OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 53 NO. 4 FALL 2003 PUBLISHED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio PUBLICATIONS Term Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Expires A.S.O. OFFICERS Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $40.00 add $4.50 P-H 2004 President Dr. Brian G. Foltz, 14 West College Ave., Westerville, Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43081 (614)882-3878. The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$25.00 add $2.50 P-H 2004 Vice President John Mocic, Box 170-RD #1, Dilles Bottom, BACK ISSUES OF OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST OH 43947, (740) 676-1077. 1956 thru 1967 out of print 2004 Immediate Past President Walt Sperry, 1006 1 /2 S. Main St., Mt. 1968- 1999 $ 2.50 Vernon, OH 43050, (740) 392-9774. 1951 thru 1955 REPRINTS - sets only $100.00 2004 Executive Secretary Frank Otto, 2200 E. Powell Rd., Lewis 2000 thru 2002 $ 5.00 Center, OH 43035 (614) 846-9006. Add $0.75 For Each Copy of Any Issue 2006 Treasurer Gary Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH 44266, Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are generally (330) 296-2287. out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to business office 2004 Recording Secretary Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., for prices and availability. Youngstown, OH 44512 (330) 788-1598. ASO CHAPTERS 2006 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Aboriginal Explorers Club President: Mark Cline, 1127 Esther Ave., Wellsville, OH 43968 (330) 532-1157 OH 43064, (614)873-5471. Beau Fleuve Chapter TRUSTEES President: Richard Sojka, 11253 Broadway, Alden, NY 14004 (716) 681-2229 2004 Randall Hackworth, 1963 Moulton-Ft. Amanda Rd., Blue Jacket Chapter President: Chris Shoe, 6055 St. Rt. 589, Fletcher, OH 45326 (937) 368-2611 Wapakoneta, OH 45895 (419) 657-6557. Chippewa Valley Chapter 2004 Jon Anspaugh, 210 E. Silver, Wapakoneta, OH 45895 (419) President: Eric Deel, 585 Diagonal Rd„ 1119, Akron, OH 44320 (330) 762-4108 738-3708. Cuyahoga Valley Chapter President: Joyce Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Rd., Norton, OH 44303 (330) 753-7081 2004 George Colvin, 220 Darbymoor Dr., Plain City, OH 43064 (614) Dividing Ridges Chapter 873-9825. President: John Mocic, Box 170, Dilles Bottom, OH 43947 (740) 676-1077 2004 James G. Hovan, 16979 S. Meadow Cir., Strongsville, OH Flint Ridge Chapter President: Richard D. Moats, 14898 St. Rt. 13, Thornville, OH 43076 (740) 44136(440)238-1799. 659-9618 2006 Michael Van Steen, 5303 Wildman Rd., Cedarville, OH 45314 Fort Salem Chapter (937) 766-5411. President: Dennis Link, 1037 Ritchey Rd., Felicity, OH 45120 (513) 876-4140 Johnny Appleseed Chapter 2006 Carl Harruff, PO Box 81, Sparta, OH 43350 (419) 253-4804. President: Jeff Zemrock, 903 Twp. 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Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, (937) 390-0889 Mahoning Valley Chapter Columbus, OH 43210 President: Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., Youngstown, OH 44512 (330) 788-1598 Jeff Carskadden, 8375 Heilman Drive, New Carlisle, OH 45344 Maumee Valley Chapter Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Drive, Greenville, OH 45331 President: Richard Hurley, 511 South Allen St., Bryan, OH 43506 (n.a) Brian DaRe, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter Lloyd Harnishfeger, 203 Steiner St., Pandora, OH 45877 President: Art Heaton, 165 North St., Batavia, OH 45103 (513) 732-3807 Mound City Chapter Dr. Robert Morris, Dept. of Geology, Wittenberg University, PO Box President: John Barnhart, 200 Northridge Rd„ Circleville, OH 43113 (740) 474-4608 720, Springfield, OH 45501-0720 Muskingum Valley Chapter Gary Fogelman, 245 Fairview Rd., Turbotville, PA 17772-9599 President: Stephen House, 1279 Greenwood Ave., Zanesville, OH 43701 ASO Webmaster - Steven Carpenter - www.ohioarch.org (740)454-1580 Paint Creek Chapter All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist President: Michael Van Steen, 5303 Wildman Rd., Cedarville, OH (937) 766-5411 should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, Sandusky Bay Chapter changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH 44889 (440) 839-2125 ness Manager. Seccauim Archaeological Chapter President: Brenda Gelinas, 601 West Warren St., Bucyrus, OH 44820 PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS Six Rivers Chapter CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, President: Brian Foltz, 14 West College Ave., Westerville, OH 43081 SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. (614)882-3878 Standing Stone Chapter MEMBERSHIP AND DUES President: Thomas Hale, 11144 Hampton Dr., Pickerington, OH 43137 (614)837-9498 Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first Sugar Creek Valley Chapter of January as follows: Regular membership $20.00; husband and wife (one President: David W. Reed III, 2469 Scott Drive, Wooster, OH 44691 (330) 264-2839 copy of publication) $21.00; Individual Life Membership $400. Husband Their Fires Are Cold Chapter and wife Life Membership $600. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, President: Kevin Boos, 5710 Old Railroad, Sandusky, OH 44870 (419) 627-6254 published quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Wolfcreek Chapter Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. President: Richard Henry, P.O. Box 109-1, Waterford, OH 45786 (740) 984-2199

BUSINESS MANAGER Don Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130 Business Phone 1-800-736-7815 Home Phone 740-653-9477 ASO WEBSITE - www.ohioarch.org TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE President's Page 3 You have been hearing about the "Peopling of the Americas" symposium Front Cover Information 3 through several issues of the Archaeologist. In our previous issue was your first Large Sandstone Effigy Pipes opportunity to purchase tickets for this exciting event. At last, the time to get by Robert N. Converse 4 your reservation in is now. This will be the event that we will be comparing all One Of Dr. Meuser's Early Pieces others to in the future, so you better be there. You also have an application to order Robert Converse's new book, "The Archaeology of Ohio". by Robert N. Converse 9 Things have been happening at the ASO, like no other time in the history of Two Exceptional Lanceolates from Union Co., Ohio our society. I must admit that I am having fun with this symposium. Sure, it's by Steven Carpenter 10 been some work, and there is plenty of work yet to do. Now, here is where I Wedge Shaped Pendants pass the hat. You can have a hand in this also. There will be things to do, by Robert N. Converse 11 things that haven't been thought of yet. If you would like to help, please tell a member of the planning committee, Mick Van Steen, George Colvin, Carl Har- Archaeology of Darke County, Ohio in the 1890s ruff, Chris Rummel, Robert Converse, Elaine Holzapfel, Frank Otto or myself. by Elaine Holzapfel 12 You will have fun and your experience will be helpful for the next event. A Unique Wooden Effigy from the Great Lakes Another way to become involved is to run for office. Elections will be held by John C. Rummel 20 soon and we will be looking for candidates who want to run for office. There are seven terms coming up for re-election. I'd like to point out that there is not A Union County Glacial Kame Site a lot of glory but there is a ton of satisfaction involved. We will be taking appli­ by Robert N. Converse 21 cations, so you need to write down on paper that you are interested in running Cache Found in Randolph County, Indiana for office and submit it to me or another officer/trustee. Two points, your by Elaine Holzapfel 22 society needs you, and are you up for the challenge? If you are like me, you check out the "Field Find" exhibit at the state meet­ Friends of America's Past ings. I've noticed some people come in the door of the hall and immediately by Cleone Hawkinson 23 take a left and go over to stand in line to view the new finds first. Some of the Meeting Scenes "headhunters" I know, I know because they are competing at all the meetings. by Elaine Holzapfel 24 Kevin Boos of Sandusky and Danny Crissinger of Plain City are just two of Documented Artifacts of a Century and a Half Ago these regulars. I would like to acknowledge all of these people who are tireless in the fields and flood plains and Kevin and Danny are two individuals I could by Jim Hahn 26 hunt a field with and be happy with what they wouldn't want. Kevin and Danny, Geauga County Slate Pendant keep it up. by Michael Rusnak 28 Are you ready for this? During the March 14, 2004 state meeting in Artifacts From the Collection of Troy Elick Columbus we will be having a second field find contest besides the regular by Lar Hothem 29 field finds since the last meeting. I am calling it "THE ULTIMATE FIELD FOUND Hopewell Rectangular Gorgets CONTEST 2004". The contest is open to ASO members (must be a member in by Robert N. Converse 30 2003 or earlier). Six categories: 1. Flint Projectile Point, 2. Flint Tool, 3. Ground Stone Tool, 4. Pendant and Gorget, 5. Banner Stones and 6. Miscellaneous. Two Blade Cores Used as Hammerstones One entry per category per entrant. MUST BE PERSONALLY FOUND BY by Robert Williams & Mark Hersman 31 ENTRANT. Could be found anytime in your lifetime. Honor system. Contest ASO Members Create Fine Artifact begins at 8:00 a.m. ends at 10:30 a.m. Awards at High Noon. First, Second Display in Newton Falls and Third will be recognized. Give it your best shot. by Michael Rusnak 31 The summer of 2003 has passed, but it is not too early to be planning summer meetings for 2004. Chapters who want to sponsor a summer meeting Ohio's Adena Indian Legacy need to write down their proposal and give it to Vice President, John Mosic. by D. R. Gehlbach 32 The Society tries to keep reproduction (fake) artifacts off of the tables at our Fort Green Ville Archaeological Update 36 meetings. We also do not allow, so called, papers of "authentication" to be dis­ played. You must understand that authentication is a business, plain and The Sacred Ring, Effigy Mound, Zaleski State Park, simple, and many times the item is judged by a photograph or less, and Vinton County, Ohio reported as real. Who are these self proclaimed experts? As a Society, we can by Hal Povenmire 37 protect our members from other members, but we also need your help to elim­ Book Review inate the fraud and misrepresentation. The best thing to do on any purchase is by Robert N. Converse 38 to find someone you trust and ask for their opinion. Even if you do not know anyone at the show, or in this state, call me, I will put you in touch with Ultimate Field Found Contest 2004 39 someone who can help. Happy Holidays Brian Foltz, President

Front Cover. Wedge shaped pendants from Ohio. Upper left - Ross County, upper center - found by Carl Dunn in Seneca County, upper right - Newville, Richland County, lower left - Shelby County, lower center - Champaign County, lower right - Irwin Stateion Union County. See story on these pendants on page 11.

3 LARGE SANDSTONE EFFIGY PIPES by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

There have been a number of large The human-animal combination or pipes which, depending on the potency of effigy pipes found in Ohio which have parts of animals of different species in the substance, might have been more many interesting characteristics. They are individual pipes is intriguing and it seems effective than tobacco. nearly always made of sandstone or com­ apparent that they are portrayals of myth­ Several pipes of this type are illustrated pact limestone or rarely of steatite. Few ical beings. One of the best known of the in George West's Tobacco, Pipes and are fashioned from banded slate. Large animal combination pipes was in the Smoking Customs of the American and blocky, they are normally fist-sized or Meuser collection. It was from Morgan Indians, a massive two-volume treatise bigger and are much larger than most County, Ohio, and is obviously the carving written nearly seventy years ago. Large effigy pipes. of a deer head complete with antlers sandstone effigy pipes apparently were These pipes probably date to the Mis- carefully carved in bas-relief along the used by many cultures in the eastern sissippian or Fort Ancient period since the neck. But the mouth of the deer is fur­ United States - nevertheless, they are not "weeping eye" motif and other Mississip- nished with the definite un-deer-like teeth common. pian-like carvings are seen on some of a carnivore. Human-animal portrayals These unique artifacts may be little human portrayals. It must be said, how­ include human bodies and animal heads more than creations made to portray ani­ ever, that few of them have been reported as well as human heads in combination mals familiar to the people who made from Fort Ancient site excavations in with animal bodies. them but they seem to be more than Ohio. Another anomaly is their distribution There are other interesting characteris­ game animals. Some may have been food pattern. The locations of their occurrence tics of these pipes. In most, the bowl and animals but others obviously are not. Per­ do not follow the primary Fort Ancient stem openings are large and expansive, haps they were clan symbols or mythical area of the Ohio River and its immediate being conical and an inch or more across. icons. Whatever their purpose, if we could tributaries. A majority of them have been Curiously, the bowl cavity and the stem interpret them correctly, they might pro­ reported from counties north of openings are often the same size and on vide an insight into the Mississippian cos­ Columbus, an area not thought of as con­ some it is difficult to tell which is which. mology or social structure. taining concentrated Fort Ancient sites. Why such a large conical opening was Large effigy pipes are nearly always made to simply insert a stem - if that is References: carved in the likeness of some animal, what was done - is a mystery. In any 1977 Converse, Robert human, or combination of the two. In sev­ instance the bowl, because of its conical The Meuser Collection eral instances the figure may have a shape, would have held little smoking Privately printed. human head and a definite animal torso material. The confusing size of these two and legs or be a head only. Some obvi­ openings makes it appear that in a few 1934 West, George A. Tobacco, Pipes and Smoking Customs ously represent animals but are so amor­ specimens the pipe could have been smoked upside-down. of the American Indians phous that they cannot be identified. Milwaukee Public Museum Others are portrayals of what appear to In numerous examples a definite Milwaukee, Wisconsin be parts of more than one animal - parts depression was pecked into each side of which are difficult to attribute to any living the pipe. Dr. Meuser believed that these creature. were finger grips - done to facilitate the The carvings, which in many instances holding of the pipe. These depressions seem to be carelessly done and not crisp were often left slightly roughened or not and well-defined, play a major part in the as smoothed as the rest of the pipe sur­ identification dilemma since they are face. A similar, totally unexplainable wanting in detail. Some of them are fairly depression was pecked into the base or well carved and at least the animals, if not bottom of many pipes - a feature which the species, can be identified. Others are did little to help the smoker's grip. Per­ so faintly carved that it is almost impos­ haps these depressions were used to sible to distinguish any more than that grind or pulverize smoking materials. they are animal representations. Although it may be theorized that these A variety of identifiable creatures are large pipes were passed from hand to depicted including frogs (several exam­ hand in communal smoking ceremonies, ples), owls, fish, and birds - and I have the limited amount of smoking substance seen one large example in the shape of a they could hold seems to refute such a crayfish or "crawdad" and another theory. If that was their purpose, the small showing a groundhog. One of the most amount of smoking materials would have accurate sculptures is from Franklin required constant refilling of the bowl. County and is the artistic sculpture of a What was smoked in these pipes? No human head protruding from a square one will ever know. Of course, the first block which contains the bowl and stem thought is tobacco - but that may be hole. Oddly, the hair on this sculpture is over-simplified because of the modern done up in a top-knot which appears to propensity for smoking tobacco leaves. It be more Hopewell than Fort Ancient but is, I believe, more than likely that hallu­ which may also be a Mississippian trait. cinogenic substances were used in these

4 Figure 1 (Converse) Limestone pipe in the effigy of a catfish. Figure 2 (Converse) What may be the effigy of a frog is carved into Found near Iberia, Crawford County, Ohio. this sandstone pipe from Washington County, Ohio. Note indenta­ tion in sides of pipe which may have been finger grips.

Figure 3 (Converse) From Darke County, Ohio, this reddish-tan Figure 4 (Converse) One of the better human head sculptures is seen in this sandstone pipe is perhaps the image of a frog. sandstone pipe from Franklin County.

Figure 5 (Converse) Many pipes portray combinations of human- animal figures. Figure 7 (Converse) Frogs or toads were a favorite Mississip­ pian motif.

.:..-. • _^L^;t ' i 1L_

Figure 8 (Converse) A snake coils around the bowl of this pipe from Preble County. Figure 6 (Converse) Large sandstone or limestone human head sculptures often portray Mississippian elements such as the "weeping eye" motif. Figure 9 (Converse) A Human portrayal in a pipe which was found within the large circle - the "fairgrounds" - of the Newark Earthwork complex. Figure 10 (Converse) Some sculptures are of unidentifiable animals such as this pipe from Warren County.

Figure 12 (Converse) Probably an owl, birds were also carved into many Mississippian pipes.

Figure 11 (Converse) Perhaps a bird, this pipe from Henry County can also be viewed Figure 13 (Converse) A pipe which portrays what appears to be upside down. wings but with the nondescript carving of a head.

7 Figure 14 (Converse) A pipe from the Dr. Meuser collection is interpreted as a deer. Note antlers carved along the neck. However, the teeth appear to be those of a carnivore.

Figure 15 (Converse) These pipes appear to represent the same kind of animal shown in Figure 14. The pipe, upper right, could be interpreted as a deer - perhaps with closed eyes. The pipe, middle left, has similar ele­ ments. The two pipes, bottom right, could portray the same creature. A pipe, similar to these, was found several years ago in Delaware County.

8 ONE OF DR. MEUSER'S EARLY PIECES

by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

Everyone who has an interest in archae­ ology and collecting has heard of the Meuser Collection. Dr. Gordon Meuser, a medical doctor of Columbus, Ohio, spent a lifetime accumulating one of the largest collections of Ohio slate and stone artifacts known. Dr. Meuser didn't collect flint - only artifacts of slate and stone. Dr. Meuser came to Columbus in his teens to attend Starling Medical College which would later become part of Ohio State University. When he came to Columbus he brought with him a substan­ tial group of artifacts given to him by a rel­ ative, Dr. Lavender, of Mansfield. The Lavender artifacts were the core of his eventual large collection. When Dr. Meuser started his practice on Summit Street in the north end of Columbus he quickly became friends with the curators of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Museum on nearby North High Street. One of his new friends was assistant curator Henry C. Shetrone who later became Curator and was the excavator of the Seip Works and the Hopewell Farm in Ross County. As a token of friendship, Shetrone gave Dr. Meuser a large, full-grooved, slate axe to add to his collection. It had been acquired from Darke County, Ohio, with Shetrone's number 3537 on it. Dr. Meuser carefully marked the axe, as he did all his pieces, as a gift from H. C. Shetrone and dated it 1918. It has Meuser's catalog number 14/1 making it one of the earliest of all the Meuser pieces.

Figure 1 (Converse) Full-grooved 6!A inch slate axe from Darke County, Ohio.

9 TWO EXCEPTIONAL LANCEOLATES FROM UNION CO., OHIO by Steven Carpenter ASO Webmaster

Around 7,500 B.C., during Ohio's late paleo period (more commonly known as the Piano period), the fluted spear point technology synonymous with the pale­ olithic hunter-gatherer succumbed to inevitable technological changes. Either by necessity, or accident, the Piano people began to knap their spear points thinner and flatter, thus eliminating the need for fluting. Today, archaeologists and collec­ tors know these spear points as "lanceo- lates." Converse reports in "Ohio Flint Types" that there are three types of lanceo­ late. The earliest being the parallel flaked lanceolate. The lanceolate and the stemmed lance­ olate being later types. All three types of lanceolates can be found manufactured from Nellie chert, Coshocton and Carter Cave flint. The latter having been used to produce some of the largest and finest lanceolates yet discovered. Flint Ridge chalcedony was occasionally used to pro­ duce all three, but is rare (Converse). Chert sources such as Delaware one seen in lanceolates and stemmed lanceolates as well. Pictured in the accompanying photo­ graphs are two exceptional lanceolates from Union Co., Ohio. The stemmed lance­ olate is a classic example of the large Carter Cave variety. It measures 5% inches in length. A large scar, a remnant of the flake from which it was knapped, is clearly visible. The second lanceolate is rare, not only in size, but also in the material used. It has been manufactured from jewel quality Flint Ridge flint. It measures 5K inches in length. This lanceolate is unusually thick, so grinding was performed to allow the point to be hafted to a spear shaft without the necessary securing lashings getting cut. Parallel flaked lanceolates exhibit this grinding treatment, however not all lanceo­ lates possess this trait. Both of these lanceolates were percus­ sion and pressure flaked which is charac­ teristic in lanceolate manufacture Figure 1 (Carpenter) Two large lanceolates from Union Co. (Converse). Predictably, the lanceolate knapping technique, like fluting, was replaced by later knapping techniques (notching being one example) which emerged during the Archaic period. There are those that will argue that it was during this period that the finest flint artifacts were produced. However I believe, as the pho­ tographs illustrate, that lanceolates are, without question, some of the finest flint artifacts ever produced by prehistoric man.

10 WEDGE SHAPED PENDANTS by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

See front cover for references. objects? So few of them have been dants. Thus, this leaves only Adena as the Wedge shaped pendants are rare. They reported by collectors and site reports originators of wedge shaped pendants. To differ from the more common trapezoidal don't show them. By process of elimina­ fortify this theory, they are thick, as are pendants in many ways, being much tion we can make certain assumptions. many Adena types of slate, and the hole is thicker and narrower in proportion to their Since there are few pendants before often commodious as are many Adena length. In fact, they are thicker than almost Adena times they are probably not Archaic. pendants. For these reasons we can tenta­ any other pendant variety of comparable Hopewell slate pendants are rarely, if ever, tively assign these unusual artifacts to the size and may be more than one half inch at as thick as these nor are those of Intrusive Adena period. their thickest. Viewed from the side, most Mound. They are unlike Fort Ancient pen­ examples taper from the distal end to the proximal end present a wedge shaped configuration. Often the end with the sus­ pension hole may be less than one-quarter inch thick while the thickest part toward the distal end may measure more than one-half inch thick. From the front they are widest at the bottom and narrowest at the top. Often the distal end may be slightly flared. These pendants are never rounded on the edges or ends and display a sharp angular design. The suspension hole is usually large and conically drilled from each side - in cross- section having the shape of an hourglass. On some the hole may have nearly parallel sides. Considerable hole wear can be seen on most specimens. Mis-drilling or attempted drilling commonly occurs near the suspension hole in the form of tiny dimples sometimes on both front and back - this can be seen on examples top center and lower right. Curiously, a number of these unique pieces are either engraved or show random scratches, on the face or the sides or both. As with nearly all engraving, the lines appear to be random with no recog­ nizable form - see upper right. Deep scratches may be seen on even finely- made examples. Many display tally marks, often ran­ domly placed singly or in sets of two or three. Example, top center, is completely and precisely tally-marked around its entire border on both faces. Made of rose and gray colored slate, it is the finest example of the type I have ever seen. It was found in Seneca County by the late Carl Dunn of Bucyrus when he was a teenager. Example, upper left, is from the Dr. Henderson collection in Richland County and has an interesting deeply carved set of notches bisected by a longi­ tudinal groove on the distal end. All exam­ ples in the color plate have at least one of the above features. These small pendants are nearly always made of banded slate - often of colorful varieties. Four inches long is about the maximum length and width is usually around one and one-half inches. Figure 1 (Converse) Side view of wedge shaped pendants (see full view on front cover). Note tally marking and engraving on some examples. What culture made these unique

11 ARCHAEOLOGY OF DARKE COUNTY, OHIO IN THE 1890S by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, OH 45331

Beginning in 1893, R. M. Dalrymple of haps the largest (site) in the county is rounding land, and had dug a hole Baker, Ohio, wrote a series of 32 arti­ situated on the Parent farm, east of about the size of a well and came to a cles for the newspaper Greenville Palestine ... the north and west sides level floor like place, composed of hard Journal about the archaeology of Darke end in steep banks following the course baked clay; ashes were dug through County. Dalrymple came to Ohio from of the West Branch Creek. A large before reaching this alter top. On the New Jersey, got off a freight train at number of axes besides spear and level surface were found bone needles, Weaver's Station on the Pennsylvania arrow heads have been found on the ivory beads, slate relics, etc., with Railroad, and rented a room above site; chips are plenty... On the north traces of iron rust. We had the pleasure Baker Store a mile to the north. He side of the creek in the orchard at the of viewing the relics taken from this apparently stayed there the rest of his east end and on a slight knoll and within mound. The enterprise was abandoned life. Dalrymple labored on farms, a spot a few yards square was found a before the alter was thoroughly investi­ learned the trade of wagon making, number of double pointed flints." Com­ gated; the mound doubtless contains worked as a bookkeeper, practiced taxi­ ment: The "double pointed flints" must other relics. This mound is now level dermy, photographed life around Baker, have been a cache of Red Ocher with the surface, the plow turning over Ohio, and played in the Baker band. blades, which we now know would date ashes every time it goes over the spot. (The town of Baker no longer exists.) He to 1000 BC. It is situated close to an ancient burial also "spent much time leisurely August 24, 1893 ground and at the extremity of a ridge exploring old Indian campsites" (cited MOUNDS overlooking quite a large area of prairie from museum notes published by Miller "These are generally small and iso­ land. 1983). lated, never more than one at a place; "Relics that had been finely made and According to his obituary, Bob Dal­ they are from any height up to about polished taken from mounds, often rymple died "poor in purse" in the twenty feet or so... It is very likely that scale off, leaving the surface pitted." county infirmary at the age of 55. He there were many of these mounds in Comment: This could have been lies somewhere in West Zion cemetery Darke County ... Some years ago Mr. either an Adena or Hopewell mound, in an unmarked grave. Young opened a mound on his farm, sit­ dating from 500 BC to AD 500. The fact Following are excerpts from Robert uated west of Nashville ... this mound that it was reduced from 20 feet in Dalrymple's articles, which provide a was not very high at the time. There height to ground level by farming in only rare glimpse into the archaeology of were no pipes found in it, only a few a few years demonstrates the fate of west-central Ohio one hundred ten spears, arrows, slate implements, etc. many early mounds. years ago. I have added interpretive "About a half mile from this mound comments to each of his articles. Mr. Young found the evidence of July 29, 1893 another one, which had entirely disap­ "The field of American Archaeology is peared, leaving a hard circular spot, as yet not fully opened, much is to be which archaeologists have termed the explored." alter. The plow, harrow and other farm August 3, 1893 implements had scattered the relics in CAMP SITES AND ANCIENT WORK­ different directions from the SHOPS spot, and many of the slate "Scattered all over Darke County are relics had been found in a UM IhWESYTLLE JofKXAl to be found spots of ground more or broken condition. Spear less thickly covered with broken arrow and arrow heads were quite and spear heads, unfinished and broken numerous. relics of different kinds, hammers, celts, "Close to the village of slate discs, axes, tubes Often New Madison there was at perfect specimens are to be found in one time one of these alter such places. or ceremonial mounds. At "Celts, spear and arrowheads, as well the time the farm was first as a discoidal, were found south of settled upon and for some Baker Store, on the farm of F. J. time after, the mound was Wagner. This camp covered about about twenty feet high and seven acres. round at the base: just what "On the farm owned by Ben Kerst, in the diameter or circumfer­ Neave Township, were found discs of ence was we have not been slatestone and an unusual number of informed. A gentleman now rough discoidals. This was in an area of deceased, stated to us two natural springs and a view of a some years ago, that when narrow prairie. he was a boy he had dug "On low ground, spears and knives of down into this mound in the unusual size were found on the centre, which was then a Bowsman farm, east of the Store. Per­ few feet about the sur­ The Thursday, February 21, 1893 issue of the Greenville Journal in which Dalrymple's first article appeared.

12 September 7, 1893 ANCIENT CEMETERIES OR BURIAL SITES "Burials in a sitting or standing position no relics or other bones. Near Clark's Sta­ That skeletons were in a "standing" posi­ have been found in gravel banks ... and tion is an ancient grave yard in a gravel tion was a common misconception. They were generally three feet deep, in some ridge also. Gravel is hauled out on the road were either flexed or extended. cases much deeper. every year and as it is caved skeletons are "One of the most interesting burial spots "Near North Star years ago, was a large often unearthed which were buried in a was discovered on the farm of Jesse hill composed of a fine quality of gravel; in standing position. Also, near Nashville in Woods in German Township. In digging the making the pikes in that country this hill various gravel pits, skeletons have been cellar under the house where he lives, Mr. was all hauled away, and a large number of found in one of these cemeteries some Woods discovered a skeleton in a sitting human bones were found in the hill and years ago, also two large sea shells that posture; it was covered with plates of were hauled out on the road where they lay came from the southern California coast, mica, and was the central figure in a group for several years until crushed and ground something in the shape of a nautilus shell; of other skeletons arranged in a circle to atoms by traveling vehicles, no one the inside had been cut out and used around it. The skeletons in the circle were paying any attention to collecting and pre­ probably for carrying water, etc. Northwest lying at full length. Mr. Woods regrets very serving these ancient human remains. We of New Madison Several skeletons have much that he did not preserve the mica as think that no relics were found in the been found at this place, but they soon they were the only relics found in the cemetery. crumble on exposure to the air. If they grave." "At Bishop's crossing near Greenville, in could be preserved, it would be a decided Comment: The extreme depth of some building the pikes, several graves were dis­ advantage to the archaeologist as well as Glacial Kame burials has been noted by covered. With the bones were found pipes other scientists." researchers today. The sitting posture of stone, spear heads and other relics. An Comment: Burials in gravel deposits would have been a flexed burial. old gentleman who had helped to do the and the presence of shell dippers indicate The deposit of mica indicates that this work, said that the graves were quite that these were Glacial Kame burials, was a Hopewell (200 BC to AD 500) burial numerous, and about all of them contained which would date ftom 2500 BC to 500 surrounded by extended skeletons. relics. There is a gravel hill in the prairie on BC. The pikes (turnpikes) were roads that The name German Township was the farm of Geo. Reigle, near Ft. Jefferson, were graveled and graded. Tolls were changed to Liberty Township in 1918. in which a single skeleton was found but charged for their use.

October 12,1893 SPEAR HEADS "Spear heads have been picked up "Some years ago quite a number of Darke County in large numbers. double-pointed spear-heads of the curved "It is the next thing to impossible to or twisted type, were dug up west of properly classify spear and arrowheads, as Greenville, where they had been probably there are no two specimens alike. Blunts ... buried for safety. It is said that there were have a perfectly finished base but the point about a half bushel of them." part is very short. Triangular....often very Comment: Dalrymple realized the diffi­ small and very sharp. They seem to be culty of classifying point types. very scarce in this county. There is another Serrated Ft. Ancient points are seldom form of the triangular in which the three found in Darke County, although unser- ends are of nearly equal distance from rated triangular points are fairly common. each other. The finest specimens are not They date from AD 1000 to AD 1600. The j i Ji! often found on the camp sites, generally double-pointed spear-heads are evidence scattered singly all over they county. of a second cache of Red Ocher blades. Yuriuus forms of arrow and spent' hejuU.

October 26,1893 AXES "Axes ... used to be very common in broad pole, tapering from the pole to the Darke County, but are now getting rather edge. We have a narrow axe of a peculiar scarce; very few good ones are now found. form; it is dirk or pick shape, (see cut) Some are very rough. . making a decided curve from the pole to "The majority of axes have grooves on the edge. the three sides, both flat sides and one of "A very fine axe of the broad kind was the narrow sides, leaving one narrow side found on the Beachler farm near Baker without the groove. Occasionally one is P. O. It is an extra fine specimen, made found with a groove all around, which are of a very hard stone and partly polished; very rare. with a very large groove, and is symmet­ "They range in length from two to rically true. twelve inches, and are of various pat­ "A very peculiar formed axe was found ters, the common form being rather flat, on the West Branch, in German Town­ about five inches long and about.as ship, some years ago. The upper part, broad as long, with the pole the same that is the groove and pole, is broad width as the groove. extending down about an inch below the "Some axes are very narrow, more round groove, where it suddenly narrows "The smaller axes are usually called that flat, with a tapering pole and deep forming the bit part, leaving a decided hatchets; perhaps that name will answer groove; this kind is generally very nicely shoulder on either side. It has a well as well as any other; we have seen them in finished. Very often the narrow form has a formed groove and is very well finished. collections as small as two inches in

13 length. We presume they were made for thing about it that is peculiar is a hole Comment: Even in the 1800s stone the 'kids' to play with. bored through the pole about a half inch in tools were apparently becoming scarce. As "A combination celt and small axe (two diameter. Axes have been found in past is the case in Darke County, most of the figures in lower right side of cut) is in our years in the largest number on the camp axes are three-quarter grooved, although collection; it has one broad side flat, the sites, but isolated specimens have been occasionally a full grooved axe is reported. other is oval and round, largest at the picked up where there is no evidence of a Dalrymple concluded, as many have today, groove, tapering pole, and a very fine camp near the spot. ...Most of them are that miniature axes were toys for children. edge; it is made smooth, and is a rather very true and symmetrical, just as per­ Axes date from the Middle Archaic, unique relic. fectly formed as the modem steel axe and around 3,000 to 4,000 BC. "There is an extra fine axe in a collection very often of the hardest kind of rock to be owned by a gentleman living in Greenville found in this locality." made of slate, extra finished; the only

November 2,1893 CELTS "Large numbers [of celts] have been found on camp sites both in a broken condition and perfect. Various local names have been given to them, such as bark peelers and hide scivers. "Celts are of several forms, and they range from about two and half to six or more inches in length. We give two forms of celts, one representing a form that used to be found in large numbers in this locality: they are about six inches long with a broad edge and tapering back in an oval form to nearly a point. Sandstone or quartzite of a light color is the kind of stone they are made of. "Various other shapes of celts have Comment: Celts date from as early as "The other form represented is the long been found in Darke County, one of the 1000 BC. The "long celts" are probably celt. Not often longer than the preceding, finest and not very common forms being chisels, tools of the Ft. Ancient culture but quite narrow in proportion to the width. about five inches long, three inches and date from AD 1000 to 1600. This form of celt is generally made of a broad and nearly two inches thick. One of Although chisels have sometimes been hard rock such as quartzite, granite, etc., this description is in a collection in Neave found in Darke County, they are not and are often polished. They are quite rare. township." common.

November 9, 1893 HAMMERS "Scattered all over the county .... there used to be found short and nearly cylin­ been picked up one being of a very drical stones with a flat face on both peculiar shape. It is rather larger than the ends and around the middle a groove usual form and flat; the general shape is was cut. From the battered ends of some like an axe with an oblong oval face to specimens we are certain that these the pole which as a smooth and level implements were used to strike with. face. The whole length is about 3!/? Once in a while a specimen is found that inches and is nearly as broad as long and has the groove cut all around ... but they about one inch thick. The stone is com­ are as a general thing grooved as an posed of quartzite.... and is hard and ordinary axe with one side flat. The tough enough to stand some severe 1 blows. hammer is about 2 /2 inches long, and about 2 inches in diameter. Yet many "The largest stone hammer that has specimens seemed to have been hastily been found in Darke County was picked made. up on Chas. Kester's farm in German township. This implement is of no partic­ copper mine. Several wagon loads were "Several hammers of various shapes ular shape, looks more like a ball than taken from the mine, some of the speci­ have been found in this locality, one is anything else. It is not very true, but is mens being of large size and probably somewhat square cornered in shape, smooth, and has a slight groove around used like a maul." ends dressed off square and a slight the middle, weighs 2'/> pounds and is Comment: The abundance of three- groove - an example of the rougher sort, made of quartzite or porphory. quarter grooved hammers is typical of the which is made of ironstone and very Miami Archaic Complex (about 4,000 hard. "The largest find of stone hammers there is any record of was in Michigan, a BC). The large stone hammer found in "On the Parent farm in German town­ number of years ago, in an ancient German Township might be a maul. ship, hammers of different shapes have

14 November 23,1893 PESTLES "We give the cuts of several forms of at the larger end, tapering slightly to the pestles, all of which have been found in other end, and round. Darke County. They will average about "Another variety of paint pestle, which two and one-half inches in diameter at is about four inches long and one-half the base, tapering slightly to the top. This inch in diameter in the middle, tapering to form is common and often rather rough. both ends, round, and very highly fin­ "Another form of pestle also common ished. Made of a very hard stone of a ... the base flares some, making it nearly brown color. This is the most delicate and bell shape. finest variety known to be in collections "The flared or broad base is not as in Darke County. common ... the top is often as high as ten "The pestle tapering at both ends is an inches. exceedingly rare form of large pestle. "Another form of pestle which certainly Isaac Ross of German Township has a is not very common, is the hide-roller - a pestle about twelve inches long, in the very long stone from ten inches to nearly centre three inches in diameter, tapering a yard in length. They are made of black to a point at both ends. slate as a general thing and polished. "A very fine cone pestle was found They are not made perfectly true. They near Weaver's Station a number of years look as if they had been made for a club ago. This relic is a perfect cone three and instead of a pestle. one-half inches across the base, three "Paint pestles are delicately made and and one-half inches high, tapering to a very much smaller, with a high degree of point at the top. Like all of the pestles Comment: Pestles are typical tools of polish. A pestle of this kind was found on with a flat base this one has a depression the Miami Archaic (4000 BC). Dalrymple the Bish farm in Neave township. It was or hollow in the bottom." names most of the pestle types, including made of banded blue slate stone, about roller pestles. He also notes the depres­ seven inches long, one inch in diameter sion often seen in the bases of pestles.

December 7,1893 KNIVES "The single-sliver knives seem to "Several knives with parallel edges have been broken and formed in the have been found in different localities in shape as we see them, by one blow, Darke County. This shape is about three leaving the edge very sharp. The inches long .... they are often slightly nearest to a knife of this kind I pur­ curved. One knife of this kind, now in a chased as a boy. The knife is about private collection in Neave township, three inches long, the cutting edge is shows some indications of having been one the curved end. The edge is very exposed to heat, as one end is red." thin and nicked. Comment: A variety of types of flint "The common form of knife, such as knives have been found in the county. is usually found in this locality is gener­ They can be of any culture from 10,000 ally about two and a half inches long, BC to AD 1600. nearly leaf shape; the back is straighter than the edge on one side. No forms are very common, only now and then a specimen is found. We have no account of any that have been found in mounds in this county.

December 21,1893 DRILLS "Some collectors seem to think more of township. It is now in a collection in them are found near natural streams. Neave township. "A typical specimen of a finished base "The drill with no base is just as finely drill is about two and a half inches long. made as the above described and of the The bottom of the base forms straight same material, lead colored chert predom­ lines from on outside point to the other, inating. The shape is oval round. Some are and it is over one inch across the upper much smaller. part of the base. They are made of chert "Another form of drill is the rough, of various colors. There was one in a unfinished large broad base. The upper collection in German township some body of the drill is carefully made, but the years ago made of black chert which is base has no finish whatever, being very about four and a half inches, which is broad and rough. I have seen several the longest that we have noticed in any specimens of this kind in Darke County, the implement has a decided curve. collection in Darke County. A very fine and found one myself. "Drills are not very common." and perfect drill, the size and descrip­ "Curved drills have the same general Comment: The observation that many tion of the one first mentioned was form as a drill, have the same large unfin­ drills are found near streams is interesting. found by Herschel Wagner in German ished base, but from the base to the point

15 December 28,1893 NOTCHED SCRAPER "The edge that is intended for use is They are about three inches wide and ten rounded or half circular in shape; in many inches long and often longer, the edge is of the specimens the edge is made by curved or rocker shape, the back is well having one side beveled. The scraping rounded and thicker than the edge; both edge is not sharp like a flint knife. So ends terminate to a dull point. The whole many have been found as near exactly implement is roughly dressed to shape. alike as it is possible find two flint imple­ "There have been found in limited ments. They have been found in largest quantities circular disks of slate...." numbers about and on the camp sites. Comment: His observation that many "We have found in various localities a hafted scrapers are made with one variety of scraper or implement, quite dif­ beveled side (Archaic - 4000 BC) implies ferent from the notched one of chert - a that he also noticed that some are sharp­ I have never seen anything like the slate relic made of slate, considerable large also. ened from both sides (Hopewell - AD 500). artifact he describes.

January 18,1894 STONE BALLS - PLAIN SPHERICAL "Flattened Ends: Balls made of slate, the stem end. black kinds of rock, generally highly pol­ hardly ever found larger than two or three "Ends Hollowed: These are the same ished" and a half inches in diameter are shaped general shape as the flattened end Comment: These could be preforms very much like an orange, with a slice cut variety, but the ends are hollowed more for ball bannerstones, which could date off from the blossom end and also off of or less deep and made of slate or other to 4000 BC.

January 18,1894 PAINT MORTARS "Paint was made from ochre which is bling sandstone, of a dark gray color. HALF OVAL. found in limited quantities in Darke "Large flat mortars: Of the large kind of County. Mortars are neatly made and portable mortars used, probably for light to handle, and of such a shape and mashing grain, etc., we know of but one size inside that the paint pestles in Darke County. This is in the Katzen- described in a preceding chapter, can be berger collection in Greenville. It is about moved around conveniently. eighteen or twenty inches long and about "Flat triangular: There is in a collection twelve inches wide, one end hollowed of relics in German Township a peculiar out about two inches deep and is eight or form of paint mortar; this mortar is flat nine inches across the place which is cut and has three comers, having nearly the out. The hollow is nearly a true circle. The form of a perfect triangle. A rim sur­ outside of this mortar is left in the natural rounds it, which is about three fourths of rough condition. an inch high and about half an inch thick. "Stationary mortars: There is near It is probably about three inches across. Greenville a large rock with hollows cut in The material of which it is made resem­ it in different places, which is too large to bles sandstone. be moved." "Half oval: We have given an outline Comment: These could be concre­ drawing of a half oval form of mortar. This tions or concretion containers which mortar is in a Neave Township collection. It might belong to the Ft. Ancient culture. which now sits on the grounds of Garst is neatly hollowed out to a depth of about The "stationary mortar" is probably the Museum. Whether it is an artifact or a two inches and is made of a rock resem- large chunk of dolomite or sandstone natural form is questionable.

January 25,1894 PIPES

COMMON FOKM. CIROULAR STEM.

"In the Katzenberger collection in Greenville is a very fine pipe. We give an outline drawing. The flange on the bowl is thin." Comment: This is a disc pipe, prob­ broken off at both ends. The color of the "This single specimen was once in a col­ ably made of catlinite or Minnesota pipe- pipe is red." lection in German township. It is made of stone. It dates from the protohistoric Comment: This pipe was probably solid stone of a variety unknown to us. period-AD 1200- 1600. The pipe from one end of the stem to the made by the Hopewell or Intrusive Mound- "We give a cut of a common kind of other is about six inches long, and is people, around 1000 BC to AD 500.

16 pipe found occasionally in Darke County. half inches high and the bowl at the top notches cut in to a slight depth. A very These pipes have been found on the sur­ over one inch in diameter; above the fine pipe like this one, but much larger face and also in the burial places. Some stem there is an offset cut down at right and perfect, was found some years ago years ago a boy found a specimen east angles with the top of the bowl, making a near Palestine." of Greenville, which was in a badly muti­ kind of shelf. On the sharp comer of this Comment: / have no idea what kind of lated condition. It was about one and a shelf, is to be found, in some specimens, pipe he is describing.

February 8,1894 SCULPTURE "The very finest piece of carving it has was picked up by the writer near Ft. Jef­ even the tail was represented. The size of been our lot to see, that is known to be ferson. The carved stone tortoise was cut this piece is about four inches long, two the work of the people of the stone age, from a solid stone, which variety of min­ inches high and three inches wide." is a turtle. This specimen was a very fine eral is not thought to be native to this Comment: Because Dalrymple was a imitation of the common box tortoise, a locality. The stone was mottled yellow taxidermist and familiar with animals, his species of tortoise that seems to very and black, as is the case with the live description of the turtle as locally rare in this part of Ohio, as we have never reptile. The feet were natural, also the uncommon can be relied on. found or heard of but one specimen that head which protruded from the shell,

March 1,1894 BADGES OF AUTHORITY "These badges are quite rare and are it is an oval. The badge is a little thicker found on the surface occasionally, but at the end where the hole is nearest. most generally in mounds with other "We obtained near Ft. Jefferson, a very relics scattered on top of the altar. interesting relic (above). Unfortunately "Butterfly badges or mace: These are one half is missing, being broken off the most common of all the badges found across the hole at the base. The relic is in this locality. They are of various sizes, very highly polished, made of blue the largest about four inches from point to banded slate common in this locality. The point of the wings; and from that size to length of the one arm is four and three- about two inches across the wings. They fourth inches." are made of slate, often the red banded Comment: This must be half of a variety, native of Darke County. They are a double crescent bannerstone, although good imitation of a common butterfly. the drawing seems exaggerated. Such These badges are nearly always finely fin­ artifacts would not be found in mounds, ished and polished. as they pre-date mounds by 3,000 years. "Plain: We have a very plain badge that I recently walked the fields around the was found near Greenville. It is made of extinct town of Baker and found that "the blue banded slate, and is about three red banded variety" of slate is abundant in inches, longest diameter, by two inches the glacial till in that area. It occurs in frag­ across, three-fourths inch thick; in shape ments of 1 inch to 10 inches in diameter.

March 8, 1894 BEADS, CHARMS, ETC. "In the way of ornaments, but very few of John Crumrine in Neave Township. have been found in Darke County. In the "Isaac Ross of German Township has a BEADS, CHARMS, ETC. mound near New Madison, a few beads relic made of dark blue slatestone, found (see cut b) were found, which are made near Hollansburg. It is about one-half inch of ivory or bone, and are about one- thick in the middle, gradually becoming fourth inch in diameter, with a small hole thinner toward the ends. The general out­ bored through the centre. These beads line shape is concave on the sides; the were found arranged in a row, as if they ends convex through the narrow part; had been on a string. Quite a number of across the centre it is about one and three- them were in the row. fourth inches. There are two holes through "There has never been found in Darke the middle, each about the same distance County anything in the line of copper from the ends, which is about one and ornaments. seven-eighths and the distance between "Cut a shows a charm made of chert. the holes is one fourth inch with the holes Comment: This might be a Glacial The greatest diameter is about one and a about evenly divided. The relic is symmet­ Kame dumbell-shaped gorget, dating to half inches. The rim is worked into points - rically true and made smooth. No record 2500 to 1000 BC. nine altogether. This was found on the farm marks are to be found on it."

March 15, 1894 UNFINISHED RELICS "We have often found pieces of chert and color chert, being a light lead color were made of black Upper Mercer flint, a roughly chipped. On the Ivan Parent farm and nearly all the same size, about one cache of Flint Ridge blanks was reported in German township we once found and a half to two inches wide by two to in Tiffin, Ohio, and another in Defiance. about a peck of these blocks which had three inches long." Because of the raw material used, these been buried only about six or eight Comment: This sounds like a cache of caches probably date from the Hopewell inches deep, as the plow turned them blanks made of Flint Ridge chalcedony. culture, 200 BC to AD 500. out. These pieces were all the same kind Although most caches of rough blanks

17 March 22,1894 TUBES "Quite a number of these peculiar relics "A peculiar tube in a private collection have been found in Darke County, picked in Greenville was made of banded slate; up in no certain localities, but in scattered the stripes run parallel with the length; in places. They range in length from about shape cylindrical, length about 7 inches. V/h inches to over 7 inches. The material The holes, instead of running through to of which they are made is banded slate the opposite side are bored to a depth of principally, blue predominating; the about 2V2 inches." bands running in different ways - in some Comment: This is an unfinished artifact specimens lengthwise with the tube, in or preform. others across or diagonal. The way the "Whistling tubes: Generally short, and bands run played no important part in either a flat oval, or between an oval and making the tube." cylindrical in shape; and from 2 to 4 Comment: Note that the direction of inches; diameter of the hole will average Three forms ot Tubes. bands in slate "played no important part" about y2 inch. of the artifact. "Ordinary form: Cut 1 shows the "Tapering hole: In the Katzenberger common form of tube, which range from in a tube one inch thick." collection is a tube made of sandstone, one to ten inches in diameter; from 3 to 4 "Geometrical tube: This tube (cut 2) is in nearly 7 inches long, and about 2 inches and 5 inches or more in length, generally a collection is this county and is about 2 in diameter, with a tapering hole. The hole cylindrical and full in centre, tapering to inches high. It is almost a perfect triangle at one end measures 1V* inches, tapering both ends. The size of the hole does not when viewed from the end. The material is to % inch at the other." seem to be regulated by the external diam­ blue slate." Comment: This is a blocked-end eter; as in a tube two inches in diameter Comment: These were probably tubular Adena pipe (500 BC to AD 200). the hole is often the same size as is found bannerstones and date around 4,000 BC.

April 5,1894 RECORD TABLETS would be made by a very small three cor­ sides convex. This tablet has two holes nered file. Cut No. 1 furnishes us one and the marks are on the sides instead form of tablet made of banded slate of at one end." between 3 and 4 inches long and about 2>2 inches wide and V2 inch thick, with a hole drilled through near one end. On the edge of the end farthest from the hole, are notches several in number." Comment: This looks like a gorget, broken, salvaged, and tally marked. This artifact could date from the Glacial Kame culture (2500 BC) to Hopewell (AD 500). "In tablet No. 3 is still another form with straight sides, rounded corners and slightly tapering at the ends this one also has two holes, and is of a very large size. On each of the sides are three unusually "The tablets used and made by the deep notches. Other forms are found in Mound Builders were of slate stone of private collections in Darke County, many various shapes and sizes. The marks are of them of the same general form." not much more than a scratch in most of "We have another form in cut No. 2, the record stones, about such a mark as with narrower ends contracted and April 26, 1894 CLUBS, ETC. "A club is the shape of a tapering made very rough. Several specimens over 50 or 60 years ago." pestle; if not examined very close they were found on the farm of John Wagner Comment: These are probably asym­ might be taken for a pestle. These clubs in German Township. On the same farm metrical cylindrical or roller pestles, and are about 10 inches long, 2% inches in there are several old camp sites, one spot date around 4000 BC. diameter at the large end. The material is is known to have been the camp of slate, banded and other varieties, and Indians, who have not disappeared much

May 3,1894 MISCELLANEOUS SLATE RELICS "Ridged slates: There are very many ance of having been polished once, relics about y2 inch thick; and about 7 by relics made of slate .... they seem to be in leaving the surface full of small round 3V2 inches wide. The largest one has the 1 a finished state. indentations. This specimen is about 4 /2 ridge on both sides running at an angle "The first that we notice is a tablet inches wide and about 7 or 8 inches long with the axis of its length. The edges shape relic, an oblong square. A fine and about one inch thick. It has been cut have the appearance of either being bat­ specimen was found on the farm of E. B. down to the size, having a ridge about tered by farm tools or by use. The others Hollinger in German Township. It is in an one half inch thick in relief across the found were also battered on the edges." almost perfect condition. The relic is center on both sides exactly opposite. Comment: These sound like preforms made of a gray rock and has the appear- "We have found several slate stone for winged bannerstones.

18 "Plain Dressed: One fine specimen was It is nearly 6 inches long by 2 wide, and Flat, dressed tablet of no known use. Mr. 3 found on a farm in German Township. It is about /e inch thick. It is very smoothly Katzenberger has a specimen about the made of a stone resembling soapstone, made and slightly curved or bent flatwise. same size in his collection, but instead of and glistens like a fine grain mica schist. There are no marks or holes, just a plain. being made of stone this relic is bone."

May 12,1894 SLATE DISKS "Plain slate disks are quite common; is bored a hole about V* inch in diameter. hollowed out on both sides, the hollowed found frequently in German and Neave Two specimens were found on the Kerst part extending from the rim in the centre Townships. The general shape is circular, farm in German Township: one of them is where a hole is drilled through. ranging from 2'/2 to about 4 inches in oval and made of the black variety of 1 "Hammer discoidal: A peculiar form of diameter and from less than % to /2 inch mineral; the other is more circular in form discoidal was found in Neave Township in diameter. Some have been found that and made of a light colored grained which we will call a pick or hammer dis­ are oval, others bell shape, and again a stone, both have the holes bored through coidal. It is about 2/2 inches wide and 3 few that were semi-circular at both ends, the centre, which are less than 'A inch in long, and wedge shape. In the centre of with the sides concave. They are made of diameter. both flat surfaces and opposite each blue slate. They are rough and neatly "Cup discoidals: Or as some collectors other are slight depressions." broken to the shape with no other finish, term them, mortars. They are very nicely Comment: Slate discs are possibly and plain with no holes. made and often polished, especially Hopewell artifacts. Their purpose is still "Discoidals: Made of a fine grained when made of a black fine stone. There is unknown. True discoidals, which date black mineral. The shape is oval and one specimen in the Katzenberger collec­ from the Ft. Ancient period, have seldom some are round or circular, flattened, and tion. It is about 2 inches thick and been reported in Darke County. through the centre of the flattened sides between 3 and 4 inches in diameter, is

July 5,1894 GORGETS author's cabinet; it was found near Pales­ cave gorget. tine, and is about 7 inches; the material is "Still another kind has been picked up blue banded slate, with two holes. This in Darke County with the usual concave form seems to be the most common that sides and the ends slightly concave has been found in this locality. All forms also." of gorgets are getting quite rare, but very Comment: This is an Adena quadri- few are now found here and such as are concave gorget. picked up are in a bad shape - broken, "We will mention two other forms, both nicked, and disfigured generally." of which are to be found in collections in Comment: This is probably a Glacial Darke County. The one shown in cut next Kame gorget. to the concave-sided specimen is by no "The one with concave sides, shown in means common; both ends are square the cut, is not as common as the first one across, the stone tapers to one end; at described, being much smaller than the the narrow end there is one hold drilled convex form. The ends are generally through. Mr. Jack Smith has a very fine convex. They are often made of a fine specimen in his barbershop in Greenville. grained black stone. The most common It is made of banded slate, about V* inch material is slate, the banded variety pre­ thick and 4 or 5 inches long." dominating. Mr. Isaac Ross of German Comment: This is an Adena, or pos­ "We have given cuts of four forms, and Township has a very fine specimen of this sibly an Intrusive Mound, pendant. It is if we are not mistaken, all four have been form of gorget; we believe it was found near interesting that even one hundred ten found in this vicinity (around Baker Store). Hollansburgh, and is made of black stone." years ago most gorgets and pendants The one with the convex sides is in the Comment: This is an Adena bi-con- were found in poor condition. November 22,1894 MONEY "It is possible that the ancient Ameri­ we have the shells found in German farm of Jesse Woods in the same town­ cans traded with one another or with Township in a mound, the shells are ship. The mica is found in quantities of other tribes from the Atlantic to the found only on the Pacific Coast, also the that size, in North Carolina." Pacific oceans. As proof of this statement plates of mica found in a grave of the

December 3, 1894 CLOSING REMARKS "As this closes the articles on this sub­ ously been supposed. Acknowledgments ject, we hope that it will stimulate some one A Hopewell burial which included mica Thanks to Toni Seiler (deceased) of Garst with more talent, to make a greater effort has never before been reported for this Museum in Greenville for providing me with a and treat the subject more exhaustively." county. Dalrymple can be trusted on the copy of the newspaper clippings which she Final Comments: The abundance of correct identification of mica, as isinglass in compiled in 1982. hammers, axes, and pestles indicates a the woodburning stoves of his time made it Reference lively Archaic period in Darke County. a readily-recognized material. The cache of Miller, Steven J. Gravel quarrying revealed numerous Flint Ridge blanks is additional evidence 1983 The Palestine Book, History of Liberty Glacial Kame burials and artifacts, and (German) Township in Darke County, that the Hopewell culture thrived here. Ohio. the reporting of 2 caches of bi-pointed Robert Dalrymple has left us significant blades indicates a stronger presence of insights into the archaeology of west cen­ the Red Ocher people than has previ- tral Ohio.

19 Figure 1 (Rummel) Twenty-six inch long wooden snake effigy.

A UNIQUE WOODEN EFFIGY FROM THE GREAT LAKES

by John C. Rummel 478 Burns Drive North Westerville, Ohio 43082-6026

I recently acquired this snake effigy from belly is flat and still retains a dark red I am intrigued as to what purposes this a collector in New Hampshire. According ocher painting. It is made from a light­ effigy would have served, either in a cere­ to his notes, this was originally collected in weight, white wood, possibly birch. monial or artistic setting. Whoever crafted the Great Lakes area with a group of early I am sending some images to local her- this spent a great deal of time just on the Native American objects and later acquired petologists to see if an identification can decoration, and it does not appear the through the estate by an antique dealer in be made on the type of snake this repre­ effigy was carved from a straight piece of Brimfield, Massachusetts. sents. Based on the markings and known wood as the grain pattern follows the The effigy is 26 inches long by 1 inch history, I believe this could be either an curvature. wide, and represents a serpent in motion. Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Cro- I would appreciate hearing from others The eyes are made from shell, and the talus adamanteus) or an Eastern Massas- who would have insight of the origins and upper body and sides are decorated with auga Rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus) as age of this effigy and if other examples punctated diamonds and lines which are both snakes can be found in this area. are known in the collecting community. also accentuated with dark pigment. The

Figure 2 (Rummel) Detail of head features and shell-inlaid eyes.

Figure 3 (Rummel) Decorations on body are formed by tiny punctates.

20 A UNION COUNTY GLACIAL KAME SITE

by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio The late Perry Snider of Unionville slate gorget. One string is of disc shell edges have been ground or smoothed. Center, Ohio, was an early Ohio collector beads cut from either freshwater of ocean Further, it is engraved with a series of diag­ and a member of the ASO. He was a voca­ shells which are typical of Glacial Kame onal criss-cross or tic-tac-toe lines. tional trades school teacher at old Central types. The second set is made of hollow Engraving is often seen on prehistorically High School near downtown Columbus bird bones probably from a large bird. damaged and repaired pieces. from where he retired. These are also typical of Glacial Kame. Unfortunately, the provenience on these Among his collection were the items Bi-pointed slate gorgets have been classic pieces is not clear. The only infor­ shown in the color plate which are now in recorded from many Glacial Kame con­ mation accompanying them is that they the collection of Rick Waibel of South texts. This example is rather large for the were excavated near Marysville, Ohio. Charleston, Ohio. They are two strings of type. It apparently suffered damage during beads and a large bi-pointed Glacial Kame prehistoric times since chips along the

Figure 1 (Converse) Classic Glacial Kame artifacts excavated near Marysville, Ohio, by Perry Snider. From the collection of Rick Waibel.

21 CACHE FOUND IN RANDOLPH COUNTY, INDIANA by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, Ohio 45331

In the spring of 1985, Bob Manning of also be unfinished. Because there is no ground in a ridge that parallels a tributary Saratoga, Indiana, was walking in a fall grinding on the bases, the cache probably of the Mississinewa River. It lay on the side plowed field in Ward Township. He had post-dates the Archaic period. of the ridge away from the stream. A looked for artifacts in this field for the past The cache had been buried in gravelly grassed waterway now obliterates the site. 15 years and was surprised to see 7 whitish-tan points lying on the surface embedded in one clod of soil. It was not until January 1988 that he noticed that several additional artifacts had been plowed out. When he pulled up a cornstalk, flint points were dangling and falling from the roots of the stalk. Manning then dug in the ground with his hands and scooped out many additional flint points. He later returned with a spade and exca­ vated what turned out to be a cache. It extended into the ground about one and one-half feet. Manning recovered thirty- four stemmed and side-notched points which had been contained in an area the size of a five gallon bucket, with the 4 largest examples lying at the bottom. The length of the blades ranges from V/a to 4% inches. There was no ocher with the cache. The blades, which appear to be made of Four-Mile-Creek and Jeffersonville cherts, exhibit mostly percussion flaking. The amount of pressure flaking, if present at all, is minimal. Some are thick and crudely chipped. Others, made on flakes, are thinner. The low quality of the chert may have made delicate chipping difficult, ren­ dering the artifacts difficult to classify as a Figure 1 (Holzapfel) The cache found by Bob Manning prior to excavation. Ground was fall recognized point type. The blades could plowed and well weathered.

Figure 2 (Holzapfel) The seven points found in 1985.

22 Figure 3 (Holzapfel) Balance of cache, thirty-four points, found in 1988.

FRIENDS OF AMERICA'S PAST December 2003

Greetings After seven years of delays and obfusca- scientists' briefs and two friends of the In 2004, we'll continue to enhance the tion, the Department of Justice finally court briefs. We also helped with travel, website for our expanding audience. We admitted that they have no qualified mailing, and other critical litigation are listed as a resource in major press claimant for the Kennewick Man skeleton. expenses. Legal costs can be expected to reports, dozens of university courses from In September 2003, the Ninth Circuit Court continue, as further proceedings may anthropology to political science and the of Appeals heard arguments in the Ken­ eventually bring this case before the law, and we are linked to a variety of web­ newick Man lawsuit. The DOJ appealed Supreme Court. sites worldwide. Government agencies only one issue in the Federal District Your gifts also helped support our web­ also use our site as a resource. We hope to Court's opinion: the definition of Native site, which provides easy access to key spark creative discussion about the trends American. A new Joint Tribal Coalition told documents and information about the Ken­ that challenge science and their conse­ the Appeals Court that the lower court newick Man case. For example, visitors quences. For example, we plan to solicit erred on every issue. The scientists con­ can listen to the audio of the 9th Circuit articles on the impacts of NAGPRA and the tinue to seek access to study the ancient hearing, read the 1997 and 2002 Federal interface between science and the law. remains. An opinion from the 9th Circuit District Court opinions, or research key Together, we are making a difference. On panel is expected sometime in 2004. topics such as the independent geologic behalf of our Board, thank you for your As Friends of America's Past begins our reports of the discovery site prior to its generous support and best wishes for the sixth year, we thank you for your help in destruction. With your continued help, we coming year. supporting the Kennewick Man case. In can ensure this information remains avail­ Cleone Hawkinson, President 2003 your gifts helped us to cover more able to everyone. As far as we know, our http://www.friendsofpast.org website is unique in offering the public than $12,500 in out-of-pocket expenses 7410 S.W. Oleson Road Suite 202 for the scientists' appeals defense. unfiltered information about this lawsuit. Portland OR 97223 Expenses included printing and filing the

23 MEETING SCENES November 16, 2003 by Elaine Holzapfel

Immediate Past President Walt Sperry and President Brian Foltz welcome guests. Tim Edwards displays Hopewell artifacts from the Pumpkin Site on the Portage River.

Bob White, Thornville, Ohio, displays Flint Ridge gem quality flint. Tim Edwards demonstrates how he found Hopewell bladelets socketed in antler handles.

:

•

Carter Cave Flint - the theme of the November meeting. 1 m I %

••:•••,•, • ••• •

4 »

Fred Anderson displays casts of Adena and Hopewell pipes as well as Wj 'IBB mmt •iWi a cast of the Greenville Field found entry of a sandstone Treaty peace pipe. gorget.

24 MEETING SCENES

Birdstones from Indiana, Ohio, New York, Michigan and Ontario displayed by Charles McCorkle, West Point, Indiana.

Gunflints, copper bracelet, conch shell cores, trade bead, perforated shell shown by Bruce Henry, Ottawa County.

Lar Hothem and his archaeological books.

Linda and Bill Ballinger, publishers of the Prehistoric Dr. David M. Cox, Greenville, Ohio, examines Antiquity Quarterly. books and publications.

25 DOCUMENTED ARTIFACTS OF A CENTURY AND A HALF AGO by Jim Hahn Buckeye Lake, Ohio

Not often do artifacts, collected a cen­ I learned of these relics - a chlorite pick They belonged to Jane and Eugene tury of more ago, have documented histo­ bannerstone and an effigy boatstone - ten Kenney and Jane Kenney had inherited ries. However, I recently acquired two years ago, but the people who owned them from her great grandfather Adam pieces - both outstanding artifacts - with a them and preserved them as well as Neal Sheriff. Adam Sheriff had obtained history nearly as interesting as the pieces keeping their documented history, were them from the original finder Godfrey Heck themselves. naturally reluctant to part with them. in the middle 1800s. Godfrey Heck lived at

Figure 1 (Hahn) Two views of chlorite pick bannerstone showing attached front and back Figure 2 (Hahn) Effigy boatstone which accompanied of shipping tag attached to it. the chlorite bannerstone.

26 Lock 17 on the Ohio Canal in Tuscarawas of Columbus, resulted in Short's assess­ stone as a paint mortar of some kind. County, Ohio. ment of the artifacts. He termed the chlo­ These well-documented artifacts are a In 1882 an inquiry from W.F. Sheriff to rite bannerstone as some kind of weapon welcome addition to the archaeological Professor John Short, an early antiquarian or ceremonial stone and the effigy boat­ record in Ohio.

NORTH AMERICANS

t ANTIQlIITY , • ~ - /

i 111!.

.- .,

It\ J()ll\ I SI l< IK I

» 1 I ] K K 1KOIMI K* I*' W ISW RS I V Wkl IN -^.M \K1

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Figure 4 (Hahn) Copy of title page to Professor Short's book North Americans of Antiquity.

Figure 3 (Hahn) Copy of letter from Professor John Short to the Sheriffs and copy of envelope.

BAKERRY It DELI PACKAGEAGES 12401 B«fea Rojd • Cle. -552 1400

Figure 5 (Hahn) Jane Kenney's personal note of the history of the two artifacts.

27 GEAUGA COUNTY SLATE PENDANT by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, Ohio 44224

ASO member Jeff Adams found the beautiful pendant, pictured in figures 1 and 2 in Auburn Township of Geauga County, Ohio in an area not far from the upper part of the Cuyahoga River on February 10th, 2001. The pendant, made of banded slate, has an elongated oval outline. It measures 4.75 inches in length, 1.5 inches across at the wider end, and 1 inch at the narrow end. The single hole is located 2 inches from closer, narrower end and appears to have been drilled from both sides. The pendant is quite smooth to the touch and is about Vt of an inch in thickness. The piece resembles the "Trapezoidal Pendants" pictured in Bob Converse's book Ohio Slate Types. Converse places pendants of this shape in the Adena, Hopewell and Fort Ancient time periods. Lar Hothem's Ancient Art of Ohio shows similarly shaped pendants in the Woodland time period. Such finely made slate pieces show a genuine sense of artistic quality. The abstract patterns in the banding and the pendant's nearly symmetrical outline sug­ gest an ancient craftsman who was both selective in his choice of material and meticulous in the way he shaped and worked the stone. Figure 1 (Rusnak) Obverse and reverse of Geauga County pendant. Adams, who has both a sharp eye and a sizable collection of personal finds, noted that the pendant was the first piece of long slate that he has ever found. He com­ mented that he "wanted to start doing cartwheels across the field" when he picked it up. The piece also won a "Best of Show" award at the ASO spring show in 2001. In the same field, Adams has also found the celt - pictured in figure 2 - in June of 2000. The celt measures 4.5 inches long and 2 inches wide and is made of a gritty hard stone material. Sources: 1978 Robert Converse Ohio Slate Types Archaeological Society of Ohio

1994 LarHotham Ancient Art of Ohio Hotham House

Figure 2 (Rusnak) Celt found in field with pendant. ARTIFACTS FROM THE COLLECTION OF TROY ELICK by Lar Hothem Lancaster, Ohio

Mr. Elick has hunted for many years and where he has permission to search. Most land and Mississippian finds. has recovered several hundred complete of the artifacts appear to be from the and fragmentary artifacts from the fields Archaic period, with a scattering of Wood­

Artifacts from the surface col­ lection of Troy Elick. Left, Flint Ridge pentagonal. Center, Flint Ridge pentagonal reworked into scraper/gouge form, V/a inches long. Right, Upper Mercer comer-notch. All east- em Fairfield and western Perry Counties, Ohio.

All Intrusive Mound of Late Woodland times. Left, patinated Flint Ridge, Center, patinated Flint Ridge, 2 inches long. Right, dark blue Upper Mercer. All eastern Fairfield and western Perry Counties, Ohio.

Left bifurcate 1 % inches. Center, resharpened fishspear type. Right, resharpened heavy duty. All points or blades are Archaic period, Upper Mercer flint, and from eastern Fairfield and west- em Perry Counties, Ohio.

29 HOPEWELL RECTANGULAR GORGETS by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

There are numerous variations, sizes and thinness, many have been broken in his­ salvage hole. Because of this, some have configurations of the familiar Hopewell rec­ toric times by farm machinery and in abo­ multiple perforations. tangular or bar gorget. This gorget type has riginal times by their owners. Salvage of Hopewell bar gorgets may have had been found over much of Ohio, Indiana broken examples is not uncommon. It usu­ their origin in the Glacial Kame culture and adjacent states. ally takes the form of redrilling, often using where similar gorgets of shell and slate Typically, Hopewell bar gorgets are one of the original holes and drilling a new have been reported. However, Glacial about four times as long as they are wide - one to make them more symmetrical. Third Kame gorgets normally have more widely they are often quite thin. Because of their example from the top has a partially drilled spaced holes.

Figure 1 (Converse) Four Large Hopewell rectangular or bar gorgets from Ohio.

30 TWO BLADE CORES USED AS HAMMERSTONES by Robert Williams Warsaw, Ohio Mark Hersman, Mansfield, Ohio

The core on the left was found August of the striking platform and base. Both Hammerstones are not rare in the Wal­ of 2003 by Robert Williams. It was found cores are from predominantly Adena sites. honding valley sites, however, blade cores north of Nellie, Ohio. It is made of a local The authors have been engaged in used as hammerstones seem to be rare. mottled blue and white upper mercer flint. archaeological activities for a great The great amount of flint debitage on This core clearly shows battering of the number of years. These two blade cores these sites leaves one to wonder why a striking platform and base as it was used used as hammerstones are the first we core was used as a hammerstone. Per­ as a hammerstone. have ever found. After searching through haps the core was set aside after its Mark Hersman found the core on the many references we can find no evidence useful life, and picked up at a later date, right on June of 2003 at a site south of of blade cores used as hammerstones. Is fitting the hand nicely and used as a ham­ Warsaw near the Walhonding River. This this a rare occurrence? Maybe these merstone. core is made from a honey colored local cores are not enough of an archaeological If anyone has found a similar artifact, upper mercer flint. It also shows battering significance to warrant reporting. Flint we would appreciate any reference.

ASO MEMBERS CREATE FINE ARTIFACT DISPLAY IN NEWTON FALLS by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Road Stow, Ohio 44224

On Sunday, October 12th, a small group shared detailed site reports and photo­ Thursby, Brian Neuman and Rocky Falleti of ASO members and other local collectors graphs of several archaeological sites in also brought several examples of Ohio pre­ displayed artifacts from their collections at the County and Newton Falls area. Long historic artifacts. the Community Center in Newton Falls, time ASO members Dallas, Darlene and William Piatt showed an extensive col­ Ohio. The display boasted a variety of Ethan Kistler displayed a number of fine lection of Hohokam pottery, a collection locally found Trumbull County material and Trumbull County pieces, including artifacts that was complemented by a group of material from neighboring Portage, found in Newton Township. Native American baskets by Donald Baker. Mahoning and other Ohio counties, as well There was also a good sampling of arti­ as some exotic material. facts from neighboring ASO and Mahoning Chapter member counties. Jeff Adams Pat Layshock organized the event, which showed several frames was well attended by a steady flow of visi­ of personal field finds, tors throughout the afternoon. Layshock, mostly from Deerfield an avid field hunter whose own display Township in Portage included several frames of personally County, as well as a found Mahoning County artifacts, com­ grouping of Plum Run mented that the show was designed "to material. spark interest in local archaeology and to Among the artifacts encourage visitors to bring in and share that Steve Puttera artifacts that they have found in the area." shared was a fine Layshock also noted that a few visitors did frame of large and bring in artifacts, which the ASO members extraordinarily beautiful helped them identify. Adena cache blades Trumbull County prehistoric material was found in 1935 in Cuya­ well represented at the show. Tom Pigott hoga County. Mike

31 OHIO'S ADENA INDIAN LEGACY by D.R. Gehlbach Columbus, Ohio

It all started innocently enough with the salvage archaeological interventions of Warren K. Moore- crafting their ornaments. At the left is a quadricon­ excavation of an earthen mound on the former head and Clarence Lovebery. His goal, with min­ cave shaped gorget and to its right a bracelet. Chillicothe, Ohio, farm of Governor Thomas Wor- imal resources, was to build a diversified collection Figure 9 is the display of a massive storage or thington. In 1901 Joseph Froehlich, then the farm with a strong focus on prehistoric materials. Until cooking vessel, which was found at the Dominion owner, decided to improve the agricultural land­ about 1925 he conducted field research and Land Company site in Franklin County. The Adena scape in the bottoms below his commodious solicited private donations, especially archaeolog­ were known for their large thick walled grit tem­ estate. He had suffered a considerable expense to ical collections. He excavated a number of Adena pered ceramics. maintain a large conical mound in this farm field mounds, secured the preservation of others Figure 10 is an exhibit of leaf shaped blades, while forfeiting the large tract of alluvial bottom (Figure 2), and received privately found Adena arti­ which were probably either preforms or part of a land it occupied. He decided this large earth hill facts as did his successors. ceremonial deposit. The rounded base style and needed to be removed. Thus was born the now A sampling of the recovered materials have ovoid shape is unique to Adena. The pictured arti­ famous salvage excavation of the original Adena been on display in a series of state sponsored facts are made of Flint Ridge flint, a popular Indian mound. museums for many years. Although the use of the crafting material. The mound's name was drawn from the erst­ Adena name as a cultural identifier has been chal­ Figure 11 is a display of three classic stemmed while Worthington estate called Adena. Its exami­ lenged by the professional community, the state Adena spears or knives. Each of the artifacts nation would provide the foundation for identifying museum still maintains a prominent display of exceeds four inches in length. High quality Flint a vast network of similar mortuary structures Adena artifacts as the focal point of its Early Ridge and Upper Mercer flints were the chosen throughout central and southern Ohio, parts of Woodland archaeological exhibit. raw materials. northern Kentucky, eastern Indiana and the One object of this article is to document some This completes a picture tour of some of the western edges of Pennsylvania and West Virginia. of the publicly exhibited Adena artifacts in the His­ Adena artifacts that can be viewed at the Ohio The removal of the Ross County mound was torical Society museum. They portray the unique Historical Society in Columbus, Ohio. They record the project of William C. Mills, then Curator of The artistic legacy of a society who thrived in riverine the legacy of one of Ohio's signatory cultures and Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. sites in Ohio from about 800BC to 100BC. the first mound building group in North America. He commenced his fieldwork on June 21, 1901. The extent of Adena presence in Ohio is vividly The Adena displays are also only a small When he finished his examination of the almost 27 represented by their voluminous conical cemetery sample of the overall array of archaeological mate­ foot high tumulus, he had uncovered a multiple mounds. For example in Franklin County, Ohio, of rials housed in the archaeology wing of the stage mortuary structure containing at least 23 the more than 130 recorded mounds, it is estimated museum. burials. More importantly he had identified the that a least ninety percent are of Adena origin. Adena culture. Reference Burial 21 was especially noteworthy in light of Adena Artifacts On Display At The Ohio Histor­ Mills, William C. the richness of its accompaniments. It was placed ical Society - 1902 Excavations of the Adena Mound, The Ohio State Archaeological and Histor­ in an extended position in an enormous rectan­ Shown in figure 3 is a display panel with repre­ ical Society, pp. 451-479 gular log sepulcher near the mound base. It laid on sentative Adena tubular pipes. At the top left is a a bark floor covering and was completely modified (stemmed) pottery tube with a curved enveloped in an additional bark blanket. A variety entry stem and tall flared bowl. The handhold of implements and ornaments were deposited with opposite the curved stem is missing. It was recov­ the burial. They included 500 perforated shell ered from the Toepfner Mound in Franklin County. beads and like numbers of bone beads and fresh To its right is a straight tube with a blocked end water pearl beads. Near the left hand of the burial mouthpiece. At the lower right is a slightly flared were a shell effigy of a raccoon, three stemmed blocked end mouthpiece tube. To its left is a cloud spears made of deer antler, seven flint points and blower style pipe also with a blocked end mouth­ three Flint Ridge chalcedony blades. Three addi­ piece, likely a stylistic carry over from the pre­ tional points were placed in the burial's right hand. ceding late Archaic Period. The previously mentioned pearl and bone beads Shown in figure 4 are three quadriconcave two were placed around the neck in multiple strands hole gorgets from mounds in central Ohio. All three while the shell beads were placed above the right are banded slate specimens. wrist. Scattered remnants of a coarse cloth mate­ Shown in figure 5 are three expanded center rial were found near the hip. gorgets. The characteristic circular drill hole pat­ Especially noteworthy was an artifact found at tern, and drill entry from one side, both Adena the deceased's waist near the extended left hand. traits, are visible in the middle specimen. All three it was a full length humanoid effigy pipe, eight examples may have functioned as atlatl weights. inches in length. The effigy was that of a dwarf Figure 6 shows a somewhat damaged loafstone carved around a circular smoking tube made of and a hemisphere shaped cone, both made of col­ Scioto County pipestone sprinkled with a deposit orful mottled barite. Barite, a seldom used artifact of iron oxide. When restoration of the richly deco­ raw material, is a bedded crystalline multi-colored rated pipe was completed, its bold expression and mineral with multiple cleavages. overall artistic appeal was fully revealed. As its Figure 7 is the museum's display of more Adena notoriety grew over the years this singular artifact cones in three styles. At the left is a flat top sand­ came to symbolize the culture we now know as stone example, in the center a more typically Adena. Over time the Adena Man pipe (Figure 1) shaped round top cone made of hematite and at has become one of the most publicized artifacts the right a pyramid shaped limestone specimen. from the prehistoric period. Figure 8 shows two copper artifacts from the William Mills became the Ohio Historical display which illustrate the Adena peoples' fond­ Figure 1 Adena Man pipe, 8" in height, showing Society's driving force in 1898 following the brief ness for using this imported raw material for dwarf-like human impersonation.

32 Figure 2 (Gehlbach) The Adena Shrum mound, Franklin County, Ohio, preserved by The Ohio Historical Society.

ithpi*,*****"i * ction Cross-5

Figure 3 (Gehlbach) Adena tubular pipe display.

Figure 4 (Gehlbach) Adena quadriconcave gorget display.

33 Barite Cone and "Loafstone

Figure 6 (Gehlbach) Adena loafstone and cone display.

Figure 5 (Gehlbach) Adena expanded center gorget display.

Figure 7 (Gehlbach) Adena cone display.

Figure 8 (Gehlbach) Adena copper quadriconcave gorget and bracelet display.

34 Figure 10 (Gehlbach) Adena leaf blade display.

Figure 9 (Gehlbach) Adena storage vessel display.

Figure 11 (Gehlbach) Adena spear/knife display.

35 FORT GREEN VILLE ARCHAEOLOGICAL UPDATE 1793 Blockhouse Discovered

After a two year archaeological investi­ exact north and south walls are not yet of the dig would be over due to inclement gation, Blockhouse No. 8, associated with determined but appear to be 100 feet winter weather. "We ascertained that the Major General Anthony Wayne's fort at apart. "We hope we find the north chimney blockhouse is there. Other remains such Greenville, Ohio, has been uncovered. before the weather closes us down for the as waste pits are yet to be found. To Archaeologist Tony DeRegnaucourt stated winter," DeRegnaucourt said. The north completely excavate the entire block­ the blockhouse is much larger than and south walls are confusing, but must be house area is presently beyond the scope expected. "This thing is enormous, as big near the chimneys. Farming and erosion of our limited funds and workforce which as an ordinary frontier fort." have removed some of the log stains. is all volunteer." The blockhouse appears to be about The blockhouse was the height of a two The project was sponsored by the 100 feet long and 85 feet wide. It is sur­ story building and originally manned by a Greene Ville Bicentennial Commission and rounded by a picket 200 foot square. Dig crew of one lieutenant, two sergeants, two funded with donations and local grants. coordinator Dr. David M. Cox, a local podi­ corporals, and 27 privates. atrist, called the size fitting since it is Head archaeologist, Tony DeRegnau­ dealing with the largest stockaded fort ever court, stated that the preliminary phase built in the United States. Wayne's fort at Green Ville encompassed fifty acres. The average frontier fort at that time was about one tenth of an acre. You add the size of all other forts built in the Old Northwest Terri­ tory together, and they would fit into a corner of the stockade at Greene Ville. Assistant archaeologist Elaine Holzapfel added, "The importance of this dig is the presence of stains below the plow zone. These represent architectural remains from 1793 and yield information on both the blockhouse and fort." The dig has also recovered over 1,000 artifacts, most asso­ ciated with blockhouse occupation. Portions of the east and west walls were first uncovered 85 feet apart. Floor planks running parallel with these walls were uncovered across the 85 foot span. Half way across the width, near the south wall, Archaeologist Tony DeRegnaucourt reports on excavation of Blockhouse No. 8 at the Garst Museum, one fireplace and chimney were found. The Greenville, Ohio.

Artifacts discovered during excavation of part of the blockhouse

36 Artifacts discovered during excavation of part of the blockhouse

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS AT THE DIG AT BLOCKHOUSE NO 8. FORT GREENE VILLE

THE SACRED RING, EFFIGY MOUND, ZALESKI STATE PARK, VINTON COUNTY, OHIO by Hal Povenmire Florida Institute of Technology 215 Osage Dr., Indian Harbour Bch., FL 32937

The area of Vinton County, Ohio is rich in Adena not been excavated are believed to be Adena. These Reference era mounds. The Adenas were active from approxi­ are the Ranger Station Mound and the Methodist Woodward, S.L and McDonald, J.N. mately 800BC to about 300AD. Most of these are Church Mound. At this time, the Sacred Ring Mound 2002 Indian Mounds of the Middle Ohio burial mounds. Effigy mounds, those of figures or ani­ does not seem to be related to any of the other Valley. mals are rare. The effigy mounds in Ohio include The mounds. Ring or circular shaped mounds are not The McDonald and Woodward Pub­ Serpent Mound, Alligator Mound, the Eagle or Bird uncommon in Ohio. However, they are usually found lishing Co. Blackburg, VA Mound in the Newark Earth Works and the Cross in the context of earthworks. Since this mound is out Povenmire, H. Mound. Perhaps another mound should be included of context, a search should be made for undiscovered 2001 The Tarlton, Ohio Indian Effigy Cross in this group. earthworks in the area. Mound In the Zaleski State Forest there is a backpack trail This mound is located on the U.S.G.S. 7.'5 Mineral, Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 51 no. 2 p. 18. with markers along the path. At marker No. 5 is the Ohio topographic map. The coordinates are long. Sacred Ring Mound. It is small, about 27 feet in diam­ 82U 18'30.0" W. and lat. 39=d 1913.1" N. at an ele­ Povenmire, H. eter and about two feet high. Its actual purpose or vation of 1010' ft. It is located on a high hill crest. In 2003 The Alligator Effigy Mound, Granville, significance is not known. It is assumed to be of reli­ this same area the Black Zaleski Flint can be found. Licking Co., Ohio gious or astronomical significance but it may have This is the third most important flint to the Native Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 53 No. 2 p. 25. been part of a ceremony, game, or sport. Other inter­ Americans in Ohio. Zaleski State Forest pretations include a potted burial mound and some If you want a two mile walk along a steep back­ P.O. Box 330 Zaleski, Ohio 45698 sort of Indian camp fire circle. There are two major pack trail, this is an interesting site to visit. mounds in the town of Zaleski and while they have

37 Book Review THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF OHIO by Robert N. Converse

Seldom in one's lifetime does a book like The the little known Ashtabula presence in north­ book - one that everyone interested in Ohio's Archaeology of Ohio come along. This nearly 400 eastern Ohio is published for the first time. past will find indispensable. page hardbound book stands alone as the com­ Extensive discussion of the Adena people pro­ Elaine Holzapfel plete account of Ohio's prehistoric cultures from vides new understanding of the first mound the time of the Ice Age PaleoAmericans of 12,000 building culture in North America. Adena sites, COMMENTS years ago to the first incursions of the European mounds, and artifacts are illustrated, and Con­ explorers. The book is replete with 84 color plates, verse's understanding of the several century rela­ .... let me congratulate you on this great and hundreds of photographs and drawings of tionship between Ohio Adena and the Ohio project. This will be one of the best, if not the best, sites, artifacts, maps and accounts of archaeolog­ Hopewell culture is addressed. What happened to contributions to Ohio prehistory ever. I don't know ical investigations in Ohio and surrounding states. Adena and where did they go? Sites and artifacts too many people who would even attempt such a of Adena in other areas and on the Atlantic Coast, Few people, professional or amateur, could project covering the entire Ohio area. The field cer­ including how they got there, are presented. have written this book. Converse's lifetime of famil­ tainly needs a book like this. iarity with Ohio's prehistoric cultures and thirty or Ohio Hopewell, the most advanced prehistoric Jeff Carskadden more years as Editor of The Ohio Archaeologist group in North America, and the earthworks, have uniguely eguipped him to write such a book. mounds, hilltop forts, village sites and artifacts of New Carlisle, Ohio His expertise with the artifacts and sites of Ohio this powerful culture are pictured and discussed in prehistoric peoples and the remains they left detail. Did you know, for example, that nearly all Finally, a comprehensive collection of Ohio behind are encapsulated in a book only he could Hopewell earthwork circles are on the west sides archaeology data gathered in a well illustrated and have compiled. Written in a language readable by of these constructions? Did you know that the so easy to read format. The book was a long time students, archaeologists and the general public called Hopewell trade network might not be a coming but well worth the wait. This is the alike, The Archaeology of Ohio presents for the trade network at all but an acquisitions or tribute crowning achievement of Bob Converse, Editor of first time a comprehensive picture of the 12,000 system? Did you know that Ross County, Ohio, the Ohio Archaeologist and author of several other year long saga of the prehistoric peoples of the may have been the center of what Converse calls books on archaeology. Ohio area and the impact exerted by Ohio's cul­ the Hopewell universe? Did you know that not all Dr. David Cox tures on other groups in eastern North America. Hopewell earthen constructions are geometric and Greenville, Ohio Current theories on when and how the first some may have been built to simply enclose mor­ humans entered the New World 12,000 years ago tuary sites? Did you know that one of the most Converse's The Archaeology of Ohio is a wel­ - or before - are discussed, as is the current con­ important of all Hopewell constructions - enor­ come and important contribution to the Archae­ troversy on study of human remains of this period. mous cat effigies made of stone - were deliber­ ology of Ohio, This is the first comprehensive Early excavations at the Clovis, Folsom and Naco ately destroyed? These and other provocative synthesis of Ohio archaeology published in almost Mammoth sites are contrasted with evidence of questions on the organization of Hopewell society 100 years. The author has pulled together over this period found in Ohio. The first human penetra­ are explored and hundreds of Hopewell exotic arti­ four decades of his personal research based upon tion into the Ohio area by Ice Age PaleoAmericans facts are shown. his unique perspective as Editor of the Ohio is explained and Ohio's known PaleoAmerican What about the mysterious Intrusive Mound cul­ Archaeologist. This has permitted him the breadth sites and artifacts are illustrated. Numerous Ohio ture? Who were they and where does this little and experience to complete such a daunting task. fluted points and tools are pictured in color and known culture fit in the Ohio picture? What do their The coverage of the entire state of Ohio is black and white. artifacts look like and where are their sites? All exhaustive and all prehistoric periods are addressed from the first Paleo-American habita­ Theories on the end of the Late Paleo or Piano these questions are investigated in depth. tions until historic times. period are offered. The Sawmill, Stringtown and The Mississippian period, that explosive five or other Piano habitation sites are illustrated and six centuries before the intrusion of European The many illustrations and rare, previously mapped. Oddities and peculiarities such as the explorers when the Fort Ancient, Whittlesey, San­ unpublished photographs alone are worth the nearly exclusive use of low guality cherts and flints dusky and Monongahela cultures prevailed, is price. This book is a must for any professional or by Piano flint workers, except for certain artifacts, explored and their sites and artifacts are illus­ avocational archaeologist, collector, historian, or are noted. trated. What happened to these prolific cultures - anyone interested in Ohio's fascinating prehistory. Artifacts and sites of the Early Archaic period why had they disappeared by the early 1600s? The book is also relevant to all the surrounding are illustrated. They detail the introduction of new These and other questions on the end of the pre­ areas and states, showing the relationship of such kinds of projectile points and tools - and perhaps historic period are discussed. important cultural manifestations as Adena and new people - who left evidence over all Ohio and Because of my background as an educator, I Hopewell within their local and regional contexts. the Midwest. see the importance, even the urgency, of revealing The book is priced very reasonably for a hard­ The Middle Archaic cultures of the Ohio - little the story of the amazing past of Ohio. The Archae­ bound edition of its size and has been printed on investigated and long neglected in archaeological ology of Ohio opens a window through which quality paper. I recommend this book for anyone literature - are discussed. The literal explosion everyone can see, to appreciate and support the remotely interest in archaeology. during the Middle Archaic period of new kinds of science of the past in all its forms. This is a story of Tony DeRegnaucourt artifacts, including the introduction of ground the evolution of tool types, the creation of art Archaeologist stone tools, atlatl weights and ceremonial objects, objects, and the changes involved in cultural Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research is explained. Theories are offered on the obvious development that pertain not just to the earliest Museum Middle Archaic emphasis on ceremonialism as Ohioans but to all humanity. The Archaeology of Arcanum, Ohio evidenced by the sometimes spectacular and Ohio tells the history of all of us. unique objects created by Archaic craftsmen and For those who want to know about the cultures Your manuscript is a remarkable document and women. The function or use of these objects, and that inhabited the Ohio area for 12,000 years, what will be much used and appreciated. the societal organization which produced them, their sites are like and the spectacular artifacts Michael Gramly are theorized. which originated with them, The Archaeology of North Andover, Massachusetts The Glacial Kame, Red Ocher and other Late Ohio will be a standard text. Archaic cultures and the florescence of Late All in all, Converse has written a major contri­ Archaic burial ritual are explained in detail. New bution to the understanding of the prehistory of information on Red Ocher evidence in Ohio and the Ohio area. It is a provocative and insightful

38 r ! Ultimate Field Found ! • Contest 2004 ! At the ASO meeting j March 14.2004 | I Open to all Society Members of 2003 or Earlier I ' Bring the best artifacts you have ever personally found ' J in your lifetime! Make this a display to remember! ! Categories \ J Best notched flint projectile point or tool I ' Best unnotched piece of flint (cache blade, knife, etc.) ' Best groundstone tool (axe, celt, hammerstone, pestle or other stone tool) ' I Best pendant or gorget l Best bannerstone or atlatl weight I Best miscellaneous piece - not in above categories I

| One piece per category-multiple pieces or groups not allowed. I I Bring for display and awards the best artifacts in the above categories J I you have ever PERSONALLY found IN YOUR LIFE I no inherited pieces, no purchased pieces, no family pieces I ENTERED ON THE HONOR SYSTEM. I J Place of find, date of find, will be considered in judging. | Let's show everyone the best pieces found | over the past years by our members! i i Back Cover: An Ohio Pick Bannerstone By Rick Waibel, South Charleston. Ohio This 6/« pick bannerstone of banded slate was purported to have been originally collected by Warren K. Moorehead one of Ohio's early- antiquarians or archaeologists. It is made of banded slate with lines which are in contour with the artifact. It was once in the collection of Bernard Stehhausei; now deceased.

39 Figure 1 (Waibel) Pick bannerstone of banded slate. One time in the Moorhead collection, its original provenience is unknown.

OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.