OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 41 NO. 1 * WINTER 1991

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SOCIETY OF OHIO MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $15.00; husband and S A.S.O. OFFICERS wife (one copy of publication) $16.00; Life membership $300.00. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included President James G. Hovan, 16979 South Meadow Circle, in the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an Strongsville, OH 44136, (216) 238-1799 incorporated non-profit organization. Vice President Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 Exec. Sect. Barbara Motts, 3435 Sciotangy Drive, Columbus, BACK ISSUES OH 43221, (614) 898-4116 (work) (614) 459-0808 (home) Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $ 6.00 SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 5.00 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 OH 43068, (614)861-0673 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH 43064, (614)873-5471 Back issues—black and white—each $ 5.00 Back issues—four full color plates—each $ 5.00 immediate Past Pres. Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130, (614) 653-9477 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are generally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to business office for prices and availability. BUSINESS MANAGER Paul Wildermuth, 5210 Coonpath Road NE, Pleasantville, OH ASO CHAPTERS 43148, (614) 536-7855 or (800) 736-7815. Aboriginal Explorers Club President: John M. Rose, R.D. #1, Box 12, Chester, WV TRUSTEES Beau Fleuve Chapter 1992 David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH President: John C. McKendry, 5545 Trescott Terrace, Lakeview, NY 45662, (614) 354-1454 (work) Blue Jacket Chapter 1992 Stephen Kelley, 301 Columbia Ave., Box 1, Seaman, OH President: Jacque F. Stahler, 115 S. Mill Street, DeGraff, OH 45679,(513)386-2375 Cuyahoga Valley Chapter 1992 Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Range Line Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH President: Norman Park, 4495 W. High Street, Mantua, OH 43050, (614)393-2314 Flint Ridge Chapter 1994 Martha Otto, 2200 East Powell Road, Westerville, OH 43081, President: James E. Hahn, 770 S. 2nd Street, Heath, OH (614)297-2641 (work), (614) 846-7640 (home) Fort Salem Chapter 1994 Don Gehlbach, 3435 Sciotangy Drive, Columbus, OH 43221, President: Clinton McClain, 1844 Sicily Road, Mt. Orab, OH (614)459-0808 Johnny Appleseed Chapter 1994 Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, Lancaster, OH 43130, President: Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage Street, Ashland, OH (614)653-6642 King Beaver Chapter 1994 S. A. (Joe) Redick, 35 West Riverglen Drive, Worthington, OH President: Ronald Richman, Box 23, Clay Street, Edinburg, PA 43085, (614)885-0665 Lake County Chapter President: William M. King, 9735 Ridgeview Trail, Mentor, OH 1994 Michael W. Schoenfeld, 5683 Blacklick-Eastern Road NW, Pickerington, OH 43147, (614) 837-7088 Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter REGIONAL COLLABORATORS President: Will Storey, 1820 Dexter, Portsmouth, OH David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston, OH President: Raymond E. Lovins, Box 86, Miamiville, OH Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH Mound City Chapter William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pk., Chillicothe, OH James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, North Coast Chapter Columbus, OH 43210 President: Robert W. McGreevey, 24687 Tara-Lynn Dr., N. Olmstead, OH Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 Painted Post Chapter David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 President: Joe Johnson, 108 Erwin Avenue, Follansbee, WV Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Sandusky Bay Chapter Brian Da Re, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 President: George B. DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, Sandusky Valley Chapter Zanesville, OH 43701 President: James E. Milum, 17306 CH 113, Harpster, OH

All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist Seneca Arrow Hunters should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, President: Donald Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ Six River Valley Chapter ness Manager. President: Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Range Line Road, Mount Vernon, OH Standing Stone Chapter PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS President: Paul Wildermuth, 5210 Coonpath Road, Pleasantville, OH CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, Sugarcreek Valley Chapter SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. President: Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Ave. SE, East Canton, OH NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONE NUMBER 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS President's Page Blank by Author 4 If you're like me, most of you have been Flint Planes by Robert N. Converse 9 reading our magazine The Ohio Archa­ Slate from the Mel Wilkins Collection by Mel wmdna 10 eologist long enough to know how wel­ come it is when you receive it in the mail. An Adena Quadriconcave Gorget by jack Rosenfeid 11 In fact, I always savor my copy and read Two Paleo Knives by David Roy 11 and reread it late in the evening. Please don't forget to tell your friends about be­ Duckbill Points by Robert N. Converse 12 coming members in 1991 and share the Eagle Creek Site by Duke Snider 14 feeling. Remember, we're trying to in­ crease our membership. Bannerstones from the Helman Collection by Ron Heiman 20 Since my last message we have ac­ An Alate Stemmed Pipe by John Retherford 21 cepted four more chapter applications to The Early Archaic Savannah Lakes Phase of North-Central Ohio increase our total number of chapters to twenty-two. A complete listing of chap­ by Jonathan E. Bowen 22 ters, and contacts will soon be published Prehistoric Indian Mounds in Knox County by Thomas c. Grubb 27 in our magazine. Artifacts found in Berlin Township, Berlin Heights, Ohio The Ohio Archaeological Society of Ohio pays much attention to the scientific by Jay E. Zimmerman 28 side of archaeology in preference to sell­ An Owl Effigy Pipe by D.R. Gehlbach 29 ing and collecting, just for the sake of possession. You can be on the side of ar­ Paleo Points from Adams County by Stephen Kelley 30 chaeological advancement and science The Elk and the Indian in the Ohio Country by Philip R. Shriver 31 and still collect - ethically. And at the Rare Pipe Find by Jack I. Rosenfeid 36 same time have lots of fun and increase A Large Metamorphosed Igneous Greenstone Adze from Portage County, Ohio your knowledge, that is if you understand why and how. That's why becoming an by Phillip R. Shriver 40 active member in our society is so very Where Are They Now? by David M. Askins 42 important. Not only will you receive our magazine, but you will receive meeting in­ Dean Driskill 42 formation. In addition to the business side The West Virginia Society, Ohio Society Joint Meeting 43 of our meetings, these meetings always Charters Presented to Sandusky Valley Chapter and Flint Ridge Chapter ... 43 have and always will be social events - a time to renew old acquaintances and Ohio Historical Society News 43 friendships. Even as I write this, past President Don Casto is putting together details for another joint meeting with the West Virginia Archaeological Society in Marietta, Ohio in June of 1991. As you can see, a lot of things are happening. Editor Bob Converse always needs arti­ cles for publication and your participation is welcome. Vice President Larry Morris is busy handling all of our Chapter business and details, and Gary Davis is returning as Chairman of the Fraudulent Artifacts Committee with an expanded group of qualified assistants. In addition, your Board of Directors is constantly reviewing policy and society direction. As I have said before, we have big plans and big ideas for the new decade and that's a promise I intend to keep. Please come and grow with us.

James G. Hovan President

.J..

FRONT COVER Used in the Midwinter Feast ceremony, masks called "booger masks" were worn to impersonate mythical characters by the Cherokees. This mask was used probably before the turn of the century and depicts an imaginary being in Cherokee mythology. Collection of the Editor.

3 THE FLORENCE SITE by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

I first discovered the Florence site in Three kinds of bifurcates are well rep­ viewed from the end. The stem has ex­ the fall of 1954. In the 36 subsequent resented at Florence's. The most familiar tremely heavy grinding and wear and the years of surface hunting at Florence's I is the well known variety with angular four heavily ground broken bases, lower have found enough material to allow a shoulders and an angular split stem. left, attest to the heavy use to which fairly clear understanding of the nature of These are small, thin, sometimes ser­ these, as yet unidentified points, were the site. As is the case with a great many rated and often made of Flint Ridge flint. put. They are made of drab material, usu­ sites in Ohio, components from several They have been assigned a number of ally Coshocton flint or Delaware chert - occupations are indicated from the site meaningless names in this and other rarely Flint Ridge flint. collection. However, over 90% of the ma­ states, but the name bifurcate seems to As is common on nearly all Archaic terial from Florence is from the Paleo and serve adequately (Fig. 4 top row). This sites, end scrapers are well represented Archaic periods and thus provides a rela­ type occasionally has the sides of the (Fig. 11). There is little diagnostic about tively pure collection for study. stem removed by a small burin flake and them except the two lower right exam­ The first people to visit the Florence sometimes the shoulders are treated ples which are Paleo. Nearly every Ohio site were the Paleo Indians who left a similarly. flint source was used in their manufac­ number of broken projectile points and The second bifurcate is an odd variety. ture and their workmanship varies from tools. The Paleo points are unfluted but It has a narrow stem with a tiny notch fine to haphazard. basally thinned and have heavy basal which splits its base. These are usually A number of knives have been found, grinding. Of the eight points (Fig. 1) four long in proportion to width and are also some of which are in Fig. 12. They are of are of Delaware chert, a local earth-col­ sometimes made of Flint Ridge flint (Fig. varying quality and design and also of vari­ ored material which predominates in cen­ 4 bottom row). ous flints. None of them are diagnostic and tral Ohio, one is of Coshocton flint and The third bifurcate is a familiar type, could have been used by any of the the rest are of unidentifiable cherts. Three being found on many sites in Ohio. It has Archaic groups who inhabited the site. uniface blades are probably Paleo - two pronounced shoulders, a wide lobed un- There are a number of uncommon are of Coshocton flint and one is of Flint ground base (or slightly ground) and is points in the Florence collection. Heavy Ridge. Two of the end scrapers, (Fig. 11 often serrated (Fig. 5 top left four exam­ duty points are the two specimens in the lower right) have graver spurs and belong ples). They are nearly always made of top right of Fig. 9. Both are made of clas­ with the Paleo inventory. An interesting Coshocton Flint. sic Zaleski flint. In the same picture, top note to the Paleo aspect of Florence is Well represented at the Florence site left, is a slate point. These have been the discovery of a mastadon at the are Archaic bevels. At least two varieties found sporadically over Ohio in rare in­ Orleton Farm some forty years ago. can be seen in Fig. 6. Two have angular stances. Some are quite well made while Although no projectile points were found bases with uniform diagonal notches others, such as the one pictured, have a with the remains, the Orleton Farm is a while others have a somewhat T-shaped minimal amount of work to form them. scant five or six miles from Florence. base with notches which are directed The function or cultural affiliation of slate Shortly after the Paleo Indians de­ more from the side and then downward. points is unknown. A tenuous connection parted - or perhaps while they were still Several expanded notch points are in the might be made with ground slate tools there - Piano people manufactured a same picture, top row, right four speci­ from upper New York and even farther number of lanceolate and stemmed mens. These have the typical E-shaped north but this is simply guesswork. A lanceolate points at the site. All of them or T-shaped notches. All the bevels and basal notch point, a type which occurs are of Delaware chert, as is common in expanded notches show heavy wear and early in the Archaic of the south, is seen central Ohio, except one specimen of usage as is normal. The beveling, of in Fig. 13, top second right. In the same Coshocton flint. In view of the late char­ course, is the result of continuous re- row, the right three specimens are dove­ acter of the Paleo material, it is entirely sharpening. One of the expanded notch tails - a fourth dovetail in the collection is possible that either the Piano and Paleo examples has been made into a drill (Fig. not shown. Also in Fig. 13 are two pen­ groups were contemporary of were one 6 upper right). tagonals, lower left, which are common in and the same. Points similar to Kirk points also occur many Ohio collections but not at What may be the first Archaic points at at the site. They have diagonal corner Florence's. the site are called, appropriately, transi­ notches, basal grinding, pronounced The final Archaic occupation of the site tional points - theoretically representing the shoulders and often have serrated was by people who used heavy stemmed transition between Piano and the Archaic. blades. Archaic points (Fig. 8 and second and These have short ground stems and are of­ A series of small corner notched points third top row Fig. 9). These are identical ten slightly fluted (Fig. 3 top row). are in the Florence collection. They are to heavy stemmed points found on Several groups occupied the site dur­ found on many sites in Ohio but as yet Archaic sites in western Ohio and eastern ing the early Archaic. One of the oldest have not been defined or dated. They are Indiana, and are part of what I call the points is the Archaic side notched type. small, usually less than an inch and have Miami Archaic. They are fairly crude and Typically, these have a straight base with a somewhat triangular blade with small not well chipped - such types may have U-shaped side notches set at right an­ corner notches. They are undoubtedly been the forerunners of the Adena point. gles into the sides of the blade. The base Archaic since a few of them are serrated, A type which is usually associated with is always heavily ground and polished. an Archaic trait (Fig. 5, top right, bottom the heavy stemmed variety on most sites Most of them are around two inches in row and two examples on right). where they occur is the shallow side length, although several broken bases An important part of the Archaic at notched point. It is shown in Fig. 9 center may be from larger examples. Flints are Florence's are the expanded stem points three examples and bottom row. It is Delaware chert, Upper Mercer and sev­ (Fig. 7). They are heavy in cross-section basally ground, rather small, and has eral unidentifiable cherts. in a sort of lozenge-like design when shallow side notches which are also

4 heavily ground. They are sometimes ter grooved axes (Fig. 14). A number of as 1847 at Mound City by Squire and called Brewerton points, a name which is grooved hammerstones were also found, Davis and later by Mills at Mound City - probably not valid and a connection with completing a normal Archaic stone tool both instances long before any out of New York which may not be demonstra­ assemblage. Strangely, no pestles, other state investigations were done. ble. (Many archaeologists grasp at type than a portion of a roller pestle, were names with tenuous relationships to sim­ found at Florence's. SUMMARY ply shortcut research). Subsequent to the Archaic occupa­ The Florence site is a remarkably pure Hafted scrapers take a variety of forms tions, a small Middle Woodland settle­ Archaic site and nearly all phases of the as is normal (Fig. 10). Some are crude ment took place. It is represented by sev­ Ohio Archaic are represented in the col­ and others are obviously made from bro­ eral Middle Woodland points similar to lection. While all but three of the artifacts ken projectiles. All of them have the those found on many sites in Ohio (Fig. have come from surface collecting, the Archaic characteristic of being sharpened 15). Flints are both Flint Ridge and assemblage provides an insight to the from one side only. Delaware chert. These points have been sequences of Archaic occupation which An important Archaic association at the given a number of names but they are so could be obtained in no other way since Florence site is a series of late Archaic common on Middle Woodland sites that so large an area is involved. Such Archaic burials found when they were plowed out no other name seems to be required. continuums are not often easily delin­ in the spring of 1974. These were exca­ The final group to visit Florence's were eated because of the multi-component vated and reported in Vol. 25 No. 3 of the Intrusive Mound people and their aspect of most Ohio sites. However, the The Ohio Archaeologist. Six burials were points can be seen in Fig. 13, seven small amount of non-Archaic material at both flexed and extended and accompa­ lower right specimens. They are typically Florence's is easily segregated. Finally, it nying one extended burial were the only thin and well chipped with either corner can be said that the Florence site was artifacts found. A small granite celt and a of side notches. Often they have a pen­ occupied from around 10,000 BC until stemmed point were between the knees tagonal outline as in the first example. around 800 AD, with the heaviest occu­ while under the left arm was an Much to my consternation, these are pations occurring during the early Ashtabula type point which at best could called Jack's Reef points by Ohio writers. Archaic - 7,000 BC - to late Archaic - be described as crude. While this New York relationship may be 2,000 BC. Stone tools from the site are all Archaic valid, the points have been associated and include celts, adzes and three-quar­ with intrusive burials and noted as early

Fig. 1 (Converse) Paleo points and uniface blades from the Florence site.

Fig. 2 (Converse) Stemmed lanceolates and lanceolate points. All except example lower right are of Delaware chert.

5 Fig. 3 (Converse) Top row - three transitional points; Next four rows - Archaic side notched points, these are among the more plentiful points from the site. All have heavily ground bases.

Fig. 4 (Converse) Two types of bifurcates. Bottom two rows are of a type with a narrow slightly split stem. Fig. 5 (Converse) Large bifurcates, first four examples. Center five points are Kirk types. Top right three, bottom row and center right two examples are Archaic corner notched points.

Fig. 6 (Converse) Archaic bevels and expanded notch points. All show heavy basal grinding and extensive use.

Fig. 7 (Converse) Archaic expanding stem points. The stems of these points are extensively ground and worn.

7 Fig. 8 (Converse) Heavy stemmed Archaic points. Points identical to these have been found on many late Archaic sites in western Ohio and eastern Indiana and are part of the Miami Archaic.

Fig. 9 (Converse) Top row - slate point, two heavy stemmed Archaic points, two heavy duty points. Center row and bottom row - Archaic shallow side notched points.

Fig. 10 (Converse) Hafted scrapers from the Florence site. All are sharpened from one face only. • •• Fig. 11 (Converse) End of thumb scrapers. Two scrapers lower left have graver spurs.

Fig. 12 (Converse) Knives from the Florence site. Many forms and styles are in the collection.

Fig. 13 (Converse) Cornernotched point, basal notched point and three dovetails. Bottom row are two pentagonals and seven Intrusive Mound points. Fig. 14 (Converse) Stone tools include celts, adzes, three-quarter grooved axes and grooved hammerstones.

Fig. 75 (Converse) Hopewell points and Middle Woodland points.

10 FLINT PLANES by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

NAME - Flint Plane.

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE - Unknown.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION - Resembling end scrapers and often con­ fused with them, these unusual tools are often relegated to the junk boxes of col­ lectors. Their cultural provenience is un­ known but the high incidence of Flint Ridge flint leads tc a belief that they might possibly be Middle Woodland. Smaller examples are chipped over the whole upper surface while the flat under­ side is left untouched. Diagnostic are the slanting sharpening flakes removed from the front or nose of the piece which re­ semble nothing more than the cow­ catcher on an old style locomotive. Large planes may be made from chunks or slabs of natural broken flint. On these, usually only the front portion is chipped - again with the cowcatcher like treatment - and the balance of the piece is left rela­ tively untouched. Another clue to their use is an occasional polish on the under­ side since these tools were pushed along the flat surface rather than pulled. The upper surface on smaller examples is steeply chipped in order to provide a fin­ ger hold for the user. They are never without this humped upper surface.

SIZE - Normally the smaller planes are no less than two inches in length. Some very large slabs of flint with chipped planing noses are known.

MATERIAL - Almost without exception they are of high quality Flint Ridge flint on the few examples seen.

Fig. 1 (Converse)

11 SLATE FROM THE MEL WILKINS COLLECTION by Mel Wilkins 155 Serif Drive Lima, Ohio

Row 1 Semi-keeled Adena gorget, Dela Co. Effigy gorget, Knox Co. Keeled gorget, Shelby Co. Boat-shaped gorget, Seneca Co. Semi-keeled Adena gorget, Hardin Co.

Row 2 Ridged gorget, Darke Co. Shuttle bannerstone, Greene Co. Semi-keeled Adena gorget, Stark Co. Prismoidal bannerstone, Richland Co. Ridged gorget, Erie Co.

Row 3 Prismoidal bannerstone, Alabama Semi-keeled Adena gorget, Ross Co. Prismoidal bannerstone, Hancock Co.

Row 4 Keeled gorget, Ontario, Canada Ridged gorget, Logan Co. Humped gorget, Richland Co. Keeled gorget, Hillsdale Co., Mich.

12 AN ADENA QUADRICONCAVE GORGET by Jack Rosenfeid Columbus, Ohio

This fine Adena gorget was collected by Virgil Doughty of Cardington, Ohio and had been in his collection for over 20 years. It was found around 1910 north of Fulton, Morrow County, Ohio. Made of multicolored red and green slate, it measures 3 3/32 inches by 2 1/16 inches and is smoothly finished on all surfaces. The drilling was done in the Adena manner having two conical holes drilled from one side.

Fig. 1 (Rosenfeid) Obverse and reverse of Adena quadriconcave gorget from Morrow County, Ohio.

TWO PALEO KNIVES by David Roy 1052 Mulberry Road Circleville, Ohio 43113

Shown in Fig. 1 are two paleo knives I found in Pickaway County, Ohio. The knife on the left is made of Flint Ridge flint and won Best of Show award in 1988. On the right, the Coshocton flint knife was found in two pieces - one in June of 1988 and the other in August of the same year about fifty yards away.

Fig. 1 (Roy) Two paleo knives found in Pickaway County, Ohio.

13 DUCKBILL POINTS by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

Fig. 1 (Converse) Duckbill points from the Graham Brothers collection in the Ohio Historical Society. Apparently they were taken from a mound near Chagrin Falls in the 1870's.

In the late 1970's I was shown a group lection also includes a large Hopewell Hopewell mounds have been reported of points in the Ohio Historical Society spear made of novaculite - a Missouri/ from northern Ohio, an exception being collections by N'omi Greber, Curator of Arkansas material - and quite similar to the Esch mound in Huron County. The Collections at the Cleveland Museum of the famous Pricer spear from the Seip Esch mound inventory included material Natural History. The OHS accession mound. From this tenuous evidence it is which could be considered late in the number 174 is dated 6-30-17 and lists probable that these duckbill points in the Hopewell sequence. the points as having come from a Graham Brothers collection came from a Points similar to the Spatula-like speci­ "mound near Chagrin Falls - 10 spatula­ Hopewell mound. mens do not occur in surface collections like flints" along with other material which According to Miss Greber who exam­ in Ohio that I have seen. However, similar could be interpreted as Hopewell since it ined the areas explored by the Graham types are found in Illinois. At the Koster included mica sheets and pieces of Brothers, no evidence of a mound could site in Illinois, a reburied bundle burial galena. The collection is from the be found nor could any spatula-like was accompanied by a variety of artifacts Graham Brothers who apparently exca­ points be seen in surface collections from including two points called flying bird vated them sometime in 1878. The col­ the area around Chagrin Falls. Few points by Illinois collectors. The burial

14 with which they were found was at­ tributed to late Hopewell. The Graham Brothers points appear to be made of Illinois white chert, a material never found in other Ohio Hopewell mounds, despite the often cited relation­ ship between Ohio and Illinois Hopewell. A number of Hopewell mounds are found across northern Indiana and into Michigan. This northern Hopewell exten­ sion clearly - and strangely - originates in Illinois and not Ohio Hopewell. Thus, it may be concluded that the scanty Hopewell evidence found in northern Ohio, including the Graham Brothers mound near Chagrin Falls, could as eas­ ily have had an Illinois genesis as one from southern Ohio, and the spatula-like, grave encrusted points, a logical import from Illinois.

References Greber, N'omi, personal communication 1983. Perino, Gregory 1963 A Review of the Artifacts from Indian Mounds Park, Quincy, Illinois, Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 10, No. 1, January, Pages 4-5. EAGLE CREEK SITE BROWN COUNTY, OHIO A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT AND OBSERVATION by Duke Snider 2789 Saltair-Maple Rd. Bethel, Ohio 45106

BACKGROUND grey, black, tan, and white cherts and BONE The Eagle Creek Site, located just east flints. Knife blades are often biface, Of the bone tools, awls of the splinter of Ripley, Ohio, in Brown County, is very roughly made, and as a rule exhibit poor and "trigger" variety are predominant, near the spot where Simon Kenton fell craftsmanship. Well made blades are and a few broken beamers have been re­ captive to a Shawnee warrior named Bo- more often associated with burials as are covered. In other collections, are various nah. (ECKERT 1967-164-165). Locally this some of the finer made projectile points. shaft straighteners made of elk horn place is known as Logan's Gap. Tradition Some points are well over three inches in (Shuck Collection). Bone fish hooks are has assigned different reasons for this length as compared to the average trian­ occasionally encountered (West Collec­ name, one being that the area was under gle point that seldom exceeds one inch tion). Bone whistles or flutes from Eagle control of the Cayuga chief Tay-Ga-Yee- in length. Serrated "War Points" are ran­ Creek are found in small numbers, as Ta, known to the British as Logan. domly found on Eagle Creek, as are well as a few arrow points made from However, the History of Brown County at­ hafted scrapers. The majority of hafted sharpened deer antler tips. Fish dorsal tributes the name to Colonel Benjamin scrapers are believed to be either sal­ bones are found extensively, many of Logan who probably marched his army vaged artifacts from earlier occupation them showing evidence of being used as through this pass in the hills on his way to periods, or are from the Fort Ancient pe­ perforators or small drills. With the ex­ destroy the Mack-a-Cheek towns in what riod. Occasionally some of these hafted ception of the above mentioned in­ is now Logan County, Ohio, in the autumn scrapers display a cutting edge in con­ stances, drilled deer or elk ankle bones of 1786 (BEER 1883-250). junction with a scraping edge. do not appear to be of widespread use and are randomly found. It is noteworthy Eagle Creek Site was probably not oc­ to point out in the case of the many vari­ cupied at the time when first Europeans ARTICLES OF ADORNMENT eties of bone awls, some examples seem came into the Ohio River Valley since no Cannel coal was used extensively for to have been intentionally made too dull mention of it is found in the writings of personal adornment; the most common to have been used in the working of that period. Surface collections from the form being effigy bear claws or small ca­ hides for clothing, as is often theorized sight contain no contact material of any nine teeth. Large, oval shaped cannel for their use. Given the proximity to fire kind. Therefore, it must be concluded coal blanks are abundant in trash pits, pits of these awls, it is suggested some that the people who occupied the Eagle and cannel coal fragments are widely of them may very well have been made Creek Site were not ancestral to any of scattered across the plow zone. The re­ for the sole purpose of cooking food or the tribes who occupied Ohio in the early maining items of personal adornment are as forks. A splinter awl could be easily Historic Era. In fact, early writers have simple bone beads, drilled teeth of vari­ pushed into a green stick, the meat commented that all Ohio Indians of the ous animals, and shell beads. Some evi­ speared on the end of the awl, and al­ Historic period were newcomers to the dence suggests small clay discs were lowed to cook over a small fire. Unlike region and had no knowledge of Eagle drilled, and used as beads; however this wood, bone would not dry out and burn Creek or similar sites. trait seems to be more dominant on the Turtle Creek site located some 7 or 8 and allow the intended meal to fall into the fire. As a point of reference for the PHYSICAL EVIDENCE: miles further downstream on the Kentucky bank of the Ohio River, near hazards of cooking over an open fire, Surface evidence indicates that the most of modern America has had experi­ Eagle Creek Site is a multi-component Augusta, Kentucky, where a profuse number of drilled discs of varied sizes ence with hot dogs during cook outs and site stretching back through time to at picnics in which the frank is conveniently least the ARCHAIC PERIOD (Around have been recovered by dredging opera­ tions undertaken by local collectors, speared onto a handy twig and roasted 6,000 B.R) to around 1600 A.D. with the over a fire. More often than not, the stick heaviest concentration of occupation be­ (Shuck Collection - 1985). When strung together they formed a necklace of some will suddenly ignite, allowing the intended ing found in the Fort Ancient period meal to drop into the burning cinders. (1,000 A.D. -AROUND 1600 A.D.). sixty discs, each being slightly smaller or Surface evidence indicates Eagle creek larger than the one next to it. Hair combs is part of a Fort Ancient tradition as ex­ of any material are extremely scarce, as PIPES emplified by a number of such sites are well made hairpins. Earplugs, ear- The majority of pipes appear to be of found along the Ohio River and its tribu­ spools, and other similar items do not simple design, and nearly all are made taries from central Kentucky to West seem to have been widely used. In one from limestone, sandstone, or other close Virginia such as the Feurt Site, Schisler instance, two drilled deer ankle bones grained, easily worked material (West - Site, Fox Field, Hardin Village, and Gold (often called tinkler's by collectors) were Shuck-Snider Collections). Pipestone Camp Site. found on each side of the skull of what was used by those occupying the Eagle appeared to have been the burial of a fe­ Creek site for pipe manufacture, one ex­ male, (West-1956). FLINT TYPES tremely fine example being a bird effigy Triangular style points have the heavi­ These "tinkler's" were perpendicular to disc pipe. Disc pipes have been found in est concentration of all flint types. Small the skull, and suggest their use as ear­ sufficient numbers to indicate that this well-worked end and thumb scrapers are rings suspended by some type of cord. style of pipe may have been the preferred in abundance as are a profusion of vari­ A single clay bead was recently uncov­ style among those living on the Eagle ous drill types. Some Flint Ridge, Carter ered during sifting operations, (Snider - Creek site. Small limestone "deer head" Cave, Coshocton, Indiana hornstone, June, 1990), indicating ceramics may pipes are also recovered, as well as a Boyle chert, and other flint material can have been employed in - various ways number of small "pot" pipes, keel bottom be found, but for the most part, flint arti­ on this site. pipes, and at least one outstanding lime­ facts are predominantly made of local stone "obtuse angle" elbow pipe.

16 Ceramic pipes are known, but are ex­ cache pits containing only shell debris Ohio pipestone is found in sufficient tremely rare, the average style being an could indicate storage for times when quantities to demonstrate further external elbow" variation. mussels were not as plentiful for harvest­ trade or contact, and hematite rubbing ing, such as during the winter months; stones are randomly scattered across STONE TOOLS however, it is just as likely these pits are Eagle Creek site. With the exception of hammerstones, nothing more than trash pits for the camp. stone tools such as celts, axes, pestles, Pottery shards are abundant on the OCCUPATION and mortars are rarely encountered. The Eagle Creek Site, however no "ovens" for It is known that Eagle Creek had an absence of these useful items would be the manufacturing of ceramics were earlier occupation as evidenced by nu­ suggestive of either heavy artifact hunt­ found on the site. It is possible all ceram­ merous "bird" points and occasional ing over the years by collectors or more ics were fired above ground in burning Jacks Reef points found on the next probably further evidence of a limited brush piles as it was known to have been higher terrace above what appears to be occupation time frame by Archaic in­ done in other cultures. Just east of Chilo, the primary Fort Ancient occupation habitants. Ohio, and Meldhal Dam in Clermont zone. There was also a burial mound that County, Ohio, just north of U.S. 52,a large has since slipped into the waters of the CULTIVATION bank of red and brown clay can still be Ohio River. This mound is reputed by lo­ Agriculture played a major role in all found. This bank might very well prove to cal collectors to have been used by both Fort Ancient settlements, and sufficient the source of clay for most of the pottery the Fort Ancient and Woodland cultures evidence indicates agriculture also forms now found on Eagle Creek Site, as as evidenced by artifacts found in two played a role at Eagle Creek. Evidence of it was the clay source later used by the distinct levels of the mound; the cultivation in the form of flint or stone European settlers to manufacture the fa­ Woodland period occupying the bottom hoes (Work & Snider Collections), and mous Point Pleasant trade pipes. 1/3 of the mound and Fort Ancient buri­ several examples of shell hoes (Work It is noteworthy to point out the use of als comprising the upper 2/3 of the Collection) in Eagle Creek collections. shell temper in Eagle Creek pottery is un­ mound. The majority of excavation on The History of Brown County, page 223 usually coarse as compared to most other this mound was undertaken by a local indicates early Indian agriculture was Fort Ancient pottery. The large temper is optometrist by the name of Tweed in the chiefly confined to the growing of corn similar in size to the coarse temper used late 1800's. According to its present and beans, to which potatoes were after­ in several examples of Tennessee pottery owner, a long, slender blade (the "Tweed" ward added. Gourds used for cups and in my personal collection. However, the spear - West Collection), having a small, dishes were known to have been raised design of pottery types found on Eagle "bottleneck"-like tang base much too among the Delaware Indians, and it Creek appear to mimic Mississippian cul­ small for hafting was found near the bot­ would be logical to assume gourds were tures more so than the Tennessee cul­ tom of the burial mound (Fig. 14). also grown by the Eagle Creek people for tures. Coarse temper may be the result of It is generally believed among local the same reasons. nothing more than the inability to process collectors this blade was worn "neck­ the shell to a more refined state with the lace" fashion, with a cord attached to the SHELL tools at hand, indicating the ceramic ves­ base. The Fort Ancient culture was read­ River mussel played an important role at sels were manufactured solely for use at ily identified by cannel coal discs bearing Eagle Creek and comprised an estimated the site for utilitarian reasons. the "weeping eye" motif, numerous bone 60% of all debris. Large pockets or A few examples of drilled river mussel fish hooks (West Collection), and a stone caches of shell belonging principally to the have been discovered (Snider Collection). bead necklace (Snider Collection) found genus Unio can be found throughout the In the two examples collected, the drilling in conjunction with these types of arti­ midden area of the site proper. In some is apparent and clear, however there has facts. The multi-component mound may cases, these caches or pockets, are two not been sufficient numbers of them indicate a transitional period between feet thick, six to ten feet in length, and found to draw any conclusions for their Woodland and Fort Ancient, however, it is several feet wide. Evidence suggests that use. Of the two, only one shell was suffi­ just as plausible, and more likely, the Fort some of the longer, narrower varieties of ciently intact to visualize where an oblong Ancients simply took advantage of a pre­ river mussel were used as spoons. On flake of about one to one and one-half existing structure to bury their honored many examples found near fire pits, one inches in length, one-half inch in width, dead. This similar "mound sharing" was end of the shell appears to have been and approximately one-quarter inch in noted on the Turpin site in Clermont thinned considerably by grinding. How­ depth had been struck from the shell. County, and might suggest an affiliation ever it is necessary to point out this trait From this shell it is suggested some of with the peoples living there. is speculation and can not be docu­ the smaller, rounder, thicker shells might Further upstream, minor evidence of mented because of the fragile nature of have been drilled at the thickest (hinge) Paleo occupation can be found and mod­ the shell itself. It is entirely possible that portion of the mussel, then turned on erate evidence of Archaic occupation can natural decomposition of the shell com­ edge where they were struck with a billet be found a short distance away down­ bined with the effects of erosion could and chisel to cause a flake of shell to pop stream, directly across from the main Fort create similar thinning, but from the num­ off. This flake was then "rounded" down Ancient encampment. Of all the cultures ber of shells displaying this type of edge to the desired shape through the use of present, however, Fort Ancient is domi­ it would seem improbable that identical an abrasive stone to form a shell bead nant, away into a steep sided creek bed. It decomposition would occur in the same from the brilliant material found just be­ is on this second plateau that most evi­ way with any great frequency. Many simi­ low the shell's outer rind. dence of Woodland occupation can be lar, non-thinned shells are often found in Eagle Creek people were undoubtedly in found. The primary and most recent occu­ close proximity to those appearing to be contact with people from other sites as ev­ pation zone is highlighted by a wide area worked, thus supporting the hypothesis idenced by shell bead necklaces made of exceptionally black (midden) earth that that some shells were intentionally from Conch shell cores, rice shell beads, fans outward from the confluence point shaped into eating utensils. and "Weeping eye" motif masks. Notched over nearly two acres of ground and ends No doubt, a great many mussels were bone awls made from the femur of turkey abruptly about one-fourth to one-half way consumed as food but shell was har­ leg bones, have been found; a trait that is up the first terrace. vested for the tempering of clay for pot­ often associated with the Madisonville site In conversation with Mr. Campbell, he tery manufacture as well. Numerous and most Fort Ancient Sites. states that this parcel of land had been in

17 his family for the past 150 years, and in­ POPULATION TOPOGRAPHY sists he has lost well over 100 feet of bank The exact number of person's occupy­ The Eagle Creek Site is locally known which eroded into the river in the past 50 ing Eagle Creek is not known. Only a fair as the William Campbell Farm, and is years. The introduction of the "screw pro­ "guesstimation" can be made. From the registered as Brown County Tract 240. peller" as the primary source of watercraft size of site, and the number of known The property can be found as deed num­ propulsion, coupled with the building of burials I believe Eagle Creek site was oc­ ber 210 page 259. The earliest recorded river dams to maintain water levels con­ cupied by no more than fifty individuals deed can be found in book 46 page 135 ducive to barge traffic, has caused the at any one time. dating back to 1945. However the lack of greatest amount of erosion. Campbell as­ older documentation is not a rarity for serts nearly all of the erosion has been CONCLUSION this area of rural Appalachia. The Brown caused by increased water levels and the A tremendous amount of shell, and pot­ County Recorder's office was not formed devastating effect created by barges at­ tery shards can be found even today and until the 1960's, and until this time most tempting to escape the main current during since the site is located on the flood plain, records were kept individually, and periods of high water. Based upon this cal­ and is undoubtedly subject to frequent through general acknowledgment of who culation, at the height of occupation this yearly flooding, it would be logical to as­ owned what. Surprisingly enough, there site was probably not more than six to sume this was a temporary habitation site were seldom disputes over boundaries. eight acres in size at any given time. The when river levels permitted. In all probabil­ The site itself is located in the further­ original banks are easily visualized while ity the Fort Ancient Culture, as well as pre­ most western corner of the farm at the standing on the edge of the embankment vious cultures, utilized this site for collect­ confluence of Eagle Creek and the Ohio on a calm day when the river is at pool and ing river mussel shell, fishing, and to some River. The site is marked by steeply clear. A long, flat, water covered levee of degree, pottery manufacturing. eroded clay walls rising nearly fifteen feet sand extends outward some sixty feet into from the river floor and bordered by a the river before beginning a steep ascen­ SOURCES narrow ribbon of clay and sand beach. A sion towards the river channel. Frame­ A SPECIAL THANKS GO TO THE slightly elevated ridge rolls gently to a works of large, flat slabs of limestone can MANY PEOPLE WHO MADE THEIR COL­ height of about four feet above the FORT be frequently seen in the shallow's bottom, LECTIONS AND INSIGHT AVAILABLE TO ANCIENT occupation approximately 75 forming a three feet by six feet rectangle ME IN THE FORMULATION OF THIS AR­ yards from the outermost edge of the strongly suggestive of box burials that TICLE. A PARTICULAR WORD OF field. This rise creates a 30 yard wide clay have fallen down during bank collapse. THANKS GO TO CHARLIE WEST, DON bench that falls sharply away into a nar­ row, gully-like creek. A few yards east, The slippage of burials into the Ohio SHUCK, AND DOTTIE & PAUL WORK and directly behind this drop off, a sec­ River at the Eagle Creek Site has been a WHO WERE SUPPORTIVE OF THIS RE­ ond terrace emerges, just slightly higher long known fact. The earliest record of SEARCH AND HELPED ME FROM than the first. Unlike the first terrace this Eagle Creek being a prehistoric burial STRAYING TOO FAR OFF THE TRACK IN bench of clay is nearly four times as wide ground was recorded on February 1, 1809 WRITING THIS ARTICLE. before it also falls. by James Finley, Postmaster at West 2 HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY, Union, Ohio. Finley writes: OHIO Chicago: W.H. Beer's & Company, "Graves are found in different parts of 1883; p 218. the county. The bodies are deposited in sepulchers made by digging the grave about three feet wide and walling it up with flat stones. The small bones crumble to dust when touched; the large ones are yet POINT TYPES FOUND sound. Several of these graves are on the bank of the Ohio just above Eagle Creek. BY CULTURE The bank has fallen away, and they appear like the end of a conduit made for the con­ veyance of water." (2) Eagle Creek burials, like many Fort Ancient burials, are nearly all "box" graves TRIANGLES ZZ7 made from limestone slabs placed along the sides and across the top of the grave. Only a few burials are found with the bod­ ies in an extended position. A significant number of graves are barely four feet, the PALEO 5 majority appearing to be bone or bundle ARCHAIC 15 burials in which the flesh had apparently been allowed to decay elsewhere before the skeletal remains were interred. This trait TRANSITIONAL 28 is readily obvious even in those burials found eroding from the bank, in which lower leg bones are often found near the WOODLAND 48 skull, and other bones found in no particu­ FLINT TYPES FOUND lar order. It is important to stress Eagle Creek Site is no longer open to surface hunting due to some unscrupulous individuals taking ad­ EAGLE CREEK, BROWN COUNTY. OHIO 1983 vantage of these washouts, and inflicting a great deal of damage to the site and its Chart 1 (Snider) river banks.

18 Fig. 1 (Snider) Eagle Creek flakers, knappers, mussel shell opener (right Fig. 2 (Snider) Bone awls, gouges, flakers, and various cut bone artifacts corner) and misc. bone artifacts. Collected May, 1990. collected July 4, 1990.

Fig. 3 (Snider) 3/4 groove axe, full groove maul, drilled bear tooth, chisel, Fig. 4 (Snider) Stone bead necklace, drilled teeth, bone awl, and three 1 3/4 inch miniature 3/4 groove ax, and misc. flints. blades.

Fig. 5 (Snider) Frame of serrated war points. Fig. 6 (Snider) Arrowmaker's tool kit, found in a small pot with burial. Fig. 7 (Snider) Two frames of triangular points and various beads found in 1990.

Fig. 8 (Snider) Various artifacts found in proximity to shell mask.

Fig. 9 (Snider) Eagle Creek Pottery.

20 Fig. 10 (Snider) "Seed" bowl pictured in Fig. 9. Fig. 11 (Snider) Seven varieties of pipes from Eagle Creek. Elbow pipe is of solid limestone and has beautiful workmanship.

Fig. 12 (Snider) Small pot with two rim decorations. So far as is known only two rim decorations have ever been found on this site.

Fig. 14 (Snider) "Tweed" spear with various bone hooks and five bone flutes.

21 BANNERSTONES FROM THE HELMAN COLLECTION by Ron Helman Sidney, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Helman) Upper left is a pick banner made of conglomerate slate. It was found in Knox County, Ohio by Reverend O'Dell. Upper right is a reel banner from Dodge County, Wisconsin. Formerly in the Payne collection, it is made of green banded slate. Center left is a knobbed crescent of red slate. It was found in Delaware County, Indiana, and was once in the Bunche collection. Lower left is a reel banner of banded slate from Williams County, Ohio, once in the Hooks collection. Lower right is a blue banded slate panel banner from Shelby County, Indiana, formerly in the Bunche collection.

22 AN ALATE STEMMED PIPE by John Retherford Stony Point, North Carolina

Fig. 1 (Retherford) Alate stemmed pipe from North Carolina.

Alate stemmed pipes are rare in Ohio are made of black steatite which does seems to be an elaboration of the obtuse and probably found their way to the Ohio not originate in Ohio but is found in the angled stem. Valley by trade. One of the more notable southern Appalachians. More often than not they are decorated examples being the alate stemmed pipe This rare pipe type may have evolved with geometric engraving in the form of in the Meuser collection from Wyandot from obtuse angled pipes more often squares. County (Converse 1977-17). All of them seen in the south. The flanged stem

23 THE EARLY ARCHAIC SAVANNAH LAKES PHASE OF NORTH-CENTRAL OHIO by Jonathan E. Bowen 419 Sandusky Ave. Fremont, Ohio 43420

Introduction points of Pipe Creek chert, virtually iden­ off. The sample consists of at least 300 In 1988, Charles Fulk of the Johnny tical to those found near the Savannah points from 43 localities (Table 1). Appleseed Chapter of the Archaeological Lakes by Charles Fulk. At one of those With the exception of the single speci­ Society of Ohio entered about 40 archaeo­ sites, 33HU134, more than 200 such men from 33SE5, which was recovered logical sites near the Savannah Lakes of points were recovered, as well as knives from the base of the plow-zone at an Ashland County into the Ohio Archa­ and scrapers like those found by Fulk 11th century A.D. Late Woodland settle­ eological Inventory. At eleven of those near the Savannah Lakes. With this large ment, all of the Savannah Lakes variety sites, distinctive small notched, serrated addition to the relevant data base, the Nettling points are surface finds. Thus, points of Pipe Creek chert had been re­ writer concluded that an overview article they have been neither stratigraphically covered. Artifacts of Pipe Creek chert are should be submitted as soon as possible, nor radiometrically dated. Unfortunately, extremely scarce in that area, which lies although George DeMuth and Charles the Nettling points from Ontario are also about 40 kilometers southeast of the quar­ Fulk are working on a series of more de­ dated on typological grounds. We are ries. Thus, the knives and scrapers found tailed reports. saved from a totally circular argument by at the Savannah Lakes sites that are made the close resemblance of Savannah of Pipe Creek chert are assumed to have The Area Lakes variety points of some of the ear­ been made by the same people as the The distinctive Early Archaic materials lier varieties of Kirk Corner Notched small notched, serrated points. which are the focus of this paper are dis­ points from the Alabama-Tennessee- As the small points of Pipe Creek chert tributed over an area of at least 7000 West Virginia area, which date the period recovered by Fulk near the Savannah square kilometers within north-central of about 8000-7000 B.C. The writer sug­ Lakes were all recovered from the surface Ohio (Fig. 1). These materials have been gests a similar temporal placement from of cultivated fields, their temporal/cultural found as far west as the Findlay area, as Savannah Lakes variety Nettling points. placement remained uncertain. Smaller far south as Ashland and Upper numbers of similar points of Pipe Creek Sandusky, and north to Lake Erie, which Other Tools chert were subsequently reported by sev­ did not extend so far to the west during It is possible to identify other tools of eral other members of the Archaeological the Early Archaic period (Forsyth 1975). Pipe Creek chert which are associated Society of Ohio, including Richard Carles, The eastern limits of the distribution of with Savannah Lakes variety points at the Robert Case of the Sandusky Valley Savannah Lakes-type Early Archaic intensely clustered sites reported by Chapter, George DeMuth and Gene points remains unknown, although they Charles Fulk at the Savannah Lakes, and Edwards of the Sandusky Bay Chapter, occur east of the Vermilion River. by George DeMuth on the West Branch Keith Metcalf and Richard Parrish of the Unfortunately, very little archaeological of the Huron River. They include bifacial Johnny Appleseed Chapter, as well as by survey has been completed in the next knives and unifacial, steep-edged end- ASO regional collaborator David Snyder. major drainage to the east, that of the scrapers, as well as spokeshaves and Additional specimens were reported by Black River. drills. The knives (Fig. 3) are retouched on Will Rife of Green Springs, Howard In his Ph.D. dissertation (1970), John one edge only, and are usually about 8.0- Whipple of Oak Harbor, Ernie Yetter of Blank attempted to reconstruct the major 12.0 cm in length, 3.0-6.0 cm width, and Castalia, and by Robert Hill of the vegetation zones of Ohio during the Early 1.2-1.7 cm thick. About a dozen Sandusky County Historical Society. Archaic period. The following is based on Savannah Lakes knives have been These additional data were all entered into his work, which drew on pollen data from recorded from four sites. the Ohio Archaeological Inventory and/or bog core samples. The Portage/lower the county archaeological files of the Ohio Sandusky River area may have been on Settlement Pattern Historical Society. area of prairie, broken by oak groves and Savannah Lakes-type Early Archaic ma­ At the 1990 annual meeting of the ash/elm swamps. A beech-dominated terials have been reported from 43 loca­ Eastern States Archaeological Federation forest with some oak and pine may have tions (Table 1). Two site clusters dominate in Columbus, Ohio Charles Fulk brought predominated in the Blanchard/upper the picture. They are 33AS155 and 12 sur­ his Savannah Lakes material to be exam­ Sandusky/HuronA/ermilion River area. An rounding sites at the Savannah Lakes, and ined by Stanley Wortner of the Ontario oak-dominated forest may have been 33HU134 and seven surrounding sites on Archaeological Society. Mr. Wortner had present in much of the Mohican River the West Branch of the Huron River. Those discovered the extensive Early Archaic area. Pipe Creek chert, the material from site clusters are denoted on Figure 1 as Nettling site north of Lake Erie, where which these artifacts were manufactured, "Fulk" and "DeMuth", respectively. Both many of the notched, serrated points outcrops between the Sandusky and clusters have yielded dozens of Savannah were made from northern Ohio Pipe Huron rivers, near the towns of Bellevue Lakes variety points, dozens of unifacial Creek chert. After examining Fulk's col­ and Sandusky. steep-edged endscrapers, and several lection, Wortner concluded that the knives and other tools. Savannah Lakes material is probably Savannah Lakes Variety Nettling The DeMuth site cluster, which is cen­ similar in age and cultural affiliation (see Points tered around 33HU134, is located on the Anonymous 1980). Savannah Lakes variety Nettling points West Branch of the Huron River, about 10 Later in November 1990, a few days (Fig. 2) are, by definition, made from Pipe km east of the Pipe Creek chert out­ after the ESAF meeting, George DeMuth Creek chert. They tend to fall between crops. It is, in fact, located at the nearest entered a series of sites on the West 2.5-5.0 cm in length, 2.0-2.5 cm in width, river bluff area to the chert source. The Branch of the Huron River into the Ohio and 0.5-0.9 cm in thickness. They are Fulk site cluster, which is centered Archaeological Inventory. Eight of those corner notched, often serrated, with their around 33AS155, is located at the sites included small, notched, serrated bases sometimes intentionally snapped Savannah Lakes, a glacial kettle lake

24 complex which is the source of the George DeMuth and Randy Yingling of Firelands tradition. The Sawmill site is lo­ Vermilion River. The Fulk site cluster is lo­ the Archaeological Society of Ohio have cated just downstream from the DeMuth cated about 40 km southeast of both the reported between 7 and 21 large bifur­ Savannah Lakes phase base camp area. Pipe Creek chert source and the DeMuth cated points (Converse 1970) of black Ashtabula points are very abundant in site cluster. It is likely that both areas Upper Mercer material from four localities the Savannah Lakes phase area. These were the loci of major base camps, per­ in the Huron/Vermilion River area. To the points are usually made of blue or black haps occupied during different seasons best of the writers knowledge, these are Upper Mercer material. Randy Yingling by the same hunter/ gatherer band. the largest such sites in Ohio, and cer­ found many Ashtabula points as well as Smaller clusters of Savannah Lakes vari­ tainly in the northwestern quarter of the fragments of Pennsylvania steatite ves­ ety points have been recovered from four state (Bowen 1990a, b, c; Payne 1982). sels at 33HU38, the same upland site other locations. Between 5 and 12 points This concentration of black Upper Mercer where he recovered so many St. Albans were found at 33RI197 near the head of large bifurcated points has been placed points. Ken Hicks of the Archaeological the Black Fork of the Mohican River, at in the Bismarck phase (7000-6500 B.C.) Society of Ohio reported 17 Ashtabula 33SE1 at the upper rapids of the Sandusky of the Firelands tradition, as the site points from 33HU98, which is located on River, on the Schiller property on Toussaint (33HU39) where Randy Yingling reported a small upland creek near the hamlet of Creek, and on the McClory property on a 21 specimens is located on an upland Siam. The Ashtabula points and steatite fossil beach ridge at the head of South creek near the hamlet of Bismarck. sherds from this area have been placed Creek (Fig. 1; Table 1). None of those sites Although the four largest sites of the in the Siam phase (1700-700 B.C.) of the are located more than 40 km distant from Bismarck phase are located only a few Firelands tradition. the DeMuth site cluster. kilometers away from the large DeMuth Seaman's Fort (33ER85) is located ad­ One or two Savannah Lakes variety and Fulk base camp areas of the pre- jacent to the Late Archaic Sawmill phase points have been reported from 18 addi­ ceeding Savannah Lakes phase, signifi­ type site at 33ER16, and just downriver tional sites (Fig. 1; Table 1). They are lo­ cant change had occurred. While the from the DeMuth Early Archaic Savannah cated in a variety of environmental zones. points of the Savannah Lakes phase are Lakes phase base camp area. George None, however, is located more than 40 small and made of local material, those DeMuth has excavated an Early Wood­ km distant from one of the small clusters of the Bismarck phase are large and land Leimbach phase (Stothers, Pratt, of Savannah Lakes points. made of exotic black Upper Mercer and Shane 1979) midden and pit features Major Savannah Lakes base camps chert. Although the large base camps of at 33ER85. He has recovered hundreds were established on the river bluffs which the Savannah Lakes phase are located in of Adena Stemmed points, as well as are the closest to the Pipe Creek chert riverine settings, only one such site (the thousands of potsherds and animal source, and at the kettle lake complex Kamm farm on the Vermilion) of the bones. The refuse is as dense as at any which is the source of the Vermilion River. Bismarck phase is so situated. The other late prehistoric Fort Ancient village site. Smaller camps were established up to 40 three are located on upland creeks. The Leimbach phase dates to about 700 km from those large base camps. Single One of the largest concentrations of St. B.C.-A.D. 1. points were lost or discarded up to 40 Albans points (Converse 1970) within the The Huron River has long been noted km from the smaller camps. It appears state of Ohio is located in the uplands as having a concentration of Hopewellian that the distance of about 40 km may west of the Huron River. Randy Yingling remains, including the Esch Mounds have been a critical one for the move­ has found 11 such specimens at 33HU38, (33ER1) and the extensive Norwalk ments of the Savannah Lakes Early which is located near the hamlet of Flat Earthworks (33HU1). These remains have Archaic people. Rock. This component and similar smaller been attributed to the Esch phase sites in the area have been placed in the (Stothers, Pratt, and Shane 1979), which The Firelands Tradition Flat Rock phase (6500-6000 B.C.) of the dates to the period of about A.D. 1 -500. For several years George DeMuth of the Firelands tradition. The points of the Flat James Haas of the Sandusky Bay Sandusky Bay Chapter has been trying to Rock phase are made of roughly equal Chapter has been conducting excavations convince the writer that the greater Huron proportions of local and exotic cherts. on the Weilnau property, at 33ER409. He River area was a major cultural center pre- Thus, three distinctive Early Archaic has uncovered a palisade enclosing sev­ historically. After a long period of skepti­ cultural phases are centered in the eral roughly circular houses on this cism, he has finally come to agree with HuronA/ermilion River area. Although ma­ blufftop on the Huron River, which is adja­ DeMuth. It is proposed that the greater terials from the period between 6000- cent to the type site for the Late Archaic Huron/Vermilion River area was the home­ 2500 B.C. are abundant in the Huron/ Sawmill phase, as well as to the major site land of the Firelands cultural tradition Vermilion River drainage, they are not ob­ of the Early Woodland Leimbach phase. (Table 2), with the traditional homeland of viously distinctive from those found in the The Weilnau site is also adjacent to the peoples of the Western Basin tradition surrounding areas. The sequence of ob­ 33ER14, a major Middle Woodland Esch (Pratt 1981; Stothers 1978) to the west, viously distinctive cultural phases re­ phase settlement (Stothers, Pratt, and and that of the Whittlesey tradition (Brose sumes in the Late Archaic, sometime Shane 1979). 33ER409 is the type site for 1976) to the east. around 2500 B.C. the Weilnau phase (A.D. 500-1100) of the The initial phase of the Firelands re­ Distinctive lanceolate points (Converse Firelands tradition. gional cultural tradition has been named 1970), usually made from Nellie variety About a dozen later village sites (see "Savannah Lakes". The Savannah Lakes Upper Mercer chert, are abundant in the Shane 1967; Yingling 1987) are located phase (7500-7000 B.C.) is defined by the Huron/Vermilion/ Black River area of on blufftops of the Huron River. They all presence of small Nettling points, single- north-central Ohio. Large base camps contain Mixter-tool Impressed ceramics, edged asymmetrical ovate or trianguloid are found in both upland and riverine set­ although fish remains are scarce, knives, and unifacial steepedged end- tings. Charles Fulk has reported one such markedly separating them from similar scrapers, all made of locally-available base camp at 33AS154, within his village sites to the west. The Mixter site Pipe Creek chert. These materials at­ Savannah Lakes phase base camp area. (Shane 1967) is the type site for the tributed to the Savannah Lakes phase Another such base camp is located at Mixter phase of the Firelands tradition, are very distinctive, and are probably the 33ER16, which has been named the which dates to about A.D. 1100-1450. remains left behind by several genera­ Sawmill site (Prufer and Baby 1968; tions of a single regional band of Early Smith 1960). This is type site for the Conclusions Archaic hunter-gatherers. Sawmill phase (2500-1700 B.C.) of the During the initial portion of the Early

25 Archaic period, people of the Savannah Weilnau phase, and the Upper Missis- D.B. Baker, W.B. Jackson, and B.L. Lakes phase (7500-7000 B.C.) were living sippian Mixter phase. The writer has as­ Prater, pp. 14-60. Heidelberg College, in northcentral Ohio. They maintained sembled these phases into the Firelands Tiffin, Ohio. large base camps in at least two areas regional cultural tradition. He has based Payne, James H. about 40 km apart. The DeMuth base this cultural tradition on locational and 1982 The western basin Paleo-lndian and camp area is located on the bluffs of the lifestyle continuity. Ethnic and/or biological Early Archaic sequences. Unpublished West Branch of the Huron River near the continuity is not implied. B.A. honors thesis, Dept. of Sociology, Pipe Creek chert deposits. The Fulk base Anthropology, and Social Work, camp area is located at the Savannah References University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio. Lakes, the source of the Vermilion River. Anonymous Pratt, G. Michael Smaller campsites of the Savannah 1980 Nettling points. KEWA, Newsletter of the 1981 The Western Basin tradition. Lakes phase are located on the lower London Chapter, Ontario Archaeological Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Dept. of Toussaint Creek, the upper rapids of the Society, 80-2: 7. Anthropology, Case Western Reserve Sandusky River, at the head of South Blank, John E. University, Cleveland. Creek, and near the head of the Black 1970 The Ohio Archaic. Unpublished Ph. D. Prufer, Olaf H., and Raymond S. Baby Fork of the Mohican River. None of these dissertation, Dept. of Anthropology, 1968 The Palaeo-lndians of Ohio. The Ohio smaller campsites is located more than University of Massachusetts. Historical Society, Columbus. about 40 km distant from at least one of Bowen, Jonathan E. Shane, Orrin C. Ill the two major base camp areas. 1990a The Paleo-lndian and Early Archaic of 1967 The Mixter site. IN Studies in Ohio Isolated Savannah Lakes variety Nettling the Mohican River drainage. Ohio Archaeology, ed. by O.H. Prufer and D.H. points have been found up to 40 km away Archaeologist 40(1): 30-33. McKenzie pp. 121-186. The Press of from the smaller campsites. 1990b Early Archaic of the Portage River Western Reserve University, Cleveland. The materials attributed to the drainage. Ohio Archaeologist 40(2): 24-27. Smith, Arthur G. Savannah Lakes phase occur in the great­ 1990c Early Archaic of the lower Sandusky 1960 The Sawmill site. Ohio Archaeologist 10: est concentrations in the Huron/Vermilion River drainage. Ohio Archaeologist 84-97. River area. So do the black Upper Mercer 40(3):32-36. Stothers, David M. large bifurcated points of the subsequent Brose, David S. 1978 The Western Basin tradition. Michigan Bismarck phase (7000-6500 B.C.) and the 1976 The Whittlesey occupations of northeast Archaeologist 24(1): 36. St. Albans points of the following Flat Ohio. IN Late prehistory of the Lake Erie G. Michael Pratt, and Orrin C. Shane, III Rock phase (6500-6000 B.C.). It is appar­ drainage basin, ed. by D.S. Brose, pp. 1979 The Western Basin Middle Woodland. IN ent that the Huron/Vemilion River area was 25-48. The Cleveland Museum of Natural Hopewell Archaeology, ed. by D.S. a center of Early Archaic populations for History, Cleveland, Ohio. Brose and N. Greber, pp. 47-58. The more than 1000 years. Converse, Robert N. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio. The greater Huron/Vermilion River 1970 Ohio flint types. The Archaeological Yingling, Randy drainage continued to be a center of pop­ Society of Ohio, Columbus. 1987 33HU37. Toledo Area Aboriginal Society ulation in the Late Archaic Sawmill phase, Forsyth, Jane L. Newsbulletin 1. the Terminal Archaic Siam phase, the Early 1975 The geologic setting of the Sandusky Woodland Leimbach phase, the Middle River basin. IN Proceedings of the Woodland Esch phase, the Late Woodland Sandusky River basin symposium, ed. by

26 Site Researcher Setting points knives scrapers Phase Period Traits

33ASK5 Fulk Savannah Lakes several A.D. 1100-1450 palisaded blufftop settlements 33AS147 Fulk Savannah Lakes 12 several little use of fish Mixter Tool-Impressed pottery 33AS149 Fulk Savannah Lakes 1 33AS151 Fulk Savannah Lakes 6 1 A.D. 500-1100 palldaded blufftop settlements cordmarked pottery 33AS152 Fulk Savannah Lakes 1 1 33AS154 Fulk Savannah Lake 8 6 A.D. 1-500 blufftop settlements Hopewellian material culture 33AS155 Fulk Savannah Lakes 30 numerous 33AS158 Fulk Savannah Lakes 1 700 B.C.-A.D. 1 blufftop settlements within earthworks Upper Mercer Adena Stemmed points 33AS159 Fulk Savannah Lakes 1 several fireclay blocked-end tubes 33AS160 Fulk Savannah Lakes 1 several perforated sandstone discs 33AS172 Fulk Savannah Lakes 1 3 1700-700 B.C. upland base camps 33AS177 Fulk Savannah Lakes 1 Upper Mercer Ashtabula points 33AS198 Metcalf Savannah Lakes 2 Pennsylvania steatite vessels 33AS200 Metcalf Jamison Creek 1 2500-1700 B.C. upland/riverine base camps 33ER42 DeMuth Chappel "reek 2 Nellie chert lanceolates 33ER48 DeMuth Chappel Creek 2 6000-2500 B.C. local chert Lamoka points 33ER396 Edwards Intermittent creek 1 Brewerton-like points/endscrapers white chert Pentagonal points Landers DeMuth Intermittent creek 1 Stanly points 33HK27 Carles upland moraine 1 LeCroy points 33HK149 Carles upland beach remnant 1 Flat Rock 6500-6000 B.C. upland/riverine base camps St. Albans points 33HU100 DeMuth Huron River bluff 1 33HU134 DeMuth Huron River bluff 200 numerous Bismarck 7000-6500 B.C. upland/riverine base camps Upper Mercer large bifurcated points 33HU135 DeMuth Huron River bluff 1 33HM36 DeMuth Huron River bottoms 1 Savannah Lakes 7500-7000 B.C. riverine base camps smaller upland camps 33HU137 DeMuth intermittent creek 1 Savannah Lakes variety Nettling points 33HU138 DeMuth Huron River bluff several Savannah Lakes knives Pipe Creek unifacial endscrapers 33HU142 DeMuth Huron River bluff 2 33HU148 DeMuth Huron River bluff 1 33HU151 DeMuth head E. Branch Vermilion 1 Table 2 (Bowen) Phases of the Firelands Cultural Tradition. 33RI197 Parrlsh head Mohican River 12 33SA160 Hill Wolf Creek 33SA218 Snyder Portage River 33SA226 Snyder Portage River 33SA230 Snyder Portage River 33SE1 Yetter Sandusky River terrace 33SE5 Bow en Sandusky River bluff 33SE13 Bowen Westerhouse Ditch 33SE359 Snyder Sandusky River bluff 33WO220 Snyder Toussaint Creek 33W0293 Snyder Portage River 33WY169 Case Grey Eyes Run McClor / Rife head S outh Creek 5

Table 1 (Bowen) Savannah Lakes Variety Nettling Sites in North-Central Ohio.

27 Fig. 1 (Bowen) Distribution of Savannah Lakes variety Nettling points.

WMJ (HO HX

1 2

HOI-rXf \HUIf3

Fiq 2 (Bowen) Savannah Lakes variety Nettling points of Pipe Creek Fig. 3 (Bowen) Savannah Lakes knives of Pipe Creek chert chert. 3-33AS147 b - 33AS155 c - 33AS158

28 PREHISTORIC INDIAN MOUNDS IN KNOX COUNTY by Thomas C. Grubb, Mt. Vernon, Ohio

After writing "Save the mounds" the author fate recently befell another mound to construct were missed." In Knox County we found only became curious about the number of past and the present tri-county land-fill. The soil from a five mounds not on Mills' map. present prehistoric Indian mounds in Knox mound was carted two miles to build a ramp to Carskadden begins his comments on the County. First a letter was published in the local a farmer's hay loft. Mills ATLAS by stating "We soon became dis­ newspaper (Mt. Vernon News) requesting any­ The sacred circles in the northeast corner of couraged with the idea that the ATLAS could one who knew of the location of present or de­ the county were used as a camp for a group of be of any use to us at all in finding archeologi­ stroyed mounds and/or "Sacred Circles" to 1914 draft dodgers who were subsequently cal sites in Muskingum County". Later in his phone me with the information. All who called apprehended by the U.S. Army . . . hence the evaluation Carskadden reports finding 21 of were sent a Knox County map with a stamped, area is called "Camp Fizzel". The alignment of Mills' mounds and earthworks exactly where self-addressed envelope asking that the loca­ several distantly separated mounds strongly Mills had indicated, a success rate of only tion of present and/or destroyed mounds or suggests that they may have been used as 33%. However, he was not able to find 30 circles be marked on the map and returned to smoke signal platforms. Mt. Vernon's Mound mounds or earthworks (48%) located on Mills' me. At several meetings of the Knox County View Cemetery is indeed an Indian mound or a map. Carskadden believes that some of the Historical Society members were asked to ex­ glacial kame in which the caretaker has seen missing mounds resulted from mistaken identi­ amine my map and add any mounds or circles bones as he dug graves at the top. A man with fication of natural hills. During the past 24 years not already located. Approximately 25 people a water douser stick claimed that he counted Carskadden and his associates have found a reported the locations and even though there 16 burials in the Dixon mound in Homer. survival rate of 70% for the 122 mounds and were many duplications of the same location How accurate is our Knox County mound earthworks, only 33 of which were found on this served as an excellent independent confir­ map; a question that readers will naturally ask. Mills' map. mation of the locations. A red spot for mounds This is almost like the man who asked "How's While Carskadden found four times the and a green spot for circles (with a white dot in your wife?", to which a friend replied "com­ number of mounds on Mills' map he concedes the center of the spot if the mound or circle pared to what ?". In this case we have a unique the advantage that his counts were the work of had been destroyed ) were placed on a two by basis for comparison. Over a period of some 25 years in one county. four foot map of Knox County with a scale of 20 years three men who were Curators or In conclusion, it is the writer's opinion that one inch per mile. This map is on display at the Directors of the Ohio Historical Society spent the exact number of mounds in prehistoric Knox County Historical Society museum lo­ an enormous amount of time surveying the times can never be known for the following rea­ cated at 997 Harcourt Rd. in Mt. Vernon which state for mounds and enclosures. The informa­ sons: is open to the public free from 2 - 4 P.M. every tion was obtained by requesting local archaeol­ 1. Many "natural" mounds have been and will day except Monday. No attempt was made to ogy "buffs" to report the locations of mounds continue to be mistaken for prehistoric Indian include the sacred circles since they are now or circles, hiring site locators on bicycles and mounds, e.g. Ohio's Natural Heritage too easily overlooked or destroyed for an accu­ finally personal inspection by Shetrone, (Hutchens). rate count. Moorhead, Mills and others until all 88 counties 2. Many bonafide Indian mounds will never be By comparing the mounds map with a geo­ had been surveyed which lead to the publica­ found because every square inch of Ohio will logical map of Knox County (Forsyth) it was ev­ tion of the final map in 1914 under the author­ never be seen by knowlegable surveyors. ident that there were several locations where ship of Mills. This was a tremendous achieve­ 3. It is impossible to know, without excavation, glacial kames had been deposited by the sec­ ment especially at a time when transportation whether or not small elevations of soil are de ond ( Wisconsin ) glacier as it retreated west­ was not so facile as it is today. However, two facto burial mounds. ward instead of the expected northward direc­ archaeologists 75 years later have questioned 4. The destruction of burial mounds will con­ tion. Hence it became of interest to learn if the the accuracy or reliability of this map. In 1984 tinue so long as farmers and mall builders need Glacial Kame Indians had lived in Knox County, Dancy published an extremely careful study of more land. especially since Converse's map of glacial Mills' map of the entire state while in 1989 It has been stated that there were more pre­ kame burials did not indicate any in Knox Carskadden reported a very precise analysis of historic Indian mounds in Ohio than in any County. I learned that one collector had a san­ Mills' map of Muskingum County. Only a brief other state and, hopefully, impending legisla­ dal sole gorget and another had several comment on Dancy's and Carskadden's con­ tion will be passed making it a felony to exca­ blocked end tubular pipes and Meadowood clusions will be made here but the writer vate mounds solely to retrieve artifacts. projectile points, all found in Knox County and strongly recommends that amateur and profes­ considered indicative of at least the presence if sional archaeologists will find both reports highly interesting and informative. REFERENCES not the habitation of the Glacial Kame Indians. Ackerman, John It is interesting to note here that in 1897 Dancy concludes his report by stating that 1989 Personal communication. Moorhead wrote "No archaeologist seems to "Most specific site locations in the ATLAS are Carskadden, Jeff have paid much attention to the glacial kames 1989 Some Comments On The Usefulness of Mills' Atlas. in error, a result of transference of "dots" from Ohio Archaeologist 39,(4).28. and gravel knolls burials." map to map and the two color process." He Converse, Robert N. One of the Fredericktown mound (Stack- further states "An archaeologist would be fool­ n.d. The Glacial Kame Indians, p.9 A Special publication hardy to try to use the ATLAS as a guide to site of The Archeological Society of Ohio. house/Braddock) purchased by the Arche­ Dancy, W.S. ological conservancy in 1981 is unique in never locations or to suppose that a state has been 1984 The 1914 Archeological Atlas of Ohio: it's History and having been potholed and also according to lo­ destroyed because nothing can be found at a Significance. Paper presented at the 49th Meeting of cal geologist, John W. Ackerman, it has an location shown on the map. On the other hand the Society of American Archaeology, Portland, Oregon, April 12. equinox marker. That is, on the northeast and the data appear acceptable for estimates of the Forsyth, J.L. southwest sides of the encircling embankment probability of site discovery geographically and 1961 Glacial Map of Knox County. A Special Publication of there are openings aligned so that the Indians environmentally. They should also be useful in the Geological Society of Ohio. could have sighted the rising and setting sun estimating the degree of loss in the 70 years Grubb, Thomas C. 1989 Save The Mounds. Ohio Archaeologist. 39, (3):22. indicating days and nights of equal length in since the ATLAS was published." This state­ 1989 The Archeological Conservancy. Ohio Archaeologist. the summer and winter. In other cultures such ment is useful in evaluating the status of the 39,(3):29. as the Mexicans and southwest American pre­ Knox County mound count since Mills found Hutchins, Edward F. 1979 Ohio's Natural Heritage. The Ohio Academy of historic Indians, equinox markers were used to 63 mounds and our survey disclosed 34 or Science., p. 4 -15. indicate planting and harvesting seasons, but 46% reduction. Although Mills apparently Mancini, Jesse since the Adena were not farmers, their use found the map work very arduous and boring 1989 The Boring for Mound Approved. Marietta Times. must remain unknown. as he preferred excavating, he was urged by Vol.92, No.162, page 8. Mills, William C. In the process of obtaining information for the Historical Society to complete the map in 1914 Archaeological Atlas of Ohio. Plate No. 42. the Knox County mound map the writer learned 1914 . An understandable bias was apparently Moomead.Warren K. some archeological "gossip" for which he has created by Mills since Dancy states that "coun­ Report of Field work in Various Portions of Ohio. The ties lacking prominent sites were not visited as Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society. Vol. 5, no incontrovertible evidence: An Indian mound pages 268, 274. was obliterated at the present location of the intensively or frequently and it is possible that Shetrone, Henry Clide Mt. Vernon sewage disposal plant. The same many mounds, earthworks and other sites 1930 The Mound Builders. D. Appleton Co., NY.

29 ARTIFACTS FOUND IN BERLIN TOWNSHIP, BERLIN HEIGHTS, OHIO by Jay E. Zimmerman 10319 Frailey Rd. Berlin Heights, Ohio

I have been collecting since I was 12 years old - 2 years ago - and I am an en­ thusiastic artifact collector and reader on archaeology and anthropology. Later I plan to enter one or both professions. In the accompanying pictures is a small portion of my collection including a large % groove axe, found July 12, 1990, which measures 7% inches long. It ap­ pears to have been struck by a plow many times. Also in the picture is a crude slate hoe with a polished bit, probably as the result of soil wear. In the second picture are two hammer- stones, one of flint and one of green stone. The latter fits perfectly into the groove of the axe and may have been used in making the axe. The celt in the same photograph is 4% inches long and was found on the same site as the grooved hammerstone. Not shown in the picture are seven stemmed points, a hafted scraper, a % inch bifurcate, five notched points and a drill, all found in Berlin Township.

Fig. 1 (Zimmerman) Three quarter grooved axe and points from Berlin Township.

Fig. 2 (Zimmerman) Flint points and stone tools from Berlin Township.

30 AN OWL EFFIGY PIPE by D.R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Columbus, Ohio

Magical, mysterious, and haunting are a few descriptions of the owl, a quiet winged resident of the early Ohio valley. All mem­ bers of the owl family were undoubtedly held in awe by the prehistoric residents of Ohio. Starting with the Hopewell people, and the later Mississippian and Fort Ancient populations, owls were subject of a variety of effigies in pipe form. As crea­ tures of the night with glowing fierce eyes and aggressive raptoral tendencies, they must have been feared by resident popu­ lations trying to understand their some­ times hostile environment. The writer has viewed various effigy depictions from a number of locations including several from the famous Hopewell Tremper site in Scioto County. Just across the Scioto River was the well known Feurt site, a Fort Ancient community where over 100 pipes in various shapes and styles were exca­ vated in the early years of this century. This site also produced a number of effigy pipes of more primitive workmanship when compared with the neighboring Hopewell examples.

Fig. 1 (Gehlbach) Front view of owl effigy pipe from Scioto County, Ohio.

One such pipe is the pictured owl effigy crafted from local pipestone which out­ crops on the banks of the Scioto River, just north of its termination point at Ports­ mouth. The material is an attractive brown mottled shade of the silica-based pipe- stone which added to the life-like qualities of the finished form. Modern shell eyes have been added to perhaps duplicate an embellishment included when the pipe was originally crafted. The pipe is an ex­ ample of primitive man's attempt to depict a closer relationship with another life form in his environment.

Fig. 2 (Gehlbach) Side view of Fort Ancient effigy pipe. Shell eyes are modern.

31 PALEO POINTS FROM ADAMS COUNTY by Stephen Kelley P.O. Box #1 Seaman, Ohio 45679

Larry Corrill, a farmer in Liberty The material is unknown to the writer. It In the meantime, Mr. Corrill's neighbor Township, Adams County, Ohio, was is chalky in appearance and is dark gray to the south, Ray Leonard, has in his pos­ comfortably seated several feet above the alternating with lighter gray stripes. The session the fluted point shown in Figure ground on his tractor when he spotted field in which the point was found is not 3. Made of locally available Brassfield the large projectile point displayed in noted to produce many artifacts. It is high Flint, this point is 2% inches long and 114 Figure 1. He managed to stop the tractor in elevation and far removed from any inches wide. It exhibits heavy grinding VA in the nick of time and recover this re­ stream of any consequential size. The inches up each side and in the concavity markable fluted point. nearest stream of note is Hill's Fork, a of the base. The Leonard point shows ob­ The Corrill point measures 4X inches in tributary of the East Fork of Eagle Creek. vious signs of resharpening and is some­ length and is 13/a inches at its widest In Figure 2 is another Paleo point found what thick in cross section. One side dis­ point. It exhibits fluting on both sides with by Mr. Corrill in the same vicinity. This small plays a slight amount of serration near the the longest flute measuring 114 inches. unfluted fluted point is VA inches in length tip. The field in which Mr. Leonard found 7 What at first glance looks to be damage by A inch in width. It is manufactured of this point is a high terrace overlooking to one side of the base, on closer exami­ Licking County Flint of Kentucky origin, ex­ Hill's Fork and is also located in Liberty nation appears to be burin faceting and is hibits grinding on both sides of the base Township, Adams County. heavily ground as is the opposite side and displays excellent workmanship. and the concavity of the base.

Fig. 1 (Kelley) Obverse and reverse of the Corrill point. Fig. 3 (Kelley) Obverse and reverse of the Leonard point.

Fig. 2 (Kelley) The Corrill unfluted point.

32 THE ELK AND THE INDIAN IN THE OHIO COUNTRY by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

Environmentalists have been agonizing removed and sold to a specialty shop in they investigated on the floodplain of the over the terrible — and mounting — South Dakota for a reported ten dollar Ohio River in southeastern Indiana west losses of African elephants at the hands bill. (See Potter, 1982: 543.) The Eastern of Cincinnati, the Whitacres identified al­ of poachers, each greedily eager to help elk was no more. most 1,000 burned and unburned bone supply the ivory markets of the world In striking contrast to the tragic slaugh­ fragments, including those of white-tailed with the animals' tusks. They have ter and near extermination of the elk deer, elk, bobcat, raccoon, beaver, possi­ asked, in all candor, how much longer which followed the settlement of the bly black bear, and a number of other these losses can continue before the ele­ American continent by the European, the mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish, and phant, like so many other species, is fi­ hunting and agricultural practices of the found that those of the white-tailed deer nally driven to the point of extinction? American Indian in the centuries preced­ represented 70% of them all. (See Pictures of the carcasses of these great ing apparently had had little adverse ef­ Whitacre, 1986:25.) animals, stripped only of their tusks, rot­ fect on elk populations. Indeed, some In his article on "Food of the Adena ting in the hot African sun, have stirred writers have argued to the contrary, that People," Robert M. Goslin (1975: 45-46) the conscience of us all. the "activities of many Indian tribes may reported elk bones in garbage pits at Early in this century an American presi­ have been conducive to producing and Adena sites in Ohio at the Adena Mound dent, Theodore Roosevelt, distressed over maintaining healthy elk herds [through se­ (the prototypical mound of the culture at the wanton slaughter of the North lective thinning by successfully hunting the Thomas Worthington estate called American elk that had been going on for the old, the weak, and the infirm; and also "Adena" at Chillicothe, from which the generations, asked his countrymen to through habitat modification, primarily by culture as a whole received its name), and stop using the upper canine teeth or fire, to clear lands for agricultural use that at Dominion Land, at Cordray, at McCalla, "tusks" of these great animals as orna­ in turn "set back plant succession to and at the Serpent Mound in Adams ments on watch fobs and tie tacks lest the stages that produced a variety and abun­ County. Goslin also identified elk bones at elk too be driven to the point of extinction. dance of palatable forage"]. (See 5 of 10 Adena-occupied rock shelters in (See Potter, 1982: 543-544.) Pictures of McCabe, 1982: 65; Cowan, 1987: 30.) Kentucky: Little Ash, Steven DeHart, the carcasses of these magnificent ani­ In contrast to the European's penchant George W. Spencer, Sampson Spencer, mals, stripped only of their "tusks," rotting for a trophy rack of antlers for his fire­ and Newt Kash, in Lee, Powell, Wolfe, in the hot American sun, stirred the con­ place or "tusks" for his watch fob or tie and Menifee counties. According to science of a nation and finally helped cre­ tack, the Indian when he did kill an elk Goslin, "From this study it is apparent that ate a network of national parks for their saw value and utility in virtually all of its the Indians of the Adena Culture had a protection. (See Figures 1 and 2.) body parts. Consequently, almost noth­ stable economy. They used every source At one time the American elk, or wapiti, ing went to waste. of food that was available to them, hunt­ "were more widespread than any other The archaeological record here in the ing mammals and birds, fishing, catching single deer species in North America.... Ohio country sheds much light on the im­ reptiles, collecting mollusca, gathering the [Prior to the Columbian voyages in the portance of the elk to the Indian, from the products of wild plants, and cultivating a 1490s] there may have been 10,000,000 Archaic period to the Historic, as a signif­ few food plants. Their principal [animal] elk on the continent." (See McCabe, icant source of food, clothing, tools, foods, in the order of their seeming im­ 1982: 65.) Hunted and killed for their weapons, and ornamentation. Though portance as determined by the quantities meat, their hides, their antlers, and finally never the primary food source in the of remains recovered from the excava­ their teeth, the number of elk by 1900 Great Lakes-Ohio Valley-Northeast area tions, were deer, elk, black bear, dog, rac­ was fewer than 100,000. (See Bryant and of the continent as was the white-tailed coon, woodchuck, beaver, gray squirrel, Maser, 1982: 1; Whitehead, 1972: 40. deer, the elk was nonetheless important skunk, rabbit, otter, fox, wildcat, muskrat, See also Figure 3.) as a secondary source because of its rel­ opossum, porcupine...." The slaughter of the American elk, in­ ative abundance and comparative ease In their excavations at the Late cluding the total extinction of the Eastern of hunting. Because the typical adult Mississippian (Whittlesey Focus) Reeve elk and the Merriam elk and the near ex­ Indian required 2-4 pounds of fresh meat Village Site in Lake County, Ohio, one- tinction of three of the four remaining daily for his diet and because a dressed quarter mile south of the mouth of the sub-species, constitutes one of the sorri­ elk might yield 400 or more pounds of Chagrin River, Goslin and Emerson F est chapters in our history. Here in Ohio nutritional food in contrast to about 100 Greenman found and identified more the last of our great Eastern elk (one of pounds for a white-tailed deer, an elk than 1,000 animal bones in the village the two sub-species to become extinct in was not to be disdained as a suitable ob­ refuse, of which the most numerous were the nation in the nineteenth century) was ject of a hunt, particularly if there were "those of the bear, deer, elk, wild cat, shot and killed in Ashtabula County in many mouths to be fed. Were it not for beaver, porcupine, fox, and raccoon." October 1838. (See Kirtland, 1838: 177; the "unpalatably sweet" taste of elk meat (See Greenman, 1935: 63.) Bryant and Maser, 1982: 52.) A remnant in contrast to the more delectable cuts of In a subsequent investigation of an­ band of Eastern elk was hunted down venison or bison, and were elk meat not other Whittlesey site, this near Fairport and destroyed in Michigan in the late subject to putrification if not eaten rela­ Harbor along the Grand River in Lake 1870s. (See Bryant and Maser, 1982: 45.) tively quickly, the elk might have been County three-quarters of a mile south of The last known Eastern elk in Penn­ hunted more frequently and the year Lake Erie, Goslin and Richard G. Morgan sylvania was killed in November 1867, at around instead of only during those times found more than 5,400 bones in the vil­ the headwaters of the Clarion River, ironi­ when deer were unobtainable. (See lage refuse. Of these, 1,160 were those cally in what is still called Elk County. McCabe, 1982:87-92.) of the white-tailed deer, 794 raccoon, 324 (See Bryant and Maser, 1982: 54.) Finally, Evidence of the preference of the elk, 304 beaver, 285 black bear, 149 gray a lone, fugitive Eastern bull elk was found Indian for venison in contrast to elk meat squirrel, with other animal species repre­ and killed in an orchard in New has come to us from many sources. sented by fewer than 100 each. (See Hampshire in 1913. His two "tusks" were Reporting on the Hopewell habitation site Goslin, 1943:43-46.)

33 Investigating the Baum Village south of reached its zenith during the Mississ­ 2 and 13 were several other smaller Paint Creek in Ross County, a Late ippian era, and was still abundant until necklaces also made of beads from elk Mississippian site of the Fort Ancient the coming of the white man. (See canine teeth. (See Mills, 1922: 555-556. Culture, Warren K. Moorehead reported Cowan, 1987: 30.) See also Figure 2.) that among some 5,000 bone fragments While the elk was important to the Significantly, among the artifacts exca­ unearthed there, those of the buffalo, Indian as a source of food, it was also vated by Don W. Dragoo at the Cresap bear, deer, elk, raccoon, wild turkey, tur­ important as a source of shelter and Mound of the Adena Culture, 614 miles tle, fish and snake were of particular con­ clothing. Thick, tough, durable, exten­ down river from Moundsville, West sequence. (See Moorehead, 1899: 144- sive, and expansive, the hide of an elk Virginia, was an elk antler head-dress. It 146.) The Graham Village Site along the killed in autumn or winter when in prime had been made from an elk's skullcap, banks of the Hocking River near present condition could be used to cover the carefully cut away from the rest of the Logan, Ohio, investigated by Douglas H. frame of the Indian's lodge, to provide skull, to which had been attached the McKenzie and Orrin C. Shane, yielded him a robe to wear or a parfleche to pro­ elk's antlers from which the first distal 2,012 bones in village refuse pits, some tect him from the damps of the ground. It prongs had been removed and the stubs 800 of which were identifiable. Of these, was the source of the soles for his moc­ smoothed. (See Dragoo, 1965: 125.) 679 or 84.9% were those of the white- casins and the leather for his shirts, quiv­ Other antler head-dresses have been tailed deer; 78, or 9.7% were elk; 6, or ers, pouches, and leggings. It provided found associated with both Archaic and 0.7% were raccoon, 3, or 0.4% were him the rawhide for his war shield, the Hopewell burials. (See Webb and Haag, black bear; and 4, or 0.5% were gray fox. head for his drum, the ropes and thongs 1947:83.) (See Prufer and McKenzie, 1967: 79-84.) for tying. (See McCabe, 1982: 93; To a remarkable degree for more than South and east of the Ohio River, ar­ Thwaites, 1986: III, 75; VII, 13; Wissler, 2 ,000 years the Indian of the Ohio coun­ chaeological investigation has revealed 1966:266-275.) try found the elk invaluable in his struggle interesting contrasts to the reports of elk As a tool and weapon source the elk to survive. How ironic that even as the elk remains from sites north and west of the was also important to the Indian. From disappeared from the Ohio scene before river. Richard E. McCabe (1982: 63) has his ribs came arrow straighteners and the mid-point of the nineteenth century noted that "from the Mount Carbon site knives, while from his antlers came spear so too did the Indian, each the victim of in Fayette County, West Virginia, once and arrow points, harpoons, flakers, war social, cultural, and economic changes occupied by Indians of the Fort Ancient clubs, fish hooks, chisels, adzes, adze which transformed the land and their an­ Culture, composite remains of deer out­ handles, fleshers, and scrapers. (See cient way of life. number those of elk by a 34:1 ratio. At Figures 4, 5, and 6.) Out of his skeletal the Eschelman site in Lancaster County, structure, from bones of diverse sizes Pennsylvania, which was a Susque- and shapes, came digging sticks, hoes, Acknowledgements hannock village, investigators recorded awls, needles, chisels, fish hooks, Appreciation is gratefully expressed to the remains of 182 deer, 33 bear, and 21 gouges, beamers, and combs. (See the Ohio Historical Society, the Wildlife elk. In Putnam County, West Virginia, ar­ Figures 7 and 8.) From his sinews came Management Institute, the Wyoming chaeological evidence at the Buffalo site bowstrings, harpoon retrievers, and Game and Fish Department, and the indicated 746 deer and only two elk." snares. From his bone marrow came Division of Wildlife of the Ohio That elk were present in the Ohio grease. From his fat came tallow, salve, Department of Natural Resources for kind country in Archaic times has been estab­ and caulking. From his hoofs, glue; from permission to use photographs accom­ lished by the discovery of an Archaic his stomach and bladder, bags; from his panying this article. point of flint embedded in an elk bone hide, arrow quivers and wrist guards. which was found at Silver Lake in Logan (See McCabe, 1982: 121; Cowan, 1987: County, Ohio. (See McCabe, 1982: 63.) 25, 30; Potter, 1968: 65; Prufer and References However, in his report concerning his in­ Shane, 1970: 130-140; Wissler, 1966: Barrett, S.W. vestigation of the Carlson Annis Mound 266-275; Webb and Snow, 1974: 96; 1980 "Indians and Fire." Western Wildlands, 6(3): of Green River (Archaic) cultural horizon Martin, Quimby, and Collier, 1947: 285.) 17-21. Borland, Hal in Butler County, Kentucky, William S. As a source of ornamentation, the elk 1975 The History of Wildlife in America. National Webb reported not one elk bone among was also significant to the Indian. Its stiff Wildlife Federation, Washington. the 3,199 bones and bone fragments in tail hair embroidered pouches, quivers, Bryant, Larry D. and Chris Maser general excavation or the 324 others in shirts, and head-bands. Engraved, its 1982 "Classification and Distribution." In Elk of burial association in this great midden! antlers could be used as quirt handles or North America: Ecology and Management, (See Webb, 1950: 300-304.) Nor did edited by Jack Ward Thomas and Dale E. shaped into imitation bear claws. Its pha­ Toweill for the Wildlife Management Robert N. Converse report any in his langes could be perforated, trimmed, and Institute, Washington, D.C. Published by study of the Glacial Kame Indians of the used as "tinklers" or "jinglers." Its teeth Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Archaic period. (1978) were prized as beads, pendants, neck­ Chatham, R. On the historic end of the timeline of laces, bracelets, charms, and as decora­ 1976 "Shooting Elk in a Barrel." Sports Illustrated, Indian occupation of the Ohio country, tive attachments on armbands, pipe (Feb. 2): 62-63. bags, medicine pouches, and clothing. Converse, Robert N. the Moravian John Heckewelder reported 1978 The Glacial Kame Indians. The in 1796 that among the "beautiful small (See McCabe, 1982: 121; Wissler, 1966: Archaeological Society of Ohio. lakes" near the Indian mission called 266-275.) Even as the white man came to Cowan, C. Wesley "Pilgerruh" that he had established on prize the canine teeth or "tusks" of the 1987 First Farmers of the Ohio Valley: Fort Ancient the Cuyahoga River near Tinker's Creek elk, so too did the Indian. In his explo­ Societies, A.D. 1000-1670. Cincinnati there abounded such game as "Elk, Deer, ration of the Mound City Group of the Museum of Natural History. Turkey, Raccoons, etc." (See Hecke­ Hopewell Culture, William C. Mills found Cronon, William in association with burial number 3, 1983 Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and welder, 1796.) the Ecology of New England. Hill and Wang, From this and from the evidence of nu­ mound 8, a necklace of more than 150 New York. merous elk remains in Whittlesey and elk canine teeth, in addition to which Curren, Cailup B., Jr. Fort Ancient village sites, it seems proba­ were a half-dozen more imitations of elk 1977 "Prehistoric Range Extension of the Elk: ble that the elk population in Ohio began canines which had been cut from shell. In Cervus canadensis." American Midland Naturalist, 97(1): 230-232. to increase after the Archaic period, burial association with graves in mounds

34 Dasmann, William P. Mills, William C. Van Wormer, Joe 1971 If Deer Are to Survive. Stackpole Books, 1922 "Exploration of the Mound City Group." Ohio 1969 The World of the American Elk. J.B. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, Lippincott, New York. Dragoo, Don W. 31(4): 423-585. Webb, William S. 1965 Mounds for the Dead: An Analysis of the Moorhead, Warren King 1950 "The Carlson Annis Mound: Site 5, Butler Adena Culture. Annals of the Carnegie 1899 "Report of Field Work in Various Portions of County, Kentucky." Reports in Museum, Volume 37, Pittsburgh. Ohio." Ohio Archaeological and Historical Anthropology, Volume VII, Number 4, Fehrenbach, T.R. Publications, 10: 471-472. University of Kentucky, Lexington. 1967 Elkdom U.S.A. Benevolent and Protective Morgan, Richard G. and H. Holmes Ellis Webb, William S. and Baby, Raymond S. Order of Elks of the U.S.A., Chicago. It was 1943 "The Fairport Village Site. Ohio State Archa­ 1975 The Adena People No. 2. The Ohio Historical to the B.P.O.E. that President Theodore eological and Historical Quarterly, 51(1): 3-44. Society, Columbus. Roosevelt directed his plea in 1907 to abol­ Murie, Olaus J. Webb, William S. and William G. Haag ish the custom of wearing gold-mounted elk 1951 The Elk of North America. Stackpole 1947 "The Fisher Site, Fayette County, Kentucky." canine teeth on watch fobs and tie tacks as Company, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Reports in Anthropology, Volume VII, symbols of their membership in the Elks, a Oswalt, Wendell H. Number 2, University of Kentucky, membership that numbered in the hundreds 1966 This Land Was Theirs: A Study of the North Lexington. of thousands. American Indian. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Webb, William S. and Charles E. Snow Gerstell, R. New York. 1974 The Adena People, University of Tennessee 1936 "The Elk in Pennsylvania — Its Extermination Potter, Dale Press, Knoxville. and Reproduction." Pennsylvania Game 1982 Recreational Use of Elk." In Elk of North Whitacre, Debbie and Bob News, 7(7): 6-7, 26. America: Ecology and Management, edited 1986 "The Whitacre Site (12D 246)." Ohio Goslin, Robert M. by Jack Ward Thomas and Dale E. Toweill for Archaeologist, 36(3): 27. 1943 "Animal Remains" [at the Fairport Village the Wildlife Management Institute, Whitehead, G. Kenneth Site]. Ohio State Archaeological and Washington, D.C. Published by Stackpole 1972 The Deer of the World. Viking Press, New Historical Quarterly, 52(1): 45-51. Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. York. 1961 "Projectile Point in Elk Skeleton." Ohio Potter, Martha A. Wissler, Clark Archaeologist, 11(3): 85. 1968 Ohio's Prehistoric Peoples. The Ohio 1966 Indians of the United States. Published in 1975 "Food and the Adena People." In William S. Historical Society, Columbus. cooperation with the American Museum of Webb and Raymond S. Baby, The Adena Prufer, Olaf H. and Douglas H. McKenzie Natural History and the Natural History People No. 2. The Ohio Historical Society, 1967 Studies in Archaeology. The Press of Library by Anchor Books, Doubleday & Columbus. Western Reserve University, Cleveland. Company, Garden City, New York. Greenman, Emerson F. Prufer, Olaf H. and Orrin C. Shane, III Wood, W. Raymond 1935 "Excavation of the Reeve Village Site." Ohio 1970 Blain Village and the Fort Ancient Tradition in 1957 "Perforated Elk Teeth: A Functional and Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, Ohio. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio. Historical Analysis." American Antiquity, 44(1): 3-63. Rasmussen, D.I. 22(4): 381-387. Wood notes that while the Greer, K.R. 1949 "The American Elk or Wapiti — Today." upper canine teeth are well-developed in 1968 "Elk Teeth as Ornaments." Montana Wildlife, Transactions of the North American Wildlife both sexes, they are "more specialized in February: 14-17. and Natural Resources Conference, 14: the male." He also observes that in most in­ Hays, W.J. 513-526. stances the permanent teeth were preferred, 1871 "Notes on the Range of Some of the Animals Robbins, Russell L., Don E. Redfearn, and Charles but that occasionally the milk teeth of an im­ in America at the Time of the Coming of the P. Snow mature elk calf would be used. In perforat­ White Men." American Naturalist, 5: 387- 1982 "Refuges and Elk Management." In Elk of ing an upper canine tooth for suspension on 392. North America: Ecology and Management, a neckline or as a pendant, the Indian would Heckewelder, John edited by Jack Ward Thomas and Dale E. drill the root end "biconically through the 1796 "Map and Description of Northeastern Toweill for the Wildlife Management labial and lingual aspects of the tooth" using Ohio." Reprinted from the Magazine of Institute, Washington, D.C. Published by a tapered drill. Western History, 1984, by the Western Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland. Severinghaus, C.W. and R.W. Darrow Johnson, A. 1976 "Failure of Elk to Survive in the 1923 "The Elk and the Tooth Hunter." American Adirondacks." New York Fish and Game Wildlife, 12(2): 3-4. Journal, 23(1): 98-99. Keil, Ronald J. Shriver, Phillip R. 1989 Personal correspondence. October 24. 1987 "Ohio's White-Tailed Deer and Other Kirtland, Jared P. Protohistoric and Historic Game and Fur 1838 "A Catalogue of the Mammalia, Birds, Animals." Ohio Archaeologist, 37(1): 29-33. Reptiles, Fishes, Testacea, and Crustacea in Smith, L.H. Ohio." In Second Annual Report of the Ohio 1901 "The Extinction of the Elk in Ontario." Geological Survey, Columbus: 157-200. Ottawa Naturalist, 15(5): 94-97. Lafferty, Michael B., editor Stoutenburgh, John, Jr. 1979 Ohio's Natural Heritage. The Ohio Academy 1960 Dictionary of the American Indian. of Science, Columbus. Philosophical Library, New York. Martin, Paul, George I. Quimby, and Donald Collier Thomas, Jack Ward, and Dale E. Toweill 1947 Indians Before Columbus. University of 1982 Elk of North America: Ecology and Chicago Press. Management, Wildlife Management Institute, McCabe, Richard E. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 1982 "Elk and Indians: Historical Values and Thwaites, Reuben G., editor Perspectives." In Elk of North America: 1986 The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents. Ecology and Management, edited by Jack 73 Volumes. Burrows Brothers, Cleveland. Ward Thomas and Dale E. Toweill for the Trigger, Bruce G., editor Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, 1978 Handbook of the North American Indians: D.C. Published by Stackpole Books, Northeast, Volume 15. Smithsonian Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Institution, Washington.

35 J 1 * '»'" •• •" ^1

C * 1 ^^ ^* H

.

!**>.• _.^*—-

^ -. *•** *' F/g. 7 (Shriver) Carcass of a bull elk "harvested" and then abandoned by commercial "tusk Fig. 2 (Shriver) Close-up view of one of an elk's two hunters" in the early 20th century after removal of its two upper canine teeth. Photo upper canine teeth, also called "tusks," "whistlers," reproduced here through the courtesy of the Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C. or "buglers." For purposes of comparison, note the human thumb nail immediately to the left. Sought as charms to be worn on watch fobs or tie tacks, the elk's canine teeth nearly caused its extermination in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Photo reproduced here through the courtesy of the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Cheyenne, and the Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C.

IK

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Fig. 3 (Shriver) A young Rocky Mountain bull elk, his growing antlers still in the velvet of spring, is typical of a small number of elk translocated onto farms or into parks here in Ohio. Because of insufficient elk habitat, there is little prospect that any of these majestic animals will be returned Fig. 4 (Shriver) Elk antler tine (above), which may have been used as a to the wild here in Ohio in the near term. Photo by Ron Keil, Division of flesher or chisel, or possibly as a flint pressure-flaking tool. Canine tooth Wildlife, Ohio Department of Natural Resources. of a black bear (below), perforated for suspension; shown here by way of contrast with the canine tooth of an elk shown in Fig. 2. Both are from the author's personal collection.

36 Fig. 5 (Shriver) To the left, a bone awl, 7'A inches long, made from the Fig. 6 (Shriver) Believed to be a war club or mallet, this artifact is eight shoulder blade of an elk. To the right, a spear point made from the antler inches in length and was made from the base of an elk antler, with the tine of an elk. Six inches in length, it has been sharpened to a point. Its first lateral serving as a handle. Found in association with an intrusive base has been hollowed out to permit the insertion of a shaft. Both were burial in mound 23 of the Mound City Group by William C. Mills in 1920, found with an intrusive burial in mound 23 of the Mound City Group. it closely matched a similar object found by Squier and Davis in 1846 They are reproduced here from the report by Mills on the Exploration of with an intrusive burial in mound 2 of the same group. This photograph the Mound City Group" and are presented in this article through the courtesy has been reproduced from the report by Mills on the "Exploration of the of the Ohio Historical Society. Mound City Group" and is presented here with the permission of the Ohio Historical Society.

Fig. 7 (Shriver) The hair-comb shown here was found by William C. Mills Fig. 8 (Shriver) Shaped from the antlers of elk were cutting or digging in association with an intrusive burial in mound 23 of the Mound City tools such as these gouges. The larger one on the left shows a good deal Group in 1920. Cut from an elk antler, it has eight teeth. Unfortunately, of polish on the convex surface and near the cutting edge, suggesting its part of the decorative top has been broken off and is missing. This photo possible use as a hoe. Among Mississippian cultures, hoes made from has been reproduced from Mill's report on the "Exploration of the Mound elk antlers or elk shoulder blades were not uncommon. The illustration City Group" and is shown here with the permission of the Ohio Historical shown here is a detail from the 1935 report on the "Excavation of the Society. Reeve Village Site, Lake County, Ohio," a Whittlesey Focus site, by Emerson F. Greenman, and is reproduced here with the permission of the Ohio Historical Society. RARE PIPE FIND by Jack I. Rosenfeid Columbus, Ohio

I found the pipe (Figs. 1 thru 5) while sur­ shape of the bowl at its base, with a small Flint Types", by Robert N. Converse. It is face hunting April 21, 1990, in Licking Co., inside diameter of only % inch, similar intact made of eastern Ohio black flint and is ap­ Ohio in a field I've hunted for several years. pipes of this type have a bowl proportion­ proximately 3 inches long. The kirk is well The numerous artifacts I've found on this ally tall or have an expanded center with chipped by percussion and pressure flak­ site represent most time periods ranging possibly a wide lip at the top, as shown in ing. It shows a lack of symmetry and ap­ from paleo to late prehistoric. Fig. 3. pears to be made purposely out of bal­ The pipe has similar characteristics to Even with the damage, this is an un­ ance. It has one blade edge straight or those of Hopewell monitor pipes. The pipe usual field find and one of my best in re­ slightly incurvate and the other excurvate. measures 2.4 inches in length and has a cent years. The notches are placed in the corners and thin flat base which tapers to a triangular The KIRK CORNER NOTCHED point, are well defined but not deep. The shoul­ shape at the base of the bowl, as shown in shown in Fig. 7, was found on April 21, ders are sharp and pronounced but are Fig. 4 cross section view. 1990, the same day and at the same site not barbed. The entire surface is highly polished, I'm as the pipe. Other artifacts associated with The blade edges show a slight amount not positive of the type of material, but it the finds were a striped flint knife, various of serration and the base has a good de­ appears to be steatite. points, scrapers, several broken points and gree of basal grinding. The damaged portion seems to be very knives plus a paleo artifact broken in half. The cultural affiliation is early archaic, old. I can only speculate as to what it may This kirk corner notch matches the typi­ dating around 7,000 B.C. have looked like. Judging by the known cal definition as described in the "Ohio

Fig. 1 (Rosenfeid) Pipe found in Licking County, Ohio.

Fig. 2 (Rosenfeid) View of pipe showing stem hole.

38 Fig. 3 (Rosenfeid) Conjectual sketch of unbroken pipe.

Fig. 4 (Rosenfeid) Sketch of cross section. Fig. 5 (Rosenfeid) Top, bottom and side views of pipe. Length 2% inches. Outside of bowl % inch - inside diameter of bowl 'A inch. Vff «l

»»»

Fig. 6 (Rosenfeid) Pipe and Kirk corner notched point with associated artifacts from same site.

Fig. 7 (Rosenfeid) Kirk corner notched point.

39 A LARGE METAMORPHOSED IGNEOUS GREENSTONE ADZE FROM PORTAGE COUNTY, OHIO by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

That it was a woodworking tool there chisel edge were adze blades. There are References can be no doubt. That it might have served also examples of blades in handles which Converse, Robert N. to hollow out the charred interior of a log to show that blades look like celts and chis­ 1973 Ohio Stone Tools. The Archeological shape and fashion a dugout canoe is a els, as well as gouges, could have been Society of Ohio. matter of speculation. Whatever its use, the adze blades. While the usual first assump­ Martin, Paul G., George I. Quimby and Donald large metamorphosed igneous greenstone tion is that adzes cut out bits or shavings of Collier adze pictured here (Figures 1 -4) has been a wood directly, which many did, it must be 1955 Indians Before Columbus: Twenty part of this writer's collection for nearly remembered that pre-Columbians often Thousand Years of North American History forty years. At one time part of the Hines used fire to burn out hollows, notably in Revealed By Archaeology. The University Collection in Tallmadge, it was reported dugout canoes. In that case, much adze of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. when I acquired it as having been found in work was simply to chop out charcoal." Miles, Charles neighboring Portage County, in the water­ (See Miles, 1963:70-71.) 1963 Indian and Eskimo Artifacts of North shed of the Cuyahoga River. Because of its Martin, Quimby, and Collier have noted America. Bonanza Books, New York. size and shape, it was initially identified as the use of polished stone adzes in Intrusive a "boat adze," a speculation enhanced by Mound cultural site in Ohio in the Late the use over the centuries of the Cuyahoga Woodland period, the use of adzes made and nearby Tuscarawas Rivers as water­ of copper or meteoric iron in Ohio Hopewell ways connected by the "portage" area to sites in the Middle Woodland period, and Lake Erie to the north and the Ohio River to the use of adzes of ground stone in Ohio the south. Fort Ancient sites of the Mississippian pe­ From an assortment of wood-working riod. (See Martin, Quimby, and Collier, tools, including stone axes, adzes, chisels, 1955:270,279,286.) knives, awls, drills, celts, and gouges, the The Portage County adze shown in primitive craftsman could fashion a variety Figures 1-4 is made of polished igneous of implements of wood from the forests greenstone, probably a glacial erratic. It which abounded in prehistoric and early does not fall neatly into any one of the three historic Ohio. Whether in the making of basic Ohio types described by Converse, mortars, spear shafts, bows and arrows, displaying neither a beveled upperside nor lodge frames, or canoes, the Indian found a three-quarter hafting groove characteris­ wood a fundamental ingredient to his sur­ tic of the Archaic adzes, nor the trianguloid vival, certainly as important to his very exis­ outline of the Adena adze. Instead it has a tence as shell, stone, or bone. rectanguloid outline (see Figure 1) not un­ The adze (also spelled adz) has been de­ like two of the adzes pictured by Miles scribed by Webster as "an axlike tool for (1963: 82, illustration 3.46) and described trimming and smoothing wood, with a by him as "Eastern types of adze blades." curved blade at right angles to the handle." Given the circumstance that Miles has pic­ Converse has distinguished between at tured 45 other adzes, many of them least three basic types of prehistoric adzes mounted on handles of wood or bone, from found in Ohio: the beveled adze of Early Arctic Eskimo of Northwest Coastal Indian Archaic culture, an implement about 4 sites, the reference to "Eastern types" may inches long, flat on the underside, with its in fact suggest the eastern United States, upperside divided by three flat facets or east of the Mississippi and thus inclusive of bevels; the three-quarter grooved adze of the Ohio area. (See Miles, 1963: 80-82.) Archaic culture, usually long and narrow An examination of the Portage County and ranging in size up to 6 inches, with a adze reveals that it is 7 3/8 inches long, 2 flattened underside and an upperside with 5/8 inches wide, and 1 1/4 inches thick at a hafting groove larger than that found in mid-sections. Its weight is one pound 14 most three-quarter grooved axes; and the ounces. Flat on the underside (see Figure Adena adze, of Early Woodland time pe­ 2), it is rounded on the upperside though riod, flat on the underside, 3 to 8 inches in not quite semi-circular in cross-section. length, semi-circular in cross-section, with (See Figure 3, showing the piece from the a tapered poll giving the implement a trian­ poll end). Its slightly curved blade, still gular appearance. According to Converse, sharp though worn with some use, is all three basic Ohio types are usually shown in Figure 4. Polished on all surfaces, shaped from compact or fine-grained ig­ it is an artifact I prize. neous material of glacial origin, though oc­ Acknowledgments casionally an Adena adze has been found My appreciation goes to the Audio Visual that has been fashioned from slate. (See Services of Miami University for the photo­ Converse, 1973:15,16, 33.) graphic reproductions of the adze high­ Miles has observed that "shapes of lighted in this article, and to Dr. Karl E. Fig. 1 (Shriver) Upper side of the large stone blades varied a great deal in all areas Limper of Miami's Geology Department for greenstone adze from Portage County, where adzes were used. Generally speak­ his assistance in identifying it as made from showing poll at the top, bit or blade at the ing, blades flat on one side and tending to "metamorphosed igneous greenstone." bottom, and highly polished surface overall.

40 Fig. 2 (Shriver) Side view of the same adze. Note flat underside and rounded upperside.

Fig. 3 (Shriver) Poll end of the same adze, flat side down. Fig. 4 (Shriver) Blade end of the same adze. Note curvature and keenness of the blade as well as evidence of some wear on the blade edge.

41 WHERE ARE THEY NOW? by David M. Askins 1510 South Street Piqua, Ohio

There were once many Indians in Ohio, Indians who gave up their lands in Ohio 20, 1794, soldiers under the command of but the Treaty of Cession of 1842 re­ on March 17, 1842. Nearly three million General Wayne had a major victory over moved the remaining Indian tribes from acres of land was given up for about ten the Indians at Greenville, Ohio which led the state and most of them were sent to thousand dollars, by the Delaware, to the Greenville Treaty which Tecumseh Kansas and Oklahoma. The Shawnee, Potawatomi, Miami. Kickapoo, Wea and refused to sign and, with a large group of which were one of the major tribes in Eel River tribes by the Treaty of Fort followers, moved to Indiana. It was while Ohio, were almost constantly at war for a Wayne in 1809. The Indian land status in he lived in Indiana where he met a white period of about forty years with the Oklahoma is different compared to Indian woman named Rebecca Galloway. She English and the Anglo-Americans until Land in other states, mostly because there taught him English and would read to him the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 and, not are unique laws concerning land that is from history books and also from the too many years later began their journey owned by the Indians in Oklahoma. They Bible. Through these studies, and his westward to their present locations. One have no reservations. The tribal headquar­ own personal observations, Tecumseh group settled in Kansas, another settled ters of the Shawnee that once lived in believed even more so that all Indian in Texas and joined a band of Cherokee. Ohio, is in Shawnee Oklahoma. The Lands belonged to all the Indians as a Another group settled on the Canadian Shawnee Nation was one of the most war­ whole, and not to one particular tribe. River in the Indian Territory of Oklahoma like of all the Indian tribes of Ohio. They How could anyone sell the land they and, today, are known as the Absentee were always an enterprising and restless walked on? Since prehistoric times, Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma. A fourth people. Indian Tribes were free to roam at will, group, which also settled in Oklahoma, is Soon after the peace of 1763, the en­ and were only limited from using the land now known as the Eastern Shawnee tire Nation, which consisted of four tribes by other Indians. There were no border Tribe. Today most of the Tribe has ad­ numbering several thousands, gathered guards, fences or boundaries. These justed to modern life, although many of at upper Piqua along the Great Miami were all created by the white man. the older members still cling to tribal tra­ River. It was around this time that Chief Tecumseh believed that a United Indian ditions such as, arts, crafts, religion, CornStalk, who tried to maintain peace, Nation could be established to deal with pow-wows, and also continue the speak­ was murdered by the whites at a time the United States as an equal. ing of their native language in the home. when he was meeting with them con­ Their population today is around 800. cerning the increasing hostilities between The Seneca of Sandusky were also in­ them. Because of the murder of Chief duced by the government to sell their CornStalk, the Shawnees went on the Ohio lands and accept a new land in warpath in revenge. Tecumseh took part Ottowa County, Oklahoma. They moved in this war of retaliation. Tecumseh was a there in 1832 and, like the other tribes skilled fighter and very brave and, at the from Ohio, suffered many hardships dur­ same time, was known to be a leader ing their journey to their new home in the who was against barbarism and needless west. Later, followed the Miami Indians to killing. He led his warriors on countless Kansas, then the Wyandot Nation of attacks throughout Ohio. Then on August

Fig. 1 (Askins) Memorial to the site of Pickawillany Headquarters of the Miami Tribe.

DEAN DRISKILL 1907-1990 The passing of Dean Driskill was reported in our last issue. Since that time we have received some of the last pictures taken of Dean who was one of our long-time members.

42 THE WEST VIRGINIA SOCIETY, OHIO SOCIETY JOINT MEETING

Shown are West Virginia Society President, Ron Moxley and Ohio Archaeological Society President, Jim Hovan at the joint meeting in Parkersburg June 24, 1990.

CHARTERS PRESENTED SANDUSKY VALLEY CHAPTER FLINT RIDGE CHAPTER Jonathan Bowen accepts charter for the Sandusky Valley President Jim Hovan presents charter for Flint Ridge Chapter Chapter #34 at the November 11th meeting in Columbus. #33 to James Hahn, Chapter President at November 11th meeting.

OHIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWS State Historical Conference The conference will feature one track Founded in 1788, Marietta is one of May 16-18 in Marietta for cities, and another for smaller cities Ohio's most picturesque and historic com­ and villages. An opening reception, edu­ munities. Situated on the Ohio River at the Historic Preservation: Cities and cational tours, and special events are mouth of the Muskingum, it has a large Villages, the third annual conference planned as well. historic district, the showboat Becky sponsored by the Ohio Historic Thatcher, sternwheeler W.P. Snyder, Jr., Sessions will be held at the Lafayette Preservation Office, will be held in the Ohio River Museum, Campus Martius Marietta, Ohio, May 16-18, 1991. The Hotel, overlooking the Ohio River at the Museum of the Northwest Territory, and meeting will bring together preservation­ public landing in Marietta. Built in 1918, it many other attractions. was rehabilitated in 1985, and is listed on ists, planners, development officials, and For a conference brochure with com­ others from communities throughout the National Register of Historic Places. plete details, write Historic Preservation: Ohio to discuss planning, growth man­ The conference will follow the spring Cities and Villages, Ohio Historic agement, economic incentives, tourism, meeting of Ohio Downtown, Inc., which Preservation Office, Ohio Historical and design as they relate to preserving will be held at the Lafayette Hotel in Center, 1982 Velma Ave., Columbus, OH the built environment. Marietta on May 16. 43211-2497, or call (614) 297-2470.

BACK COVER A highly developed knobbed crescent bannerstone. Made of black and gray banded slate, it was found in Crawford County, Indiana. It is in the collection of Earl Townsend, Jr., Indianapolis, Indiana.

43 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.