPPIAN EXPANSION 5 Events The John Chapman site could answer questions about why the Mississippians moved north. 7 In the News Fort Collins Acquires Famous Site • Link 46 new acquisition Between Jamestown Settlers and Virginia GETTING A GLIMPSE OF THE ADENA Indians Discovered • Kennewick Man Legal The Williams-Morgan Archaeological Preserve offers researchers an intact Adena mound. Battle Over? 47 point acquisition 50 Field Notes THE CONSERVANCY ACQUIRES EARLY17TH-CENTURY 52 Reviews IROQUOIS VILLAGE European glass trade beads recovered from the site provide 54 Expeditions important clues to the area’s chronology. COVER: Antiquities trading on the Web is a 48 point acquisition serious problem. PRESERVING EVIDENCE OF CULTURAL TRANSITION Artifact photos: Maxwell The DePrato site is a well-preserved example of cultural change Museum of Anthropology, UNM in Louisiana. Design: Vicki Marie Singer american archaeology 1 Lay of the Land

Dealing With Antiquities Trafficking on the Web

n its short history, the Internet tional decline in looting that took has revolutionized the way many place in the 1980s and 1990s has Iof us communicate, do research, been reversed because this ready mar- and shop. It saves time and opens the ket encourages looters to hit once world to us. But there is a down side, overlooked sites. as we discuss in this issue of Ameri- To date, attempts to curb this can Archaeology. The Internet has be- trade have largely failed. The big auc- come a vehicle for selling looted ar- tion houses like eBay say they are un- POORE

chaeological artifacts from around able to tell the difference between D A R R E N the world. Only days after the inva- legal and illegal items. Law enforce- MARK MICHEL, President sion of Iraq and the looting of its ment officials seem overwhelmed. A museums and fabulous archaeologi- major effort is needed to curb this They should refuse to list any arti- cal sites, the loot began to appear for growing menace. facts for sale. Archaeologists and sale on the Internet. More than a The U.S. Justice Department preservationists must take the lead in thousand artifacts from dozens of and Congress need to take an in- pressing for reform. This problem countries are for sale on any day. depth look at the problem. If current will only get worse unless strong ac- The opening of this huge new laws are inadequate, then we must tion is taken promptly. marketplace has in turn been an in- pass new ones. The big auction sites centive for increased looting. The na- need to become more responsible.

2 fall • 2004 Letters

Dressed For Battle The Kennewick remains American Indians are have been scientifically stud- Editor’s Corner interesting people and ied. Archaeologists, biological I have always wanted anthropologists, and physical The accommodations at Casa de los to know more about their history anthropologists have con- Hombres were barely basic. Eight and culture. The information we have ducted detailed and rigorous scien- beds were crammed into four rooms. is very limited. I am glad that every tific studies organized by the Depart- Laundry hung from makeshift once in a while we get more historical ment of the Interior and the Army clotheslines. Around five a.m. the information about the first native Corps of Engineers as part of the residents began the daily competition peoples that inhabited the Americas. government’s effort to resolve this for the single bath. A cold shower Your News article “Comanche case. Your article perpetuates an inac- with low water pressure awaited. Rock Art Depicts Leather-Armored curate perception about scientific Later in the day there would be no Mounted Warriors” in the Summer study of this set of human remains running water. issue was informative. With the pet- that is, unfortunately, widespread. After showering and dressing, it roglyphs, we now have some docu- was off to the dining room for a quick mented proof on what they wore to Francis P. McManamon, Ph.D, RPA breakfast, and by seven a day of hot, battle. The leather armor, made from Chief Archeologist, National Park Service sweaty work commenced. The task bison skin, is unique. When they Washington, D.C. might be cleaning and organizing arti- placed the armor on their horses, facts in the laboratory, but more likely their horses became living tanks. An- Special Travel Special it was working in the field, mapping, other fantastic bit about this article is Great Summer issue. We especially excavating, and screening dirt for arti- that the archaeologists were able to liked the “Summer Travel Special” facts. In the field there is every manner date the rock to 1700 to 1750. That that told of areas of interest to visit of bug to contend with, not to men- was incredible. and also provided contact informa- tion poisonous caterpillars and snakes. Paul Dale Roberts tion. Please keep doing that for other People pay good money to do Elk Grove, California areas of the country in rotation. We this for two weeks. At least a handful also liked the “Deciphering Maya of Earthwatch Institute volunteers Studying Kennewick Man Hieroglyphs” article. did. They came from as far away as I seek to clarify your News article, Lewis Picher Australia to work on an archaeological “Scientists Win Another Kennewick Denver, Colorado project in southern Guatemala. This Man Ruling” in the Summer issue. memorable, shall we say, vacation The article reports the recent decision Sending Letters to served as a bracing alternative to the by the Ninth Circuit Court of Ap- American Archaeology more traditional fare of relaxing on peals upholding the District Court’s the beach or touring foreign capitals. decision as a victory of “scientists” American Archaeology welcomes Earthwatch Institute sends volun- over “Native Americans.” This short- your letters. Write to us at teers all over the world to participate 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, hand reference to the plaintiffs and Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517, or in research projects, archaeological and defendants in the case is misleading. send us e-mail at [email protected]. otherwise. The work can be hard and Not all scientists are at odds with the We reserve the right to edit and publish the rewards simple—in this case the Indian tribes and government agen- letters in the magazine’s Letters discovery of a ceramic sherd or an ob- cies involved in this long-running department as space permits. Please sidian flake. But, cold showers and all, suit. More importantly, the article include your name, address, it can make for a very rich experience. suggests that, had the Indian tribes and telephone number with all correspondence, including won, the remains would have been e-mail messages. reburied “without a scientific study.” american archaeology 3 WELCOME TO THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSERVANCY! 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902 Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517 • (505) 266-1540 www.americanarchaeology.org he Archaeological Conservancy is the only national non-profit Board of Directors organization that identifies, ac- Vincas Steponaitis, North Carolina, CHAIRMAN quires, and preserves the most sig- Cecil F. Antone, Arizona • Carol Condie, New Mexico tnificant archaeological sites in the Janet Creighton, Washington • Janet EtsHokin, Illinois United States. Since its beginning in Jerry EtsHokin, Illinois • W. James Judge, Colorado 1980, the Conservancy has preserved Jay T. Last, California • Dorinda Oliver, New York more than 295 sites across the nation, Rosamond Stanton, Montana • Dee Ann Story, Texas ranging in age from the earliest habita- Stewart L. Udall, New Mexico • Gordon Wilson, New Mexico tion sites in North America to a 19th- Conservancy Staff

century frontier army post. We are Mark Michel, President • Tione Joseph, Business Manager building a national system of archaeo- Lorna Thickett, Membership Director • Sarah Tiberi, Special Projects Director logical preserves to ensure the survival Shelley Smith, Membership Assistant • Valerie Long, Administrative Assistant of our irreplaceable cultural heritage. Yvonne Woolfolk, Administrative Assistant Regional Offices and Directors Why Save Archaeological Sites? The Jim Walker, Vice President, Southwest Region (505) 266-1540 ancient people of North America left 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902 • Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108 virtually no written records of their cul- Tamara Stewart, Projects Coordinator • Steve Koczan, Site-Management Coordinator tures. Clues that might someday solve Amy Espinoza-Ar, Field Representative the mysteries of prehistoric America are Paul Gardner, Vice President, Midwest Region (614) 267-1100 still missing, and when a ruin is de- 3620 N. High St. #207 • Columbus, Ohio 43214 stroyed by looters, or leveled for a shop- Joe Navari, Field Representative ping center, precious information is lost. By permanently preserving endangered Alan Gruber, Vice President, Southeast Region (770) 975-4344 ruins, we make sure they will be here for 5997 Cedar Crest Road • Acworth, Georgia 30101 future generations to study and enjoy. Jessica Crawford, Delta Field Representative Gene Hurych, Western Region (916) 399-1193 How We Raise Funds: Funds for 1 Shoal Court #67 • Sacramento, California 95831 the Conservancy come from member- ship dues, individual contributions, cor- porations, and foundations. Gifts and bequests of money, land, and securities ® are fully tax deductible under section american archaeology 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Planned giving provides donors with PUBLISHER: Mark Michel substantial tax deductions and a variety EDITOR: Michael Bawaya (505) 266-9668, [email protected] of beneficiary possibilities. For more in- ASSISTANT EDITOR: Tamara Stewart formation, call Mark Michel at (505) ART DIRECTOR: Vicki Marie Singer, [email protected] 266-1540. Editorial Advisory Board Scott Anfinson, Minnesota Historic Preservation The Role of the Magazine: American Ernie Boszhardt, Mississippi Valley Archaeological Center • Darrell Creel, University of Texas Archaeology is the only popular maga- Zuni Cultural Resources • Washington State University zine devoted to presenting the rich di- Jonathan Damp, Richard Daugherty, versity of archaeology in the Americas. Linda Derry, Alabama Historical Commission • Mark Esarey, Cahokia Mounds State Park The purpose of the magazine is to help Kristen Gremillion, Ohio State University • Richard Jenkins, California Dept. of Forestry readers appreciate and understand the Trinkle Jones, National Park Service • Linda Mayro, Pima County, Arizona archaeological wonders available to Jeff Mitchem, Arkansas Archaeological Survey • Douglas Perrelli, SUNY-Buffalo them, and to raise their awareness of the Janet Rafferty, Mississippi State University • Judyth Reed, Bureau of Land Management destruction of our cultural heritage. By Ann Rogers, Oregon State University • Joe Saunders, University of Louisiana-Monroe sharing new discoveries, research, and ac- Donna Seifert, John Milner Associates • Art Spiess, Maine Historic Preservation tivities in an enjoyable and informative Richard Woodbury, University of Massachusetts • Don Wyckoff, University of Oklahoma way, we hope we can make learning National Advertising Office about ancient America as exciting as Marcia Ulibarri, Advertising Representative it is essential. 5301 Central Ave. NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108; (505) 344-6018; Fax (505) 345-3430; [email protected] How to Say Hello: By mail: The Archaeological Conservancy, American Archaeology (ISSN 1093-8400) is published quarterly by The Archaeological Conservancy, 5301 Central Avenue NE, 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517. Title registered U.S. Pat. and TM Office, © 2004 by TAC. Printed in the United States. Periodicals postage paid Albuquerque, NM, and additional mailing offices. Single copies are $3.95. A one-year mem- Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517; bership to the Conservancy is $25 and includes receipt of American Archaeology. Of the member’s dues, $6 is designated for by phone: (505) 266-1540; a one-year magazine subscription. READERS: For new memberships, renewals, or change of address, write to The Archaeo- by e-mail: [email protected]; or visit our logical Conservancy, 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517, or call (505) 266-1540. For changes Web site: www.americanarchaeology.org of address, include old and new addresses. Articles are published for educational purposes and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Conservancy, its editorial board, or American Archaeology. Article proposals and artwork should be addressed to the editor. No responsibility assumed for unsolicited material. All articles receive expert review. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to American Archaeology, The Archaeological Conservancy, 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517; (505) 266-1540. All rights reserved. American Archaeology does not accept advertising from dealers in archaeological artifacts or antiquities.

4 fall • 2004 Museum exhibits • Tours • Festivals Meetings • Education • Conferences Events

■ NEW EXHIBITS Pier 21 Museum National Museum of the American Indian Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada—The S Smithsonian Institution, National Mall, new traveling exhibition “France/New Washington, D.C.—The much antic- France: From Acadia to Louisiana” marks CULTURE ipated grand opening of the new mu- the 400th anniversary of French settle-

T E X A N seum includes opening ceremonies, ment in North America, beginning with O F the Native Nations procession, a six- the first 16th-century settlements. The day festival, exhibitions, and other exhibit examines the role of the First Na- I N S T I T U T E events. With its Native-designed ar- tions and the motives of French mon- chitecture, exhibitions, and landscap- archs for colonizing and claiming lands ing, the 250,000-square-foot museum in the New World and those of the Institute of Texan Cultures University of Texas, San Anto- is a one-of-a-kind cultural institution French colonists who left their homeland nio, Tex.—“Sacred Smoke: To- dedicated to the cultures, histories, to emigrate to a colony with an uncertain bacco Pipes and the Indians languages, and artifacts of American future. (902) 425-7770, www.pier21.ca of the Americas,” featuring Indians. Showcasing objects that rep- (Through January 2, 2005) American Indian pipes from resent a 10,000-year time span, the the Red McCombs Collection, opening exhibitions capture the vast Art Institute of Chicago offers an anthropological per- diversity of the Indians of the Ameri- Chicago, Ill.—The major new exhibition spective on the use of pipes cas told from their own perspective. “Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American in American Indian rituals. All The spectacular First Americans Festi- Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and tribes used tobacco in many val will feature more than 300 of the South” explores the art, ritual, ceremonial religious rituals involving most talented Native performers rep- places, and settlements of the ancient peo- prayer, healing, and sealing of contracts and treaties. Be- resenting more than 50 tribes and Na- ples who lived in the central part of the cause tobacco has played tive communities. (202) 357-3164, U.S. between 5000 B.C. and A.D. 1600. such an important role in www.AmericanIndian.si.edu (Opening The exhibit includes some 300 master- American Indian beliefs, the September 21) works of stone, ceramic, wood, shell, and pipe is considered a powerful copper. (312) 443-3600, www.artic.edu ritual object. Pipes were often (November 20 through January 30, 2005) carved in the image of ani- University of Oregon Museum of Natural mals to assist in spiritual vi- and Cultural History sion quests. (210) 458-2330, Eugene, Ore.—Celebrate the mu- www.texancultures.utsa.edu seum’s grand re-opening when the en- (New permanent exhibit) tire exhibition hall will be transformed into a new exhibit, “Oregon–Where Past is Present.” Based on the latest ar- Ocmulgee Indian Celebration chaeological research, this new exhibit uses thousands of artifacts dating as September 18–19, Ocmulgee National far back as 15,000 years ago, as well as Monument, Macon, Ga. Named one of reconstructions and interactive dis- the top 20 events in the Southeast, this plays to tell the story of Oregon’s cul- year’s celebration features traditional tural, natural, and geological history. arts, crafts, technology demonstrations, (541) 346-3024, http://natural-his- Native storytelling, dance, and music. (478) 752-8257, www.nps.gov/ocmu NPS tory.uoregon.edu (Opening October 8)

american archaeology 5 Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument Kanab, Utah—New intriguing exhibits explore the science of archaeology through life-size replicas of excavations, artifacts recovered from the monument, and “Ask the Experts” audio-visual programs. The progression of Events the area’s material culture is revealed through a timeline illustration from Paleo-Indian and Archaic through Fremont, Anasazi, Paiute, and modern times. (435) 644-4300, www.ut.blm.gov/monument (New long-term exhibits) BLM

■ CONFERENCES, strations, Indian games and story- LECTURES & FESTIVALS telling, the World Atlatl Association, Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site archaeology talks and exhibits, Native Indian Pow Wow music and dancing. (505) 476-1250, September 10–12, Collinsville, Ill. Na- www.miaclab.org tive Americans from across the country will participate in competitive and so- Utah Rock Art Research Associa- cial dancing at the site’s Dance Circle. tion 24th Annual Symposium Crafts demonstrations will be held at October 9–11, Best Western Red the Interpretive Center. (618) 346- Hills Hotel, Kanab, Utah. This year’s PARK 5160, www.cahokiamounds.com informal theme is about rock art ethics. Presentations and mini-work-

13th Mogollon shops, new this year, will be made on ARCHAEOLOGICAL Archaeology Conference Utah rock art research and related September 30–October 2, Western topics. Tours of local sites will be O U N D V I L L E New Mexico University, Silver City, held Sunday afternoon and all day M N.M. A reception celebrating the mu- Monday. Contact Troy Scotter (801) Moundville seum’s 30th anniversary will kick off 377-6901,[email protected], this year’s conference, followed by pre- www.utahrockart.org Native American Festival sentations, symposiums, and a public lecture on Mimbres archaeology. 2004 Joint Meeting of the October 6–9, University of (505) 538-6386 Southeastern Archaeological Alabama’s Moundville Conference and the Midwestern Archaeological Park, Massachusetts Archaeological Conference Tuscaloosa, Ala. Native Archaeology Month 2004 October 21–23, St. Louis Marriott- American performers and Throughout the month of October, Downtown, St. Louis, Mo. This year’s artists will entertain and nearly 100 events are scheduled in conference includes a Thursday educate visitors about the communities around the state to pro- evening reception at the Missouri rich cultural heritage of the mote awareness of the common- Historical Society in Forest Park, re- Southeast. Described as wealth’s rich archaeological past. This search, and poster presentations. the “Big Apple” of the 14th year’s program offers lectures, tours, [email protected], www.south- century and a National storytelling, exhibits, walks, and easternarchaeology.org Historic Landmark, the 320- demonstrations. (617) 727-8470, acre Moundville Park contains www.state.ma.us/sec/mhc 29th Annual Rock Art Symposium more than 20 preserved November 6, Otto Auditorium, San prehistoric mounds, a nature 3rd Annual Sun Mountain Gathering Diego Museum Zoo, San Diego, trail, and a museum with October 9–10, Museum of Indian Arts Calif. Sponsored by the San Diego some of North America’s & Culture/Laboratory of Anthropol- Museum of Man, rock art scholars finest Mississipian-era ogy, Santa Fe, N.M. In celebration of will present the very latest about pic- artifacts. (205) 371-2234, 12,000 years of New Mexico’s rich cul- tographs and petroglyphs during this www.moundville.ua.edu tural heritage, this year’s event features comprehensive symposium. (619) ancient craft and technology demon- 239-2001, www.museumofman.org

6 fall • 2004 Fort Collins Acquires in the Famous Archaeological Site Colorado’s Lindenmeier Paleo-Indian site is one of the nation’s most significant. NEWS

his past May, the City of Fort Collins, in northern Colorado, T purchased the Soapstone Ranch near the Colorado-Wyoming border for nearly $7.3 million. The ranch, which is more than 12,500 acres, contains the Lindenmeier site, a Na- tional Historical Landmark and one of North America’s most important archaeological sites. The Archaeolog- ical Conservancy is working with the city to design a long-term cultural re- source management plan for the site. Lindenmeier was discovered in 1924, two years before the famous discovery of human artifacts in asso- ciation with extinct bison at Folsom, New Mexico, that helped to define the Paleo-Indian culture. Linden- meier’s significance was not recog- nized until 1930, when E. B. Re- WALKER

J I M naud of the University of Denver noted the similarity between Linden- meier’s projectile points and those The first known Folsom-period camp was discovered at the Lindenmeier site. Lindenmeier has been from the Folsom site. called one of North America’s most important archaeological sites. Lindenmeier was excavated by Frank Roberts of the Smithsonian “In my opinion, this is the most at the camp include nine species of from 1934 to 1940, and in 1935 by a important site in North America for extinct bison and camel, pronghorn group from the Colorado Museum of better understanding the Folsom antelope, rabbit, fox, and wolf. En- Natural History in Denver under the technocomplex, its origin, and devel- vironmental reconstructions have direction of J. D. Figgins. Largely opment,” said Vance Haynes. shown that a wet meadowland was lo- due to his work at Lindenmeier, Lindenmeier contains the first cated adjacent to the camp during its Roberts introduced the term “Paleo- known camp from the Folsom period, Folsom occupation, providing an Indian” to American archaeology. In as well as an animal-processing site. It abundance of natural resources for the 1959, Vance Haynes and the late was periodically revisited by small site’s inhabitants. George Agogino of the University of groups of hunter-gatherers. A variety The acquisition of Soapstone Arizona, radiocarbon dated a sample of stone scrapers, knives, engraved Ranch is part of a project involving from the site to approximately bone (including possible gaming Fort Collins, Colorado’s Larimer 12,900 years ago, which is during the pieces), bone needles, a hematite County, and The Nature Conser- Folsom period of the Paleo-Indian bead, diagnostic fluted Folsom points, vancy that will eventually protect culture. Later occupation of the site and other stone tool and projectile tens of thousands of acres along has been dated to between 8000 and point fragments have been recovered the Colorado-Wyoming border. 5000 B.C. during the Plano period. from the site. Animal remains found —Tamara Stewart

american archaeology 7 in the Jamestown Copper Discovered At Indian Village Sites NEWS Find indicates trade between the colonists and native peoples.

rchaeologists working at the U.S. Naval Weapons Station Ain Yorktown, Virginia, have discovered evidence of the relation- ship between Jamestown’s earliest set- tlers and Virginia’s Indians. While conducting tests at two newly discov- ered Kiskiak Indian villages, the ar- chaeologists with the William & Mary Center for Archaeological Re- search found two small pieces of cop- per along with several other artifacts of English origin in a trash midden. Prior to European arrival to the area, copper was very rare, conse- quently colonists obtained great quantities of food in exchange for small bits of the metal. “Copper was the most precious material known to Virginia’s Powhatan Indian groups,” explained Dennis Blanton, former director of the William & Mary Center. “Those who possessed and

controlled it were recognized as hold- NAVY

ing the highest status in their com- U . S . munities.” The Powhatans fashioned An excavator works in a midden where the copper (see inset photo) was discovered. As copper copper into gorgets, tubular beads, became more common it lost its value, which explains why it was found in a pile of trash. and other items. Analysis of the chemical make- and security, resulting in a serious chiefdoms that made up the domain up of the copper pieces found at the economic crisis at Jamestown and of the powerful leader Powhatan, fa- Kiskiak sites showed it to be consis- strained relations between the ther of Pocahontas and ruler of more tent with copper found at Jamestown, colonists and the Powhatan Indians. than 15,000 people along coastal which originated in Great Britain “Its loss of value due to the glut of Virginia. Kiskiak was the principal and Sweden. While historic accounts English copper is what led, we be- Indian settlement located closest to have long indicated that sheet copper lieve, to the discard of copper in the site of Werowocomoco where was a very important item of trade common Indian trash heaps,” said Chief Powhatan lived. The location and played a critical role in the sur- Blanton. When the Jamestown set- of Werowocomoco was identified by vival of Jamestown, this is one of very tlers had no trade items of value to archaeologists last year in nearby few tangible links that have been the Powhatans, the Indians tried to Gloucester. Both of these sites were found between Jamestown and In- cut off the settler’s food supply, and depicted on a 1612 map of the re- dian village sites. the settlers retaliated with military gion created by Captain John Smith But as European traders brought force, driving the Kiskiak people, the of Jamestown, thus their general lo- more and more copper, Indians last natives in the area, north to the cations have been known of for cen- began to demand other goods of Rappahannock River by 1622. turies. The Navy plans to preserve greater value in exchange for food Kiskiak was one of about 30 these settlements. —Tamara Stewart

8 fall • 2004 A Remarkable in the Archaeological Acquisition Utah obtains land containing thousands of pristine sites. NEWS he State of Utah has acquired Range Creek Ranch, a vast tract of land that is believed to contain sev- T eral thousand pristine archaeological sites. The sites, located in the remote Range Creek Canyon in east- ern Utah, were protected for 53 years by the former landowner, Waldo Wilcox. “I was totally unprepared for the complexity, density, and integrity of the archaeological sites,” said Jerry Span- gler, an archaeologist with the College of Eastern Utah who was hired to survey the canyon. “What we have is ab- solutely mind-boggling. So far we have documented up to 300 sites, almost all of which are in pristine condition.” ONES J Researchers estimate that between 2,500 and 5,000

K E V I N archaeological sites are located within the 12-mile stretch of canyon. They include pithouse villages, agricultural and It’s estimated that only five to 10 percent of Range Creek’s sites have hunting-gathering sites, cliffside granaries, and petroglyph been documented. panels and pictographs with an unusual range of colors that include blue, gold, and white. Three radiocarbon Kevin Jones, Utah’s state archaeologist, said protect- dates obtained from sites within Range Creek indicate that ing the sites on the over 4,000-acre tract of land will be a it was occupied from A.D. 1000 to 1200. big challenge. —Tamara Stewart Another Day In Court For Kennewick Man? The long legal battle for custody of the ancient remains may not be over.

hough four Northwest tribes of the scientists last April. Neither the Kennewick Man. “We’re still negoti- seeking to rebury the 9,400- tribes nor the federal government ex- ating with the government,” he T year-old human remains ercised their final legal option of ap- added. “We haven’t lost all hope.” known as Kennewick Man will not pealing to the Supreme Court. Should the government sud- appeal their case to the Supreme Nonetheless, Alan Schneider, denly approve the plan, Schneider Court, the legal wrangling over cus- the scientists’ lead attorney, doesn’t thinks research could begin at the tody of the remains could continue. think the scientists will be examining end of this year. But even if the gov- The lawsuit Bonnichsen et.al. v. the remains in the immediate future. ernment changed its stance, one or U.S., which began in 1996, pitted the “The case is a long ways away from more of the tribes could file a lawsuit Nez Perce, Umatilla, Yakama, and over,” he said. “It appears that further in district court to prevent testing of Colville tribes, in alliance with the court decisions will be necessary.” Kennewick Man. If the parties do go federal government, against a group of Schneider said his clients have back to court, Schneider doesn’t scientists. The tribes claimed cultural presented the government a research know how long it would take to re- affiliation with Kennewick Man under plan describing the type of analyses solve the issue. the Native American Graves Protec- they want to conduct on the remains. Calls to the Justice Department, tion and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) But, despite losing the legal battle, the which is representing the government, with the intention of reburying the re- government has refused to approve were not returned at press time. mains. The scientists sought access to the research plan. Schneider thinks it Kennewick Man was discovered the remains for purposes of research. might take another legal decision by a in 1996 on federal land in southeast In the most recent decision in federal district court to force the Washington state. The remains are this lengthy case, the U.S. Ninth Cir- government to accept the plan and kept at the Burke Museum in Seattle. cuit Court of Appeals ruled in favor thereby give the scientists access to —Michael Bawaya

american archaeology 9 in the Microbes May Threaten Maya Ruins NEWS Tests show bacteria can break down limestone. arvard University researchers have discovered mi- crobes inside the porous stone of the Maya ruins Hin Mexico that could cause their rapid deteriora- tion. The microbes were found in the limestone of struc- tures at the Mayan archaeological site Ek’ Balam in Yu- catan, Mexico. Tests indicate that the microbes, identified as endolithic bacteria, can quickly weaken the porous stone structures. Researcher Christopher McNamara and his colleagues selected stone samples, which were broken down into small particles, from exterior and interior sections of the struc- tures. The samples were then analyzed in a laboratory. Upon culturing the endolithic bacteria, they noted its abil- ity to break down the limestone as the bacteria grew. This research has “important implications for the con- servation of Maya ruins as well as other stone objects and structures,” McNamara said. The integrity of stone build- ings and objects is generally determined by examining sur- face samples of rock. “Surface analysis of microbial growth SINGER

and disinfection of stone objects and buildings can no M A R I E

longer be considered sufficient,” he added. McNamara is V I C K I currently testing the effectiveness of various treatments The researchers believe their discovery could play an important role used to hold decaying stone together. —Sarah Tiberi in preserving Maya ruins, such as this structure at Tulum, in Mexico. Amnesty Program Results In Returned Artifacts Collectors in Four Corner’s region faced no penalty when returning items. n amnesty program developed up with this unusual notion in the been returned. and overseen by the U.S. At- hopes of recovering artifacts that we The New Mexico objects are A torneys of New Mexico, Utah, wouldn’t otherwise find or know being held by the University of New Arizona, and Colorado has resulted about,” says Mary Catherine McCul- Mexico’s Maxwell Museum of An- in the return of numerous artifacts loch, assistant U.S. Attorney in Albu- thropology, where they will be re- taken from Southwestern sites over querque, New Mexico. searched and returned to the appro- the past 50 years or so. The 90-day Among the artifacts returned in priate tribes by the Department of amnesty, which ended on August 18, New Mexico were a 1,000-year-old Justice. “Repatriation is very much allowed people in possession of cul- pot, a 300-year-old Navajo pot, a part of the process,” says David turally important artifacts to return 300- to 500-year-old ceramic can- Phillips, curator of archaeology at the them without facing questioning or teen with a painted frog image from Maxwell Museum. “If no appropriate prosecution. Jemez Pueblo, and a stunning Osage home can be found for the objects, The U.S. Attorney’s Office in eagle claw necklace. Several sacred they will most likely be curated at the the District of Arizona initiated the Hopi items and four corncobs taken Maxwell on behalf of the U.S. Attor- program in order to encourage collec- from the cliff-side site of Keet Seel ney’s Office. Also, if the tribe prefers tors or inheritors to return the impor- on Navajo Nation land, have been to have the objects curated at a mu- tant artifacts to their respective tribal returned in Arizona, and human re- seum, the Maxwell can do that for owners. “The U.S. Attorneys came mains from several sites in Utah have them.” —Tamara Stewart

10 fall • 2004 Budget Shortfalls in the Threaten Archaeology NEWS Association cites threat to cultural resources in national parks.

ccording to the private, non- decay of Bandelier National Monu- partisan National Parks Con- ment’s prehistoric cliff dwellings. Aservation Association (NPCA), Many of the area park rangers were a lack of sufficient funding and staff recently sent to high profile monu- threaten archaeological resources in ments to protect against terrorism, many national parks. In a new re- leaving the backcountry archaeologi- port, the NPCA says the National cal sites vulnerable to looting. Be- Park Service (NPS) is operating on cause of deficient staffing, Bandelier about two thirds of the money it is unable to provide educational pro- needs for adequate maintenance, grams or tours to the many school which amounts to a yearly shortfall groups that visit the park every year. in excess of $600 million. • Yellowstone National Park has The NPCA cited a number of a history of occupation by 21 Native examples of how this lack of funding American groups, yet only one per- is affecting archaeological resources: cent of the area has been examined • An estimated 100,000 artifacts for ancient sites. Through natural are stolen from New Mexico’s Chaco erosion, land use, and vandalism, Culture National Historical Park sites are being damaged before they every year because of a lack of secu- can be studied.

NPCA rity. Archaeological sites are assessed • The Grand Canyon has over and examined only once a year there. 3,940 archaeological sites and arti- The NPCA’s report states that more money is Funding is also inadequate for long- facts that document the park’s needed to preserve the cliff dwellings at term maintenance and repair of the 10,000-year-old human history. Bandelier National Monument. crumbling ancient stone structures However, only three percent of the and heavily used trails. Officials at park has been surveyed. on,” she said. She added that concern the park have identified a need for a • Ancient lake deposits at Joshua in the U.S. House of Representatives trail management plan but can’t af- Tree National Park in California con- resulted in an additional $33 million ford to implement it. taining early human artifacts and fos- to the NPS’s base operating budget • Delaware Water Gap in Penn- sils of extinct mammals are unpro- for the upcoming year. The Senate sylvania and New Jersey has insuffi- tected and threatened by weather and will consider the measure later this cient staff to manage and protect the by looters. NPS does not have the year. But even if this money is appro- park’s 458 archaeological sites and staff to inventory, record, and protect priated, 244 parks will have smaller 1.2 million artifacts, which docu- Joshua Tree’s vulnerable archaeologi- budgets in 2005 than they had in ment 10,800 years of local human cal and paleontological resources. 2003, according to Keller Helsel. history including the cultures of the The NPCA’s report is based on Elaine Sevy, an NPS spokesper- Delaware, Lenape, and Munsee Indi- information obtained from the parks son, noted that the park service’s ans, and colonial settlements from and organizations that support the overall budget increased, though the the mid 18th through the early 20th parks, said Andrea J. Keller Helsel, budgets of individual parks still centuries. NPCA’s Director of Media Relations. could have decreased. “All federal • There is a lack of funding to “The park service is well aware that agencies are being asked to tighten satisfactorily inspect and mitigate the we’re concerned about what’s going their belts,” she said. —Sarah Tiberi

american archaeology 11 L A R R Y MISHKAR 12 fall • 2004 The West Point Foundry marked the beginning of America’s military-industrial complex. Archaeologists are learning how this sophisticated foundry operated.

By Hilary Davidson

Researchers work at the ruins of the West Point Foundry. american archaeology 13 14 whose wealthy 19th W weaponr the lage ofColdS tion, buttheywere The T vided the and sotheU.S.militar S were bank. tions, burgh, would specializeinthemanufacturingofheavyguns.P site nature The panish est W W furnaces, are Located M “Look, naturehasgrabbeditback,”saysP site est nearby centur Po est Cold water but adison fortunes Richmond, that struggling Point int entrepreneur cannons y. was was Madison. HE able W P

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L A R R Y MISHKAR NY S P R I N G , C O L D U S U E M , M S C H O O L F O U N D R Y & S O C I E T Y HISTORICAL C O U N T Y P U T N A M

This painting, titled “The Gun Foundry,” was done by John Ferguson Weir in 1866. It’s based on his extensive observations of the foundry’s operations.

Martin and Scarlett are pursuing two research objec- feet in diameter. “These are iron straps that would have tives: unearthing information about the foundry’s technol- gone around the tubs in a cylinder-based blowing ma- ogy, which was generally very sophisticated, and learning chine,” says Scarlett. The discovery that it wasn’t a bellows about the area’s social history and the everyday lives of the machine furthered the researchers’ understanding of how foundry’s employees. These objectives were chosen to pro- the operation was powered. vide insights into the genesis of the American Iron Age and The foundry started by smelting its own iron ore in the Industrial Revolution by discovering evidence of spe- the blast furnace, but fairly soon its smelting work was cific technological and social developments at the foundry moved to another location and the furnace sat idle. This that speak to these larger developments. move coincided with a significant change in American in- To date, their primary focus has been on the first ob- dustry: the switch from wood to coal to power plants. jective; when they began, they knew a lot about what was Historical accounts don’t explain the move, which may produced at the foundry but almost nothing about how it have been related to the wood-to-coal change in some was done. “We start with big questions and work our way way, or possibly to the availability of new, more desirable down to small details,” Martin says, adding that these de- sources of iron ore, or been caused by some other factor. tails help them answer the questions. “The site forces peo- The researchers hope their investigation of the blast fur- ple to be nimble about coming up with solutions,” says nace will identify the cause. “As we’re digging up this Martin. “You can’t be satisfied with the easy solution. blowing engine, we may find that it failed completely,” he We’re about solving puzzles.” says, which could suggest yet another reason for moving In the summer of 2004, they managed to solve some of the smelting operation. the puzzles concerning the blast furnace. Before they began They also uncovered a wall that runs through three to excavate the site, they didn’t know how the furnace’s of the four units. While they have identified it as a blowing engine operated. After digging four six-square-foot weight-bearing wall because it widens towards its base, units, their crew unearthed three iron hoops that were eight they’ve had to put further excavation on it on hold for the

american archaeology 15 16 the students University Michigan water blowing way excavate T system graduate echnological engine beneath the foundation. fall • 2004

L A R R Y MISHKAR E R I C O’CONNELL I american the gar archaeological highly away fromitafter of engine neath thefurnace. to steam,causingapotentialhazar changes, the cations, swer when it focus onhavingdrainstogetwaterawayfromthefurnace H foundr gine moment being to mium, cleanup blast neled afteritwasusedtopo ex recycled waterpowe u feet P ve been unco questions one ofthewaysweseethatisthroughnumberne “W using tial partoftheinvestigation. standing thesubterraneannetworkofchannelsisanessen po the says Scarlett.“ of that transportedwater they us derground walls.“F ond, facturer istoric ry cept wer remote be compute the ds producing N and foratimethesitewasabandoned. Abatter e’ blast site

. Though Because ofthe site That One B deep strange,” ve made masonr THE and furnace. Though W channeled ecause it ground-penetrating exposed, and for y’ foundr sophisticated, for was ’s ater been and and s may ho spent,”saysMartin.“Buthere,thewaterappears ar Places, expansions, furnace because , site, of 20 archaeological we the polluted vered thatexplainshowthesystemworked.“I their sensing, chaeology man-made and steam wever marking its po TH the r those to y the W unning the making not can Then ther y’ he wered water ve m disco which its est the o CENTUR hunt s structure amount the ry beneath wn aterials is area foundr adds. po of engines, ask,” have war inconclusive, questions walls

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of this group do alone. crew to the it says y as y for a bucolic place y Ma so the S had canon-testing Coast the y-industrial the tates the in height as has accounts of in munitions. rtin of social sour an $100,000 S cleanup site. the in photograph pain the in not foundr W ce advance expects 1979, of collection, the ars, of phase In near , CommodoreS y water and the suggest et

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they to can- first also , in the the ca- fa- d a e - - t . 17 The foundry’s operations and innovations, according lem was, the maps that were drawn up later were based on to historical documents, went well beyond its military the first maps, so they couldn’t help but be wrong.” work. It was one of the earliest vertically integrated indus- In 2002, the researchers spent weeks mapping the site trial sites in the nation. The foundry controlled every step, with a total station. They produced a digital map and at- from processing iron ore to finishing the manufactured tached archival information in various file forms to it. Much products. Until 1838 the company ran a secondary plant of the archival data came from the research of archaeologist on the west side of Manhattan, and it was there that the Elizabeth Norris who, in 2001, visited nine archives in three first locomotive built in America, named the Best Friend, was created in 1830.The two operations built steam engines, sugar mills and cotton presses, church bells, an iron ship, storefronts, and the cast iron valves and pipes for water systems, such as New York City’s Croton Aqueduct. But the foundry’s primary purpose was producing arms, and its most famous innovation was the Parrott gun, a rifled cannon that was both more mobile and more accurate than its contempo- raries. Union forces first used it to powerful effect in the Battle of Bull Run. The Parrott gun is widely viewed as a major factor in deciding the outcome of the Civil War. While the war created an in- satiable demand for all that the foundry could produce, the cessa- Archaeologist Patrick Martin stands above excavators working within the watercourse beneath the blowing tion of battle wrought its demise. engine foundation. The excavators are learning how the blowing engine operated. The military cancelled contracts, demand for consumer goods was low, and steelmaking was states to collect data. Her finds included photographs that in ascendancy. Iron making was no longer cutting-edge clearly depict the interior and exterior of different buildings technology, and the foundry went into receivership in 1889. when the foundry was still a thriving enterprise. A photograph of the interior of the Boring Mill has HE MAPPINGOF THE WEST POINT FOUNDRY WASAKEY helped to guide the excavation there. With the help of the issue, in part because of the complexity of the site. It photograph they discovered the base of a crane that was Twasn’t even clear where some of the buildings had part of a large wheel lathe. They also uncovered a struc- stood—many of the fallen bricks were appropriated to tural wall, a wooden floor with joists underneath, and a create a pathway a few years back—and there were ques- sand floor. tions about what purposes each building served, and how “We’re taking the foundry changed and evolved over time. Martin and samples so we can his students had access to 19th-century maps of the site, figure out what was but they soon realized that these maps were inaccu- on the floorboards,” says rate. “Some early maps were drawn up for Norris. One of the techniques insurance purposes, and they were used to identify the particles on the floor- adequate for that,” Martin boards is magnetic separation. A magnet is run says. “The prob- through soil samples to capture tiny metal particles that are subsequently analyzed under a microscope. By identifying these particles, the researchers are better able to deduce the locations and types of the various manufacturing processes. For example, wrought iron and cast iron objects were MISHKAR

This cast iron pig marked “WPF 1828” is asso- worked on different machines and served different pur- L A R R Y ciated with the foundry’s blast furnace. poses. Wrought iron, the stronger of the two, likely was

18 fall • 2004 used, among other things, for drive shafts in steam engines. but it’s something we need to understand.” Cast iron was more likely used for steam engine cylinders The archaeological project is being conducted with or cannons. Consequently, areas with a large quantity of the idea of public interpretation in mind. The high degree cast iron particles could be places where cannons were of integrity and preservation of the site, its location in the produced. A concentration of wrought iron particles indi- picturesque Hudson Valley, an hour away by railroad from cates other types of manufacturing. New York City, and Scenic Hudson’s mission all indicate The archaeologists know that the mill was powered by that the site could become an educational attraction. The a 36-foot water wheel, but they had never before seen the historical and archaeological research will help in deci- iron conglomerate that covered part of the floor. What sions about how, or if, the site should be developed for they discovered was that the foundry actually recycled slag, that purpose. the waste product of iron ore, and used it for construction One of the ironies to the archaeologists is that as im- purposes. Battery Pond was lined with the same material. portant as the foundry was in its day, its existence was fre- “Ironworks all over the world used waste creatively,” Mar- quently ignored in its own era. While Kemble hosted lit- tin adds, “but I’ve never seen anything like this.” erary salons and befriended several painters of the Hudson O’CONNELL E R I C This is the last intact arch of the blast furnace that was used to smelt iron. The furnace later sat idle as the smelting work was moved to another location. The archaeologists hope to learn what caused this change.

While the archaeologists are getting a sense of how River School, the foundry was rarely written about or the foundry worked, they are just beginning to explore painted (Weir’s work is the anomaly). “The Hudson River the human relationships that also powered the site. “We painters would paint heroic landscapes without the want to explore the relationship between capital and foundry—they would actually put trees in where the labor, and between natives and immigrants—the core set foundry stood,” says Scarlett. Finally, almost 200 years of relationships in U.S. history,” says Martin. He notes after it was built, archaeologists are putting the foundry that there is very limited information of this sort in the ar- back into the picture. chaeological record. The excavation work thus far has turned up little in the way of personal artifacts, with the HILARY DAVIDSON has written for Discover, University of Toronto exception of a few pipes and buttons. Magazine, and Frommer’s Travel Guides. However, probate records from the Putnam County archives show that some of the foundry’s managers built To learn more about the West Point Foundry and rented houses to the workers. “It looks like a side Archaeology Project, visit the Web site business,” Martin says, “and it’s not really a surprise, www.westpointfoundry.org.

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ice caribou dung • 2004 Prehistory Defrosted

Student Robert Fox of Kwanlin Dun First Nation scans the ground looking for exposed hunting artifacts. The dark material on the rocks is preserved caribou dung. GREER S H E I L A american archaeology 21 he “smell of success” is how archaeologist Greg Hare fragments of a feather,” says Hare. Interesting, yes, but describes the odor that wafts out of his ice patch re- Hare’s first impression was that “it couldn’t be very old, be- search sites in Canada’s Yukon. “It’s a really pungent cause it’s made of wood and sinew.” And everyone knows smell of decaying organics that hits you right in the those materials don’t survive the elements for very long. T back of your nose,” he says. “When you get that really Radiocarbon dating, however, revealed that the stick, a strong smell there’s a good chance you’ll find some artifacts.” hunting tool, was some 5,000 years old. “That was a com- The source of the odor? Not the artifacts Hare is plete surprise to us,” says Hare. “That’s when we realized we finding, but the mountains of caribou dung that surround had something important and very old at this ice patch.” them. Yes, caribou poop. Hare and his colleagues are find- “It was very exciting, but at the same time we ing a rich cache of artifacts in a most unusual and unex- thought we were dealing with a very isolated situation,” pected place—a number of large ice fields that are melting Hare recalls. “The following year, 1998, we scraped to- each summer and revealing layer upon layer of ancient gether some money and did a bit of surveying. We found caribou poop, along with the tools of the people who that it wasn’t just the one ice patch. We found a second hunted those caribou as far back as 7500 B.C.Preserved in patch with a very finely made stone projectile point lying ice for centuries, the emerging artifacts include much at its edge.” more than the usual Then came the 1999 field season. “It was an unbe- assortment of stone lievable summer of discovery,” says Hare. “It was a very tools. Hare and his hot summer with significant melting in the alpine. colleagues are find- Daily, there were new discoveries. Dozens and ing artifacts made of dozens of artifacts were coming into the wood and sinew and lab here on a daily basis.” Now, after leather, organic ma- several summers of fieldwork terials that normally (some of which had madden- decay quickly, and ingly little melting of rarely, if ever, survive ice), Hare and his the ages to tell tales colleagues have col- of past peoples. lected 146 artifacts “It’s a strong from 18 different smell,” Hare says of ice patches. Primar- the caribou dung These dart shaft fragments were ily hunting tools, aroma, “but it’s one recovered from an ice patch. The the artifacts range that we’ve all come shafts are often found in fragments. from approximately to appreciate. We The shaft segments in the foreground are 100 to 9,500 years go looking for the about 9,500 years old, the oldest old, and they are smell.” Newly ex- artifacts found on an ice patch. revealing a detailed posed and hence, portrait of hunting BERKMAN aromatic, dung, he in southwestern

explains, often means newly exposed artifacts. Yukon. M A R T E N

The remarkable story of the ice patch discov- Sitting at altitudes of 5,200 to 7,000 feet, the eries started quite by accident one September day back in Yukon ice patches are found in rocky mountainous areas 1997. Gerald Kuzyk, a wildlife technician with the Yukon of little vegetation, often in a basin on the north side of a government, and his wife were out hunting when they slope. The largest patch is about a half-mile long and 250 stumbled across a large ice patch that sported mounds of feet high, but none are large enough to flow, as glaciers caribou dung at its edge. Kuzyk knew that no caribou had do. In each patch, white layers of ice formed of thousands been seen in that part of southwestern Yukon in almost 70 of years of winter snows alternate with dark layers of cari- years, so back at the office he told another caribou biolo- bou dung, left behind during thousands of years of sum- gist about his odd find. On a return visit to the site the mer visits by the animals. The white and black layers of men confirmed that yes, this was caribou dung in a most ice and dung don’t represent single years, like tree rings; unexpected place. Even more unexpected, while walking instead, most are compacted “super layers” of many years along the edge of the ice, they found a small stick with of deposits. The largest of the ice patches have a hundred what looked like string wrapped around it. or so super layers. While Hare and the other scientists They showed the stick to Yukon Heritage Branch ar- originally thought that the ice patches couldn’t possibly be chaeologists. “We quickly determined that it wasn’t string, more than a couple hundred years old, dating of base lay- but finely made sinew, and underneath the sinew were ers of dung shows that at least some of them are more

22 fall • 2004 M A R T E N BERKMAN american measur over 78 average alpine of Ar chaeologist the inches. four lar ice es length gest dif patches 88 The ar fer chaeology i dar nches. Gr ent of longest eg ts the field in Har r ecover southern It thr e seasons. dar was owing examines

t ed (in r ecover fr Y dar the ukon. om ts some for melting ed is The egr in about 14 ound) segments 23 24 cluded these patches, wher The than looking W They t tile within shelters these been frozenforallthattime,theysufferedlittleornodecay Hare, the permarket hunters, nomenon put y in ser deposits, thetoolswerequicklyfrozeninplaceandthuspre- some non-saturated they slo through are the heir ear ildlife ved forcenturies.No size, wet e tools lab systems, . them Long ago,Hareexplains,caribouprobablyflockedto “ Each hunters “If they areas,” There of p didn The ice 9,000 a technician “it , rimar a in revealing nearby wly freezedr when their he or we spread is ’s time.” few wer that patches summer in

the Y ’t of like a to says, food wood

e has find stay says freezers revelation. y follo killed hours ice inter tools caribou y the get we wood.” ears Loralee processing finding ukon Fu out patch. always really Hare. wide ov caches, cepted them wed find hunters your , to r has behind ’ ernight, Hare ther them walk ov old. y. and Laber I escape Caribou on ce

rings them, er them. It hasn by “B w, an meat.” been quickly been It takesmaybesixmonthstoget to preser P and astheicepatchesmeltandshrin and hunters 15,000 ge monitor ut w of ice Se for left atch on artifact of ’t of examines ho as v may what kno

a the and been being enty-two We the the all food. r are the caribou wever; ving almost emarkably tradition Inevitably Research armed have after wn

of square ice. summer bring others at we with that meat the difficult such such the The one campsites. been last ’v with Like they there e like moisture poop a was of seen them ice such emerging. there monitor driven miles of Pr hunters , variety thr ancient a an the going the heat melt series w oject. owing fall made patch are at here, at ell attraction fr into annual all. ancient hunters are on om their no hunting of content and out,” dar of preser to pieces then a this only the ancient “ sites no the signs the Having ts Things projec few the edges, bugs. ice w or dung phe- says lab ve ice. did last left arr ar su- in- for ice ice patch in in of stone as d k ows. e - . , towar hunting with to shafts. that seemtofitintotheslotsfoundatendsofdar more ice for the erations arr from Hare with tifacts abrupt years w would tools, theyareorganicandhad theynotbeenfrozen, the 17 shafts), fact, he the rarely No the icepatchartifactspro ooden ds ow shafts. The says. r patches: arr at pieces stick ice th the blinds Around A “W S to stone stone uch

old, says than a least seen made ow number T of America have blinds patches, shift as e and wo ofthepoints,infact,werefoundstillattached Also drawstring, it stick, are over

are bo clearly little points a of range completely a tools. points in 8,000 deteriorated bit w three m its - remarkable dozen into noteworthy their dealing A archaeological any . a hunters dated of D first as older nd of including est “ far presentaremarkablyprecisehisto for hunting insouthwestern fastened the have around two dart than hunting ing. Whitehorse, fields caribou dung,focusingfirstonthosethat they crew the are measurements from . thro All delineated made a other to years, 100 pieces the ice 700, animal arr projectile new items. perimeter appearance, indeed artifacts The ’v points of pieces S to wing shafts, dated ground, already with than 40 ow 9,500 patch ometime into e replaced shift years that r

a items elied A of identified the vide thebestevidenceeverseenin says in ho hunting long of is

sudden . with artifacts method. technology complete D a

remains, almost dar the antler the weve that, made . to of some a are melting, dozen old. to findings. transitions newly to some records, 800. The Hare—radiocarbon disgorged points, on bo watching ago have t” are bo of wood sine newest clear the 1,200 thro to A

in w. r, close (atlatl and like w this we . those . ex method.

D (some of They a they J track r the complete w. of also as . and melted clusively They uly wing epresentative a whole shift have crew and spliced the within most The 600, hunting the notes small they have years them “T having to thro , or ice leather hunters artifacts. been for arr in have they ypically ’v wooden melting. date still Y at darts. Thirty partial the their spear 72 y’ ’ ukon. e ow patches, technology made wing ll new

simply been areas, and signs ago Hare. ve The the leather composed ’ of just t found arr ll found helicopter ogether

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If of car ooden w shafts, taking object found stone, 1,300 at wing) walks • melt- mor wor ry set,” time gen- they arti and and and ve 2004 the the ar ar of on an so to of in of of at d k e e a - - - t ,

© 2 0 0 2 S T E P H E N J . KRASEMANN/DRK PHOTO M A R T E N BERKMAN american tion oralhistor r old. wapiti, natural r o nell. representative, crew volved different plete tools—arro rectly identifywithalotoftheseartifacts. interest are different hunters. of thelocalF as understand long-termtrendsinwildlifepopulations,such different icepatches—caribou,bir remains boon towildlifemanagers. have Many It to lookattheorganiccomponentsofhuntingtechnology The dents Americans), numbers duces with notes F ing tifacts, makereplicasoftheatlatlandbo forms chaeologist that it F in theirtraditionalterritories,”explainsS Kids elder talking F always ecent einforce wn. The irst irst N irst N ’s ’s incrediblescience,rightintheirbackyar the r complete, technologies, eally Caribou “W “T Gr S emotional N In at science.” there to that tudying each Gr them current them ation perspective.“Ifwehaveabiologistatthecamp past, ation includes ations. “ eer he sciencecampsexposeyouthstogoingon in

ice about the ecological e’ and the of of The icepatchesarelocatedintheterritoriesofsix ar decide eer from re or quite F the the of caribou chaeology explores explains F irst year talking camp more . near who to take irst accor goat—some not elders patch about “W irst N were bear research idea the those recognizable the do y, looking the The N The icepatchesareanidealopportunity— link, for a a attend says whether N e’ ws andfeatherssine wnwar future, a remarkable works ations, also than necessarily and w ding re phenomenon, ation much remains biology likely about ice chance that ation groups(Canada about example, estern that

their an fact remains artifacts a training Y visit conduct patch hook from ukon cariboubiologistRichar disco 700 a to at ice d this for any people, he that summer more and human the histor of to , swing definition stone descendents historical ice of we The researchershavefoundth patch found large tools adds, the to the current them science research helps inter and opportunity traditional letting people many those patches training will v oral abundant get y Champagne fragments beginning. in eries says a r and also were several and wildlife science includes v elationships in ds, bison,moose,sheep youth more trend biologists also ene caribou histor of groups r as discussed them decline the who ecor Hare. and small and helps culture. w found the have future to w andarr of are r heila ell ’s ice than that ole F y in .” interested.” ds w. camp termforN the biologists help are irst reco d. and boost These arecom- inter artifacts a numbers. as those

animals Ev the also “ to have are It and a of is They to and It F has by Gr scientists. ’s comfortable F a at with 8,500 er N ver irst directlyin- capture look It flakes.” scientists,” caribou. quiteabit probably irst views area that more helping traditional y ation eer pro

the F members ow the b persisted pro Aishihik research on irst ancient een N can , anar N bears.” hunt ving for found on might d in intro- camp ation vides y ation ativ their her fully with Fa ears Na stu- th the in- di- ar- 35 to r- d a a e e e - - - , . as for star ar antler er dung In ov to compare ancientremainstocurrent her about netic inches The many This Dif Many for arr let themcome backlaterontheiro “S fect ed tifact eshaft ow fer addition,informationgleanedfromtheremainsand hould er a determine tle bottom managing wooden ver fr ent . “If of ar still om on hundreds It lines long small about y tifacts is just the is types with small the the r an etains the about we and ar ar ar game. 8,000-year-old ho that ice tifact tifacts, hafted r current tifact of ecover thr spend has diet w biodiversity patches if its 350 pr the owing of should ojectiles ancient is the a fletching, dates stone it ed squar years a and years, current was delicately lots boar fr current her all om to point. e decorated bone old. habitat date ar be d ds hole the appr of caribou sinew e rather or shown preser extirpate, within money her point, ice possibly It of oximately car at her , is and one patches ved ds. the about with usage ds than her the slotted ved. used antler end. arr And a contain e. ochr to past species?” hunting ow A 5,000 wn? At . ar will D It a recover may the pr . e e for point the may 1,200 800. “ genetic ojectile paint. ds mighthelpthem ver modern This projectreally use years there area, top y device any have teach made It’s well with to The is point. them, asks old. 1,300 about pr a with been valuable studies be used arr of ” micr eser wooden biologists The ows problem. caribou As a F used nine years. oblades. ved. to lessons or big arnell. middle with r ecov that dar just This ge- ef- - t 25 for the future of the Ice Patch Re- search Project? “Some of these ice patches have been around for 9,000 years, so I don’t want to be alarmist and say they will be all be gone within ten years,” says Hare. “But we have to be ready to respond if it’s going to be a good melting year. It’s a tremendous opportunity we have here to look at areas of the past that really haven’t been ex- plored in the same way before.” There are likely to be many more sites out there as well, says Hare. “We’ve got all of northern British Columbia, northern Al- berta, and the Northwest Territory GAUNT

that haven’t been looked at at all.” S A R A H Champagne and Aishihik First Nation archaeologist Sheila Greer (standing in the center) and other researchers address a group of Yukon First Nation students about ice patch research. CATHERINE DOLD’s article “This Very Old House” appeared in the Spring 2004 issue of helps us get our heads around natural processes. We’re American Archaeology. She has also written for the New York Times, learning that we live in a real dynamic world.” Discover, and Smithsonian. The animal remains are also helping local people to understand more about the natural fluctuations of wildlife populations, says Farnell. People often want to see wildlife numbers held steady, he says, but that is not necessarily a natural state. The fact that the ice patches were previously used by many more caribou, as well as other species, is helping people to understand how populations expand and contract naturally.

The treasures unearthed at the ice patches are helping scientists to more fully understand the history of people and wildlife in the Yukon. But one question still looms: Why are the ice patches melting? No one is sure. “At the beginning we thought it was global warming,” says Hare. “But after three to four years when nothing was melting, and the ice was increasing in size, we thought maybe there is another phenomenon at play.” Comparisons with historical photos show that, overall, the ice patches are smaller than they were 100 years ago. But within those years were periods of both melting and of growth. Indeed, there was also a warming trend some 5,000 and 6,000 years ago during which no new ice accumulated. “We’re kind of sitting on the fence” on the global warming question, agrees Farnell. “The ice patches are dy- namic. They were way bigger and are naturally decreasing. But on the other hand, why are we finding artifacts that are being exposed for the first time in 7,000 years? It

might be a sign of rapid global warming. If we lose these BERKMAN ice patches altogether it’s got to be something that has se- riously departed from the natural climatic variability of M A R T E N the last 7,000 years.” These arrow points were made from caribou antler. Most of these points And what might a continued warming trend mean are barbed on one or both sides with conical prongs.

26 fall • 2004 The World Wide Web of Antiquities

Archaeologists and law enforcement officials are grappling with the problems of antiquities trading on the Internet. By Elaine Robbins

T rchaeologist Jonathan Leader CREDI jolted out of his reverie and stared at the computer screen, where some items were being offered for sale on eBay. ALeader clicked one at a time on the six high-quality photos—a breastplate, buttons to an overcoat, belt buckles, a cartridge box, shoe leather. As he read the descriptions of the items, he suspected that they were looted from a Civil War burial. It wasn’t the first time that Leader, the state archaeologist of South Carolina, found pieces of his state’s heritage for sale on the Internet. In fact, he has followed the Internet’s impact on cultural resources from its beginnings. “When I first came to South Carolina in 1989, there were already List- Serves where people were swapping mate- rial for sale, discussing where to go dig them up, setting up flea markets,” he says. After watching with growing alarm, he de-

STEEN cided to take action. Joining forces with the lead

C A R L archaeologists from the South Carolina Depart- ment of Transportation and the State Historic

Preservation Office, he formed a sort of archaeo-

U N M logical SWAT team. On weekends the three- some descended on gun shows and flea mar- kets. Whenever they heard a dealer publicly

ANTHROPOLOGY, claim that artifacts came from burials or

O F public lands, they filed a complaint.

U S E U M Although they got few convictions in M South Carolina, their presence had a chilling

A X W E L L effect. “The dealers started shifting to on-line,” M he recalls. “So we started monitoring eBay once a week. I would do a search for ‘dug,’ ‘exca- vated,’ and ‘relic.’ I was finding an average of 300 hits under these key words for South Carolina alone.” american archaeology 27 28 ginning might thousands ofdollars—itisdrivinglootinginawaythatit certain new? fairs. source casesasaspecialagentforthe I but Ithinkwe mundane manded that tive, ized God-given people cial mom-and-pop committee oftheS like greater of visible sites big on-lineauction home.While comfort buckles countr they Civil purchase for anyone auction tors B sites. I enue tion of chaeologists Although bres ploiting lets, he tifacts markets—or end ceramic A nternet,” nternet efore wide this says. antiquities ’s This Looters no had looters. moonscapes,” personal found artifact what wor

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the has ohn outhwestern to of they ws No S up see of 50 Pa all outhwestern started. “W ociety forAmericanArchaeology that year do the included elite says this e’ w prolifera and at rk ar- and the popular- including a s beenlootinggoingonsincethebe to different Fr if a e’ business. to kno for collec- w this.” week- re lot the . Av items sold yar it secre- 100 edding ate dealers, is Alex artifacts “M the a archaeology w artifacts, flea seeing was - , of their B on verlooked sitesthroughoutthe devastation ost they who items authentic ut commer- - “buttons, the offered local Ba sites less types, were v because rings, a r Internet. essels can investigates like are ker lucrative.” lot are archaeologists , this Bu from getting from . find were of chair slave Some South beginning are belt reau ofIndianAf of pr the the ehistoric buyers the the archaeological being obvious buckles, tags.” of same ridiculous— would prices Carolina cultural Civil the polychr for sold to looters, s By ay . “I ethics Wa f argue com- akes, even l bul

ook th ome ex- s it for re ar- r, ” e - - - - berg. “M truck, items on sity attemptedtocountthenumberofantiquitiesforsale include booksonancientar cent legal chaeologist Kaddee ing edge theproblem,actualvolumeofI ficking m Clo dealers whospecializeinever A SOLD largest ment agency some rise search heads,” ccor oney when eB vis is The O of are and ding that ay har of ne yo points. engine, the illegal has laundering, “ , immediately you any ofthedealers doalotoftheirbusinessoff the Anasazi u’ on-line whom d r illegal tractive andspecial. for eason re were IN I to tions, to shifted nternet , artandantiquitiestraffickingisthefourth- buy risking example, 1,400 citement measure. activity I and potentially ofarchaeologicalorigin.Closer nterpol, categorized items. traffic commerce is good sensesometimesgetslost intheex- potter examination a CYBERSPACE antiques, that mink bles or Vitelli, whodirectedthestudy to the yo to a in and are, infact,offeredasreproductions. ing obvious Ho authentic ternet byists canmakestonetoolsthatar u’ virtually prehistoric lot.” Ev come the When in 1,600 they of y the cult E in most ll state ,” chipped-stone buyers. en B the coat insurance w arly offered The something—whether arms t get acquiring Indeed, exper ut Me We he or illegal t, touristitems,andreproduc may as late ything fromCaddopotter f many to found is or so and , international these It students sites “Civil archaeologist rcedes orIndianpots—that out items thousands b. world, as such. certificates “human reveals littered ’s tell trading. an p

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M A X W E L L M U S E U M O F ANTHROPOLOGY, UNIVERSITY O F N E W M EXICO J E R R Y RABINOWITZ american centuries W B COULD G T M T ARE A omen Y HOUG UA NI M walk INDIC TEMALA ago, ICHAEL HE NVESTIGA ar down chaeology Mound DETERMINE HA AY Mound AT 1 B RCHAEOLOGISTS was AW

1 IONS PLA at par AYA TION sunrise t B of A YED an THA in ar JUST ea Chocolá. OF wher A EGINNING T e C SEMINAL C Smoke administrative THE HOW HOCOLÁ HA rises IVILIZA PIED fr INFLUENTIA VE om functions cooking ROLE MONT , LARGE ONE took fir es IN place. in OF LY REGION the THE LI homes IGNORED THE TW below M REGION AS . IN AY Ar chaeologists . A SOUTHERN IT ’ TION SD , ’ S THERE OF EVELOPMENT believe MAJOR that, SITES . ? , 31 32 Ar Excavators chaeologists work consider at Mound water 15. management The flat stones to in be the an indicator for egr ound of cover complex an under social gr or ound ganization. canal that the Maya built. fall • 2004

J E R R Y RABINOWITZ J E R R Y RABINOWITZ T american much cals the less likely mo better are like theinvadingS malized M from piedmont ished, U.S. from in peaks. to leaders laborator explaining Gustavo (Fr aya and Kaplan, ve aboutlanguidlyinthesumme om here landscape. underfed have H A Chocolá the women pproximately to left) culture undreds of ramshackle On times. around Carrillo Camey y. to political ar the are wealth he archaeologist be the Third

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w is a e - - tain, some kindofcorporatelabortobuild,manage,main also this,” ma velopments management ofwaterisanindicatorcertainkindsde M of complex pears “I hair andbear M ered working A found gion. water gro appear of states, t’ ound 15.Kaplan,atallmanwithclose-croppedreddish ound flat an rv CRE s wn The for a so by el to “M he extensive and big a here. here,” r of here,” y ocks 15. a “breadbasket.” the what ou social says. ost canal in W series prehistoric old evidence have “H “E untrained in a of d, isravingaboutanundergroundcanalco a he OF “ it clearing plumbing thnohistor Kaplan few organization,” is ydraulics social That the trade of adds. suggests to remarkable flat R feet examples have ’s of

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about believed to the a tells w The really be not of that Kaplan kind the jungle, us the nothing the oldest only Y the that he important surface and that of Generally irrigation. earliest former 30 e’ notes. explains. a crew s for an the artistr Chocolá bureaucracy an stelae more PEOPLE area its is best abundance is Maya “Control occupants to , artistr indicator y. ex than it have It kno

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par line and was but ap IS he of of of v- as at a - - - t 33 34 commoner pears tobeafloor been Gr sic of thehouseindicate thatitcouldbefrom the EarlyClas- workers tions. The their trative common here,” other The advantageous They believed area ologists more that r ment goods that the cacao Kaplan wealth materials uct just r ed Mesoamerican ole egion’s oup period, of H Ad Central same in was as in the pyramidal pr they than have areas aving cities of he area. gr jacent was gained trade oduced Chocolá’s fr have obsidian, believes have to Kaminaljuyu, eat m foundation om people. inhabited adds. specialized and r , a S ost a ole around be an of outh which expor The dug dozen demand, view trade. Gr played named exposed to for a power finished power elite in highly mounds, trade oup residential shape The that the the another several mounds . Kaplanthinksit development Gr ting self-defense. of Jonathan kno r A neighborhood. The a einforces by oup is ful . canal, and the develop the the desir consist D of in. archaeologists played cr the a the goods t indicates . wn hought city ucial C number the 400. Cities No trenches the site,” was pr hocolá’ raw ed here mounds . structure. od- workers rth structure -

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eligious assumes notion of have oup elites. ’s cobbles Chocolá’ in are toobigahousefor have M var water and as . They an explains. This ound been ex shape ying w the “I area or that cavating ell identified S the that t’ outh is s s public home an 15 as suspect depths, tallest, the higher and cleaner house the may w adminis is groups. hat archae No one layout what of func- hav two and and this was up ap- the the rt up of h ’s a e - - . ing. A The Chocolá intheearly1900s,but hedidn ments ther to They port populationtokeepthecomplexorganizationgoing.” early Chocolá could the mont surface tionship small portionof thesitein1920sfor U ture by from . D ho luminescence, . canal e’ S If .” Kaplan, of 1500—evidence first s urprisingly the w didn region be t always He occurred was social he . the “w In as house are to

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anattempttoobtainproof exposed early as busy do elites despite theindicationsthatseminal develop who related, coercion organization organized is so and here. little as themselves as is a was managed that old 1200 tr to technique the though ying such research Archaeologist mix light R as the canal obert in B Kaplan ed to . at as C elite quite and with . the he determine with Chocolá, the and has dated that Bu has was possessed lo such canal complex r been suspects—he suasion,” extending kitt, w identifies no therefore by er K , he ’t tasks arl wonders proof done would excavatethesite. classes. who radiocarbon the ’ll havesamples S “a fashion apper level as he

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C H A R L O T T E H I L L C OBB Figurines and sherds recovered by PACH are laid out on a table in the lab- oratory. All of the artifacts recovered by the project are from the Middle and Late Preclassic periods, approximately 900 B.C. to A.D. 200.

Pennsylvania. Archaeologist E. M. Shook, who first saw the site in the 1940s and conducted a very limited excava- tion some 30 years later, suggested to Kaplan that he should investigate the site. Kaplan, who is affiliated with the University of New Mexico and the Museum of New Mexico, studied under the renowned Mesoamericanist Michael D. Coe at Yale. For 10 years he worked at Kaminaljuyu, a major Maya site in what is now Guatemala City. Kaplan was having difficulties conducting an investi- gation in Guatemala City, and he thought that if Chocolá, which is roughly three hours by car from Guatemala City, was well preserved, it might yield answers to questions posed by his Kaminaljuyu investigation. He began the Chocolá Archaeological Project (in Spanish, Proyecto Arqueológico Chocolá, therefore the acronym PACH) in 2000 when, visiting the site for the first time, he conducted preliminary reconnaissance. Ka- plan co-directs the project with Juan Antonio Valdés, a prominent Guatemalan archaeologist who has directed in- vestigations at many Maya cities, including Tikal, and written numerous articles and books. They are searching for evidence of the beginnings of the Maya city-state; in

There is reason to believe that Chocolá was once an important city. It is now a small, impoverished, struggling town. RABINOWITZ J E R R Y

american archaeology 35 36 one the lective itself fact, theyaresearchingfortheoriginsofM He site ing the Thirty-eight made also af P what’s Guatemala.” with “This jobs it’sbr excited mounds. the evitably to meaning Kaplan ef that deavor people andlocalpoliticianstoexplaintheiren with logical he town talks tious sity ple conquest. states, explainingtheirthinking.“W gineer enter constr far fee Chocolá ’s ACH. “WhatI’mlookingatisseeinghowthecommunityaf ’s M G to highest

“W year) fecting for . l identified conducting mers buildtheirhomesonthemounds,th Kaplan, appears uatemalan Kaplan ength her irrigation Many For themostpar Ar of The ar Many In additiontodealingwithmattersofr Consequentl gr define given to several the the t. e tains beautifying. public is chaeologist oves, ficials uction of don land e conduct OR her and and r When about says. esour find a addition a ar so of But of land and of the of chaeologists oftenmeetwithtowns- r monuments ’t e.” bir “I ought, willsuddenlyend.“Thesepeoplewantjobsand money tourist the chaeological and the esear the the

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J E R R Y RABINOWITZ PACH J E R R Y RABINOWITZ american af tween so earlyinthisregion;3)Core-peripher proto-M tween de This in ple. The hill development pened thatwasve v material ment and possiblyusedtheirvantagepointtocontrolthemo are, caves which axis. ships, 80 ondar area ations,” fixed Leon. important mounds curious ’s that PA The performed.

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He going date. they to that that jungles, its engag- d CH of ever the m in roof that was Bu the en- the the ar to of y- .” is ” e e - t 39 40 Archaeology Southw der ingly tediousmedicalstudies inthesummerof1907,Kid- Ha A A. By estab A. The Edgar Lee V. rv

Kidder v T V. ar olunteered amar d , Kidder’ medical dr lished He essed Ma lfred successful by man, a wett, directorof theSchoolofAmericanAr- , Ste r LEGENDS archaeological in quette, for degree. T V he a wa white incent an frequently s career a rt archaeological suit M landmar ne aking ichigan, F (“ and Te prompted repor w Panama d r a ”) ead, ather break scientific ts, in Kidder hat, and but 1885. expedition from him k visits the was ester was wo As to Pecos his desire fascinated OF pursue a born increas rk led y Pueblo oung for methodolog

by in at a a - after ARCHAEOLOGY P it fell gists, A studying whose friends,theA chaeological graduated vard ecos was ppletons in Kidder r econstr that including lo of ve, under ’ fall, Pue in ucted. y marr began oung sites n 1908. The y. switched the Egyptologist ying bl graduate in daughter direction Wo ographer chaeology and F the Colorado, wheretheymappedsomeof the Southwestern archaeologydetermined notes of coming oneofthefirstageneration can chaeology they archaeological his on cavations attheprehistoricsiteof other the ppletons ofBoston,joinedthem. our Gr o two new Ne odbur cliff process, direction mark Research). eece “ F Ne follo his joined Corners This or Ha years and w work w archaeologists ruins, M M major six rv and George wing of y. M in a in (now impressive approach adeleine exico ar nd K later the exico He several back w d a this of E idder area and eeks, more students summer archaeologist gypt sur w

. to medical Kidder ’s the ett . P Reisner emerging at v of then Later anthropology ajarito leading ey and r School scientific at with Ha Kidder eturned the U introduction of to ’s , M tah, rv conducted conducted

student he T , t life,” esa study ar hat take his sites ed who P d archaeolo- toured Colorado, of lateau. fall field, and Ve met in summer parents, R way to says Ameri- careful taught ichar in r of 1909, • , made de Har- Pu . The and two and 2004 the be- ex- bi- ar- ar- an In ye to in d

7 0 . 4 / 6 4 2 , LABORATORY O F ANTHROPOLOGY, M U S E U M O F I N D I A N A R T S A N D C U L T U R E modern archaeological field techniques such as the new sys- tematic excavation method known as “stratigraphy.” The analysis of pottery design and decoration, which Kidder studied under George Chase, proved to be a very useful skill in his later work at Pecos. In 1914, he received his Ph.D. from Harvard with a dissertation in Southwestern ceramics, a topic that continued to fascinate him throughout his life. At that time, Kidder was one of only six American students to receive an advanced degree in archaeology and the first student to write a dissertation on Southwestern archaeology.

EXCAVATIONS AT PECOS PUEBLO The year after receiving his doctorate Kidder began work at Pecos Pueblo in New Mexico, where he was appointed leader of the Peabody Southwestern Expedition at Pecos. CULTURE & Tr ustees of the Phillips Academy of Andover, Massachusetts,

A R T S backed by the Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeol-

N D I A N ogy, had decided to sponsor long-term excavations at a I

O F Southwestern Pueblo Indian site. Kidder, believing that in- vestigations at Pecos, which was occupied from prehistoric U S E U M M through historic times, might speak to the prehistory of the entire Southwest, chose this site as the focus of the expedi- tion. He was particularly interested in the connections be-

ANTHROPOLOGY, tween prehistoric settlement at Pecos, the Galisteo Basin to

O F the east, the Rio Grande pueblos, and the major archaeolog- ical sites Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde to the north. Fieldwork at Pecos ran from 1915 until 1929, with a LABORATORY two-year hiatus during which Kidder served in World War 4 3 2 , I. Kidder, Madeleine, and their five children stayed close to the pueblo ruins in an old adobe house at the adjacent Workers dig a stratigraphic profile at the site. Experimental back then, Forked Lightning Ruin (now part of the Pecos National stratigraphic profiling is now standard archaeological procedure. Monument), while the work crews camped nearby. The Kidders’ famous 1911 vintage Model-T Ford known as in accordance with the earth’s natural layers, rather than Old Blue was a common sight out in the field, as it was marking them off in arbitrary, uniform increments. He used to portage groceries and other necessities to the also laid a grid over the excavation area that, in combina- workers. The remains of Old Blue can still be seen at tion with the stratigraphic profiles, allowed the workers to Forked Lightning Ruin, parked in a grove of trees near a note the positions of artifacts both vertically and horizon- plaque that marks the graves of Ted and Madeleine. tally, in space and time. Following the excavations, Kidder Nels C. Nelson of the American Museum of Natural directed his crew to backfill the exposed rooms in order to History applied the stratigraphic approach to his archaeo- protect them from the elements. Like stratigraphy, back- logical research in the Galisteo Basin of north-central New filling has become a standard archaeological practice. Mexico between 1912 and 1914, marking a major scien- Kidder paid particular attention to the thousands of tific turning point in Southwestern archaeology. Derived ceramic sherds discovered in stratigraphic layers at Pecos. from geology, the basic concept is that the youngest mate- With the help of Madeleine and his assistants, who un- rial is found on the top, with each underlying layer repre- dertook the immense task of cleaning and sorting the senting an older deposit, thus making it possible to assign sherds, Kidder defined eight major pottery types based on a relative date to the various levels. the details of their attributes such as decoration, color, fin- Following Nelson’s lead, Kidder and his workers dug ish, thickness, and shape. His careful stratigraphic excava- carefully into the immense refuse heap at Pecos, noting tions allowed him to determine the pottery types’ place in each visible stratigraphic layer and labeling each artifact the site’s chronological sequence, enabling him to “cross- according to the layer it was found in. The oldest artifacts date” Pecos artifacts with those from other Pueblo sites. were in the deepest layers. Unlike Nelson and other Amer- Kidder realized early in his career that a multidiscipli- ican archaeologists, Kidder defined the stratigraphic layers nary approach to archaeology, which is now widely prac-

american archaeology 41 1680, and rebuilt in the early 18th century follow- ing the Spanish recon- quest of New Mexico. Disease epidemics and re- peated invasions by Apaches and Comanche greatly reduced the Pecos population until, in 1838, the remaining few moved northwest to join relatives at Jemez Pueblo. In 1924, Kidder published An Introduc- tion to the Study of South- western Archaeology, with ARIZONA O F a Preliminary Account of the Excavations at Pecos,

which provided the basis UNIVERSITY for the Southwestern cul- U S E U M , tural chronology that be- M

came formalized as the S T A T E Pecos Classification.

Considered a classic, the A R I Z O N A volume represented the first regional archaeologi- 5 6 9 0 4 , Jessie L. Nusbaum (left) and Kidder are seen above Spruce Tree House at Mesa Verde in this photograph taken in 1908. cal synthesis formulated for any part of the New World, and it was espe- ticed, was the only way to achieve a broad understanding cially significant for its concept of Southwestern culture of the past. When some 200 burials were recovered from areas and groups, including discussions of the modern Pecos’s massive trash midden during the first field season, pueblos and their prehistoric counterparts. Kidder invited physical anthropologist Earnest A. Hooton of the Peabody Museum to join the research team. THE FIRST PECOS CONFERENCE Hooton stayed two months and brought ten years’ worth Kidder invited other Southwestern archaeologists to join of material to analyze back at the Peabody Museum. He him at Pecos in the summer of 1927 in order to discuss published his landmark book The Indians of Pecos Pueblo: archaeological issues and to develop a classification system A Study of Their Skeletal Remains in 1930,which provided that would identify the cultural development of South- detailed information about the prehistoric peoples’ life western peoples. By this time, Kidder had ceased work at span, health, and diet. Hooton was one of several re- the main ruins of Pecos and had begun investigations at searchers specializing in other fields of science that con- nearby Forked Lightning Ruin, a smaller, older site im- tributed to Kidder’s Pecos endeavor. mediately ancestral to the settlement of Pecos. As work progressed at the site, a clearer picture of About 40 archaeologists participated in the first Pecos Pecos Pueblo began to emerge. The site’s strategic location Conference, arriving from all over the Southwest to join between the Great Plains that stretch to the east and the the informal three-day gathering. With input from his fertile Rio Grande Valley to the west was a major factor in colleagues, Kidder formulated the Pecos Classification, the its prehistoric rise to prominence as a trade center. Once well-known Basketmaker through Pueblo prehistoric cul- inhabited by some 2,000 Pueblo people and surrounded ture period classification that is still applied to the north- by a high stone wall for defense, Pecos brought together ern Southwest. The first meeting was so successful, it has Pueblo farming communities of the northern Rio Grande continued, with the occasional interruption, as an annual and the nomadic hunting tribes of the plains. With the ar- gathering of Southwestern archaeologists to this day, held rival of the Spanish to the region in the late 16th century, at different venues for three days in late summer, always a mission was built just east of the pueblo in 1618. The returning to its birthplace every fifth year or so. Spanish mission was destroyed in the Pueblo Revolt of The initial conference “laid a foundation for a tradi-

42 fall • 2004 tion in Southwestern archaeology, which Kidder himself Following his retirement from the Carnegie, Kidder referred to as the ‘Pecos Clan Spirit,’ and many of us have remained active in archaeology, teaching briefly at the Uni- benefited from the friendships which were cemented on versity of California, Berkeley before retiring to his Cam- that occasion,” recalled archaeologist Odd Halseth in bridge home. In 1958, nearly 30 years after the completion Richard Woodbury’s book 60 Years of Southwestern Ar- of fieldwork at Pecos, Kidder published his summary of chaeology: A History of the Pecos Conference. the work, titled Pecos, New Mexico: Archaeological Notes, The 1920s were an exciting time in Southwestern ar- lauded for its scientific detail and literary style. Just a few chaeology. The famous 1927 discovery of a projectile years prior, Southwestern archaeologists of the American point embedded in an extinct species of bison near Fol- Anthropological Association had established the A. V. Kid- som, New Mexico, dramatically changed the face of New der Award, a prestigious award presented every third year World archaeology. All of a sudden prehistory on this “for eminence in the field of American archaeology,” rec- continent stretched back much farther than had been pre- ognizing Kidder’s great contributions to the scientific ad- viously thought. The development of tree ring dating by vancement of the field. In 1986, the Universidad del Valle astronomer Andrew Ellicott Douglass two years later al- de Guatemala Department of Archaeology was established lowed for the absolute dating of Southwestern archaeolog- with funds from the Alfred V. and Madeleine Kidder Chair ical sites, a major breakthrough that grounded Kidder’s in honor of Kidder. relative chronology in real time. In a statement memorializing the death of A. V. Kid- During the Pecos Conference in 1929, archaeologists der in 1963, Halseth described him: “He was the spark- viewed aerial photographs of Southwestern archaeological plug, even though his methods of seeking and getting co- sites including Pecos Pueblo that were taken by aviator operation were always low-voltage. His personality as well Charles Lindbergh at Kidder’s suggestion. Woodbury as his scholarship disarmed any rebel in camp, and though states: “Lindbergh’s work presaged coming decades in no one could be more generous and kind, his integrity of which aerial photography and, eventually, infrared remote purpose and judgment never was compromised.” sensing technology, would provide detailed data on sites from the air.” TAMARA STEWART is the assistant editor of American Archaeology and the Conservancy’s Southwest project’s coordinator. TURNING TO THE MAYA By this time, Kidder had shifted his research focus to the Two biographies of Alfred V. Kidder have been written: Maya region of North America, inspired by his lifelong Alfred V. Kidder, by Richard Woodbury, Columbia Uni- friend Sylvanius Morley. A leading scholar of Maya hiero- versity Press, 1973; Alfred Vincent Kidder to the Develop- glyphs, Morley had begun a long-term research program in ment of Americanist Archaeology, by Douglas Givens, Uni- the Maya region in 1914 with the Carnegie Institution of versity of New Mexico Press, 1992. Washington. Kidder first visited Morley’s project at Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, in 1925 as a consultant to the Carnegie. The following year he became a research associ- ate with the Carnegie, and in CULTURE

& 1927 accepted the position of

A R T S director of Carnegie’s entire ar- chaeological program. Until his I N D I A N

O F retirement in 1950, Kidder di- rected intensive excavations at U S E U M

M the sites of Chichén Itzá and Uaxactun in the Yucatán, and Kaminaljuyu in Guatemala. These were among the first ANTHROPOLOGY,

O F major archaeological investiga- tions to employ a team of spe- cialists in the fields of physical LABORATORY and social anthropology, ethnol- 1 0 3 , ogy, linguistics, environmental studies, geology, and geography, Kidder (lower right) surveys trenches in the north midden at Pecos in 1915. He’s again dressed in a suit, which among others. was standard attire for the professional staff at the dig.

american archaeology 43 new acquisition

Woodland Site Donated by Concerned Landowner Having never been excavated, the Giesey site could offer a wealth of information about its inhabitants.

he Loyalhanna Creek attracted TNative Ameri- cans throughout time. With the inception of horticulture in western Pennsylvania, the fertile flood plains became home to many Native Americans. The creek’s banks are littered with archaeological sites from its headwaters to its confluence with the Conemaugh River. One of those sites is Giesey, which stretches across 10 acres. Giesey has been in-

habited for the last NAVARRI O E 6,000 years. The Native J Americans who lived Archaeologist Dick George at the Giesey site. No formal excavations have yet been done at the site. It has tremendous there practiced horticul- research potential. ture, caught fish and fresh water mussels, and hunted elk and deer. Most of the During the Woodland period horticulture was prac- artifacts found at Giesey are from the Woodland period. Ar- ticed, the population grew, and lifestyles changed. Pottery chaeologist Bob Oshnock described the site as primarily an became important. Native Americans started building Early-to-Middle Woodland village in a mountain valley. mounds throughout the Ohio River Valley, some of “The site represents a setting in the uplands where prehis- which were utilized for burials and others for ceremonial toric people exploited the resources of the mountain region,” traditions. The prospect of revealing information about Oshnock said. He believes Giesey “should eventually yield this time of great change makes Giesey all the more im- much information of even early prehistoric occupations.” portant. The site’s research potential is great, as no formal excavations have been conducted there. Its alluvial soils also suggest the possibility of deep and stratified archaeo- logical deposits that are undisturbed. Cordelia S. May is donating the Giesey site to the Conservancy to ensure its permanent preservation. For many years May has championed environmental and his- torical preservation. Many similar sites have been lost to modern agricul- ture and development. Western Pennsylvania is now home to five Conservancy preserves and, with the help of people like May, we hope to acquire more sites through- out the state.—Joe Navari

44 fall • 2004 new acquisition Explaining Mississippian Expansion The John Chapman site could answer questions about why the Mississippians moved north.

n the extreme northwestern corner of Illinois, the Apple River meets the Mississippi. The surrounding area com- Ibines the wetlands formed at their confluence with the scenic beauty of the hills and ridges. In the past, this area drew generations of Native Americans who left a rich ar- chaeological legacy of habitation sites. This area contains a handful of sites related to the Mis- sissippian metropolis of Cahokia over 350 river miles to the south. The Apple River region has one of the clearest examples of contact between the Late Woodland cultures of the upper Midwest and the more elaborate Mississippian Culture of the greater Southeast. Data from Apple River LORD sites have fueled much discussion about the nature of the

C H R I S Mississippian expansion. They have also figured promi- nently in debates about the origins of the post-Mississip- This aerial photograph shows the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign pian cultures of the Midwest. crew excavating the site. The researchers recovered conch shells and fine In researching these issues, most archaeologists focused pottery that may have been obtained from Mississippian centers south of on the Mills site, a substantial Mississippian settlement. Sadly, John Chapman. the Mills site seems to have been largely destroyed by erosion, deep plowing, and the construction of farm buildings. the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign investi- Fortunately the John Chapman site, located about gated the John Chapman site. They identified about 12 three miles upriver from Mills, remains in good condition. house patterns and 140 pit features. “There are a number This site is an example of a Mississippian frontier town of locales where Mississippian peoples intruded into a Late that should provide information about the spread of Mis- Woodland Culture area and ‘hybridized’ the cultures,” said sissippian Culture. Archaeologists generally agree that Ca- archaeologist Phillip Millhouse, “but it’s only at the John hokia and its immediate environs, Chapman site where we have cap- the American Bottom, were the tured the moment where the people source behind the spread of Missis- are living both the Mississippian and sippian Culture northward, but the Woodland Cultures.” there is little agreement about how —Paul Gardner it took place. University of Illinois archaeol- ogist Thomas Emerson ties the ap- Conservancy pearance of Mississippian frontier Plan of Action towns to political changes in the SITE: John Chapman American Bottom, where a number CULTURE & TIME PERIOD: of elite groups were vying for Mississippian A.D. 1050–1300 power. At about A.D.1050 one elite STATUS: Threatened by encroaching group at Cahokia triumphed over commercial and residential the others. Around this time Mis- development and agriculture. ACQUISITION: The Conservancy has sissippian frontier towns like Mills optioned the property and has until and John Chapman appear in dis- August 31, 2005, to raise $218,300 tant regions. Emerson hypothesizes to complete the purchase. that they were founded by elite HOW YOU CAN HELP: Please send groups that lost the political strug- contributions to The Archaeological gle in the American Bottom and Conservancy, Attn: John Chapman chose to leave it. Project, 5301 Central Ave. N.E., Suite 902, Albuquerque,NM 87108-1517 In 2003, archaeologists from

american archaeology 45 new acquisition Getting a Glimpse of the Adena The Williams-Morgan Archaeological Preserve offers researchers an intact Adena mound.

bout 2,000 years ago, a hunt- vestigated in Kentucky during the De- ing/gathering/gardening cul- pression as part of the Works Projects A ture, known to archaeologists Administration (WPA). Numerous ar- as the Adena people, lived in the Silver tifacts were recovered during these in- Creek Valley of central Kentucky. They vestigations that were made available exploited the area’s native wild plant for study; however, partially due to and animal resources and grew domes- the fact that archaeological methods ticated plants in their gardens, such as were much less advanced at that time, squash, goosefoot, and sunflower. many questions still remain about Adena society was made up of Adena ritual. small, dispersed social groups that The Williams-Morgan Archaeo- did not recognize overt distinctions logical Preserve encompasses the in social status. The Adena made mound itself as well as a few sur- stone spearpoints and ceramic vessels, rounding acres that may contain in- and crafted, among other things, en- formation about off-mound rituals. graved stone tablets, copper ear Sara Morgan donated this land to spools, mica crescents, and elbow and the Conservancy in honor of her late platform pipes for use in their rituals. brother David J. Williams III. Williams These kinds of artifacts have been was a long-time supporter of the Con- found in the burial mounds they servancy who wanted this site preserved built from approximately 500 B.C. for the benefit of future generations. until about A.D. 200. This preserve is the Conservancy’s The Conservancy has saved a third in the Silver Creek watershed. well-preserved Adena mound through The other two, Bogie Circle (an Adena

its establishment of the Williams- ceremonial circle) and Round Hill (an SOCIETY Morgan Archaeological Preserve. Adena mound), are roughly the same Adena mounds, which generally range age as this new aquisition: approxi- HISTORICAL in size from 20 to over 80 feet in di- mately 1,800 years old. Because of O H I O ameter, served as the final resting their close proximity, this section of Sil- place for male and female individuals. The Adena produced beautiful artifacts like ver Creek may have served as a sacred Adena groups returned to the same this human-effigy pipe from the Adena Mound Adena mortuary area and could reflect mounds year after year to bury their in Chillicothe, Ohio. continuity in the ritual use of this place newly dead and pay homage to their over many generations. Well-preserved ancestors. Thus, over time, some that Adena groups participated in Adena mounds such as this one can Adena mounds grew to be quite large. long-distance trade networks. give us a better understanding of this Adena people intentionally built Many Adena mounds were in- fascinating culture. —Joe Navari their mounds away from their residences and at the boundaries of neighboring communities. The mounds were there- fore the final resting places for the dead of several different groups. Conse- quently, they served as important social focal points; periodic visits to a mound provided groups with an opportunity to interact with both the dead and the liv- ing. Objects placed with the dead, man- ufactured from materials found in other regions such as copper and mica, show

46 fall • 2004 NEW POINT-2 new acquisition

The Conservancy Acquires Early 17th-Century Iroquois Village acquisition European glass trade beads recovered from the site provide important clues to the area’s chronology.

hen the Europeans arrived in eastern North America they Wbrought trade materials such as glass beads and metal objects that be- came highly prized by native peoples. The Europeans mainly traded glass beads for furs. These beads were man- ufactured in Venice, France, Holland, and elsewhere. Because glass bead styles were produced over known and limited time periods, beads recovered from 16th- and 17th-century sites are very useful for providing chronological ordering of sites such as those located In addition to a wealth of beads, Smokes Creek has yielded other types of artifacts, such as stone in the Niagara Frontier region of west- tools, an iron ax, and this pipe stem. ern New York State, south and east of BUFFALO present-day Buffalo. S U N Y Thousands of glass trade beads

U S E U M , recovered from early historic Iro- M quois village sites in the Niagara This bead, shown

W H I T E Frontier region are giving archaeolo- from the front and E . gists a clearer picture of the chronol- side, was recovered A R I A N

M ogy of such sites as well as the nature during initial testing of trade relationships. at the site in 1980. Last spring, the Conservancy ac- quired an early 17th-century Iro- 1630 based on its bead assemblage. day Buffalo,” explained William En- quois village rich in glass trade beads An excavation in 1992 revealed a gelbrecht, a retired professor of ar- from developers of the subdivision wide variety of glass beads number- chaeology from Buffalo State Col- that surrounds the site in a bargain- ing nearly 1,000, including eight lege, who is familiar with the site. sale-to-charity transaction. First dis- types previously unknown to re- “Every 10 to 20 years these commu- covered in 1979 during a pipeline searchers. Archaeologists also found nities moved, resulting in a series of survey conducted by the State Uni- brass beads and pendants, marine village sites scattered across the land- versity of New York at Buffalo, the shell objects, an iron ax, and a large scape. Geographical proximity sug- seven-acre Smokes Creek site is lo- quantity of stone material and tools, gests that Smokes Creek is one such cated in a rapidly developing area of including numerous scrapers proba- village site.” Orchard Park, New York. bly used to work hide. The Iroquois’s frequent move- The Smokes Creek site, located “In the 16th and early 17th cen- ments are attributed to soil and less than three miles from another turies, two contemporaneous Iro- wood depletion, or the result of in- contemporaneous Iroquois village, quoian villages are believed to have creasing warfare with the Seneca to has been dated between 1610 and been located just south of present- the east. —Tamara Stewart

american archaeology 47 NEW POINT-2 Preserving Evidence INDIANS T E X A S

of Cultural Transition O F

The DePrato site is a well-preserved example A R T I F A C T S acquisition of cultural change in Louisiana. S T O N E CRAWFORD J E S S I C A DePrato's location on a high natural levee beside Black Bayou prevented flooding while allowing easy access to the wildlife and transportation routes provided by the bayou. Mound 3 (the low rise on the left) and Mound 4 (the low rise on the right) are shown here along the curving bank of Black Bayou.

. W. Dickeson was a med- the “great tumuli of a lost and un- Culture (A.D. 700 to 800). The earli- ical doctor from Pennsyl- historied people.” est occupation is the Troyville village Mvania with a passion for At the time of his visit, there area. The Troyville Culture marks archaeology. Over the course of were eight mounds at DePrato. the beginning of a change in mound seven years, from 1837 to 1844, Dickeson partially excavated three of construction from conical to larger, Dickeson traveled throughout the them and his notes mention several flat-topped, pyramid mounds. It’s Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys layers of mound construction con- believed they served as civic or reli- excavating many mounds. In 1843, taining hearths, arrow points, pieces gious structures. he visited the plantation of William of mica, clay pipes, pottery, and The Troyville type-site (the site Ferriday in Ferriday, a town in east- burials. The Conservancy recently for which the culture is named) was central Louisiana. Dickeson was purchased the DePrato site, at which a large mound site of almost 400 immediately taken with the beauty five mounds remain. acres located not far from DePrato at of the mound site now known as This site contains an impressive the confluence of the Little, Black, the DePrato site. His diary con- continuum of occupation from the and Ouachita Rivers. Unfortunately, tains poetic descriptions of the set- Troyville Culture (A.D. 400 to 700) the Troyville site has been almost ting he encountered as he viewed through the Middle Coles Creek completely destroyed; however, the

48 fall • 2004 NEW POINT-2

DePrato site is contemporaneous located on an old natural levee de- with the Troyville site, and some of posit of the Mississippi River near the people who lived there are likely the confluence of two bayous. Due the same people who built and used to flooding, two and a half feet of al- the now destroyed Troyville site. luvium covers the site. Consequently, acquisition The Troyville occupation at De- the five mounds appear smaller than Prato is overlaid by an Early to Mid- they originally were and the archaeo- dle Coles Creek occupation. This cul- logical resources remain virtually un- pants and any changes through time. ture, named for a creek near Natchez, touched by modern activity such as The DePrato family has owned Mississippi, is widely distributed road construction and farming. the site since the early 1900s. The throughout the Lower Mississippi Investigations indicate the site current owner, Lloyd “Buddy” Paul, Valley. It is during this occupation has a layer cake stratigraphy, which Jr.’s mother Martha DePrato Paul that archaeologists believe the means the different occupations may grew up on this land and was fully mounds at DePrato were constructed. be separated by alluvium from flood aware of its archaeological impor- Very little is known about the nature events. Such conditions on archaeo- tance. Under Paul’s ownership, the of the transition from the Troyville to logical sites are rare and offer re- meticulously maintained site has the Coles Creek Culture, and De- searchers an opportunity to link arti- been placed on the National Register Prato promises to be an excellent facts and archaeological features, such of Historic Places. Paul and his wife, source of information. According to as pits, hearths, or post molds to dif- Betty, are both educators, as was Louisiana regional archaeologist Joe ferent occupations. This is also help- Martha Paul. With over 50 years of Saunders, DePrato is one of the re- ful in the analysis of changes in village teaching among the three of them, gion’s best preserved examples of the organization during the three time they are well aware of the research Troyville-to-Coles Creek transition. periods. In addition, DePrato has ex- potential of the DePrato site. By sell- At first glance, the DePrato Site cellent floral and faunal preservation ing the site to the Conservancy, may not resemble an important that can provide valuable data con- Buddy continues his family’s tradi- multi-mound complex. The site is cerning the diets of the site’s occu- tion of education. —Jessica Crawford

POINT Acquisitions

Smokes Creek

★

★ The Protect Our Irreplaceable National DePrato Treasures (POINT) Program was designed to save significant sites that are in immediate danger of destruction. american archaeology 49 CONSERV ANCY FieldNotes K O C Z A N S T E V E Archaeologist Kristin Kuckelman of Crow Canyon Archaeological Center and Sandy and Larry Tradlener prepare detailed drawings of a stabilization area locat- ed in one of the six linear masonry wall features at Bement Archaeological Preserve. The area was backfilled after the documentation phase was completed.

Bement Stabilization Complete Canyon Archaeological Center and architectural units have been identi- Conservancy site stewards provided fied. Six of them consist of the typi- SOUTHWEST—The Conservancy valuable assistance documenting and cal multi-room architectural features has recently completed the stabiliza- backfilling the stabilization areas. frequently found in the region. One tion of the Bement Archaeological Bement is a very unusual archae- may even have a small circular tower. Preserve near Cortez in southwestern ological site. The site was first occu- However, the seventh architec- Colorado. The preserve is in excel- pied between A.D. 750 and 900 dur- tural unit is quite different and ar- lent condition and stabilization was ing the Pueblo I period. It was chaeologists are puzzled by its organ- needed at only a few places where apparently abandoned and then reoc- ization. It consists of six masonry masonry walls were exposed and cupied between A.D. 1000 and 1150 walls that were constructed parallel subject to erosion. Staff from Crow during the Pueblo II period. Seven to one another. They are oriented

50 fall • 2004 north to south and are approxi- tor of the Laboratory of Anthropol- cultural activities of the San Jose de mately 50 feet long. There do not ogy at the Museum of New Mexico, las Huertas settlement line the Blu- appear to be any cross walls connect- states, “Dr. Roth’s research questions menthal property along the creek ing the six parallel walls, whose pur- are directed at the most pressing cur- banks. Additional investigations into pose is unknown. Some have sug- rent issues before us for the Late Pit- these features have the potential to gested that this may be some type of house period in southwestern New add to our understanding of the in- community center for the region. Mexico. She and her team will no habitants’ agricultural practices. Regardless, this preserve will clearly doubt contribute much needed data Cottonwood Pueblo is a 15- to provide an interesting research op- and add significantly to our under- 20-unit roomblock centered around portunity in the future. standing of the site.” a small plaza. Excavations done by the property owner prior to the Research Continues at La Gila Encantada San José de las Huertas Preserve Expands 1970s revealed a small portion of the roomblock interiors. Finds from SOUTHWEST—La Gila Encan- SOUTHWEST—A 14-acre ease- these investigations show the forma- tada, a pithouse village near Silver ment has been donated to the Con- tion of the pueblo to be a series of City, New Mexico, is revealing its servancy by Susan Blumenthal. In- construction phases with rooms re- long-kept secrets to researchers from cluded within this easement are built and reused directly on top of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. features and structures associated previous occupations. It is likely that Archaeologist Barbara Roth and her with San José de las Huertas, a Span- 50 percent or more of this crew of students are continuing ish Colonial village and adjacent roomblock is still intact and will fieldwork started in the summer of Cottonwood Pueblo, an Anasazi provide future researchers with in- 2003. They mapped all surface fea- Pueblo II settlement, in central New triguing clues into the daily lives of tures and artifacts that year in prepa- Mexico. Blumenthal’s easement ex- the pueblo’s inhabitants. ration for the 2004 field school. pands the Conservancy’s Las Huertas Several smaller structures are ad- Twenty-eight surface depres- preserve to roughly 40 acres. jacent to the pueblo roomblock. A sions were identified and it is possi- Today the village walls of Las small three-room structure in excel- ble that additional, buried pithouses Huertas are visible as low mounds. lent condition is nearby. A large cir- are present. A small cobble pile, pos- Remnants of agricultural fields as cular depression that may be the sibly representing two small Classic well as portions of an irrigation sys- trace of a large, shallow pit structure period pueblo rooms, was located at tem lead off towards Las Huertas is found in association with four iso- the southern end of the site. This Creek. Areas of stone-lined terraces lated rooms at yet another location year’s excavations are focused on that may be associated with the agri- on the property. three pithouses and their associated extramural areas. This four-acre preserve contains a village from the Late Pithouse pe- riod (A.D. 550–1000). The goal is to collect data on Late Pithouse groups in an upland setting away from the Mimbres River for comparison with settlements along the water to see if there are measurable differences in social organization, mobility, and de- pendence on agriculture. Household organization, mobility strategies, and subsistence patterns are all areas Roth is investigating. Chris Turnbow, assistant direc-

american archaeology 51 Reviews

Ancient Mexico & Central America: Archaeology and Culture History By Susan Toby Evans (Thames & Hudson, 2004; 608 pgs., illus., $70 cloth; www.thamesandhudson.com)

In Ancient Mexico & Cen- Early Art of the Southeastern Indians: tral America, Susan Toby Feathered Serpents & Winged Beings Evans has produced a By Susan C. Power monumental survey of (University of Georgia Press, 2004; 288 pgs., illus., the prehistoric cultures $40 cloth; www.ugapress.org) of Mesoamerica, the region be- tween north-central Mexico and Costa Rica. The The prehistoric people of the southeastern United Olmec, Maya, Toltec, Aztec, and others produced the most so- States produced some of the richest and most so- phisticated cultures of the New World, rivaling in many ways phisticated Native art. Cultures we know as Mis- those of Europe and China, only to fall to the invading sissippian, Caddo, Hopewell, Adena, and Poverty Spaniards in 1521. Over the past 50 years, archaeologists Point thrived in the eastern Woodlands and col- have made giant strides in understanding these great cultures. lected exotic materials from great distances to turn They have decoded much of the writing and iconography. Cal- into elaborate works of art. endrics and numbers have been figured out. Economies and Author Susan C. Power, a professor of art at trade are better understood. Complex politics and religions are Marshall University, traces the development of being unraveled. Numerous excavations in the jungles and arid this rich artistic tradition from its origins in the plateaus have yielded mountains of new information. archaic period some 6,000 years ago to the Euro- Evans, a professor of anthropology at Pennsylvania State pean conquest. We are introduced to an extraordi- University, has brought all of this knowledge together in this nary assemblage of objects described and pictured, wonderfully produced volume. Writing in a flowing narrative that many in color, in this tome. Some are clearly cer- avoids technical terminology, the author tells the story of emonial, others probably functional, including Mesoamerican civilization. There are 459 illustrations, 80 in pipes, figurines, ceramics, beads, and copper ob- color, to supplement the text. Numerous timelines, charts, and jects. Of course, perishable items are rare, which maps keep the reader in context. Many of the most impor- skews our sample. The most complex works ac- tant sites, like La Venta, Monte Albán, Teotihuacán, Palenque, cording to Power were linked to powerful leaders and Tenochtitlan, are explored in depth from their earliest ori- (mostly male) who wore bold ensembles consist- gins to their fall. Thirty-three specific topics, including colossal ing of symbolic colors, sacred media, and complex stone heads, the ball game, metalworking, and child-raising, designs. Four large ceremonial centers are the are explored in special boxed features. focus of much of this art—Etowah in Georgia, Ancient Mexico & Central America contains so much infor- Spiro in eastern Oklahoma, Cahokia near St. mation it might overwhelm the casual reader, but instead it is Louis, and Moundville in Alabama. organized in such a friendly manner that it is a pleasure to Early Art of the Southeastern Indians is a visual read and easy to understand. The publisher, Thames and Hud- journey through time that demonstrates the exem- son, has produced an outstanding series of books on archae- plary abilities of master artists and craftsmen. Their ology suitable for the interested layperson. This may well be remarkable achievements delight the senses and the best so far. give us a brief glimpse into their symbolic world.

52 fall • 2004 The Seminole Wars: America’s Longest Indian Conflict By John and Mary Lou Missall (University Press of Florida, 2004; 304 pgs., illus., $30 cloth; www.upf.com)

Three Seminole wars in Florida lasted from Reviews 1817 to 1858, the longest, bloodiest, and most costly of all the Indian wars fought in the United States. They were of major concern to the entire nation and often had international implications as the United States struggled with the European powers for control of the continent. In fact, the Seminoles were allies of both Britain and Spain and hostile to the young, expanding republic. General Andrew Jackson, fresh from his victory over the British at New Orleans in 1815, led the first conflict, which was part of the plan to drive Spain from the Florida Territory. The second took the lives of 1,500 U.S. soldiers and countless Indians over seven years. The third war was fought on the eve of the Civil War in an attempt to remove the surviving Seminoles from their homes in the Everglades. Unlike the Plains wars, the Seminole wars were soon forgotten, an embarrassment in their brutality. While the government side is well documented, there is little from the Seminoles. Clearly there is a role for archaeologists to help document this tragic episode in American history. Surely, this well-written history will not be the last word on one of America’s darkest eras. Artifact: The Hunt Shovel Bum: Comix of Archaeological for Stolen Treasurers Field Life Board game from Outset Media, 2004 By Trent de Boer ($30 at www.boardgames.com) (AltaMira Press, 2004; 129 pgs., illus., $23 paper; www.altamirapress.com) Bored with Trivial Pursuit and Clue? Artifact is an entertaining strategy Half the “fun” of being an ar- game that sends players around the chaeologist in America is the ex- world to recover missing treasures. perience of fieldwork. Shovel You are in charge of Interpol’s Arti- bums endure weeks of flea-bit- fact Recovery Team. Your mission is ten motel beds, greasy road- to discover the location of missing house food, temperamental artifacts and return them to their vehicles, and long stretches of countries of origin. The stories are boredom to practice that based on true events and filled with most romantic of intellectual interesting information. From Arme- endeavors—archaeology. nia to New Zealand, you search the Underpaid and unappreciated world for lost and stolen artifacts. they have struck back at the archaeological bu- You must exchange information with reaucracy that never gets its hands dirty with this collection of comix. other team members, retrieve infor- Developed by Trent de Boer while on assignment in Arkansas and sup- mation from the database of stolen plemented by his friends and colleagues, Shovel Bum takes a humorous art, and use secret informants. look at the trials and tribulations of American field archaeologists. Some Good training for a growing world- of the episodes will have you in stitches; others will have you in tears. It’s wide problem. Challenging and fun. all great fun (in retrospect) for old hands and an education for aspiring ar- Ages 12 and up. 2–6 players. Op- chaeologists. —Mark Michel tional rules for ages 3–12. american archaeology 53 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSERVANCY

Viva Veracruz VERACRUZ When: January 13–23, 2005 Where: Veracruz How much: $2,495 per person ($295 single supplement)

Join us in Mexico’s oldest port city, Veracruz, for an exciting look at the Olmec, Totonac, Huastec, Maya, Aztec, and Spanish cultures that have dom- inated the region for thousands of years. You’ll visit Zempoala, a Totonac town conquered by the Aztecs, where Cortés lived during the first months of the Spanish invasion. At El Tajín, one of the great cities of Mexico, you’ll find its famous archi- GREENLEE

tecture and its numerous ball courts. You’ll also B E T S Y visit the immense city of Cantona, which pros- The Pyramid of the Niches at El Tajín has 365 niches, one for each day of the year. pered after the collapse of Teotihuacán. You’ll then visit Tres Zapotes, where the discovery of the first lation about lost tribes from Africa. John Henderson, a leading great Olmec head sculpture in 1869 set off specu- scholar on the cultures of Mesoamerica, will lead the tour.

When: March 15–24, 2005 Monuments of Mesoamerica Where: Mexico City and surrounding area AZTECS, TOL TECS, AND TEOTIHUACÁNOS How much: $2,395 per person ($250 single supplement)

Thousands of years ago, cultures that have long since vanished from Central America constructed magnificent temples and pyramids. Today these monuments of the Aztecs, Toltecs, and Teoti- huacános remain a testament to the fascinating people that built them. This tour takes you to a number of sites in- cluding those once inhabited by the Olmec, a cul- ture known throughout the region for its art style. You’ll also visit the monuments of the Aztec, a civ- ilization that witnessed the arrival of the Spanish. You’ll explore Teotihuacán, once a great urban cen- MICHEL ter with a population of 200,000. John Henderson, professor of anthropology at Cornell and author of M A R K Teotihuacån was once one of the great cities of the New World. The World of the Ancient Maya, will lead the tour.

54 fall • 2004 Add to your American Archaeology library. Back issues of most volumes are available. See below for order information. ISSUES AVAILABLE: Volume 1, No. 2 (Summer 1997) through Volume 8, No. 2 (Summer 2004)

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$ Address ______10-11 ...... 9.00 12-14 ...... $9.30 City ______15-17...... $10.43 State ______Zip ______18-20...... $12.70 Patrons of Preservation The Archaeological Conservancy would like to thank the following individuals, foundations, and corporations for their generous support during the period of May 2004 through July 2004. Their generosity, along with the generosity of the Conservancy’s other members, makes our work possible. Life Member Gifts of $1,000 or more Dr. and Mrs. J. L. Foght, Illinois Betty Annis, New Mexico Mr. and Mrs. R. M. Hart, Colorado Richard Berg, California David and Sue Knop, California Bill Caruth III, Texas Mrs. Pat McCreery, California Donna Cosulich, Arizona Lawrence K. and Kathleen M. Peterson, Colorado Phyllis J. Guiden, Florida Gavine Pitner, North Carolina Peter M. Klein, Wisconsin Robert A. Robinson, California Mr. and Mrs. Joe R. Klutts, Louisiana Richard Salamon, Oklahoma Derwood Koenig, Indiana Ian and Talmadge Silversides, North Carolina Mary L. Lewis, Colorado Rosamond L. Stanton, Montana Ronald J. Pierce, Pennsylvania Dee Ann Story, Texas Jane M. Quinette, Colorado Caryl Richardson, New Mexico Foundation/Corporate Gifts of Melvin V. and Giulia Simpson, New York $15,000–$25,000 Catherine Symchych, Wyoming Department of Natural Resources, Wisconsin Richard King Mellon Foundation, Pennsylvania Anasazi Circle Gifts of $2,000 or more Anonymous TO MAKE A DONATION J. E. and Memorie Loughridge, Florida OR BECOME A MEMBER CONTACT: Joe and Dolly Rollins, Mississippi Pete and Christine Adolph, New Mexico The Archaeological Conservancy Rosemary Armbruster, Missouri 5301 Central Avenue NE • Suite 902 Carol M. Baker, Texas Albuquerque, NM 87108 Dorothy Beatty, California (505) 266-1540 Carol Condie, New Mexico www.americanarchaeology.org Helen S. Darby, California

Living A PLAN FOR THE FUTURE

To ensure that America’s an important investment in protecting Spirit past will always have a America’s past. future, the Conservancy Planned giving allows you to specify how Circle established a leadership your assets will be distributed after your life- The Archaeological Conservancy society in 2002, the time. This can be done by simply adding an Living Spirit Circle. It amendment including the Conservancy as a consists of a dedicated group of members who have beneficiary to your existing will. It can stand as included the Conservancy in their will or trust, or have a lasting memorial to you or a loved one. made a life-income gift such as a charitable gift annuity The preservation of America’s archaeologi- to support archaeological preservation. cal resources depends on the continued sup- This elite group has grown to over 60 members and port and generosity of members like you. By is an essential component of the Conservancy’s suc- joining the Conservancy’s Living Spirit Circle cess in identifying and preserving America’s most today, you can ensure our nation’s cultural her- endangered archaeological resources. They have made itage for years to come.

56 fall • 2004 BOOKS

Coyote Press P.O. Box 3377 Salinas, CA 93912 Specializing in Archaeology, Rock Art, Prehistory, Ethnography, Linguistics, Native American Studies and anything closely related. We stock thousands of new books and reprints, used and rare books, and the back issues of many journals. Browse or shop online at our newly redesigned e-commerce website:

WWW.COYOTEPRESS.COM E-mail: [email protected] Proud sponsors of: www.californiaprehistory.com Make your mark in time. Some Conservancy members think the only way to help save archaeological sites is through membership dues. While dues are a constant lifeline, there are many ways you can support the Conservancy’s work, both today and well into the future. And by Atkeson Pueblo, AZ supporting the Conservancy, you Conservancy preserve since 1983 not only safeguard our past for your children and grandchildren, you also may save some money.

Place stock in the Conservancy. Evaluate your investments. Some members choose to make a differ- ence by donating stock. Such gifts offer a charitable deduction for the full value instead of paying capital gains tax.

Give a charitable gift annuity. Depending on your circumstances, you may be able to make a gift of cash and securities today that lets you receive extensive tax benefits as well as an income for as long as you live.

leave a lasting legacy. A great place to live 800 years ago. Many people consider protecting our cultural heritage by remem- bering the Conservancy in their A great place to preserve today. will. While providing us with a dependable source of income, bequests may qualify you for an estate tax deduction.

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JACKA and our other 295 sites across the

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