OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 58 NO. 1 WINTER 2008 PUBLISHED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio BACK ISSUES OF OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST Term 1956 thru 1967 out of print Expires A.S.O. OFFICERS 1968 - 1999 $ 2.50 2008 President Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., Youngstown, OH 1951 thru 1955 REPRINTS - sets only $100.00 44512(330)788-1598. 2000 thru 2002 $ 5.00 2003 $ 6.00 2008 Vice President Michael Van Steen, 5303 Wildman Road, Add $0.75 For Each Copy of Any Issue Cedarville, OH 45314 (937) 766-5411. The Archaeology of Ohio, by Robert N. Converse regular $60.00 2008 Immediate Past President John Mocic, Box 170 RD #1, Dilles Author's Edition $75.00 Bottom, OH 43947 (740) 676-1077. Postage, Add $ 5.00 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are generally 2008 Executive Secretary George Colvin, 220 Darbymoor Drive, out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to business office Plain City, OH 43064 (614) 879-9825. for prices and availability. 2008 Treasurer Chris Rummel, 6197 Shelba Drive, Galloway, OH ASO CHAPTERS 43119(614)558-3512 Aboriginal Explorers Club 2008 Recording Secretary Cindy Wells, 15001 Sycamore Road, Mt. President: Mark Kline, 1127 Esther Rd., Wellsville, OH 43968 (330) 532-1157 Beau Fleuve Chapter Vernon, OH 43050 (614) 397-4717. President: Richard Sojka, 11253 Broadway, Alden, NY 14004 (716) 681-2229 2008 Webmaster Steven Carpenter, 529 Gray St., Plain City, OH. Blue Jacket Chapter 43064(614)873-5159. President: Ken Sowards, 9201 Hildgefort Rd., Fort Laramie, OH 45845 (937) 295-3764 2010 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, OH Chippewa Valley Chapter 43064(614)873-5471. President: Eric Deel, 585 Diagonal Rd., Apt. #1119, Akron, OH 44320 (330) 762-4108 TRUSTEES Cuyahoga Valley Chapter 2010 Carl Harruff, Box 81, Sparta, OH 43350 (419) 253-4804. President: Norman Park, 4495 W. High St., Mantua, OH 44255 (330) 274-2171 2010 Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Dr., Greenville, OH 45331 Dividing Ridges Chapter President: John Mocic, PO Box 170, Dilles Bottom, OH 43947 (740)676-1077 (937) 548-0325. Flint Ridge Chapter 2010 Brian Foltz, P.O. Box 370, Worthington, OH 43085 President: John Lutz, 21 South 24th St., Newark, OH 43055 (740) 344-8647 (614)425-2111 Fort Salem Chapter 2010 Doug Hooks, 1414 Woodville Rd., Mansfield, OH 44903. President: Joe Beavers, 843 Ohio Pike, Cincinnati, OH 45245 (513) 753-4461 2008 Walt Sperry, 15515 Nixon Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH 43050 Fulton Creek Archaeology (740) 507-2685. President: Randy Cheney, 173 Beatty Ave., Richwood, OH 43344 (740) 943-5321 2008 Randall Hackworth, 1063 Moulton-Ft Amanda Rd., Johnny Appleseed Chapter President: Doug Hooks, 1414 Woodville Rd., Mansfield, OH 44903 (419) 564-2811 Wapakoneta, OH 45895 (419) 657-6657. King Beaver Chapter 2008 Tony DeRegnaucourt, 106 North Street, Arcanum, OH 45304 President: Chuck King, 44 Shenango Rd., New Castle, PA 16105 (724) 654-2868 (937) 692-8669.2008 Kokosing Chapter 2008 Frank Otto, 7700 New Delaware Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH 43050 President: Tom Debolt, 18511 Arrington Road, Utica, OH 43080 (740) 892-2643 (740) 393-3326. Lake County Chapter REGIONAL COLLABORATORS President: Doug Divish, 35900 Chardon Rd., Willoughby, OH 44094 (440) 942-0563 Mike Rusnak, 1642 Friar Road, Stow, OH 44242 Mad River Chapter Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 President: Chuck Oliver, 2717 Stoney Creek St., Springfield, OH 45504 (937) 390-0889 Steven Kelley, P.O. Box 1, Seaman, OH 45679 Mahoning Valley Chapter James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH President: Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., Youngstown, OH 44512 (330) 788-1598 43210 Maumee Valley Chapter Jeff Carskadden, 8375 Heilman Dr., New Carlisle, OH 45344 President: Charles Carroll, 7771 St. Rt. 15, Defiance, OH 43512 (419) 658-4415 Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Dr., Greenville, OH 45331 Miamiville Arch. Chapter Brian DaRe, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 President: Gary Hicks, 4113 Pee Wee Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45244 (513) 271-2069 Dr. Robert Morris, Dept. of Geology, Wittenberg University, Mound City Chapter Springfield, OH 45501 President: John Barnhart, 200 Northridge Rd., Circleville, OH 43113 (740) 474-4608 Gary Fogelman, 245 Fairview Rd., Turboville, PA 17772 Mowkon Chapter ASO Webmaster - Steven Carpenter - www.ohioarch.org President: Ron Siebeneck, 17420 County Road 18Q, Fort Jennings, OH 45844 (419) 642-0030 All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist should Muskingum Valley Chapter be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, changes of President: Steven House, 1279 Glenwood Ave., Zanesville, OH 43701 (740) 454-1580 address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi-ness Manager. Paint Creek Chapter PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS President: Mick VanSteen, 5303 Wildman Rd., Cedarville, OH 45314 (937) 766-5411 CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, Sandusky Bay Chapter SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH 44889 (440) 839-2512 MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Seccauim Archaeological Chapter President: Brenda Galinas, 601 West Warren St., Bucyrus, OH 44820 (n.a.) Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the Six Rivers Chapter first of January as follows: Regular membership $25.00; Individual Life President: Frank Otto, 7700 New Delaware Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH 43050 (740) 393-3326 Membership $750. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published Standing Stone Chapter quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological President: Joel Embry, 7503 Col-Lancaster Rd., NW, Carroll, OH 43112 (614) 833-1175 Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. Sugar Creek Chapter PUBLICATIONS President: David Reed, 24695 Scott Drive, Wooster, OH 44691 (330) 264-2639 Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Their Fires Are Cold Chapter Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $59.00 add $5.00 P-H President: Kevin Boos, 5710 Old Railroad Rd., Sandusky, OH 44870 (419) 627-6254 Ohio Flint Types, (Author's Edition) $69.00 add $5.00 P-H Walhonding Valley Chapter Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $4.50 P-H President: Vince Fry, 28449 County Rd. 25, Warsaw, OH 43844 (740) 824-5171 Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $4.50 P-H Wolf Creek Chapter The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse... $25.00 add $5.00 P-H President: Richard Henry, 685 Miller Rd., Waterford, OH 45786 (740) 984-2199 BUSINESS MANAGER Peggy Potter, 6478 Winchester Blvd., Suite 120, Canal Winchester, OH 43110 Business Phone 1 -800-736-7815 ASO WEBSITE - www.ohioarch.org TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENTS PAGE President's Page 3 Front Cover Information 3 Loaf-Shaped Bannerstones by Robert Converse 4 The Curious Story of a Southern Ohio Birdstone by Dan Schlichter 5 Turkeytails, Funeral Observances, and the Sacred Calendar by Richard Michael Gramly 6 Rocky Falleti A Recently Found Salvaged Birdstone by Doug Stowers 12 Well here it comes again, that time of the year we've all been wait­ Rare Middle Woodland Artifacts from Huron County, Ohio ing for, artifact hunting time. Pease don't forget to get permission by John C. Rummel 13 from the landowner and above all, don't litter the fields. One thing An Early Historic Period Pendant from that always irked me personally was the picking up of flint from its Southeastern Richland County, Ohio position and dropping them at the edge of the field in a pile. Most of by Stanley Baker 14 the people that do it do so because they don't want to flip it again. What they fail to remember is that piles will appear later as a new Some Archaic Bannerstones with Wing-Like Features site in another area. And by removing unwanted debris from its loca­ byD. R. Gehlbach 16 tion you are removing the flint from the area it belongs in. So I would Three Slate Pieces Found Together in Ashland County, Ohio recommend that if you are not going to take it home, just put it right by Michael Rusnak 18 back in the same area. A Madison County Sandstone Spool Our election is scheduled this May and all nominations are in by by Doug Stowers 20 now and the nominations are closed. The slate of candidates is in­ Some Early Woodland Adena Gorgets cluded in this issue and we hope that all members cast a ballot - it by D. R. Gehlbach 21 is your Society. The Elevator Site, Port Washington, Ohio Our symposium is scheduled May 16th and 17th. This promises to by Wayne A. Mortine & Doug Randies 22 be one blockbuster evening. We need your support by attending it to Third Archaeological Society of Ohio Symposium 26 make this a whopping success. If you have not purchased your tickets Archaeology & Anthropological Ethics yet, you can do so by contacting our Vice President Mick Van Steen. by Clement W. Meighan 28 There is an attendance form included with this issue. The complete Hunter-Gatherer Violence in Southern North America list of people who donated towards this event is not complete yet but I would like to thank them in advance. They will be noted in the next by Leland W. Patterson 31 issue. The symposium info is also included in this issue. A Paleo Indian Site in Delaware County, Ohio WE NEED DISPLAYS OF MATERIAL FOR THE SYMPOSIUM - by Jim Mills 32 INDIVIDUAL ITEMS - SITE MATERIAL - EDUCATIONAL MATE­ Erratum 33 RIAL. IF YOU HAVE A DISPLAY CALL BOB CONVERSE OR MICK 2008 ASO Candidate Profiles 34 VAN STEEN - LET'S SHOW THE WORLD SOME OF THE FINEST The Epitome of Winged Bannerstones ARTIFACTS IN THE WORLD. by Dennis Link 36 Remember to contact congressional representatives and let them The Bohlander Axe know that you are opposed to a Federal Bill introduced by presidential by M. C. Hall 37 candidate, Senator McCain, that would change 2 words in NAGPRA Soils, Hopewell Sites, and Ohio Prairies wording and make everything found on Federal Lands, American In­ by Barbara M. Harkness & James A. Petro 38 dian and subject to repatriation. He, in his bill, calls us pot hunters, The Montgomery Collection of Ross County looters and grave robbers of cultural objects. If the bureaucrats and by Robert Montgomery 43 some of the professionals had their way, there would be no surface Obituary: James Douglas Dutcher 43 hunting anywhere. Fine Ashtabula Knife from Coshocton County, Ohio by Michael Rusnak 44 Artifacts from the Berwell Thomas Collection by Matt Burr 44 Rocky Falleti Obituary: Robert L. Harness 45 President A Double Grooved Plummet The Archaeological Society of Ohio by Chris Remy 45 Book Review: Ohio Flint Types Has Many Useful Additions by Michael Rusnak 46 An Adena Semi-Keeled Gorget from Madison County, Ohio by George H. Colvin 47 An Adena Adze from Stark County, Ohio by Garry Walter 47 Important Bannerstones by Col. Matthew W. Nahorn 48 Interesting Finds from Portage County, Ohio by Michael Rusnak 49

Front Cover: Eight Trophy Axes from the collection of Mick Van Steen, Cedarville, Ohio. Among the rarest of all prehistoric artifacts, Trophy Axes are probably associated with Archaic cultures in Ohio.* There are two basic categories - VA grooved and full grooved. Both varieties are shown - axes 1,2,3, 4, 6 are VA grooved, and axes 5, 7, 8 are full grooved. The full grooved type is the scarcest of the two varieties. Such axes are rarely found outside Ohio. *Only one such specimen has been reported, but that was not in any kind of a formal archaeological account, but strangely, in a newspaper story by a reporter. 3 LOAF-SHAPED BANNERSTONES by Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064

Figure 1 (Converse) Seven Loaf-shaped bannerstones. From left to right - 2VA in., steatite, Summit Co. Chlorite, 2 in. Summit Co. Chlorite, 2V2 in., Pickaway Co. Chlorite, 2 in., Huron Co. Quartzite, 2 in., Summit Co. Slate, 2V2 in., Logan Co. Steatite, 2 in., Butler Co.

The word loaf-shaped best describes (bottom center). The use of unusual stone quartzite is much harder but was neverthe­ this bannerstone type. In Dave Lutz' monu­ is a type attribute. less also gouged. mental book on bannerstones he classifies Another characteristic is the large hole. The bottom is usually flat or slightly concave. them with the humped type. But in view Every example has a hole larger than that Only the slate example has a fluted bottom. of several attributes I believe this variety seen in ball banners or tubular banners (to These unusual banners are usually from deserves a classification of its own even which they seem to be related). It is ob­ slightly less than two inches long to around though when it comes to typing prehistoric vious in most examples that the original 21/4 inches - but as with all types, variations in artifacts, I consider myself a "lumper" and hole has been enlarged. In fact, in three of size and other configurations are not unusual. not a "splitter." the pictured banners, the hole has been This scarce type is usually made of ex­ reamed longitudinally to make it larger. The REFERENCE CITED otic stone - of the seven examples in the striations from this reaming or gouging can color plate, three are of chlorite (2,3,4 top be seen in the two chlorite examples (cen­ 2000 Lutz, David L row), two of black steatite (top left, lower ter top row) and the quartzite specimen The Archaic Bannerstone Privately printed right), one of yellow quartzite (bottom left), lower left. Chlorite is a relatively soft stone 619 St. Catherine Court, Newburgh, IN and could be easily manipulated, however and one of slate with prominent inclusions 47630-1527

4 THE CURIOUS STORY OF A SOUTHERN OHIO BIRDSTONE by Dan Schlichter, Washington Court House, Ohio

In the fall of 2003 Mike Shelton found the headless body of a birdstone along Paint Creek near the Ross County - Highland County line. Found with it was an adze protruding out from under the birdstone with a flint projectile point under the adze. On January 10, 2008, Barry Grandstaff V< ^^| of Ross County found the head of a bird­ stone in the same area. I acquired both pieces and they fit nicely together. There are a number of oddities about this birdstone and the associated artifacts. Curiously, the break appears to be some­ what fresh and yet the front portion of the birdstone has a decidedly different patina. Of course it is possible that the break is prehistoric and the head part of the bird / acquired its own distinct aging. The dif­ fii' / ferences can easily be seen in the photo­ . i graphs. However, it is strange that if this birdstone was broken in prehistoric times that both pieces would surface in the span of five years. Of interest is the occurrence of the adze and the flint point with the birdstone. On the face of it these three artifacts do not belong together - the adze is probably • ^^^Bih?5>r*f 1 1 ' * • ' * ~"**^ Adena and the flint point appears to be Hopewell. Of course the birdstone origi­ nated with either the Glacial Kame or Red Figure 1 (Schlichter) Two broken pieces of a slate birdstone, an adze and a projectile point. Ocher cultures. Thus there are perhaps three disparate cultures represented in the three pieces. Such an occurrence might that the point is what is termed a Feehely REFERENCE CITED be explained as purely serendipitous -just point which has had a tenuous association luck - and it would be difficult to explain it with Glacial Kame (Converse 1982). 1982 Converse, Robert N. otherwise. But there is always the chance Whatever scenario occurred, it only adds The Glacial Kame Indians The Archaeological Society of Ohio that the birdstone had been found by later to the mystery of our difficulty in trying to people of the Adena Hopewell era and kept understand what happened three thousand as a curiosity, along with an adze and a years or more in the past. projectile point. There is also the possibility

Figure 2 (Schlichter) Birdstone with both pieces re-assembled. TURKEYTAILS, FUNERAL OBSERVANCES, AND THE SACRED CALENDAR by Richard Michael Gramly, American Society for Amateur Archaeology, North Andover, Massachusetts

"From ages immemorial, Man has sensed the truth that he must live in harmony with the forces of Heaven " (Anon. 1945)

The apparent movements of the moon, days must pass. Each of these days was should provide the data we need. sun and the other heavenly bodies have designated uniquely by a number and sign. The custom of burying groups of flaked fascinated all cultures, and scholars spe­ Such an ingenious calendar was termed stone points, or "caching," has ancient cializing in their study have existed on all a tonalamatl and was used by all Central roots in the Americas. It was practiced dur­ continents throughout history (and per­ American societies (Forstemann 1904). ing the Clovis era in both the West (Lah- haps prehistory). The cycles of movement, It is thought that the number of named ren and Bonnichsen 1974) and the East in combination with various methods of days in the tonalamatl was based upon (Gramly 1999), during the preceding (?) counting, are the basis of calendars. the number of fingers and toes. Also, the period of the Cumberland archaeological The practical applications of calendars, number 13 might refer to the body's major culture (Gramly, Vesper and McCall 1999), such as telling farmers when to sow and joints, kinship and descent (See Schuster and even as late as Mississippian times - reap, are often cited. Personally, I believe and Carpenter 1996: Chapter 3 for a dis­ witness human burials interred with thou­ that this argument has been over-stressed. cussion.) Nothing more elementally human sands of arrowpoints underneath Mound Farmers can tell the seasons by well-un­ can be imagined. 72 at the Cahokia site, Illinois. derstood signs and seldom need a printed Being the foundation for scheduling im­ Use of the term, "cache," to refer to calendar for guidance. The real application portant rituals throughout Meso-America, all deposits of flaked stone points may of calendars, it seems to me, is ritual. So­ it is difficult to believe that societies north be something of a misnomer, as strictly cieties need to know when to celebrate, of Mexico knew nothing about it. Here I speaking, a cache is a group of artifacts when to make offerings to gods and per­ wish to 1) present evidence that the tonala­ (or foodstuffs) that has been set aside for sons held sacred, when to collect taxes, matl was used in funeral observances by a future use. Their owner has every intention and when to honor the dead. Terminal Archaic/Early Woodland culture in of reclaiming them when needed. In the Honoring the dead is based upon the the Mid-West and 2) argue that it is impor­ case of objects buried with dead bodies, belief that they may influence the living. tant to determine exact numbers of arti­ however, they may have been left perma­ In neglecting to pay homage to its dead, facts within suspected mortuary features. nently as an offering to the dead or were a society risks "divine" retribution - flood, their rightful property. famine, disease. Who can say what might Turkeytails and Turkeytail Caches Sometimes, due to factors of preserva­ be the outcome of being lax, mis-schedul­ The several types or varieties of Turkey- tion, we are unsure if "cached" artifacts ac­ ing a ritual, or neglecting to perform it? tail flaked stone points, reckoned to be six companied a burial or were deposited only In one way or another all societies pro­ or more, have been defined and described temporarily but afterwards forgotten by pitiate memory of the dead. Our own cul­ by many authors - among whom are Stemle their owner. In these equivocal cases, use ture, for example, publishes "bereavement (1981), Perino (1985), and Justice (1987). of the term, cache, is fully justified. notices" on the anniversary of deaths in the While most points would have functioned It is well known that the makers of Tur­ obituary section of newspapers. In Japan at well as knives, there are narrow, slim exam­ keytails practiced caching. We are less fixed periods after death scripture-readings ples that surely tipped projectiles and saw certain that groups of cached Turkeytails and prayers are offered (Dunn 1969: 129- use in the field. Turkeytail points are on re­ accompanied human burials in every in­ 130). Also in Buddhist Japan, a full year cord for at least 10 states and one Canadian stance. In Elaine Holzapfel's review of must pass before ashes of a high-status province. Their distribution is centered upon "Red Ochre" culture caches of Turkeytails person are entombed (Kidder 1972: 136). the Ohio River valley where they are fre­ in the greater Ohio region (1993 and 1994) The length of the fixed periods between quently encountered along the lower reach­ we note a few cases of associated bone - funeral observances, of course, depends es of tributary streams (Ray Tanner, personal perhaps human. For one discovery (Patrick upon a society's calendric system. What communication). Wherever they are found, cache), however, a trained observer report­ constitutes a "year" is not agreed upon by even at the fringes of their distribution (for ed that no bone was present within a pit all. Some societies, such as our own, are example, the Berger cache in northwest­ containing "310-350 ceremonially broken guided by the solar year of 365 days (ap­ ern Wisconsin; Amick 2004), Turkeytails are specimens." proximately). For the Chinese the lunar year made predominantly of various shades of The physical treatment accorded Tur­ is used, and the date of its onset varies. A gray chert also known as hornstone. This keytails in caches was highly variable. Ex­ grouping of 60 lunar years (five sets of the superb toolstone, which is capable of yield­ tra-large points, as seen in the Nussbaum 12 named lunar years) is important to Chi­ ing very thin bifaces to a capable knapper, (Converse 1989) and James McNutt (Koup nese astrologers for telling time and plan­ outcrops in Indiana and Kentucky. 1990) caches, seem often to have escaped ning ritual observances (Too 1996: 214). The occurrence of several types of Tur­ smashing or destruction by fire. Smaller Among early historic and prehistoric keytails in various stages of manufacture Turkeytails, on the other hand, did not fare Central American societies such as the at the same habitation site (e.g., Obrien's as well. Typically, caches of small- to me­ Maya, there were, not one, but two cal­ Cave, Simpson Co., Kentucky) suggests dium-sized Turkeytails have suffered dam­ endar years! The first, a secular calendar, that these forms represent an evolutionary age by fire, being reduced to small frag­ was solar and counted (360 + 5) days. The series and are not regional expressions of ments (see Holzapfel 1996 for an example second, the ritual calendar, lasted only a common theme (Dennis Vesper, personal from Clark County, Ohio). Some Turkeytails 260 days. It has been likened to two gear communication). Were it so, it should be in caches were intentionally smashed (e.g., wheels, one of 13 numbers and the other of possible to establish a sequence and date the Spetnagel cache, Chillicothe, Ohio). A 20 day signs, side-by-side and meshed to­ it absolutely from beginning to end. Caches combination of incineration and smashing gether (Coe 1987:47). In order for the gears of Turkeytails usually feature a single type; may have taken place in some instances, to arrive at their starting point again, 260 radiocarbon dates from discrete caches although the evidence is not compelling.

6 It seems evident that the physical treat­ were gneiss tablets showing the traces of behind. Her thoroughness was confirmed ment of Turkeytails in caches may have fire, fragments of badly deteriorated bone during my November, 2003, visit to the changed over time. If this activity were (human?), and other articles. findspot when only a few firespalled frag­ part of funeral observances, then we must Thirteen years prior to the discovery of ments of Turkeytails were recovered after expect customs to have evolved. Also, we the Denney Cache, in September, 1991, a a diligent search. The soil and artifacts lay must allow that there were differences in fu­ remarkably similar grouping of Fulton Tur­ within 5-gal buckets inside Gail Roe's ga­ neral observances according to the wealth keytails was plowed up on the Jewell Farm rage for 12 years (until 2003) when I took and status of the families staging ceremo­ just outside of Willmore, Jessamine Coun­ title to it. At the time of discovery Gail seg­ nies. These issues are complex and de­ ty, north-central Kentucky. The findspot regated a group of the larger fragments mand the archaeologist's full consideration occupies one of the highpoints (Figure 2) in and attempted (with little success) to piece when reporting discoveries of Turkeytail the county west of meandering Jessamine together some complete Turkeytails. Ac­ caches. Alas, it may be impossible to glean Creek and east of the winding Kentucky cording to her, "three or four" point tips and trustworthy information about accidental River. Both watercourses have incised bases (tails) that appeared to match were finds that are afterward inexactingly ex­ deeply through bedded limestones of Or- gifted to a family doctor; while, another 40 plored. Regarded as "treasure," Turkeytails dovician age (Cressman and Hrabar 1970). paired tips and tails - all well-shaped, thinly in caches may be misappropriated, divided Heavily cultivated Jessamine County is rich flaked and mounted within a glassed box among finders before restoration, and sold in prehistoric sites, and everywhere around - were stolen by a youth and later sold on off without being catalogued and counted. them picturesque, treed landscapes may the streets of Louisville. They were never In such cases discoveries are almost val­ be viewed (Figure 3). recovered, and as a result, later only four (4) ueless to archaeological science. Gail Roe, the finder of the cache and Turkeytails could be restored by the author. for whom it is named, had the foresight to (Three of them are shown in Figure 4.) Fulton Turkeytail Caches: Recent scoop up all the artifacts and surrounding Processing the 5-gal buckets of un- and Not-So-Recent Discoveries plowed soil, leaving very few specimens searched plow zone was time-consuming The inexorable erosion of actively farmed land accounts for most of the discoveries of Turkeytail caches. Many of these plowed- out archaeological features must escape OHIO investigation; fewer still are studied and re­ ported in the scientific literature. One of the notable exceptions is the Denney cache of Fulton Turkeytails that was found in May, 2004, near Mt. Stirling, Montgomery Coun­ ty, northeast Kentucky (Pennington 2004a, 2004b, 2007). Each of the more than 225 Turkeytails, averaging five inches long and made of various shades of gray, concen­ trically-banded hornstone, had been dam­ aged by fire. Very few specimens could be completely restored from fragments. The actual number of Turkeytails in the Denney cache is likely greater than 225, which is the number known to date (M. Pennington, personal communication). TENN Many of the very small fire-spalls in the cache have not yet been taken into ac­ Figure 1. Map of Kentucky showing locations of Gail Roe (A) and Denney (B) caches of Turkeytails. count. Several thousand small and large fragments lay among "greasy feeling" black soil within a pit extending 13-14 inches below the base of the plow zone and measuring 14 x 24 inches. No calcined or cremated bone was ob­ served nor was any fire-reddened earth present, which would have indicated burn­ ing in situ. To all appearances the Denney cache was a secondary deposit. The author submitted a sample of wood charcoal weighing approximately £. six grams from the Denney cache to Beta Analytic Inc. of Coral Gables, Florida, for radiocarbon dating. The corrected result (Beta-193504) proved to be 2,700 +/- 70 years BP or 790-1000 BC when calibrated. This result agrees very favorably with Greg Perino's estimated antiquity for the Ful­ ton Turkeytail type of 500-1000 BC (1985: 141). It is slightly more ancient than the only other radiocarbon date heretofore re­ *% ported for a Fulton Turkeytail cache, name­ ly, 2,340 +/- 80 years BP (Grandstaff and Davis 1985). This cache, consisting of nine undamaged points, was discovered dur­ Figure 2. Findspot of the Gail Roe cache upon a gentle ridge, Jewell Farm outside of Willmore, Jes­ ing 1984 in Ross County, Ohio. Also with it samine County, Kentucky. Photo by R. M. Gramly, 2003. as an Va-inch mesh, and in some cases The average weight of the four Turkey- author was able to devote many hours to window-screen, was used. All chert firespalls tail points that were restored (each com­ study of the Gail Roe cache. A by-product and angular fragments of Turkeytails were prised of several conjoined fragments) is of this little project was a sample of wood saved as well as 1) calcined bone bits, 2) 30.6 grams. If we multiply this figure by the charcoal teased from lumps of fire-red­ charcoal, and 3) lumps of fire-reddened soil. 43-44 Fulton Turkeytails that are no longer dened earth that had lain within the 5-gal I noted that chunks of soil had been baked with Gail Roe's cache we may add another pails of plowed soil collected by Gail Roe. to a thickness of 25-35 mm. A very hot fire, 1,315.8 - 1,346.4 grams to the mass giv­ Well-preserved hardwood charcoal with a kept burning for 24 hours and perhaps lon­ ing totals of 257-258 Turkeytails weighing dry weight of 1.9 grams was bagged and ger, would have been required to bake un­ 7,852.7-7,883.3 grams. sent to Beta Analytic Inc. for dating by tan­ derlying soil to such a thickness. The mere Interesting to note, if we divide the me­ dem linear accelerator mass spectroscopy. fact of its recovery is evidence that Gail Roe's dian, estimated total weight of the Gail Roe The determination was funded by Dennis cache had once lain within a crematory - per­ cache (7,868 grams) by the average weight Vesper - an amateur archaeologist and haps a shallow basin. The ridge on the Jewell of a Turkeytail at this site we arrive at the Kentuckian who has had a long-standing Farm where the cache was discovered would estimate of 258 points among the cache. interest in the prehistory and early history seem an ideal place for cremation, as winds Doubtless, this figure is a slight under-esti- of his native state. are constantly at play there. mate of the complete number, as I observed The result (Beta-229096) was 2,570 Unlike the Denney cache, calcined bone, that some very small point fragments (fire- +/- 40 years BP or 590-640 BC when cali­ possibly human, had been present at Gail spalled flakes) remain to be gleaned from brated and at one standard deviation. The Roe's site. Bone bits were solidly embed­ the plow zone on the Jewell Farm. date is slightly, but significantly, younger ded within soil chunks that had been hard­ In my opinion the estimated numbers of than the result for the Denney cache. Beta- ened by fire. Altogether 563.6 grams were Turkeytails in the Denney cache (225+) and 229096 is an important determination as gleaned from 25 gallons of plowed soil, in­ Gail Roe cache (258+) are so close that it there are very few absolute dates for Tur­ cluding 192.4 grams of cortical bone (Fig­ is possible to believe that the same num­ keytail caches. ure 5), 53.5 grams of skull (Figure 6), and bers of cremated points were deposited 318.7 grams of unrecognizable fragments at both sites - and that the number may The Spread of Smoking Rituals and (Figure 7). No single bone could be identi­ have been 260. As I shall argue below, this the Sacred Calendar fied as human nor of any other animal. My number is highly significant. As I have argued in detail elsewhere difficulty in identifying bone was exacer­ (Gramly 2006), tobacco with its role in ritu­ bated by the thorough milling it had un­ A Word about Style als, was introduced to the Mid-West ulti­ dergone. Reducing cremains to an amor­ The Fulton Turkeytails of the Gail Roe mately from Meso-America. Tobacco's ap­ phous mass of small fragments by grinding cache are divisible into two styles (vari­ pearance is undoubtedly linked to the first with stones or wooden pestles, perhaps ants). Among the 112 Turkeytail points that widespread use of smoking pipes during for cosmetic reasons, may have been a were represented by large fragments (in­ the Terminal Archaic/Early Woodland Gla­ common practice among certain North cluding the 4 completed specimens) and cial Kame culture (Converse 1981; 2003: American societies during the first millen­ thus could be classified according to style, 114-115 and elsewhere). Dates for Glacial nium BC (See Gramly and Kunkle 2003 for there were 7 specimens that were thin and Kame fall within the first half of the first mil­ a case of milled cremains at a Meadowood wide (Figure 8). Points of this style had rel­ lennium BC - the same time when Turkey- site in central Pennsylvania.) atively small, delicate tails. Also, they had tails were deposited in caches. If we consider the calcined bone bits with been fashioned of a paler gray hornstone Along with tobacco may have come the Gail Roe cache to be all human, then than was the norm for the other, more nu­ knowledge of foodstuffs that helped sup­ only part of an adult's skeleton could be merous style of Turkeytail. This variety of port burgeoning populations in the Mid- represented. Possibly cremation occurred hornstone is identical to nodules shown West. Seen from a causative perspective, well after death, and only a few skeletal el­ to me from deposits near Mauckport, Har­ ements were selected for burning? rison County, on the Indiana shore of the The actual number of Turkeytails in Gail Ohio River - downstream of Louisville, Roe's cache approached 260 and weighed Kentucky. Likely, this raw material had well over 8 kg (17-18 pounds). These fig­ been imported by creators of the Gail Roe ures are based upon the following obser­ cache from that distant region. vations: The dominant style of Fulton Turkeytail in the Gail Roe cache, and apparently for A. Number of bases (tails) the Denney Cache, as well, is a rugged but within 5-gal buckets 205 well made point with a prominent tail rang­ Weight of bases (tails)... 1,339.2 grams ing from 100-125 mm (4-5 inches) in over­ B. Number of tips within all length. Figure 9 is a good specimen of 5-gal buckets 210 this style, typical in every respect. The raw Weight of tips 1,100 grams material used for Figure 9 and others of its C. Number of medial fragments* class is darker gray than any hornstone within buckets 627 that I have seen from Indiana. This distinc­ Weight of medial tion recalls an observation made by Stem- fragments 2,226.1 grams le (1981: 116) about dark gray hornstone •Includes 4 fragments preserving bulbs from the Wortham site, Hardin County, of percussion - see note. Kentucky versus lighter-colored stone from D. Number of pot-lidded (fire-spalled) Indiana quarries. Wortham was a prolific flakes within 5-gal. buckets 3,586 workshop used by makers of Turkeytails. Weight of flakes (all derived from Is it possible that this station or another in Turkeytails) 1,749.2 grams its vicinity provided the hornstone used for E. Completed (conjoined) points 4 the bulk of points in the Gail Roe and Den­ Weight of completed ney caches? points 122.4 grams Another Radiocarbon Date Figure 3. Gail Roe hugs purportedly the second largest, venerable oak in the state of Kentucky, TOTAL Objects 4,632 Confined to a sick-bed with a broken near Willmore. Photo by R. M. Gramly, 2003. TOTAL Weight 6,536.9 grams leg during February and March, 2007, the 8 it was the cultivation of introduced domes­ REFERENCE CITED Koup, William tic plants and fostering of nutritious wild 1990 The James McNutt cache. Ohio Ar­ chaeologist 40(3): 26-7. species that enabled human populations Amick, Daniel S. Lahren, Larry and Robson Bonnichsen to rise above earlier levels. 2004 The Berger cache of Turkey-tail points from Dunn County, Western Wisconsin. 1974 Bone foreshafts from a Clovis burial in Tobacco must be grown and processed The Wisconsin Archeologist 85(1): 100- southwestern Montana. Science 186: according to a strict schedule if a living is 110. 147-150. to be made from it. A good calendar based Anonymous Pennington, Monty R. on a solar year may be of help. If, on the 1945 Chinese Astrology. Quon-Quon Co. Los 2004a 181-blade, killed, Turkeytail Fulton other hand, the drug is used desultorily Angeles, California. cache found! Internet posting, May 26, and just in rituals, harvesting a large sup­ Coe, Michael D. 2004. ply every year is not critical. In this case the 1987 The Maya. Thames and Hudson, Ltd. 2004b Personal communication. only calendar that would have mattered to London. 2007 Turkeytail Fulton cache. Internet post­ ing of the Appalachian Foothills Artifact prehistoric Mid-Western societies might Converse, Robert N. Collectors Association. have been the sacred one or tonalamatl. 1983 The Glacial Kame Indians. Special pub­ lication of the Archaeological Society of 2008 Personal communication. This sacred calendar and the meaning of it Ohio. Columbus. Perino, Gregory could have traveled north from the region 1988 The Nussbaum cache. Ohio Archaeolo­ 1985 Selected Preforms, points and Knives of where it was developed along with seeds gist 39(1): 20. the North American Indians (Volume 1). and knowledge needed for successful 2003 The Archaeology of Ohio. The Archaeo­ Idabel, Oklahoma. husbandry of tobacco and foodstuffs. logical Society of Ohio. Columbus. Schuster, Carl and Edmund Carpenter We can only infer that tobacco and the Cressman, E. R. and S. V. Hrabar 1996 Patterns That Connect. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York. tonalamatl played some role in rituals of the 1970 Geologic Map of the Wilmore Quadran­ Stemle, David L. dead; proof is difficult to obtain. Yet, hu­ gle, Central Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey. Washington, D.C. 1981 The Turkey Tail point. Central States man societies everywhere schedule funeral Dunn, Charles J. Archaeological Journal, Volume 28: observances according to time-honored 1969 Everyday Life in Traditional Japan. 112-122. formulas. This patterned behavior, the ba­ Charles E. Tuttle Co. Rutland, Vermont. Tanner, Ray sis of any living or archaeological culture, Forstemann, E. 2007 Personal communication. does not surprise us. In the case of people 1904 Central American Tonalamatl. Pp. 525- Too, Lillian who made and used Fulton Turkeytails, it 33 in Charles P. Bowditch (translator 1995 The Complete Illustrated Guide to Feng is reasonable to believe that points were and editor) Mexican and Central Ameri­ Shui. Element Books. Boston, Massa­ offered to a dead person for every day in can Antiquities, Calendar Systems, and chusetts. the sacred calendar, that is to say, 260 History. Bureau of American Ethnology Vesper, Dennis Turkeytails. Perhaps 260 days had to pass Bulletin 28. Washington, D.C. 2005 Personal communication. between the time of death and final crema­ Gramly, Richard M. 1999 The Lamb Site: A Pioneering Ctovis En­ tion/inhumation? Might family members campment. Persimmon Press. Buffalo, have kept count of the full (correct) number New York. of days by the points that they offered? 2006 The Hopewell connection: Drug lords Other numbers besides 260 may have along the Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist been held sacred and played a role within 56(3): 10-18. rituals marked by the tonalamatl. The ar­ Gramly, Richard Michael and Leslie C. Kunkle chaeologist is in the unique position to tell 2003 Working with cremains: An example from the Ferry site, south-central Penn­ us what these numbers may have been. sylvania. The Amateur Archaeologist Patterns that connected ancient societies 9(1): 43-52. across continents in the New World, as ev­ Gramly, Richard M., Dennis Vesper, and Dave erywhere on the globe (Schuster and Car­ McCall penter 1996), will only become clear when 1999 A Cumberland point site near Trinity, we witness the archaeological record and Lewis County, northern Kentucky. The weigh the quality of our evidence. Amateur Archaeologist 6(1): 63-80. Grandstaff, Barry and Gary Davis Note 1985 Another Red Ochre discovery in Ross County. Ohio Archaeologist 35(3): 26-28. It is evident that at least four Turkeytails Holzapfel, Elaine in the Gail Roe cache had been broken by 1993 A study of prehistoric caches in the percussion. Perhaps they had been broken Ohio area. Ohio Archaeologist 43(3): before cremation or smashed afterward - 30-37. as a deliberate measure to complete the 1994 More prehistoric flint caches from the destruction? Ohio area. Ohio Archaeologist 44(2): 36-30. Acknowledgements 1996 A Turkeytail cache found in Clark Coun­ ty. Ohio Archaeologist 48(3): 10-12. The cooperation of Gail Roe and support Justice, Noel D. of Dennis Vesper speeded this small proj­ 1987 Sfone Age Spear and Arrow Points. ect upon its way. Drs. William A. Ritchie Indiana University Press. Bloomington. and Robert E. Funk inspired my interest in Kidder, J. Edward Woodland burial ceremonialism. 1972 Early Buddhist Japan. Praeger Publish­ ers. New York.

9 Figure 4. Three of four restored Turkeytails in the Gail Roe cache. They are of the more common style of Fulton Turkeytail point made of dark gray Kentucky hornstone. Length of point on right (also see Fig. 9) is 115 mm (49lw inches). Photo by R. M. Gramly.

Figure 5. Cremated fragments of cortical bone, perhaps human. Recovered from plow zone, Gail Roe cache, Jessamine County, Kentucky. Weight of all cortical fragments = 192.4 grams. 10 -5. WII.LMAMN 20O7

Figure 8. Basal fragment of a relatively wide and thin Fulton Turkeytail representing the less common style of point made of Indiana (?) hornstone, Gail Roe cache. Surviving length = 60 mm (23h inches). Steve Wall- mann drawing. Figure 6. Cremated fragments of skull, perhaps human. Recovered from plow zone, Gail Roe cache. Weight of all skull fragments = 53.5 grams.

S.WALLMANN £007

Figure 7. Small fragments of cremated bone (human?). They appear to have been milled or ground to a uni­Figure 9. Fulton Turkeytail point of dark gray form size. Recovered from plow zone, Gail Roe cache. Weight of all unattributable fragments = 318.7 grams. hornstone, damaged by fire and restored from several fragments. This specimen is typical of the more common style of Turkey- tail in the Gail Roe cache. Length = 115 mm (49IK inches). Drawing by Steve Wallmann.

11 A RECENTLY FOUND SALVAGED BIRDSTONE by Doug Stowers, Grove City, Ohio This salvaged birdstone was found stone is a bar type, with front drilling com­ The overall dimensions are 21A" long, 1 Va" March 27, 2004 north of Kiousville which plete and intact. The eyes are denoted by high and 3A" thick with an unusual 7h" long is located in Fairfield Township, Madison bumps on either side of the head. Along groove cut on the bottom of the beak from County, Ohio. the top is a sharp ridge formed from the tip the tip toward the neck. This red and green banded slate bird- of the beak all along the top to the back.

Figure 1 (Stowers) Side view of salvaged birdstone showing groove near broken surface.

Figure 1 (Stowers) Bottom view of birdstone.

12 RARE MIDDLE WOODLAND ARTIFACTS FROM HURON COUNTY, OHIO by John C. Rummel, 6197 Shelba Drive, Galloway, Ohio 43119-8933

In the late summer of 2007, the artifacts vex. The blade is 3% inches long and made ments (Lepper, 2005:114) about northern in the accompanying photographs were from translucent Flint Ridge flint. Additional Ohio Middle Woodland cultures. A more uncovered on a sandy knob in a deeply finds include fragments of mica and a ce­ comprehensive paper is being prepared plowed farm field bordering the West ramic vessel, the top of which was sheared (Rummel, n.d.) that will shed additional Branch of the Huron River in southern off by the action of the plows. light on Middle Woodland sites in northern Huron County, Ohio. At the request of the The effigy pipe is only the second re­ and northeastern Ohio. owners, the names of the finders and spe­ corded example during the Middle Wood­ cific location of the find are being omitted land period in northern Ohio, the first be­ REFERENCE CITED from this article. ing the alligator effigy pipe found by a Boy Lepper, Bradley T. The pipe is approximately 3'/2 inches Scout troop during excavations at the 2005 Ohio Archaeology: An Illustrated Chron­ Esch mounds in Erie County, Ohio. The long, made of fine-grained sandstone and icle of Ohio's Ancient American Indian is an effigy of a rabbit in hiding as the ears styles of these pipes are different from Cultures. Wilmington, Ohio: Orange are laid back on the head. Both ends of those discovered in Ross County, Ohio, Frazer Press. the platform are broken and were not lo­ however, artifacts associated with them cated in subsequent searches of the area. are identical to those found at Hopewell Rummel, John C. The pipe is unusual in that the base is flat sites in Central and Southern Ohio. This n.d. Middle Woodland Occupations in North­ while the top of the platform is more con­ fact, therefore, contradicts recent state­ eastern Ohio (in preparation)

Figures 1 to 4 (Rummel) Hopewell platform pipe. Rabbit effigy, made of fine­ grained sandstone. Found in September 2007 on a sandy knob in a deeply plowed farm field in Huron County, near the West Branch of the Huron River. The 3% inch long Hopewell cache blade made of Flint Ridge chalcedony was found near the pipe.

13 AN EARLY HISTORIC PERIOD PENDANT FROM SOUTHEASTERN RICHLAND COUNTY, OHIO by Stanley Baker, 109 S. Galena Rd., Sunbury, Ohio 43074

"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder," is ornament? Other details seem to answer with sliding wood box covers seem to a common saying. So likewise, artifact in­ this question. The piece also displays a 9 most commonly date to the first part of the terpretation is based on a point of view and mm (Vie inch) wide beveled edge along the American Revolution or to the late colonial determining archaeological worth can be lower margin of the piece. The edge may period just prior. In fact, the rifle in Figure just as subjective. In theory, the archaeolo­ have been created to form a low-angle 2 also dates to the decade prior to the be­ gist must learn to have a sharp eye when scraping edge possibly to de-flesh small ginning of the American Revolution. His­ it comes to recognizing key traits on which hides. However, one should not conclude torically, the native Delaware at Hell Town to base an interpretation. the piece had solely a utilitarian function. would have had access to a plate like this Conversely, an artifact's importance Curiously, at least from a modern west­ one. Considering known facts from both an may not be universally recognized. A case ern perspective the line between native archaeological and historical perspective, in point is the modest pendant with styles tools and ornaments is a blurry one. Tools the pendant's relationship to Hell Town is ranging from amorphous ones and simple were commonly ornamented and orna­ not out of the question. modified tear-drop shaped pebbles to ments seem to have sometimes served Though not glamorous by any means, more stylish Trapezoidal Pendants, Fringed as tools. For example, the author is famil­ the brass pendant is still an exceptional ar­ Pendants, and others with equally more re­ iar with at least two antler-handled metal tifact of the Early Historic Period. The pres­ fined shapes (see Converse 1987: 70-85). awls which were perforated for suspension ervation of such artifacts provides a per­ With an eye for detail, each becomes a and clearly indicative that they were to be spective on the past. It allows us to have rather distinct type with unique origins from worn around the neck. Likewise, the plate clearer insights and a deeper appreciation one of several archaeological eras or from remnant herein described should not be of 18th century native life. the Early Archaic Period through the Late pigeonholed into one profane category. It Prehistoric Period. Namely, some more could have been viewed as commemora­ /\cA7)ow/edgemenfs exquisitely styled ones have been found tive, a gift, a tool, and/or ornament all at The author would like to thank Jason at Hopewell sites or date to the Middle the same time. Watkins, Plain City, Ohio for assistance in Woodland Period. Contrastingly, there ex­ Other features occur which require one preparing the photographs. Bob Converse ists a Late Prehistoric Period Fringed-type, to conclude the artifact was once worn as was interviewed to confirm the history of more generic Woodland-era Trapezoidal an ornament. The lower pendant's edge the piece. The author would also like to pendants, and amorphous ones that may was also drilled at least two, or possibly thank Jon Anspaugh, who provided recent even date as early as the Early Archaic Pe­ three times. These holes may have served access to the piece and his own perspec­ riod. Obviously, archaeological interpreta­ to hold small silver "ball and cone" bobs, tive on the 18th Century for which the au­ tion is based on both the analysis of subtle or brass and hair cones to further orna­ thor will forever be indebted. details as much as overall style. ment the lower edge of the piece. Such At first glance, the pendant shown in the decorations are commonly seen on arm­ REFERENCE CITED attached photograph (Figure 1) appears to bands, headbands, scarves, bags, and be a rather common trapezoidal pendant other types of plate of the period. Converse, Robert N. measuring 86 mm long and 40 mm wide. The brass pendant was formerly in the 1987 Ohio Slate Types. Special Publication of However, there are singular distinctions. Bob Converse collection for a number the Ohio Archeological Society of Ohio. lh Plain City, Ohio For one, there is a 5mm (3Vi6 inch) deep of years and was once owned by Jack notch on the right-hand side of the piece. Hooks, Mansfield, Ohio. Reportedly, the Moorehead, Warren K. Furthermore, upon close scrutiny, the com­ piece was found in the Mohican River/ 1897 Report of Field Work Carried on in the posite material is not a dark stone at all but Clear Fork area in southeastern Richland Muskingum, Scioto, and Ohio Valleys is actually a dark patinated brass. Thirdly, County, Ohio. Since the item is composed during the Season of 1896. Ohio Ar­ the hole is not simply a 7 mm hole drilled of two pieces reglued, one might imagine chaeological and Historical Publication for suspension. Rather, the perforation is the piece was excavated at a town site. 5: 165-274. actually a 14 inch countersunk hole, i.e. one The site may have been "Hell Town" near apparently tapped for a woodscrew. The at­ modern Newville, Ohio or possibly "Green Wheeler-Voegelin, Erminie and Helen H. Tanner tribute allows us to date the piece not to the Town" subsequently occupied and estab­ 1974 Indians of Northern Ohio and Southeast­ Prehistoric-era but to the Early Historic Pe­ ern Michigan. Garland Publishing Co, lished immediately to the east in Green New York. riod and precisely to the late 18th century. Township, Ashland County, Ohio. The loca­ It is also obvious the ornament was tions of both sites were known locally. Re­ not crafted from 1.5 mm brass stock but garding Hell Town, subplowzone features was salvaged from the lower half of a rifle were still visible as late as the last decade buttplate. This interpretation is easily con­ of the 19th century. Moorehead (1897:188) firmed since the lateral notch previously also states two private collections of his­ described is the lower half of a dovetail cut toric artifacts had been amassed prior to into the plate to allow for a sliding wood his survey. box cover (Figure 2). To create the pen­ Hell Town was in existence before 1782 dant, the upper third of the plate and the when it was found abandoned. The site plate's tang extension (typical on flintlock may have been used by the Delaware or arms) were removed. Munsee as early as 1776 (Wheeler-Voege- Once removed from the original rifle and lin and Tanner 1974: 214-215, 255-256). cut to shape, was the artifact always an Importantly, one should also realize rifles

14 0 5 L _l_ CENTIMETERS Figure 1 (Baker) Obverse and reverse of the brass pendant from Hell Town, Richland County, Ohio.

Figure 2 (Baker) The brass pendant in relation to the butt of a Pre-Revolutionary War rifle with the sliding wood box cover removed.

15 SOME ARCHAIC BANNERSTONES WITH WING-LIKE FEATURES by D. R. Gehlbach

The various types of bannerstones were not require that they be fully functional in suggest otherwise. Notched ovates were perhaps the most intriguing and diversified terms of their original purpose. Of the 24 one of the most advanced bannerstone of all of the artifacts produced during the bannerstones recovered at Bullseye, 16 forms and were likely manufactured dur­ Archaic Period. As such they have become were banded slate and four more shale, ing the terminal stages of the evolution among the most collectible and valuable a close cousin of banded slate. Forms in bannerstone designs. The pictured ex­ relics from that era. represented included crescent, winged, ample has been broken along its centrally The preferred raw material for most geniculate, tube, saddle face and shuttle/ drilled cavity. It should be mentioned that banners, banded slate, was a very ser­ reel. The recovered specimens were dated a disproportionate number of notched viceable medium for carving the usually in two chronological groups. ovates have been found in an unfinished balanced-looking artifacts. Banded slate, (un-drilled and/or crudely carved) state, relatively hard and very fine-grained, usu­ 1. 5500-4500 B.C. another clue that most may have been ally contains minute mineral deposits such crescents, shuttles/reel shaped forms largely symbolic artifacts. Notched ovates as quartz and chlorite which contribute to are usually the most sizable bannerstones. 1 its durability. All slates are metamorphosed 2. 3500-2500 B.C. The pictured example at 4 /2" in width is shale, formed when different rocks were geniculates, tubes and saddle-faced one of the smaller specimens. It was re­ tilted, folded and squeezed. The formation forms covered in Grant County, Indiana. process caused many of the particles to re- To its right is a modified version of the crystallize and flatten, often at right angles Field finds of bannerstones in isolated notched ovate form. The pictured ban­ to the direction of compression. Banded locations on the surface without associ­ ner is one of the most refined looking and slates occur natively in beds with different ated site features could be attributed both carefully modeled examples known to the color hues, cut by cleavage so that slabs to their importance and the lifestyles of writer. It has been pictured in publications are crossed by color bands representing their owners. Since most Archaic groups several times and for some period was a the strata. were apparently seasonal wanderers it is prized specimen in the former Kenny Mc- Middle and Late Archaic Pre-Colum­ unlikely that they would have left their valu­ Neal collection. The clipped off looking bian people, living mainly in the eastern ables behind as they traveled in search of wings at the bottom of the specimen sug­ and midwestem sections of the country, wild game and other foodstuffs. Their ban­ gest that it might have been a display piece discovered and passed along the tradi­ ners would have been an essential part of perhaps mounted on a staff or attached to tion of using many of their bannerstones their tool kits used for hunting or featured a garment and displayed at special gather­ as counterweights affixed to atlatl throw­ at other events. Some may have been lost ings. The piece, unlike the previous exam­ ing sticks. Much is yet to be discovered while in use or simply misplaced along with ples, has a dorsal ridge at its mid-section to explain how the sometimes elaborate other personal items on the seemingly re­ and very thin wing-like appendages. The banded slate banners with stylized ap­ dundant landscapes of the period. banded slate material has a reddish hue pendages were beneficial in this role. Al­ The bannerstones pictured in this article adding to its visual appeal. This example though many, especially the simpler forms, are more developed in form than most from Montgomery County, Ohio is almost usually served as counterweights for the specimens which suggests they may have QVt" in width. atlatl hunting devices others as described been crafted at a later date than most The last example is a dark shaded band­ above were probably made for ritual uses examples. Although they are artistically ed slate piece, a semi-ovate form or less and as symbolic keepsakes. refined, their size and unwieldy configu­ refined version of the notched form. It is Bannerstone styles are well documented rations might have obviated their deploy­ made of dense Huronian slate and fea­ in available reference materials, especially ment as functioning atlatl weights. tures prominent banding and robust con­ publications authored by Knoblock, Lutz Shown are four of the more advanced figuration. Notable is its large dorsal ridge and Converse. It would be a redundant ex­ styles of Archaic Bannerstones (Figure 1). which dominates the area between the ercise to replicate these authors' expertise At the far left is a crescent bannerstone, small wing or horn-like features. It is pro­ and effusive explanations especially con­ a form mostly found in the south central posed this banner design might represent cerning the development and evolution in and western parts of Ohio, and to a limited an elaboration of the more basic pick form bannerstone designs. A summary of their extent in nearby states. Even though the with the addition of the central dorsal ridge explanations would suggest a continuous half moon shaped configuration suggests and appendages. Based on its thickness process of borrowing and complicating its possible use as an atlatl weight, the pic­ and compact features, it may have func­ earlier designs which all culminated in the tured example would have been difficult to tioned as an atlatl weight. Supporting evi­ Late Archaic Period. These efforts prob­ keep level or in balance on the atlatl de­ dence comes from noticeable spalling at ably concluded with the production of sev­ vice. The pictured example is almost 51/2" both ends of the central cavity. It measures 1 eral of the forms pictured with this article. in length and was found in Butler County, about 3 /2" in width and was found in Tus­ Most bannerstones are isolated finds Ohio. A highlight is its semi-circular band­ carawas County, Ohio. on farm fields. A fewer number have been ing pattern. recovered at sites with clearly defined Next to it, and slightly above, is a REFERENCE CITED features. One of the latter is the Bullseye notched ovate bannerstone. Notched Site on the eastern floodplain of the Illinois ovates are rarely found in a whole or un­ Converse, Robert N. River in Greene County, Illinois. At Bulls- damaged condition likely due to their size 1978 Ohio Slate Types, The Archaeological eye a variety of banners were found on the and delicate features. Most examples per­ Society of Ohio ground surface above a Middle Archaic haps served as iconic markers of hunting Hassen, Harold & Farnsworth, Kenneth B. cemetery while others were buried among sorties and may have been attached or 1987 The Bullseye Site, A Floodplain Archaic the cemetery remains. Several of the ban­ mounted to a device during ritual events. Mortuary Site in the Lower Illinois River ners were not finished suggesting that their Although some may have also been atlatl Valley, Illinois State Museum, Reports of ceremonial placement with the dead did weights their carefully modeled qualities Investigations, Number 42

16 Figure 1 (Gehlbach) Four banded slate bannerstones with winged appendages. #1 Crescent form from Butler County, Ohio. #2 Notched ovate form from Grant County, Indiana #3 Modified version of the notched ovate form from Montgomery County, Ohio #4 Semi-ovate form from Tuscarawas County, Ohio

17 THREE SLATE PIECES FOUND TOGETHER IN ASHLAND COUNTY, OHIO by Michael Rusnak, 4642 Friar Rd., Stow, Ohio 44224

Most field hunters would probably agree In Ohio Slate Types, Robert Converse is smooth to the touch. The artifact resem­ that you could walk many acres before notes that rectangular, two-hole gorgets, bles the bar atlatl weights and also one of finding a complete slate artifact. So pick­ such as the piece on the far right, are as­ the examples of ellipsoidal bar weights with ing up three slate artifacts in the same day sociated with three different cultures: the side notches pictured in Ohio Slate Types. would be remarkable indeed. Dan Beach Glacial Kame Culture of the Late Archaic However, this Ashland County piece is not had exactly that remarkable experience Period (4,000 years BP), the Adena Culture as narrow in its outline as the pictured el­ when he found the three slate pieces pic­ of the Early Woodland Period (3000 years lipsoidal example. Both types of weights tured in figures 1 & 2 within inches of each BP) and also the Hopewell Culture of the have been generally associated with the other on the same day. Middle Woodland Period (2000 years BP). Archaic Period. Absent the holes, this slate Each of the three slate pieces measure This two-holed gorget is quite thin. Both artifact also resembles notched gorgets around 4 inches in length. All are made of holes are drilled mostly from one side and pictured in William C. Mill's Exploration of gray and black banded slate. They were only slightly drilled from the other, perhaps Temper Mound (p. 225). Temper Mound is found in Ashland County, north of the city due to the thinness of the artifact. The associated with the Hopewell. of Ashland, and just after bulldozers had piece has sustained some damage, as can As sometimes happens in archaeol­ cleared away trees from the site for farming. be seen in the photographs. ogy and other sciences, some discoveries Beach said that the three artifacts were The center slate piece somewhat re­ do not always fit neatly into established found within 16 to 18 inches of one an­ sembles a Shovel-Shaped Pendant in its categories. While not found in situ, three other. He speculated that they might have outline, a type that Converse places with such pieces found closely together is rare been moved by the clearing and earth­ the late Hopewell Culture. However, this enough to suggest an association. Perhaps work of the bulldozers. He added that after artifact is not drilled, as are the examples the use of bar atlatl weights continued the find, he and his brother Don carefully pictured in Ohio Slate Types. Curiously, across many centuries and many cultures. searched the field for other artifacts, espe­ Beach pointed out that the pendant has With further study, more detail on the dat­ cially the area around where the slate was a distinctive groove or abrasion worked in ing and cultural associations of slate types found. However, only these three pieces the center of the piece on one side, as can may become available. were found that day. Beach believes that be seen in the detail figure 3. Nevertheless, Beach's three fine prehis­ since the three artifacts were found so The notched slate piece (left and fig­ toric finds are worth noting - especially the close together that they likely have an as­ ures 4 & 5) displays prominent - as well as suggestion that they may have an associa­ sociation to one another, or possibly have beautiful and artistic - banding patterns in tion with one another. Both Dan Beach and been left as a cache. the stone from which it was made. There his brother Don are members of ASO & As a group it is difficult to place these are two V-shaped notches near the mid Johnny Appleseed Chapter. three slates with any single culture. section on either side of the piece, and it

Figure 1 (Rusnak) Three Ashland County slate artifacts found within inches Figure 2 (Rusnak) Obverse of three slate pieces. of each other.

18 Figure 3 (Rusnak) Worked groove can be seen on one side of the shovel shaped pendant.

Figure 4 & 5 (Rusnak) Obverse and reverse of notched slate.

19 A MADISON COUNTY SANDSTONE SPOOL by Doug Stowers, Grove City, Ohio

This sandstone spool was found on the surface of a plowed field on the southern edge of West Jefferson, Jefferson Town­ ship, Madison County, Ohio, 1979. When found, I did not know what it was or if it was an ancient artifact. Within a year of finding the piece, I was showing Bob Con­ verse a few artifacts when he pointed out what this was and told me of its rarity. In comparison to other spools found, this one would be con­ sidered a small spool. The dimensions are 13/a inches long by Va inches wide at the wide point with a small constriction at the center. It is completely drilled through with an approximate Va inch diameter hole slightly reamed at the ends. This spool, as is common, is engraved on all four sides but has no apparent markings on the ends. Mr. William Tiell, an authority on ancient engraved pieces, studied this spool recently and graciously provided the accom­ panying drawings. Robert Converse, in his Ohio Slate Types, put the sandstone spool in the Fort Ancient time period, usually found in southern Ohio in isolated burials. The field where this spool was found TOP shows no indication of any burials and to my knowledge, out­ side of a few triangular points, there have been no other Fort Ancient artifacts found. Figure 2 (Stowers) Drawing of spool by William Tiell.

REFERENCE CITED

Converse, Robert N. 1978 Ohio Slate Types, A Special Publication of The Archaeological Society of Ohio

Figure 1 (Stowers) Four views of sandstone spool from Madison County.

;>o SOME EARLY WOODLAND ADENA GORGETS by D. R. Gehlbach

The Adena people once occupied por­ other items may have been the deceased toms and semicircular upper surfaces. As tions of Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, individual's personal property offered as an shown they expand to the center and taper Kentucky and Indiana. They probably also honorarium. The same artifacts probably to squared-off ends. They are drilled only had relations with some eastern states in­ had been used as tools and/or ornaments from the bottom (a diagnostic Adena fea­ cluding New York, New Jersey, Maryland in the everyday pursuits of their owners. ture) slightly piercing the top surface. As and Delaware. It has been determined the The gorgets might have been used as atlatl can be seen most expanded center gorgets Adena were a distinct cultural manifestation (hunting device) counterweights. are carefully executed and finely polished. or at least an identifiable cultural expression Adena gorgets were not only unique in Banded slate and very fine-grained sand­ during the Early Woodland Period. Their their various forms but they were also among stone were the preferred crafting materials. remains can be dated from about 800 BC the highest quality artistic expressions in the The subject example is approximately 5VA" to 100 AD. As stated by Don Dragoo in his prehistoric Adena world. They must have long and from Union County, Ohio. monumental book, Mounds For The Dead been regarded as valuable heirlooms by Figure 2 shows three examples of quad­ An Analysis Of The Adena Culture, published their makers. To achieve the level of excel­ riconcave or reel-shaped gorgets, a style in 1960, "No remains of prehistoric man lence and the time needed to produce their referred to earlier as being found during in the eastern United States have excited artistic creations the artisans must have re­ the Cresap Mound excavation in West Vir­ the imagination and interest of laymen and lied on supportive family groups. ginia. Most of the "quads" show refined scientists alike more than the great burial Some of the finer examples of Adena workmanship with typical Adena drilling, mounds and earthworks now known to be­ gorgets are presented for the reader to ap­ (two holes drilled from one side only). The long to the Adena." This comment also can preciate. They represent a small part of the four sides are usually somewhat concave be expanded to include the diversity of ma­ unique legacy of the Adena people. with rounded or almost pointed corners. terial goods found in the conical-shaped Ad­ Figure 1 shows two specimens, both The edges are not sharp and usually show ena mounds. Unfortunately some research­ banded-slate two-hole gorgets. At the left some polish and smoothing. Banded slate ers have attempted to blur the identity of the is a semi-keeled example. As stated in Bob was the preferred raw crafting material but Adena and their artifacts by implying they Converse's invaluable publication, Ohio sometimes fine-grained sandstone was were just part of the Early Woodland Period Slate Types, semi-keeled gorgets are rec­ used. More rarely, limestone or even cop­ mound building population with some cus­ tangular in outline with a flattened bottom. per were chosen as materials. The pictured tomized activities and burial practices. The upper surface is convex or semi-circu­ examples show several different versions To other observers the Adena people, lar with each of the long sides beveled to­ of banded slate used to manufacture as identified by Dragoo, were a distinctive ward the center. The two attachment holes quadriconcave gorgets. culture as exhibited in their remains. In his are drilled from the bottom barely piercing On the left is a "marbled" looking speci­ book Dragoo detailed his excavation of the the upper surface. Favored crafting materi­ men from Mercer County, Ohio and once Adena Cresap Mound in Marshall County, als were fine grained sandstone or banded in the well-known Dr. Meuser collection. It West Virginia along the Ohio River. One of slate as shown. The pictured piece is 3" is 4" long. In the center is a fire damaged a number of Adena mounds in the vicinity, long and about 1%" thick. It was found in specimen (similar damage was shown on it was situated on a long sloping terrace on Jay County, Indiana. To its right is an equal­ one of the two Cresap Mound examples). the east side of the river. In the mound cem­ ly distinctive Adena creation, an expanded This gorget was found along Fort Loramie etery were a number of interments some center gorget. Converse states, what may Creek in Shelby County, Ohio and is 5Vt" in specially prepared log tombs with vari­ be a significant clue to one of its uses. In long. The final example, perhaps the most ous diagnostic Adena items. Associated 1902 William C. Mills, former Museum Di­ skillfully crafted of the three, is 5%" long and with an oval-shaped burned feature 13.5 rector and Archaeological Curator at The was also found in Mercer County, Ohio. feet above the mound floor were a number Ohio Historical and Archaeological Soci­ of interesting artifacts including two slate ety, discovered a similar expanded center REFERENCES CITED quadriconcave or reel-shaped gorgets, a gorget on the right wrist of a female burial calcium carbonate cone, two ellipsoidal- in the original Adena mound at Chillicothe Converse, Robert N. shaped gorgets and five stemmed blades, Ohio. It was likely attached to the sleeve of 1978 Ohio Slate Types, A Special Publication all Adena creations. Dragoo proposed that a garment which had been preserved by of Archaeological Society of Ohio this feature represented the remains of a the chemical action of copper bracelets fire-oriented funeral ceremony. The objects encircling both the wrist and the gorget. Dragoo, Don W. 1960 Mounds For The Dead: An Analysis Of were used in the ceremony and then cast Expanded center gorgets are usu­ The Adena Culture, Annals Of Carnegie into the fire as an offering. The gorgets and ally balanced in appearance with flat bot­ Museum, Vol. 37

Figure 1 (Gehlbach) Left: banded-slate semi-keeled Adena Figure 2 (Gehlbach) Three banded-slate quadriconcave or reel- gorget, Jay County, Indiana, Right: banded-slate expanded shaped gorgets. Left: Mercer County, Ohio, Center: Fort Loramie center Adena gorget, Union County, Ohio. Creek, Shelby County, Ohio, Right: Mercer County, Ohio. 21 THE ELEVATOR SITE, PORT WASHINGTON, OHIO by Wayne A. Mortine, Newcomerstown, Ohio & Doug Randies, Warsaw, Ohio

The modern-day town of Port Wash­ mulated a fairly sizable collection of arti­ Terminal Archaic ington is located along the west side of facts from the Elevator Site. Unfortunately, There are four Ashtabula points in the the Tuscarawas River in Salem Township, before this collection could be studied Tish collection from the Elevator Site (Fig­ Tuscarawas County, Ohio, about five miles in detail Mr. Kenney died and his collec­ ure 8) that date to the Terminal Archaic. upstream from Newcomerstown. Be­ tion was dispersed. It is known that there The percentage of these points at the El­ tween Port Washington and the river was were no Paleo artifacts from the site in the evator Site is consistent with the numbers a once cultivated field that has produced Kenney collection, but not much else can found at the other three sites we have doc­ hundreds of prehistoric artifacts over the be recalled about what he found. An ad­ umented in the area. We should note that years. Known as the Elevator Site, this ditional assortment of 48 projectile points, while Ashtabula points are sporadic finds field now lies within the present-day cor­ found in a small garden plot adjacent to between Port Washington and Newcomer­ poration limits of the town, although it has the Elevator Site, was given to the senior stown, this portion of the Tuscarawas Val­ not as yet been developed. The artifacts author by another individual about twenty ley lies between two significant recently re­ were concentrated in a three or four acre years ago. Although the garden area is not ported Terminal Archaic sites. The first one section of the field just upstream from the that far from where Tish and Kenney found is the Johnson II Site (Brown 1996), which Tuscarawas River bridge, about 300 yards most of their artifacts, and may in fact be is located twenty miles up the Tuscarawas from the present channel of the river. A an extension of the Elevator Site, the gar­ River near Dover, Ohio. Artifacts from this small 2nd order stream known as Linden den collection is not included in this pres­ site include 43 small Ashtabula points, and Valley Run empties into the Tuscarawas at ent report; only artifacts found by Tish are charcoal from an excavated hearth at the the upstream edge of the site and forms included. There were no point types found site produced radiocarbon dates of 1080 the northern boundary of the prehistoric in the garden, however, that are not repre­ B.C. and 930 B.C. Thick pottery sherds occupation (Figure 1). sented in the Tish collection. found on the Johnson II Site are believed to The Elevator Site was named by late be associated with the Ashtabula points. Newcomerstown resident James Tish Early Archaic The second location that produced a sig­ (1912-1997), who accumulated a siz­ As just noted, there were no Paleo arti­ nificant number of Ashtabula points is the able collection of artifacts from the site. facts in the Kenney collection from the Ele­ Young Site, located along the Tuscarawas Tish used an old grain elevator, no longer vator Site, nor were there any in the Tish or River between Coshocton and Newcom­ standing, as a reference point when sur­ garden collections. The earliest prehistoric erstown (Mortine and Randies 1996). This face hunting the terrace, and this is how occupations at the Elevator Site appear to site produced 83 complete or fragmentary the site derived its name. Our analysis of have occurred during the Early Archaic, Ashtabula points. We mention the Johnson the Tish collection from the Elevator Site and are represented in the Tish collection II and Young sites to perhaps pique some­ will be the focus of this report. by ten Big Sandy points, one Lost Lake one's interest in the Terminal Archaic in the This is the fourth in our series of articles point, and four Kirk Corner Notched points Tuscarawas Valley. dealing with archaeological sites along the (Figure 3). Later Early Archaic bifurcate five mile section of the Tuscarawas River points include two St. Albans and three Early Woodland bottoms between Newcomerstown and Lecroy points (Figure 4). Three full-grooved There are five Adena-looking stemmed Port Washington. Previous articles dis­ axes (Figure 5) may well date towards the points in the Tish collection from the El­ cussed the Salrin, Loader, and Wolf sites end of the Early Archaic period, or later. evator Site (Figure 9). They have an early (Mortine and Randies 1999, 2001, 2003). Adena look to them, but not much more The locations of these additional sites Middle and Late Archaic can be said. The one small smooth-sur­ can be seen in Figure 1, and the chipped The Middle Archaic period is not that well face grit-tempered pottery sherd from the stone artifacts from all four sites are listed known in Ohio, but appears to be repre­ site, measuring 12 mm thick, may also be in Figure 2. The purpose of these reports is sented at the Elevator Site by ten Stanley associated with these points. A possible two-fold; first to acknowledge the contri­ Stemmed points (Figure 4). The Late Archaic late Adena component at the site may be butions of the local collectors, particularly is represented at the site by 265 diagnostic represented by a fragment of an expand- James Tish, who surface hunted these projectile points and basal fragments. They ed-center bar gorget or atlatl weight, made sites and cataloged their finds, and sec­ include 18 Raddatz Side Notched points of banded slate (Figure 11). It is difficult to ondly to record the sites for posterity and (Figure 3), 183 Brewerton Side Notched and see in the photo, but on the end of this gor­ develop a data base which at some point Metanzas points (Figures 6 and 8), 60 Brew­ get are 14 tally marks. could prove useful in the study of prehis­ erton Corner Notched points (Figure 6), and toric settlement patterns in this portion of four Riverton points (Figure 8). Brewerton Middle Woodland the Tuscarawas Valley. Side and Corner Notched points are the Hopewell Corner Notched points and most common points on all four of the sites parallel-sided bladelets are not present in Artifacts From the Site between Newcomerstown and Port Wash­ the Tish collection from the Elevator Site, James Tish found 927 prehistoric arti­ ington, and are generally the most common and for the most part they comprise a very facts at the Elevator Site, which he sub­ points seen on sites throughout the Musk­ small percentage of the artifacts found on sequently labeled and cataloged. There ingum drainage. the other three sites we have reported on were 326 complete or basal fragments of Some of the ten worked slate pieces between Newcomerstown and Port Wash­ recognizable projectile points, 19 projectile from the site may also date to the Late Ar­ ington. The "largest" Hopewell component point tip fragments, one point mid section, chaic. This would include a winged ban­ found along this portion of the Tuscara­ 39 bifacial preforms, 257 end scrapers, nerstone fragment (Figure 7), which con­ was Valley was at the Loader Site, where 265 flakes exhibiting expedient retouch, sisted of a damaged wing and part of the 13 Hopewell points and 19 bladelets were ten fragments of worked slate, three full- central section, split down the length of found. Eighteen miles up the Tuscarawas grooved axes, one celt, and one grit-tem­ the perforation. The thin rectangular hard- from Port Washington was the Hopewel- pered smooth-surface pottery sherd. stone celt (Figure 5) is similar to Late Ar­ lian Kohl Mound (Whitman 1977), located Another individual from the Newcomer­ chaic wood-working tools found in New on a hilltop overlooking the river in Goshen stown area and friend of the authors, the York State (Ritchie 1965, plate 33). Township, Tuscarawas County. The only late Bill Kenney (1927-1997), also accu­ other Hopewell mound in the general area 22 Port Salrin Loader Wolf Washington l>iagno*tic Chipped Stone Artifact* (let ator

No. No. No. No. % Early Paleo In.li.in - Fluted Point* % % %

Oovta (Cainey) 2 0.3 1 0.2 1 .tii Paleo Indian - Piano

"Undulod Fluted" 1 0.2

M.Connel LanciwIaU' 10b 14.8 109 8.4 17 3.8

SU'mmtHi (Stnngtown) Lanceolate 15 2.1 25 1.9 Early Archaic - 1-Jrge Notched Points

Larf'i' untypt'd notched points 9 2.0 Big Sandy lb 22 9 0.7 2 0.4 10 3 1 Dovetail 3 0.4 Th.-h.-s 3 0.4 1 0.1 Lost Lake 1 0.3 KirkCorrn-r Notched 1 0.1 Ml 2.3 1 0.2 4 1.2 1 .n U Archaic - Bifurcate Tradition

MscCbrUs 10 0.8 Si. Albans 8 1.1 5 1.1 2 .6 LeCrpy 5 0.4 9 20 3 .9 K..n;iwhaSlemm.-d 4 03 l irk Stemmed 5 (1.7 Middle Archaic Stanley Stemmed 7 no 11 0.8 5 1.1 1.1 3.9 Late Archaic

Raddal/. Side Not. bed 13 2.5 4 0.9 18 5.5 Vosburg 8 1.1 Br.iw.-rt.in Sfcfo Notched and Metanxaa 222 31.0 368 28.4 18.1 40.9 183 56.1 Brewerton Corner Not.hed 201 28 1 271 209 Ion 17 1 60 18.4 Lamoka 16 1.2 5 1.1 Table RocJc/tfcttleneck in 14 14 1.1 Small untyped laic Archaic points 21 3 2 58 4.5 Genosnc/late Archaic thick stemmed 14 1.1 Kiv 18 25 5.1 4.1 13 2.9 4 1.2 Terminal Archaic - Eariv W.Hidland Pre-Adena Ashtabula 15 2.1 48 3.7 10 2.2 5 1.5 Buck Creek Baited In 1.2 Early Win ul Id ml - Adena

< ramp 11 1.5 13 1.0 t 0.9

Rabbins 13 1.0 Generali/fd Adena-tooking points 5 1.5 Middle Woodland - Hopewell Hopewell Corner Notched B 11 13 1.(1 3 (1.7 Parallel sided Madeleta' 19 5 Early Ute Woodland LoweFlnired Base 7 11.5 Middle late Woodland • Intrusive Mound

lack's Reef Comer Notched 1 01 10 11.8 1 ii i lack's Reef Pentagonal 7 0.5 3 0.9 Raccoon Notched 2 m 6 0.5 1 0.2 Lev; .t h •!,• o5 5.0 8 1 8 4 1.2 1 .He L. W. through Late Prehistoric

Triangular Points 30 4 2 66 5.0 10 3.1

V 0, , R 0 • Hopewell bladelets not included Totals a. 'tin 12^5 99.7 447 99.7 126 99.7

— "/'•". r i 7 .f -r* i .>:'.ifc.t„,™- Figure 1 (Mortine & Randies) Map of a five mile span of the Tuscarawas River Figure 2 (Mortine & Randies) Diagnostic chart of chipped stone showing the location of the four reported sites. artifacts giving the culture, number and percent of the finds.

m\ wMB fiKj; *? -

w* ~M rtj9

A A ^& fl H - • mm

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 12 3 4 5 | CM rsH ' I IN J IN 0 1 2 0 1 2 Figure 3 (Mortine & Randies) Top row: Lost Lake, early Archaic beveled point, the Figure 4 (Mortine & Randies) Top row: the first two points are St. second through fifth points are Big Sandy, early archaic points. Middle row: Late Albans bifurcates, third, fourth and fifth points are LeCroy bifurcates. Archaic, Raddatz side notched points. Bottom row: Kirk Corner-Notched points. All are from the early Archaic. Middle and bottom rows are Middle Archaic, Stanley Stemmed points. 23 is the Martin Mound on a terrace along Wal- Two of the most interesting artifacts from REFERENCES CITED honding River west of Coshocton (Mortine the Elevator Site in the Tish collection are and Randies 1978). Other than these sites, two pieces of engraved slate that probably Brawn, Jeffrey D. 1996 The Johnson Site. Ohio Archaeologist the full extent of the Hopewell presence in date to the Late Prehistoric period (Figures 46(2):4-7. the Walhonding and Tuscarawas valleys is 11 and 12); at least the engraving probably not known. dates to this period. The slate pieces them­ Mortine, Wayne A. and Doug Randies selves are probably ornament fragments 1978 The Martin Mound: An Extension of the Late Woodland from earlier periods. The first is a bro­ Hopewell Interaction Sphere into the Following Hopewell is the Late Wood­ ken two-hole gorget that has haphazard, Walhonding Valley of Eastern Ohio. Oc­ land period, which has been divided into straightline etching on both sides. There casional Papers in Muskingum Valley at least two subperiods or phases in the may have been lines between the two per­ Archaeology 10, The Muskingum Valley Muskingum Valley. The early Late Wood­ forations, but the markings are too faint to Archaeological Survey, Zanesville, Ohio. land Newton Phase is characterized by nu­ tell with any certainty. The second engraved piece could be a remnant of an elliptical 1988 Ceramics from the Tumblin Site, a Fort cleated, sometimes fortified (earth-walled) Ancient Village in Coshocton County, gorget. It can be seen in the figure that villages. The nearest example of such a Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 38(3):39-44. village is Chili Fort, located along the West two parallel lines form a chevron design. Fork of White Eyes Creek, five miles north Smaller chevrons and X's can be seen be­ 1990 The Happy Valley Site Near West Lafay­ of West Lafayette, and 13 linear miles west tween these two lines. This particular motif ette, Coshocton County. Ohio Archae­ of the Elevator Site. Early Late Woodland or combinations of motifs are common on ologist 40(4):23-28. projectile points are represented in the Tus­ engraved slate pieces and ceramics found carawas Valley between Newcomerstown on Late Prehistoric Fort Ancient sites along 1996 The Young Site: A Chert Processing Site and Port Washington by the Lowe Flared the Muskingum River, and we suspect that in Coshocton County, Ohio. Ohio Ar­ Base type, which were only present on the this artifact, or at least the engraving dates chaeologist 46(4):4-11. Loader Site. None were in the Tish collec­ to the Late Prehistoric as well. 1999 The Salrin Site. Ohio Archaeologist tion from the Elevator Site. Like Hopewell, 49(3):28-32. not much is known about the early Late Remarks Woodland in the Tuscarawas Valley. When comparing the collections from 2001 The Loader Site. Ohio Archaeologist Following the Newtown Phase is the In­ the Salrin, Loader, Wolf and Elevator sites, 51(2):14-17. trusive Mound Phase, characterized by some interesting similarities and differences Jack's Reef, Raccoon Notched, and Levan- became apparent. The first thing that stood 2003 The Wolf Site. Ohio Archaeologist 53(3):24-30. na points. The Intrusive Mound people may out was that Late Archaic points, particu­ have been the first to use the bow and arrow larly the Brewerton Side Notched and Cor­ Ritchie, William A. ner Notched forms, dominate the artifact in the area. They are sparsely represented at 1965 The Archaeology of New York State. the Elevator Site by one Jack's Reef point assemblages on all four sites. We also not­ Natural History Press, Garden City, New and four Jack's Reef Pentagonal points ed that the number of late Paleo lanceolate York. (Figure 10), and also four Levanna triangles points diminished the farther up the river (Figure 9). The largest Intrusive Mound com­ the sites occurred. The percentage of these Whitman, Janice K. ponent in the immediate area, in terms of points at the Salrin Site, the downstream- 1977 The Kohl Mound, a Hopewell Mound in number of points found, was at the Loader most location, was 17.2 percent, at Loader Tuscarawas County, Ohio. Ohio Archae­ Site, but the nearest Intrusive Mound site 10.3 percent, at Wolf 4.1 percent, and none ologist 27(3):4-8. to produce ceramics was the Happy Valley were recorded at the Elevator Site. The sig­ Site (Mortine and Randies 1990), situated nificance of this in the overall distribution of along the north side of the Tuscarawas River these lanceolate forms across eastern Ohio downstream from Newcomerstown. is not as yet understood. Also of interest is the fact that 56.3 per­ Late Prehistoric cent of the artifact inventory at the Elevator While the number of Late Prehistoric tri­ Site consisted of end scrapers and expe­ angular points at the four sites is not that dient tools such as retouched flakes. This large, there are enough to indicate that Late is at least double the percentage of these Prehistoric peoples visited these sites, al­ tool types seen on the other three sites, beit sporadically, and a Late Prehistoric and suggests that as yet unknown pro­ village site may yet be found in the area. cessing activities were being undertaken Shell tempered pottery found in two fea­ with greater frequency at the Elevator Site. tures at the previously mentioned Happy More detailed comparisons will be made Valley site also indicate a Late Prehistoric between the four artifact assemblages, presence in the area. and comparisons with other site collec­ The nearest large Late Prehistoric village tions in the area will be presented in a fu­ site to the study area is the early 16th century ture article. Wellsburg Phase Riker Site, located about ten and a half miles up the Tuscarawas Acknowledgments River from Port Washington. The early 14,h The writers would like to thank mem­ century Tumblin Site is the nearest known bers of the Tish family for keeping James Fort Ancient site to the study area. It is Tish's collection together and allowing the situated along the Muskingum River at the authors to examine and eventually pur­ mouth of Wills Creek, six and a half miles chase it. We would also like to thank Jeff downstream from Coshocton (Mortine and Carskadden for commenting on an earlier Randies 1988). In addition to the four In­ draft of this article and annotating the map trusive Mound Levanna triangles from the reproduced in Figure 1. Elevator Site, there is one "Riker-style" tri­ angle (excurvate sides), but the rest appear to be more Fort Ancient looking.

24 MVg-MV

Figure 5 (Mortine & Randies) Figure 6 (Mortine & Randies) Top two rows: Figure 7 (Mortine & Randies) Pieces of broken slate found at the site. Top row: two fully grooved axes. Late Archaic Brewerton Corner-Notched Top row: the center piece is one half of a winged bannerstone. Half of Bottom row: first artifact is a fully points. Bottom two rows: Late Archaic the longitudinal hole can be seen as well as the damaged wing. Similar grooved axe, the second artifact Brewerton Side-Notched points. banner stones occur at Late Archaic sites in New York state. is a thin, hard stone celt. 1

1 ESQ Figure 8 (Mortine & Randies) Top row: Late Figure 10 (Mortine & Randies) Top row: first Archaic Matanzes. Middle row: Late Archaic point is a Jack's Reef corner-notched, the Merom points. Bottom row: Terminal Archaic second and third artifacts are Jack's Reef Ashtabulas. Pentagonals.

Figure 9 (Mortine & Randies) Top row: generalized Adena looking points that have seen some hard use. Second row: Levanna triangles. Third and fourth rows are an assortment of Late Prehistoric triangles.

Figure 11 (Mortine & Randies) The first artifact is a broken portion of a Late Adena expanded-bar atlatl weight. Fourteen tally marks can be seen on the end of this artifact. Figure 11 (Mortine & Randies) A close up photo of the etchings The second artifact is the center part of a two-holed gorget. on the broken elliptical gorget. This piece has incising on the edges and in the center but they are difficult to see and have no pattern that we can determine. The third artifact has chevron designs on what may have been an elliptical gorget. In the center of the chevrons are additional etchings. 25 THIRD ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO SYMPOSIUM - MAY 16-17, 2008 at Columbus Airport Marriott

Robert N. Converse is the Editor of the Ohio Archaeologist, the quar­ terly publication of the Archaeological Society of Ohio. He is the author of several books and will be discussing the Glacial Kame Indians at the symposium.

Dr. William Dancey is an Associate Professor of Anthropology at The Ohio State University. His focus has been on the Woodland Cultures and his presentation will be on the Hopewell Culture in Ohio.

Tony DeRegnaucourt is a private archaeological consultant with the Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Museum (UMVARM) in Arcanum, Ohio. His recent investigations have focused on the forts erected in Ohio during the 18th century campaigns of Anthony Wayne, and his presenta­ tion will examine the Fort at Green Ville.

Dr. Richard M. Gramly is the Organizer of the American Society for Am­ ateur Archaeology (ASAA). He is a well-respected author whose focus is on the Paleo and early Archaic cultures. His presentation will look at the diet, food preservation and cooking among the early Ohio cultures.

Darrin Lowery is the Director of Chesapeake Watershed Archaeological Research and is currently completing his Ph.D. in Geoarchaeology/Ge- ology at the University of Delaware. Mr. Lowery's presentation will be on the Delmarva Adena whose burials included many exotic items crafted from Midwest lithics. He is also planning to have several example arti­ facts on display during the symposium.

Dr. Robert Morris is an Emeritus Professor of Geology at Wittenburg University in Springfield, Ohio. He is also a volunteer curator at the Clark County Historical Society. His presentation will focus on the stone sourc­ es used by the prehistoric cultures to craft their tools and weapons.

26 Hear nationally known archaeologists, authors, and experts on Ohio Valley and North American cultures. Keynote Speaker Dr. Dennis Stanford of the Smithsonian.

James Murphy is retired from the Ohio State University Libraries, and for the past 40 years, he has conducted and published research in ar­ chaeology, geology, paleontology and Ohio history. He has also com­ piled bibliographies on Ohio archaeology and Ohio contract archaeol­ ogy. His presentation will examine the archaeology in the Ohio Valley from 1807-2007.

John C. Rummel is an independent scholar who has spent the last 20 years researching the Middle Woodland and Hopewell-comparative cul­ tures in Ohio and North America. He currently serves as the Treasurer for the Archaeological Society of Ohio. His presentation will examine, heretofore, unpublished information from the 1891-92 investigations at the Hopewell Site in Ross County, Ohio.

Dr. Dennis Stanford is the Director of the Smithsonian's Paleoindian/ s Paleoecology Program and Chairman of the Public Programs Commit­ tee, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. He is currently preparing a publication with Dr. Bruce Bradley on the Clovis and Solutrean Cultures, and his Keynote Presentation will examine his current findings on these subjects.

Dr. David Stothers is an Associate Professor of Anthropology at the Uni­ versity of Toledo, Director of the West Lake Erie Archaeological Project of the U.T., and Director of the Fireland Archaeological Research Center. Dr. Stothers' 45 years of fieldwork in northern Ohio and Canada has provided substantial information on the prehistoric cultures of these regions. His presentation will examine the Seaman's Fort Site (33Er85) and its role in competition, conflict and warfare during the Early Woodland period. Dr. Michael Wiant is the Director of the Dickson Mounds Museum in Lewistown, Illinois. He has studied the Native American cultures in the Illinois River Valley since 1972, and has recently authored and edited a number of publications on Illinois prehistory, including a comprehensive publication on Illinois Hopewell and Late Woodland mounds excavated by the late Dr. Gregory Perino from 1950-1975. His presentation will fo­ cus on the Mississippian culture in the Ohio River Valley.

27 ARCHAEOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGICAL ETHICS by Clement W. Meighan INTRODUCTION from the point of view of conditions in the religious grounds, to control archaeological Printed by permission of The American United States, these problems are shared study and specimens regardless of the age of Committee for Preservation of Archaeologi­ with other countries, Canada, Australia, and the remains, the area from which they come, cal Collections - ACPAC Israel being prominently concerned with the or the degree of Indian ancestry of the claim­ Recent years have seen an increasing same issues. ant (any Indian ancestry is sufficient to speak amount of introspection about the goals and This discussion is not copyrighted. The ar­ for all Indians). Similar claims are made by the ethics of anthropological research. Most of ticle is in the public domain and this version Australian aborigines. this has had to do with obligations to living may be reproduced as desired. In my view, the responsibilities of the ar­ people, and it has extended to archaeologists chaeologist do include a responsibility to with criticisms that conducting studies of the "In research, an anthropologist's the people studied, and in the vast majority ancient past was damaging to some living of cases the people studied are not the con­ people, who were (or proclaimed themselves paramount responsibility is to those temporary people who raise the objections. to be) the descendants of those who created he studies. When there is a conflict The archaeologist is defining the culture of an the archaeological remains. The present ar­ of interest, these individuals must extinct group and in presenting his research ticle, however, raises the question of obliga­ he is writing a chapter of human history that tions to dead people - namely, to the ancient come first." cannot be written except from archaeological people who created the sites studied by ar­ investigation. If the archaeology is not done, chaeologists, and whose extinct cultures are This statement heads up the principles of the ancient people remain without a history the focus of archaeological study. professional responsibility adopted by the and without a record of their existence. Do It is somewhat surprising that studies of American Anthropological Association in 1971. these people deserve a chapter in the book of the ancient past could arouse the intense The principles are clearly concerned with living human cultural development? None of them anti-scholarship emotions expressed by informants and there is no explicit mention of are left to state their wishes in the matter. An­ contemporary people in several countries. the responsibilities, if any, that an anthropolo­ thropologists, being explicitly dedicated to What we can find out about people who gist may hold with respect to dead informants. the study of humanity in all its aspects, can lived thousands of years in the past can Most anthropologists would agree that "those hardly agree that ancient cultures are to re­ hardly damage or affect the lives of people in studied" are a group of people, and that there main in limbo, off-limits to investigation. Even the present. This does not prevent a strong ought to be some consideration of the effects though most anthropologists do not engage political movement against archaeology. It of research and publication on living descen­ directly in studies of the ancient past, anthro­ stems from a statement of religious belief dants or relatives of the individuals who provid­ pology as a discipline is heavily dependent which is opposed to disturbing the remains ed information and supported anthropological on the perspectives and findings of culture- of dead people. In my view, it also comes study. Most anthropologists would also agree historical studies. Restrictions on such stud­ from a sense of grievance against the nation that such a responsibility is not infinite in time, ies therefore affect all of anthropology and and the majority, a wish for identity and own­ space, or degree of relationship, however. not just the specialists in archaeology. ership of everything connected to the mi­ Does this statement of professional respon­ A number of confusions have led to the nority group, and the unfounded belief that sibility have any meaning or application to present conflicts between archaeologists and there is a great deal of money to be made archaeologists, whose "informants" are long those who oppose archaeological study. The from archaeological remains, all of which dead? Are American archaeologists, most of first is the assumption of direct continuity and is now being pocketed by wealthy archae­ whom hold degrees in anthropology, subject to genetic and cultural relationship between liv­ ologists and museum employees. There is the same kinds of professional responsibilities ing persons and the archaeological past. Of also a suspicion of learning and a basic anti- assumed by those working with living cultures? course, there is such a relationship for all liv­ intellectual undercurrent, since few of the A recent book on Ethics and Values in Archae­ ing people, but it is attenuated and diffused critics have ever read an archaeological site ology (Green, 1984) documents professional by all the events of the past and while one report and they have little or no knowledge responsibilities of archaeologists, but does not may choose to speak for past generations, of what archaeologists actually do. As with deal with obligations to extinct societies. This this is more often than not a personal belief other forms of anti-research movement, it is is worth some thought and discussion. rather than a valid historical or cultural posi­ not necessary to know anything about the Political activists in many areas (American tion. The contemporary people who have re­ research to be emotionally opposed to it. Indians, Australian aborigines, and even con­ constructed imagined Druidic ceremonies at An abbreviated version of this paper was servative Jews in Israel) have attacked archae­ Stonehenge are rightly considered a band of published in the Anthropology Newsletter of ology in recent years and continue to seek harmless and well-meaning loonies - no one the American Anthropological Association restrictions and prohibitions against archaeo­ seriously believes that they represent the life (Meighan, 1986). An added note indicated logical study. On one level, the objections to and culture of the people who built Stone­ that the uncut version was available on re­ archaeology have to do with the feeling that henge. Finding out about those ancient peo­ quest to the author. There was a large re­ archaeologists are meddling in matters which ple is the serious business of serious culture sponse due to the importance and timeliness are none of their business, and tampering with historians and archaeologists. Do the builders of the topic, and Xerox reproduction proved matters which may be dangerous to living of Stonehenge deserve to have their history a slow and ineffective way of distributing the people. More fundamentally, archaeology is and culture recorded with whatever detail we paper to all who wanted it. This printed ver­ seen as sacrilege and a violation of the reli­ can reconstruct? If so, it is only archaeology sion was therefore prepared and made avail­ gious beliefs of living people (Meighan, 1984). that can provide the needed information. able through Wormwood Press. This view applies particularly to the excavation My conclusion is that if I am studying Stone­ Since publication of the shorter version of of human remains, but it is often extended to henge, part of my obligation is to the people this discussion, there have been two critical include all objects associated with the dead, who built Stonehenge-they are my informants. letters in the American Anthropological As­ and it may be extended to include all archaeo­ Similarly, if I am studying a site in California oc­ sociation Newsletter, both by people who did logical evidence of any kind. cupied 5000 years ago, it is the occupants of not read the article carefully. Mail response In North America, the argument has been that site to whom I am obligated to provide a to the author has been overwhelmingly fa­ presented that the conduct of archaeological true statement of their life and culture. As with vorable, however, and it is clear that the study of ancient people is a violation of the re­ any study, there are also obligations to living views expressed here are shared by many ligious freedom of living Indians, and state and people: property owners, granting agencies, (probably the majority) of the practicing pro­ local restrictions on archaeology have been es­ the public, students and colleagues. But if I ac­ fessional archaeologists. While the problems tablished on the basis of this allegation. Some cept the AAA statement above, my paramount delineated in this discussion are addressed Indian spokesmen have claimed their right, on responsibility is to the people being studied. 28 That responsibility can only be dealt with by may be considered a lofty spiritual position loss to archaeology. A few archaeologists have a thorough and honest investigation of the ar­ while the other is crass capitalism, but both given up skeletal collections for destruction chaeological remains. Avoidance of some or all are anti-intellectual, placing no value on the on the basis of lack of interest or involvement of the evidence, and failure to communicate all recovery of knowledge of the past. with physical anthropology and the feeling that of the findings in a free and open way, amounts they weren't really giving away any of their re­ to destruction of some of the culture history of Contemporary concerns: search. These people did not start to howl until the people being studied. academic freedom the claims escalated and it became not only This conclusion conforms to Winter's plea This leads to consideration of another as­ the bones but also all the artifacts that were (1984) for a "humanistic ethical system" in pect of the AAA list of principles: the emphasis demanded. The lesson in this is that it is very archaeology. Yet in this article and in an ear­ on public access and free publication, and the dangerous to give away someone else's schol­ lier one (1980), and indeed in archaeological avoidance of secret research, secret reports, arly research as being unimportant. writing in general, there is the assumption and secret agreements with those having con­ For anthropologists in general, archaeol­ that the remote descendants of extinct peo­ trol over the study. It is said that the anthro­ ogy and its problems are peripheral; there has ples are the same people as the ones be­ pologist "...should demand assurance that he been no serious discussion by the AAA estab­ ing studied. This is fallacious for even recent will not be required to compromise his profes­ lishment. Some archaeologists are apprehen­ archaeological remains, and is entirely false sional responsibilities and ethics as a condition sive that the anthropological community will for the remains of people who lived thou­ of his permission to pursue the research." The not support archaeological interests against sands of years ago. impetus for such a position by anthropologists the pressures of demands from living ethnic came partly from the general code of schol­ groups. Where anthropologists have had an Contemporary concerns: ownership arly ethics and partly from the many problems awareness of these issues at all, they have The extinct people obviously will not object of social science researchers in working with either kept a great distance and silence, or in to whatever is done by modern man with re­ sponsors (government and otherwise) who individual cases have supported claims for the gard to their remains, physical or cultural. If the may wish to use the results of social science giving up of archaeological collection for de­ tales of the "mummy's curse" were at all valid, investigations for their own purposes and con­ struction. The same is true for most archaeolo­ all site looters and a fair number of professed ceal or destroy data viewed as threatening to gists and physical anthropologists; few in either archaeologists would have been stricken long such purposes. Researchers complying with camp have taken a public position which might since. It is modern man who controls the re­ such arrangements place themselves in the offend any viewpoint identified as "Indian." mains of past generations, and the ownership position of becoming agents for special inter­ An exception is the American Committee question is handled by a welter of legal and pro­ ests rather than scholars. for Preservation of Archaeological Collec­ cedural rules in all countries. Mostly these rules Application of this principle has a general tions, an action group with some 450 mem­ have to do with the ownership of "treasure," relevance for all scholars although the appli­ bers (mostly on the West Coast) which has with national pride and tourism, and with the cation differs with the type of research being gone to court to prevent destruction of pub­ increasing recognition that cultural and histori­ done. For archaeologists, the main concern is licly owned archaeological materials. cal resources are part of the public heritage and with preservation of the data of the research. The Society for American Archaeology, in its deserve preservation and study. The laws were To give up collected materials (which are the statement of scholarly ethics (Champe, 1961) not written by or for anthropologists or archae­ basic research data from excavations) for is quite clear on the issue of preserving data: ologists although most are helpful to research concealment or destruction is to prevent any "Willful destruction, distortion, or concealment (to the extent the laws are observed - they are further study or reanalysis. The demands of of the data of archaeology is censured, and notoriously easy to circumvent or ignore). ethnic spokesmen for museum specimens are provides ground for expulsion from the Society In recent years, with the splintering of what the source of conflicts here. Usually justified for American Archaeology..." The standards used to be conceptualized as the national in­ in terms of the "sacred" character of whatever of the Society of Professional Archaeologists terest into sub-group and ethnic sub-groups is claimed, there is a problem for the scholar (1976) include the flat statement: "Specimens and is explicitly denied to the public as a who has obligations to preserve the data for and research records resulting from a project whole. This is an area of conflict which is not scholarly study. must be deposited at an institution with per­ yet resolved; most (not all) legislation dealing One misperception, although by no means manent curatorial facilities." These statements with archaeology still takes the position that the only one, has dealt with human remains do not allow the individual archaeologist to de­ archaeological remains are part of the nation­ and the statements that archaeologists are cide that he will give away parts of his collec­ al heritage and are to serve the cultural and digging up someone's grandfather and stor­ tion in the knowledge that such materials will historical interests of the public at large. If this ing the bones in a soapbox. From this mis- be sequestered or destroyed. position is abandoned, it will eliminate the ba­ perception comes general condemnation sic argument for public responsibility for pres­ of archaeology as callous lack of respect for Rationale for Archaeological Studies ervation and management of archaeological dead people, lack of concern for the "dignity" Archaeology, like anthropology, has both resources. The taxpayers support most ar­ of living people, and mere looting of ancient humanistic and scientific aspects. However, chaeology that is done today, and the argu­ graves which cannot be justified by any kind the only "applied archaeology" is in salvage ment for that support is that the studies are in of research results. This is an emotional po­ archaeology and "cultural resource manage­ the national interest. But if "Indians" can claim sition; academic and intellectual explanations ment." Even here, the ultimate goals of ar­ sites and collections, can secrete them and have no effect on the beliefs of those who see chaeology can only be identified as "greater destroy them through reburial or other means, archaeological excavation in such terms. From understanding of past human cultures." what is the public good served by archaeo­ the scholar's viewpoint, however, it is relevant Whether the data are used for the discovery logical studies? In its effects on the data, to point out the difference between someone's of scientific laws about cultural development, there is no difference between this kind of grandfather and a grave which is thousands of or whether they are merely used for cultural private ownership and the ownership claimed years and hundreds of generations removed enrichment, the goal is simply greater under­ by property owners and relic collectors who from living people. Also from the scholar's standing of past human cultures. We study proclaim their right to bulldoze archaeologi­ point of view, the destruction of bones and ar­ those cultures in terms of their relevance to cal sites to obtain artifacts for sale. The Indian tifacts is exactly equivalent to the burning of our own concerns, whatever they may be, spokesmen in California who would rather selected library books - it destroys informa­ and we use the data to deal with issues that see sites destroyed than studied by archae­ tion and forever denies access for study by have interest to contemporary people. It is ologists (a statement that has been made to future scholars. likely that all of these current issues are mat­ me by Indians on three separate occasions) Archaeologists have agonized over this is­ ters which never entered the minds of the are in fact the allies of developers who also sue and have dealt with it in various ways. One people whose remains we study. It is worth don't want the sites studied. Of course, in one leading archaeologist commented to me that it considering whether we owe those people case the rationalization is religious and based was acceptable to give skeletal remains (of any anything, or whether their extinction has left on concepts of ethnic ownership of ethnic age) to any Indian claiming them for reburial them to be mere specimens for us to use as knowledge - in the other case it is based on because we were merely storing our collection we see fit. As previously stated, in my view commercial and profit considerations. One in the ground. In this rationalization, there is no we do owe the ancient people as true and 29 complete a picture of their lives as we can at­ Legal and Political Implications Archaeologists who have dealt first-hand tain - we owe them their chapter in the histo­ Since it is only a minority of archaeologists with the regulatory climate in parts of the ry of the human race. In this perspective, the and a minority of Indians who have experi­ U.S. feel that they are fighting for their pro­ ancient people are informants even though enced serious conflicts over the conduct fessional lives and that they cannot continue dead, and at least part of our effort should of archaeological studies, this issue might to conduct their studies within the framework go into understanding their perception of the be considered a tempest in a teapot and a of either their own archaeological statements world (recognizing the formidable difficulties reflection of nothing more than personality of ethics or the AAA principles of professional in attaining such understanding). Conceiving clashes in the two camps. However, basic responsibility. The fact that these battles are archaeology in this way is "anthropological" principles are involved on both sides and the being fought without the support of the AAA in an old-fashioned way; it represents what differences are not easily reconcilable. The is one reason for the withdrawal of archaeolo­ an earlier generation of culture historians battle is being fought in the political arena gists from the AAA as their professional orga­ tried to attain, usually in a fragmentary way and increasingly in the courts. In both cases nization. These disputes are also fragment­ and sometimes in a way that appears naive the decisions tend to lean on technicalities ing the national archaeological organizations or even comical to modern scholars. How­ and emotional arguments rather than exami­ which avoid local and regional disputes and ever, such a perspective retains the central nation of the public ownership or academic stay away from political battles as much as importance of human beings as the subjects freedom issues. Since political bodies and possible. Most scholars would agree with this of study; it is a reminder that technical stud­ government agencies can legislate by writing approach by national organizations, but there ies of potsherds and midden samples are "guidelines" which control action until chal­ is a vacuum of action groups concerned with merely a means to understanding a human lenged in court, there is a serious threat to "scholars' rights" as opposed to other kinds population in the past. It may help to affirm academic archaeology. of group rights. that along with our obligations to contempo­ The political menace is shown in numer­ rary man, we do have some obligation to the ous local and state legislative actions against Solutions? people who left the archaeological record. archaeology. It is sometimes easy for scholars Archaeologists should be among the most to give away research in another scholarly field knowledgeable about the dictum that time Positive and mediating factors - it is always easy for politicians to give away heals all wounds. Life-or-death issues in one As a counterbalance to the conflict situ­ any research in any of the social sciences or era become trivial and disappear in another ations, there are of course many instances humanities. In the case of ethnic minorities, the age. Over the long term, therefore, the con­ of collaboration and cooperation. There are passing of laws intended to show "respect" flicts over archaeology will no longer mat­ Indian archaeologists and many students of and placate minority wishes is attractive to po­ ter. Destruction of archaeological resources Indian descent participate in archaeological litical agencies. It appears to be cost-free, and may cause the archaeologist to run out of excavations and studies. There are Indian nothing is lost except archaeological research, subjects for field study, in the same way the museums which share general museum val­ a low-priority activity which is generally viewed cultural anthropologists are rapidly running ues of preservation and study of collections. as having no practical value. Hence there has out of tribal peoples to study. The values of There are even some people of Indian ances­ been a proliferation of laws against excavat­ scientific study held by western civilization try who are studying bones as physical an­ ing any human remains, regardless of age, may be altered to accept and even welcome thropologists, and others who are members and many regulatory policies requiring the ap­ the notion that the record of the past should of the American Committee for Preservation pointment of "Indian" monitors to oversee all be allowed to disappear. But even without of Archaeological Collections. These people archaeological study. such drastic changes, there will certainly be are unfortunately not heard in the arena of the The conflict over archaeology is particular­ a move toward a compromise which protects political and emotional conflicts over archae­ ly exacerbated in the U.S. because archae­ the rights of minority interests and also the ology, however - indeed, they are dismissed ologists here are in fact considered to be rights of archaeological scholarship. We need as "not real Indians." anthropologists because of their training and not wait for history to take care of the issues The attack on archaeology is not univer­ academic degrees. The responsibility is gen­ and provide us with long-term solutions. sal or widespread in the U.S. and is not per­ erally given to the archaeologists to select Short-term solutions to the present con­ ceived at all by archaeologists working in and employ the "Indian" who will "monitor" flict are not easy but must be sought. If there some areas. The political action seems to his archaeology. That there is a clear conflict is no effort to resolve the problems on the be concentrated in urban areas and heavily- of interest here, as well as the possibility of part of the scholarly community, but merely populated states where the Indian popula­ collusion, is unquestionable. If agencies are the continuing hope that the problems will tion is primarily non-reservation. Much of it going to demand external monitors, they somehow go away or be handled by some­ is attributable to the pan-Indian assertion should be the employers and payers of those one else, there is serious risk of additional of Indian "nationhood" since the claimants monitors. The monitors should report to them losses of academic freedom as well as irre­ for museum and archaeological specimens and not through the archaeologist conduct­ placeable culture-historical data. are often not the descendants of the people ing the study. If there is a conflict, the reso­ In a society as litigious and bureaucratic who inhabited the source area. For example, lution should be in the hands of the agency as our own, there appears to be little resolu­ individuals claiming ancestry of tribes in the involved, not left to the archaeologist who tion except through legislation or court action. eastern part of the United States are promi­ is invariably punished if he can't please the Archaeological study in the U.S. is seriously nent in claiming control of archaeological monitor. In a few cases, regulatory agencies over-regulated since multiple government sites on the West Coast. have accepted this responsibility, but in most agencies down to the town and county level Where there is more of a culturally cohesive cases it is expected that the archaeologist have leaped into the vacuum with policies Indian community, there are many instances will handle the "Indian problem" on his own and rules controlling field archaeology. Since in which Indians have collaborated with ar­ and the supervising agency or contractor archaeological studies are deemed to be in chaeological study, and have even solicited will not have to worry about it. This puts the the national interest, national rules should such studies for purposes of broadening archaeologist in a variety of uncomfortable preempt the proliferating state and local leg­ their own culture history, or in some cases to impossible situations. Whatever "Indian" islation, including the "government by policy obtaining evidence for Indian land claims he decides to work with is likely to be chal­ statements" so prevalent in political agencies cases. Relationships between archaeologists lenged by some other "Indian" who claims to on all levels. If this is not possible, there is no and Indians are not always hostile; many ar­ be the true spokesman. If the "monitor" is an remedy but court action with its attendant chaeologists are sensitive to the concerns activist, the archaeologist is faced with mak­ costs in time and money. of descendants with regard to their cultural ing concessions contrary to his scholarly eth­ heritage. A few archaeologists have been ics. If the "monitor" is merely being paid off to REFERENCES recognized and honored by Indian communi­ avoid trouble, the archaeologist will certainly ties - for example, Emil Hauty who worked have some feelings of discomfort over par­ Champe, J. L. et al for many years with the close collaboration of ticipating in tokenistic and fraudulent compli­ 1961 Four Statements for Archaeology. Ameri­ Indian communities in southern Arizona. ance which at times takes the appearance of can Antiquity, Vol. 27, pp. 137-139. a protection racket. 30 Green, Ernestene L, ed. Meighan, Clement W. 1984 The Way to Somewhere: Ethics in American 1984 Ethics and Values in Archaeology. The 1984 Archaeology: Science or Sacrilege. In: Archaeology. In: Green, 1984, pp. 36-50. Free Press, New York Green, 1984, pp. 208-223. [This volume reprints the statements on ethics and standards of research per­ Winter, Joseph C. formance adopted by the AAA in 1971, 1980 Indian Heritage Preservation and Archae­ the Society for American Archaeology in ology. American Antiquity, Vol. 45, pp. 1961, and the Society of Professional Ar­ 121-131. chaeologists in 1976]. HUNTER-GATHERER VIOLENCE IN SOUTHERN NORTH AMERICA by Leland W. Patterson

There is evidence of widespread violence casional palisaded villages (Milner 2004:121; classified as warfare, because hunter-gatherer for various prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups Lepper 2005:172), where hunter-gatherer types of violence lack the size and organization in southern North America. This violence groups settled to defend certain areas and es­ characteristic of warfare. can be classified into two types: inter-group tablish territorial control. This period from AD BIBLIOGRAPHY violence, and personal violence (intra-group 500 to 900, after the Hopewell demise, is not violence). For small hunter-gatherer groups, well defined (Converse 2003:309) in the Mid­ Bradbury, A. P. it is often difficult to distinguish between the western United States. 1997 The Bow and Arrow in the Eastern Wood­ two types of violence using archaeological There are alternate responses to high popu­ lands: Evidence for an Archaic Origin. North data (Patterson 1988; Smith 2007:20). For lation levels of hunter-gatherers, including a American Archaeologist 18:207-233. example, projectile points embedded in one more settled lifeway and a more mobile lifeway. Converse, R.N. or a few skeletons could be from intergroup In inland southeast Texas, population level 1994 Ohio Flint Types. Archeological Society of or intra-group violence. This article consid­ peaked in the Early Ceramic period (AD 100- Ohio. ers hunter-gatherer violence before the sig­ 600). In the following Late Prehistoric period 2003 The Archaeology of Ohio. Archaeological nificant use of agriculture in southern North (AD 600-1500), inland hunter-gatherer groups Society of Ohio. America. There is little evidence for warfare became more mobile (Patterson 1976) and Keely, L.H. within hunter-gatherer populations prior to the there was a downward adjustment in popula­ 1996 War Before Civilization. Oxford University Press. development of agriculture (Kelly 2007:1). tion level (Patterson 1995: Figure 3, 1996: Fig­ Kelly, R.C. Some archaeologists conclude that adop­ ure 10). This downward adjustment in popu­ lation level probably reduced the stress from 2007 Warless Societies and the Origin of War. Uni­ tion of the bow and arrow occurred at the start versity of Michigan Press. of the Late Woodland period at about AD 500, competition for natural food resources. On the and seems to parallel a general continent-wide coastal margin of southeast Texas, population Lepper, B.T. increase in violence (Smith 2007:22; Lepper level continued to increase in the Late Prehis­ 2005 Ohio Archaeology. Orange Frazer Press. 2005:188). This scenario is not realistic, how­ toric period because aquatic food resources Milner, G.R. ever, because there is much evidence for the were not limited, and competition for natural 2004 The Moundbuilders. Thames and Hudson. food resources did not develop to the point start of the bow and arrow much earlier in the Nassany, M.S. and K. Pyle Archaic period, before 2000 BC (Odell 1988; of violence. Skeletons dating from the Late Prehistoric period in southeast Texas have no 1999 The Adoption of the Bow and Arrow in Patterson 1992; Converse 1994:100; Whyte Eastern North America. American Antiq­ evidence of violence, in either inland or coastal 2007:137; Bradbury 1997; Nassany and Pyle uity 64(2):243-263. 1999). There is little evidence for any increase margin subregions. Odell, G.H. in violence with the early introduction of the Homicide rates in simple hunter-gatherer 1988 Addressing Prehistoric Hunting Practices bow and arrow in the Archaic period. In the societies are considerably higher than those Through Stone Tool Analysis. American Late Archaic period in Southeast Texas (1500 reported for agricultural societies with more Anthropologist 90:335-355. BC-AD100), violence is shown by spear points developed forms of sociopolitical organization embedded in skeletons at cemeteries (Patter­ (Kelly 2007:20). Independent hunter-gatherer Patterson. L.W. son 2000:38), even though the bow and arrow societies have no overarching institutions of 1976 Technological Changes in Harris County, was definitely in use during this time period intersocial mediation such as headmen, coun­ Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological (Patterson et al. 1998:8). cils, and chiefs (Keely 1996:131). Hunter-gath­ Society 47:171-188. Many archaeologists choose to ignore the erer violence can involve personal (intragroup) 1988 Intergroup Conflict in Prehistoric Texas. Houston Archeological Society Journal 90:8-10. large amount of evidence for use of the bow violence, inter-group violence between bands 1992 Current Data on Early Use of the Bow and and arrow much earlier than AD 500. This is of extended families, or personal violence between individuals of different bands. Kelly Arrow in Southern North America. La Tier- similar to the situation where some archae­ ra 19(4):6-15. (2007:21) sees little relationship between types ologists ignore the increasing body of data for 1995 The Archeology of Southeast Texas. Bul­ pre-Clovis occupation of the New World. of hunter-gatherer violence and warfare. letin of the Texas Archeological Society A more sedentary lifestyle for hunter-gath­ After AD 900, settled agricultural societies 66:239-264. erer groups tends to promote violence. Hunt­ developed in the eastern United States (Mis- 1996 Southeast Texas Archeology. Houston Ar­ er-gatherer groups became more settled in sissippian) and the southwest (Anasazi). These cheological Society, Report No. 12 2000. fertile river valleys of the mid-south in the Mid­ societies had complex, stratified social struc­ Late Archaic Mortuary Tradition of South­ dle Archaic and Late Archaic periods of 4500 tures. There was significant warfare, with lead­ east Texas. La Tierra 27(2):28-44. to 1000 BC (Smith 2007:24, Milner 2004:46). ers and warriors fighting for prestige and politi­ Patterson, L.W., J.D. Hudgins, S. Kindall, W.L. There is evidence of violence in these loca­ cal and economic control (Smith 2007:25). The McClure, M. Marek, T. Nuckols, and R.L. Gregg. tions. It is not apparent, however, if this vio­ number of palisaded settlements increased for 1998 Additional Excavations at the Bowser Site, lence was inter-group conflict over competi­ the Mississippian culture (Milner 2004:163). 41FB3, Fort Bend County, Texas, Part 1: tion for natural food resources, or intra-group In summary, there was much violence and Archeology. Houston Archeological Soci­ conflict caused by personal disputes among homicide in hunter-gatherer societies. The fre­ ety, Report No. 14. people living in close quarters. quency of violence would be difficult to deter­ Smith, J. There is evidence of violence in the Late mine, however, because of the small percent­ 2007 The Evolution of Warfare. American Ar- Woodland period after AD 555 in the east­ age of skeletons recovered by archaeological chaeology 10(4): 19-25. ern United States (Milner 2004:121; Lepper projects compared to total populations for Whyte, T.R. 2003:172). This period had a high population various time periods. Also, few archaeologists 2007 Proto-lroquoian Divergence in the Late Ar­ level (Milner 2004: Figure 13), which probably have training in forensic analysis of skeletons. chaic-Early Woodland Period Transition of created stress due to competition for natural There seems to be wide agreement that hunt­ the Appalachian Highlands. Southeastern food resources. Before AD 900 there were oc- er-gatherer types of violence should not be Archaeology 26(1 ):134-144. 31 A PALEO INDIAN SITE IN DELAWARE COUNTY, OHIO by Jim Mills, Bergholz, Ohio For years the late Paul Kaser of Dela­ Among the collection are four Classic pears to be a Lanceolate base may both ware County, Ohio, surface collected Clovis type fluted points made of high be Paleo (Figure 3). around Hoover Reservoir in southeastern quality Coshocton and Zaleski flint, as well The Kaser Paleo site adds another piece Delaware County and northern Franklin as one small fluted point of cream colored to the puzzling Ohio Paleo picture, a pic­ County. He surface collected from a site flint (Figure 1). ture which reveals an abundance of fluted which produced a number of Paleo points Two Paleo Square Knives are also in the points and a scarcity of fluted point sites. along with some Archaic material. The site collection along with two other tools which Also in the collection are five Parallel was designated as D-66, indicating it was appear to be Paleo. The largest Square Flaked Late Paleo Lanceolate points which in Delaware County, and from the pristine Knife, bottom center of Figure 1, is 37a indicate that the site was occupied by Late appearance of the points it is probable inches long and the other Square Knife Paleo people sometime after the fluted that these may have been eroding from a (Figure 2 left) is 2% inches long. point people were gone. (Figure 4). washed out area. There was no more infor­ A Coshocton flint end scraper and a mation about the site's specific location. large Coshocton flint knife with what ap­

Figure 1 (Mills) Five Fluted Points and a Paleo Square knife from Delaware County.

32 Figure 2 (Mills) Two tools which are probably Paleo. Figure 3 (Mills) Two Paleo knives.

Figure 4 (Mills) Five Parallel Flaked Lanceolates from the site

ERRATUM In the last issue of the Ohio Archaeolo­ gist the caption in the article A Classic Ad­ ena Point and a Fluted Point was in error. Because of an error by your Editor, this part of the story was not included. This was the fault of the Editor and not Robert Mohr who submitted the story. Our apolo­ gies to Mr. Mohr - we will publish his fluted point in a future issue.

33 2008 ASO CANDIDATE PROFILES

President - Mick Van Steen, Cedarville, Ohio Mick Van Steen has served as Trustee and Vice President. He has been active on the Symposium Committee and the Fraudulent Artifact Committee. He was a member of the Special Committee who met with the Ohio Historical Society in our attempt to gain access to their collections. Mick is widely known in the archaeological and collecting world. He is an independent businessman with many business interests.

Vice President - George Colvin, Plain City, Ohio George Colvin has been an active member on several committees including the Symposium Committee and the Special Committee who met with the Ohio Historical Society. George is a professional geologist and co-founder of the en­ vironmental consulting firm Cox-Colvin and Associates, Inc. George is a dedi­ cated surface hunter.

Treasurer - Chris Rummell, Galloway, Ohio Chris Rummell was appointed Treasurer to fill the vacated position and has served well. Chris is a computer expert and has computerized all ASO files. He has served on the Symposium Committee, the Special OHS Committee and several other capacities. His area of interest is Historic Archaeology and he is our most knowledgeable member on the Hopewell culture on which he has done numerous studies.

Recording Secretary - Cindy Wells, Mt. Vernon, Ohio Cindy has performed the difficult and demanding job of recording our Board of Director meeting minutes, retaining a file of our transactions, and disseminating them to our Society officials. Cindy lives in Mt. Vernon and is an active member of the Kokosing Chapter.

Executive Secretary - Dennis Link, Felicity, Ohio Dennis Link has operated his own business for more than seventeen years and has been an ASO member for more than twenty years. He has served as Presi­ dent of the Fort Salem Chapter and on several ASO committees. He brings a wide area of expertise to the office of Executive Secretary a job of keeping our Society moving and the officers doing their jobs.

Trustee - Walt Sperry, Mt. Vernon, Ohio A long-time member of the ASO, Walt Sperry has served as President, Vice President, and is presently a Trustee of the ASO. He has worked on numer­ ous committees and published many articles in the Ohio Archaeologist. He is a member of the Kokosing Chapter of the ASO. Walt is an avid surface hunter and lives on the family farm near Mt. Vernon, in Knox Co. where he has found many fine pieces.

34 2008 ASO CANDIDATE PROFILES

Trustee - John Mocic, Dilles Bottom, Ohio John Mocic has served as Trustee, Vice President, and President of our Society and is presently Past President. John's particular field has been to promote our Society in the Tri-State area of eastern Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. John has also been president of the Dividing Ridges Chapter. John has been intimately involved in Society affairs for more than twenty years.

Trustee - Frank Otto, Mt. Vernon, Ohio Frank Otto has been a member of the ASO for 43 years and has been President, Vice President, Executive Secretary and Trustee of the ASO. He has served on numerous committees including the Field Find for 25 years and Exhibit Com­ mittee for 29 years. Frank has also served as Chapter President and repre­ sented our Society at many out-of-state functions. He has lectured at numerous chapter meetings.

Trustee - Gilbert Cooper, Winchester, Ohio Gilbert Cooper has been a member of the ASO for more than 25 years. He is an active collector and has displayed at numerous Society and out-of-state meet­ ings. He has contributed articles to the Ohio Archaeologist and is nationally known in the collecting fraternity - his special interests being Paleo points and tools. He is a farmer and highly successful developer in southern Ohio.

Trustee - Ken Sowards, Fort Loramie, Ohio Ken Sowards has been a teacher and educator having taught American his­ tory and American government for thirty years and is now retired. He has been President of the Blue Jacket Chapter for the last three years. He is a member of the Indiana Archaeological Society, the Mercer County Indian Relic Collectors Society, and a charter member of the Mowkon Chapter.

Trustee - Dr. Robert Curry, Dresden, Ohio Dr. Robert Curry graduated from the Ohio State University of Dentistry in 1966 and was a Captain in the U.S. Army Dental Corps. He has been a Kiwanis mem­ ber and officer and has served on the Maysville and Tri-Valley School District Boards. He has been active in and a Board Member of the Boy Scouts. Dr. Curry enjoys artifact hunting and strives to share his appreciation of prehistoric people and their creations.

Trustee - Randall Hackworth, Wapakoneta, Ohio Randall Hackworth has served several terms as Trustee. He has also been Chairman of the Legislative Committee and has been active at our meetings in the ASO raffle ticket sales. He is an independent businessman and farm owner in Auglaize County.

35 THE EPITOME OF WINGED BANNERSTONES by Dennis Link, Felicity, Ohio

This banded slate notched winged ban­ ners, such as this one, have survived the have been mounted on symbolic atlatls in nerstone is one of the finest I have ever ravages of time and farm cultivation. There ceremonies prior to the hunt. Perhaps they seen. The wings are a little more than a 16th probably were never many of this quality functioned as badges of hunting prowess. of an inch thick at the ends. The prehistoric to begin with. Whatever its true function, it is more than craftsman who made it took great pains to Because of its exceptional thinness, it is obvious that a great deal of time was spent make the banding form oblong circles in the a good guess that winged bannerstones by a master craftsman to produce it. center ridge. The overall design is classic. similar to this one were never used on ac­ Unfortunately, few delicately made ban­ tual hunting atlatls but were more likely to

Figure 1 (Link) Notched winged bannerstone found in Marion County, Ohio. It is 63A inches wide.

36 THE BOHLANDER AXE by M. C. Hall, Eastham, Mass.

Around 1900 Paul Bohlander's father, put them in her rock garden. The farm had did away with the rock garden. Years later, John Bohlander, was a farm hand on a farm turned up many artifacts over the years. during the depression, many of the arti­ in the Bexley-Whitehall area of east Co­ This axe is one of several that survived facts were sold. lumbus. The farm owner's wife instructed and was used as a door-stop. Herbert The axe measures 8% inches long and him to collect any Indian artifacts he came Bohlander, John's brother, had possession weighs 51/2 lbs. It is % grooved and fash­ across in the process of cultivation and to of the collection after the farm owner's wife ioned of dense black granitic stone.

*.

v.

Figure 1 and 2 (Hall) Side and back views of 3/4 grooved axe from east Columbus.

37 SOILS, HOPEWELL SITES, AND OHIO PRAIRIES by Barbara M. Harkness and James A. Petro Ohio is not known for its prairies. Yet for tions selected by Hopewell permitted them cation or burial beneath new, light-colored all its well-watered soils and forests, prairies to maximize exploitation of a highly diverse alluvium. Through replacement, what now are present in Ohio. It is the thesis of this pa­ environ. Earlier Fischer (1974: 204) had come constitutes Genesee soils were Ross soils per that Hopewellian action is directly attrib­ to much the same conclusion. This paper ex­ during the Hopewellian period. Thus (see utable to the presence of prairies in Ohio's amines one of the variables in that resource Table 1) the absence of Ross soils at Cedar Ross County, if not causative, at least sig­ base; soils and the cover those soils allowed. Bank, Hopewell, and High Banks may be nificantly contributive. Terrace and ridge geomorphology along interpreted as a consequence of Genesee A widely held belief is that Ohio was, prior the rivers integral to the 13 sites under con­ replacement. The absence of both Genesee to the white man's penetration, everywhere sideration are a consequence of having and Ross soils at Mound City, however, is a tree forest covered, yet early pioneers found served as glacial melt water outlets. In the result of stream channel shift that has oblit­ barrens, fens, and prairies. As to why Ohio glacial valley where the Scioto still contin­ erated the floodplain and is now eroding ter­ presented prairies, the answer lies in its re­ ues to flow, four distinct levels can be dis­ race stratigraphy. mote history. tinguished by particular soils. These levels The Black Sand Phase site locations "...on consist of first and second bottoms (or the highest ground of the floodplains" in Illi­ "1) An ancient period of dry climate that floodplains), a terrace escarpment formed nois (Struever, 1968: 292) are felt to be com­ favored the growth of drought-tolerant during the last period of glacial melt-water parable to the Ross soils of second bottom­ prairie species" and 2) the frequent cutting, and at least two sometimes discon­ land positions in the Scioto Valley. setting of landscape fires by Native tinuous terraces. First and second terraces Fox soils characterize terraces developed Americans before European settle­ may also be separated by an escarpment, under dense hardwood forest. It is on the ment. ...Ohio has prairies because of a again formed by glacial melt-water. Some Fox soils that Hopewell earthworks are lo­ long, dry climate period that occurred third terraces are detected. cated. Warsaw soils can also occur on ter­ from about 5-8 thousand years ago, There are four soils common to the fluvial races in association with the Fox soils, but, and because Native Americans burned morphology of the Scioto Valley: Genessee, having developed under prairie grass veg­ the remnants of these prairies for thou­ Ross, Fox, and Warsaw. A brief description etation, exhibit dark colored surfaces. Both sands of years after that dry period." of these soils seems advised as it will inform Fox and Warsaw soils are well drained be­ (www.OhioPrairie.org). subsequent discussion. ing underlain internally at relatively shallow Genesee soils, characteristic of the first depths by sand and gravel. It is the thesis of this paper that Hopewel­ bottom, are deep, well drained medium tex­ While all four levels exist at most sites, vari­ lian pyrotechnology 1) was paramount in the tured soils that always "...lie on nearly level ations do occur. Neither first nor second bot­ selection of Ross County sites; 2) that pyro­ bottom land" (Petro, et al: 1967:88). We make tom is present at Mound City, while Seip ex­ technology constituted a fire regime intrinsic a distinction between the immediate river's hibits two bottoms, a terrace wall escarpment, to their horticultural technology; and 3) the edge or first bottom, and the portion of the and two terraces. The site itself is located on success of that fire regime precluded any floodplain to its rear (or second bottom). It is the second terrace fronted by a pinched-off wide scale adoption of agricultural practices. important to note, however, that second bot­ remnant of the first terrace. Greber (1983: 23) Hopewellians, as well as those early Amer­ toms are not always present. It is the first bot­ also points to the existence of two terraces icans who both preceded and came after tom that collects drift of all sorts, fallen and at Harness. The Frankfort earthwork shows them, inherited from their immigrant ances­ decayed logs, and tree-and-brush debris. It Westland soil intermediate between the Ross tors into the New World two well understood is also where we find dissection from slough- or second bottom soils and the terrace es­ uses of fire: fire hunting and fire harvesting. and-stream intrusion. Where Genesee soils carpment The Westland soil series occupies Pyne points out that the "migration patterns are clean of drift "trash," they are nonetheless wet prairies developed where water seeps of early man followed grasslands" mov­ vulnerable to flooding as they are yearly sub­ out of escarpment gravel, keeping lower- ing to "those areas where fire was possible jected to the channeling, particularly when lying Westland soils highly saturated with shunjing] those areas where it was difficult" the river is swollen with spring rain. water and lime. The Chillicothe site, already (1997:69). Such techniques, of necessity, had Ross soils are of particular interest. While leveled at the time of the Squier and Davis to be adapted to local conditions, but wher­ Genesee soils are certainly postglacial, the survey (1848: f. 57) appears to have been ever and however employed, the "use of fire sand and gravel parent material of the Ross constructed on Fox or Warsaw soils (or both) has always been predicated on the ability to soils was probably deposited by melt waters adjacent to Genesee and Ross bottomlands. control it" (Pyne: 1997:69). of the final glacial stage. Ross soils are dark In spite of the confused soil mix today (due to the city of Chillicothe), it seems that the Analysis is limited to 13 sites within a 25- colored dry soils that subsequently devel­ glacial terrace part of the city consists of both mile radius of Chillicothe, Ohio. While the oped under prairie grass and typify second Fox and Warsaw soils. The well drained, dry contemporaneity of these sites cannot be bottoms. Such sods flooded only occasion­ prairie Warsaw soils occur on nearly level ter­ claimed, their architecture demonstrates ally and were devoid of drift "trash" and for­ races along the major streams of the county enough consistency to permit their taxonom- est growth of the true floodplains. Ross soils that occupy glacial outwash valleys. ic linkage. Subsequent analysis will also dem­ exhibit good internal drainage, are underlain onstrate their common microenvironmental by sand and gravel, and possess a friability Fox terraces had the essential character­ setting. The data on these sites are derived after root removal that would have permit­ istics Hopewellian sought for construction from the soil analyses carried out by one of ted their being worked with simple digging - almost level surface, excellent drainage, the authors of this paper, James A. Petro. Un­ sticks. However, because prairie grass and and a position of little distance and height der the auspices of the U.S. Department of plant root systems are tough, fibrous, and from the floodplain. If the co-occurrence of Agriculture and Ohio's Department of Natural deep, any dibble "tillage" would have been Ross and Fox soils was initially gratuitous, Resources, Petro and four co-workers (Petro, minimal. Fire would have been the preferred the advantages gained from their proximity et al, 1967: 1) extracted cores for all desig­ method of field clearance providing the de­ could not have escaped attention for long. nated soils in the entire county. The present sired seed incubation. The persistence of These are soils favored by disturbed-soil study, however, only calls upon these data for prairie soils in that area attests to a long pro­ plants, some of which (Table 3) Hopewel­ the 13 sites under discussion. That informa­ tracted use. We contend Hopewellians were lians were eating. The utilization of such tion is summarized in Table 1. principal actors in that scenario. locations could have set into motion an in­ The mixed resource base characteristic of It is also important to bear in mind that, tensive foraging subsistence program that Hopewell in Ohio has long been recognized. through the years, areas of Ross soils have included the harvesting of native as well as Ford (1979: 237) pointed out that the loca- been sporadically flooded, resulting in trun­ easily encouraged plants.

38 Soils around High Banks are entirely on What is the mechanism that makes many able to assume that, since the moist prairies a terrace of various Fox soils. The unusual grasses produce more quantities of seed of can support true forests and the dry plains gravelly condition of the terrace is dupli­ better quality when burned at the right time? can support xeric brush and scattered trees, cated in the gravel composition of those Is this due to better control of plants and in­ and since the trees are capable of invad­ soils adjacent to and comprising the mound sects, to fertilization by more quickly avail­ ing the soil, some non-geographic force is structure where soil had been removed. able nutrients, to release from competition critical for the formation and maintenance As stated earlier, prairie distribution is of other plants, to the removal of the dead of grasslands in America. Fires set by man quite limited in Ohio. Commonly referred to grass material as a mulch or to some other have been present for thousands of years, as meadows, barrens, or oak openings, a factors unknown? and lightning-set fires have been rare. Burn­ prairie's fundamental characteristic is tree- In addition to the advantages that burned ing by primitive peoples may thus be consid­ lessness, although a slight scatter of trees fields provided Hopewellians, Komarek ered a determining factor. can be encountered, with a domination of points to less obvious effects that fire clear­ Ross County prairies also had the advan­ tall grasses. It is further defined by plants ance permits. tage of access to a very rich and diverse unique to it, but not necessarily confined Is the apparent proliferation of animal life, faunal resource base: riverine floodplain and to it. In a paper specifically addressing the such as the vast herds of mammals that have, forest edge. This is evident in their effigy pipe matter of Ohio prairies, Laufersweiler (1974) and still do, inhabit grasslands where fire iconography: Riverine: fish, frogs, water birds, provides a description useful for archaeo­ has already been a factor due to the same beaver, otter; Prairie: prairie chicken, turkey, logical understanding. causes? In Africa, such animals are still found rodents, rattlesnake; Forest edge: birds such These prairies were of several types, often in abundance in environments where the ef­ as woodpecker, some raptors, white tailed quite different in aspect. There were upland fect of fire on grasslands is now more pro­ deer, elk, raccoon, opossum. White tail deer mesic to dry prairies, with the predominant nounced due to man's use of fire. and to a lesser degree elk assumed an al­ grasses being the big and little bluestem, Komarek then raises a very interesting most staple importance for their contribution and less frequently, Indian grass, dropseed possibility to Hopewellian subsistence: food, of course, grass and the tall smooth panic grass. Flow­ ... fire increases seed production in 'fire- but skin and bones for domestic and indus­ ering herbs, often in abundance were asso­ selected' grasses. Can this be the same reac­ trial purposes. Neither eat grass, the signature ciated with these grasses. The herb popu­ tion of the 'recycling' of necessary elements plant of prairies. However, as browsers they lation quite regularly included sunflowers, by fire also play a part in animal reproduction, happily consumed the forbs of the prairies asters, blazing stars, purple ironweeds and as well as in plant production? Most overpro­ throughout spring, summer, and early fall, the prairie docks. In late June and into July duction of animal life seems to occur where retreating to continue browsing in the deep these prairies were marked by the flowering man has altered the vegetational succession part of the forest during winter when the prai­ of many of these and other herbs providing to a great extent from what were probably ries offered only dead grass, of no nutritional a colorful display of many hues which ended pre-man conditions (1967a: 147-8 149) value to deer or elk. Animals of the deep for­ in the fall with the profusion of goldenrods, Earlier, Sauer (1956:54) had made a simi­ est - bear, cougar, and wolves - only "visited" sunflowers, and prairie docks dotting a land­ lar observation "...game yields are usually (www.ohioprairies.org) prairies, but we can be scape then characterized by the tall flower­ greatest where the vegetation is kept in an certain, again from effigy pipe iconography, ing stalks of the dominant grasses. The dry immediate state of ecological succession." that they did. Visitors, or no, it is more than prairies were usually small areas surrounded On the basis of his own observation, An­ reasonable to assume Hopewellians were by hazel and plum thickets and scrub growth derson (1956: 766) supports Komarek's controlling the brush and scrub tree growth in of post, but and occasionally other oaks. In comments on plants. "As I have analyzed deeper forests to facilitate both hunting and addition to the more obvious locales of sand example after example, the fact became in­ transportation (a case in point, the trail to Flint ridges, dry hillsides and cliffs, they some­ creasingly clear that evolutionary activity is Ridge for industrial supplies). times occurred on ridges and mounds within concentrated in (though by no means con­ Birds such as the Carolina songbird and wet prairie lands. fined to) disturbed habitats - to times and crow would have found much in the insects Among the flora Hopewellians called upon places where man's interference with the harbored in the grasses and in the abundance for domestic, industrial, and culinary pur­ prehuman order of things has been particu­ of seeds that multiplied after burning. poses, whose uses were of long standing, larly severe." Nor should the role of the rivers be over­ prairie-developed soils provided a natural Laufersweiler (1974) also calls our atten­ looked. Edgar Anderson (1956: 773) has habitat for the small seed ruderals. Hopewel­ tion to the relationship of prairie soils and consistently called attention to the dynamic lians collected and gardened disturbed-soil fire by asking, "...how important was fire as a role that rivers have played. preferring plants, such as amaranths, che- factor in their establishment! In their mainte­ Where did these open-soil organisms nopodium, and polygonum. According to nance and persistence?" (emphasis Laufer- come from in the first place, these weeds of Ford (1979: 237) sweiler's) Fire was not only important, it was gardens and fields, these fellow travelers... "To be useful, however, ruderals must oc­ essential (26th Ohio Prairie Conference, July, well, they must have come mostly from pre­ cur in communities large enough to warrant 2007, Hiram OH, See also Pyne, 1997:74). human open-soil sites. River valleys did not collecting, and there should also be more To maintain prairies, they must be regularly supply all of them, but rivers are certainly, than one kind available, so as to provide the burned. It is our belief that the long era of next to man, the greatest of weedbreeders. necessary nutritional complementarity. The Hopewellian exploitation established and Our large rivers plow their banks at flood- best localities for such resources are wide maintained the prairie soils and its principal times, producing raw-soil areas. Every river river bottoms..." instrument in that accomplishment was its system is provided with plants to fill this pe­ Ross soils of the Scioto floodplain would pyrotechnology. culiar niche; all those known to me act as have provided such localities, evidenced by Edible native plants on Ross soils would weeds in the uplands. the proliferation of Hopewellian sites along have included those previously mentioned as Although not germane to Ohio, it is of in­ its floodplain and those major tributaries that well as sunflower, sumpweed, and hockberry. terest to note the work of Reynolds (1959; replicated those same environmental condi­ Plants of possible industrial use would have cited in Lewis, 1972: 202) who found that tions. Prairies on the plains and terraces pro­ included the grasses: Big and little bluestem, thirty-five of California's Indian tribes burned vided a highly diverse array of flora; the ad­ Indian grass and switch grass. After burning, fields within their environments. The most jacent terraces on Fox soils provided optimal fields would have then played host to edible common response (thirty-three of the ques­ sites for their architectural constructions. disturbed-soil preferring plants, such as am­ tioned thirty-five) when queried as to what Commenting on plant succession conse­ aranths, chenopodium, and legumes. prompted this action was to "increase the quent upon field burning, Komarek pointed out Stewart had also addressed (1956: 129) yield of seeds." The regrowth from burnt grasses and the relationship of field, fire, and man by Another feature of prairie soils that would shrubs is higher in protein, calcium, potash, asking the cause of prairie treelessness. have encouraged fire clearance practices is phosphorus and other elements necessary In summarizing the effect of fire on the the nature of prairie grass root systems. Once for the development and maintenance of life. North American grassland, it seems reason­ established (current prairie owners state that 39 the establishment of prairies on 'virgin' land Adena and Glacial Kame. At the risk of simpli- Driver, Harold E. requires about three years), grass root systems cation, for their contributions were many and 1961 Indians of North America. U. of Chicago. are long and tenacious. As stated earlier, this varied, Adena contributed fire management Fischer, Fred William characteristic, however, was not amenable with skills as well as horticultural knowledge used in 1974 Early and middle woodland settlement, the exploitation of a diffuse subsistence base. subsistence and population In the central Hopewellian technical skills. They lacked any Ohio valley. Ph.D. dissertation. Washing­ hoe-like instrument adequate to the task, and Glacial Kame's contribution was trade: materi­ ton University. hoes are minimally attested to in Ohio. Fisher als, routes, sources, and means of transpor­ (1974: 365, 3 81-87) can only come up with tation that very likely included working exotic Ford, Richard I. 1979 Gathering and gardening: trends and two stone hoes and twenty-seven shell hoes materials, perhaps in foreign places, to facili­ consequences of subsistence strategies. for all of Hopewell, and this figures includes the tate weight packaging and minimize transport In Hopewell archaeology: the Chillicothe twenty-five shell hoes obtained at the McGraw damage. Both contributed ceremonialism, a conference, edited by Dave Brose and site. Prufer (1965d: 92-94, illus. Fig. 5.3) wryly ceremonialism whose core was associated Vomi Greber, Kent State University Press, comments on their inadequacy for tilling. with burial practices, but whose elaboration Kent. Driver (1961: 50) points to the use of simple stemmed from the expanding growth of the Fowler, Melvin L. digging sticks as well as an endbladed imple­ Hopewellian economic base. 1969 Middle Mississippian agricultural field. ment made from a single piece of wood. Had In 1974 Fischer (206) pointed out that "...the American antiquity 34, Menasha. Hopewellians used such tools arduous hu­ efficacy of firing to create additional grass and Greber, N'omi, et all man labor would have been necessary. How­ woodland edge was probably well known to 1983 Recent excavations at the Edwin Harness ever, Ross County prairie soils, although pro­ both Adena and Hopewell, who relied heavily mound, Liberty Works, Ross County, Ohio. on edge fauna." He further (1974: 266) con­ MCJA special paper no. 5, Kent State Uni­ duced under grass, must not be equated with versity Press, Kent, Ohio. the compact sod of western prairies. Nor are trasts their environs "...Adena sites are found they like most prairie soils in the East which in all of the major topographic and floral zones Hulton, Paul are preponderantly wet (and not suitable for of the survey area, and they occur in every 1984 America 1585. The complete drawings of type of micro-setting. In a non-market society, John White. University of North Carolina agriculture until artificially drained.). Under­ Press, Chapel Hill and British Museum lain by gravel, Ross soils are permeable, well this settlement pattern is, in itself, indicative of Publications, London. drained loams. Although any use of labor in­ a diffuse subsistence base. Hopewell sites, on the other hand exhibit a restricted geographic Internet tensive instruments would have been greatly 2008 www.OhioPrairie.org facilitated by the nature of the surface layer distribution. Most are located within a river or that remained after persistent firing, the use major tributary valleys." Jones, Clyde H. 1944 Studies in Ohio floristics - III. Vegetation of simple digging sticks would have undoubt­ Much less is known of the infrastructure of Ohio prairies. Bulletin of the Torrey Bo­ edly only been carried out where the tilth was that prompted Glacial Kame achievements tanical Club, 71, 5: 536-548. reasonably workable. Broadcast clearance in obtaining exotic goods for burial place­ Komarek, E. V, Sr. by fire would have been preferred over stren­ ment, but clear evidence of remarkably 1966 Fire and the ecology of man. In Proceed­ uously working garden patches with the ag­ far-flung trade relations has long been rec­ ings of the Sixth Annual Tall Timbers Fire ronomical tools available to Hopewell. ognized. (See Converse, 1982: 47-56; Con­ Ecology Conference. 6: 143-70. Other characteristics attractive to Hopewel­ verse, 2003: 108-109; 223). Laufersweiler, J. D. lians were the relatively high natural fertility Recognizing its viability, Hopewell moved 1974 Ohio is a state with prairies - what is an and organic matter content, favorable ease to the river plains with its attendant uplands, Ohio prairie? Mimeo. U. of Dayton. of plant penetration, good capacity to sup­ developing, if not establishing the prairies, Lewis, H. T. ply moisture to plants, low runoff and con­ and parlaying the wealth thus generated into 1972 The role of fire in the domestication of sequently high retention of precipitation, low a cultural brilliance that still confounds today. plants and animals in Southeast Asia: a erosion potential, and favorable accessibility This paper sees that the genius of Hopewell hypothesis. Man 7: 195-222. for human use. The very same attributes that was afforded by their horticultural mastery Petro, James, William H. Shumate and Marion F. Tabb made Ross soils so attractive to Hopewel­ of the prairies in which their pyrotechnology 1967 Soil survey, Ross County. U.S. Dept. of lians attracted Ross County's earliest farmers was a crucial element. Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service in cooperation with Ohio Dept. of Natural whose plow destroyed the prairies. Resources. Columbus, Ohio. BIBLIOGRAPHY The kind of field cultivation we are suggest­ Prufer, Olaf ing that Hopewellians developed is not com­ Anderson, Edgar 1961 The Hopewell Complex of Ohio. Ph.D. parable to the carefully tended fields of the 1956 Man as a maker of new plants and plant Dissertation. Peabody Museum, Harvard communities. In Man's role in changing University, Cambridge. Virginian Algonkins graphically recorded by the face of the earth. Ed. By W. L. Thomas, John White (Hulton, 1983: 66). Rather it was U. of Chicago. Prufer, Olaf, D. McKenzie, O. Pi-Sunyer, H.D. Cutler, the insertion of seed and perhaps some single R.A. Yarnell, RW. Parmalee, and D.H. Stansbery plants where there was suitable tilth, some Boserup, Ester 1965 The McGraw site, a study in Hopewellian 1965 The conditions of agricultural growth. Al- dynamics. Cleveland Museum of Natural broadcast seed sowing after burning, the dine, Atherton, Chicago. natural succession return of perennials and History, Cleveland, Ohio. Brose, David Pyne, Stephen J. grasses desired for both human and animal 1976 An historical and archaeological investi­ consumption, and the occasional weeding for gation of the Hopeton earthworks, Ross 1997 Fire in America. U. of Washington Press, certain plant encouragement. Thus their fields County. Toledo area aboriginal research Seattle. would have appeared more like a weed mead­ bulletin, 6: 42-62 Quinn, Michael J. and Richard P. Goldthwaite ow, introduced plants showing little if any dis­ Caldwell, Joseph C. 1985 Glacial geology of Ross County, Ohio. Di­ tinction from native ones. 1958 Trend and tradition in the prehistory of the vision of Geological Survey, Department Hopewellian juxtaposition of bottomlands, Eastern United States. Memoir No. 88. of Natural Resources, State of Ohio. terrace, and adjacent uplands permitted a American Anthropological Association, Sauer, C. O. horticultural feasibility (term taken from Turner 60,6, pt. 2. Scientific Papers, X, Illinois 1956 The agency of man on the earth. In Man's State Museum, Springfield. role in changing the face of the earth. Ed. by [1983: 29], used here to mean "the ease with W. L. Thomas, Jr., University of Chicago. which a particular environ can be manipulated Converse, Robert N. 1982 The Glacial Kame Indians. Archaeological Squier, E. G., and E. H. Davis to yield a desired level of production of accept­ 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Val­ able levels of risk") which in turn, permitted the Society of Ohio. 2003 The Archaeology of Ohio. Archaeological ley, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowl­ expansion and elaboration of well established Society of Ohio. edge, Vol. 1, Johnson Reprint, 1965. technologies. This allowed the cultural flores­ Cunningham, Wilbur M. Stewart, Omer C. cence and architectural wonder of, prior to that 1948 A study of Glacial Kame culture in Michi­ 1956 Fire and the first great force employed by time, unprecedented wealth and luxury. Con­ gan, Ohio, and Indiana. Occ. Contribu­ man. In Man's role in changing the face of the tributory to the genius of Hopewell was the tions from the Museum of Anthropology, earth. Ed. by W. L. Thomas, U. of Chicago. heritage of two very significant antecedents: U. of Michigan, No. 12, Ann Arbor. 40 Struever, Stuart TABLE 1. SOIL PROFILES FOR LARGE HOPEWELLIAN EARTHWORKS 1968 Woodland subsistence-settlement system in the Lower Illinois Valley. In New *N ROSS COUNTY. OHIO perspectives in archaeology. S. R. and L. R. Binford, eds., Aldine, Chicago. High Banks: Soil Map 59; I on Squier and Davis map.

Turner, B. L. Earthworks are on a terrace of Fox Boils. An escarpment separates this terrace from the Scioto River bottomlands of 1983 Comparison of agrotechnologies in the Basin of Mexico and Central Maya G»»n'*Bee ftnrl RnBR ftniln. Lowlands. In Highland-Lowland interaction in Mesoamerica: interdisciplin­ ary approaches. Ed. by A. G. Miller, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Harness: Soil Mapa 69 and 70; K on Squier and Davie map. Yarnell, Richard A. Earthworks are on a terrace of Fox soils. An escarpment separatee this terrace from the Scioto River bottomlands of 1964 Aboriginal relationships between culture and plant life in the upper Great Lakes Coticnop «nH RriRn noilw.

region. Ann Arbor. Museum of Anthropology, Univ. of Michigan, Anthropological Mound City: Soil Map 39; E on Squier and Davis map. Papers 23. All earthworks are on two terrace levels of Fox soils. There is Zawacki, April A. and Glen Hausfater no bottomland due to a bend in Scioto River invading terrace.

1969 Early vegetation of the lower Illinois valley, a study of the distribution of floral Seip: Soil Maps 64 and 65. resources with reference to prehistoric cultural-ecological adaptation. Spring­ Earthworks are on a terrace of Fox Boils. Paint Creek bottom­ field. Illinois State Museum. Reports of Investigations 17. lands of Genesee and Ross soils are adjacent.

Hopeton: Soil Map 29; D on Squier and Davis map.

APPFhiniV A Earthworks are on a terrace of Fox soils. An escarpment separates the terrace from the Scioto River bottomlands of The following account correlates landscape and vegetation nnrtffpe end RORB HOIIR. with the soil at the McGraw site. Cedar Bank: Soil Map 29; B on Squier and Davis map. First Bottomlands Earthworks are on a Wisconsin age glacial terminal moraine Occupied by originally forested alluvial soils, all of which are rather Ught-colored and well or extremely well drained area occupied by Kendallville soils. An escarpment separates Internally. The native vegetation was largely elm, ash, area from Scioto River bottomlands of Genesee and Ross willow, cottonwood, sycamore, stiver naple. box elder, bitternut-hickory, shingle oak, hackberry, swamp white oak, with some black cherry, black walnut, buckeye, and a few other floodplain species. The soils are: (1) Genesee silt Hopewell: Soil Map 37. loam and loam, (2) Abscota sandy loan, (3) ftiverwash. Largely because of position and low runoff, these soils have Exact location not discernible on soil map, but earthworks are a fairly qood water-supplving capacity to plants. probably on a terrace of Fox soils along North Fork of Paint Creek bottomlands occupied by Genesee and Ross Second Bottomlands

These lie only slightly above the first bottomlands and are occupied only bv the well-drained, dark-colored Ross silt Frankfort: Soil Map 26. loam or Ross loam soils. They are subject to flooding but much less so than the Genesee and Abscota soils. Only remnants of these Uvels exist today, so the second Earthworks are on a terrace of Fox soils. An escarpment bottomland level is not a continuous one. These soils were separates terrace from the North Fork of Paint Creek developed under and supported prairie vegetation, mainly grasses. They have a qood water-supplying capacity for bottomlands occupied by Genesee and Ross soils. plants. Chillicothe: Soil Map . II i Squier and Davis map. Wisconsin Glacial Terrace Levels Earthworks (now in Chillicothe city limits) are on a terrace Several of such levels of some age difference exist in the of Fox soils. Small escarpment separates terrace from large Scioto valley. At McGraw thev are represented by the bottomlands of Genesee and Ross soils along the Scioto River. well-drained, light-colored Fox and Otwell soils on terrace surfaces. (Also the Rodman and Lorenzo soils on the 1st. terrace — Fox and Warsaw soils escarpments either separating the terrace from the bottomlands or any different terrace levels.) All these Ginther: Soil Map 29; C on Squier and Davis map. soils were developed under and supported a hardwood type of forest, mainly oak. Earthworks are on an area of Celina silt loam underlain by These soils are: Wisconsin age glacial till. Area is part of the Wisconsin and moraine system. Area surrounded by Kendallville soils. Fox silt loam Fox gravelly loam Fox loam Ocklev silt loam Junction Group: Soil Map 47; G on Squier and Davis map. Fox sandy loam Thackery silt loam (t ike Fox si It loan but somewhat less Area no precisely located but believed to be on top of a prominent bedrock controlled hill. SoilB have developed interna iy. from a thin covering of Illinoian age glacial till arid silty loftHs over bedrock.

Dunlap's Works: Soil Map 20; A on Squier and Davis map.

Area not precisely located on soil map, but earthworks are All these six soils are underlai < and at least partial ly undoubtedly on a terrace of Fox soils separated by an escarp­ derived from qravel and sand qla ial outwash of late ment from lower-lying bottomland soils (Genesee and Koss) along Wisconsin aqe. The Fox silt lo; m i s der i ved from 1 2 to 1 Inches and the Ockley silt loam t least 40 inches of si I the Scioto River. material over the qravel and sand outwash. The silty material is thought to have been deposited largely by Circle: Soil Map 39; F on Squier and Davis map. glacial melt waters, but some of it may be windblown loess. All these soils are considered droughty, and crops on them often suffer from lark of moisture. Precise location not clearly defined on soil map, but earth­ works are on n terrace of Fox BOIIB, Scioto River bottomlands are nearby.

TABLE 2. TYPE AND HABITAT OF FAUNAL ANB^OBNITHOLOGieAL TTBSTSTrONCE SOURCES Seip, Hopewell, and Frankfort am outside the area covered in the Squier and Davis map (1848, Plate II, f. p.3). Harness** McGraw**

Fauna Habitats* Pexcent Percent White-tail deer, deep forest 60 74

Brush 40 21 Pond-a rid -stream — 0.02 Deep forest (exclusive of deer) 0.02 Bird Habitats

Turkey, brush 80 51 Bruah, exclusive of turkey*** 4 10 Perching, foreat ___ __ Water 26

•Writers are indebted to Dr. Ralph Dexter, Professor EmerituB, Department of Biology, Kent Slate University, for habitat classi­ fications, not only in this table but in the text of the discussion.

**Data based upon Greber, et al, 1983: 60 (Harness) and Prufer, et al, 1965: 117-18. Greber's data include one entire chipmunk and chicken fait to be modern and therefore excluded in this prosent consideration. Human bones reported i i both investigations are also excluded.

***Includes hawk which li /ea ir forest but preys over meadows and open ground.

41 FIG. 2 SOIL TYPE REDACTION OF SQUIER AND DAVIS MAP

| First and Second bottoms - Genesee and Ross soils

II Wisconsin age glacial terraces - Fox, Ockley, and Warsaw soils

HI Wisconsin glacial terminal moraine - Miami and Kendallville soils

Figure 1. Map drawn in 1845 by E. G. Squier (1848, f. page 3) showing |V lllinioan glacial terraces a 12-mile section of the Scioto Valley and the ancient earthworks. \f Glaciated uplands

COPY OF ORIGINAL SOIL SURVEY FIELD SHEET

SEE ALSO MAP « 59 OF SOIL SURVEY REPORT OF ROSS COUNTY .OHIO

LEGEND: SOIL SURVSY OF ROSS COUNTY, OHIO - FloXd ahsot 30-36

(•3 or original soil survoy, clroa 19SU)

SOIL LEGEND

First. Bottom Land: 10U-A-0 - Geneaae allt loam, - 0-2 % slopes, no erosion 1QU-D-0 " " " , - 2-6 % slopes, no erosion 10U-C-1 — • " " , - 6-12 % slopes, alight erosion 10U2-A-0 - " sandy loam, 0-2 % slopes, no erosion 10uji-A-0 - " fine sandy loan, 0-2 % slopes, no erosion lQUi-B-0 - - " • " , 2-6 * slopes, no erosion lOWi-C-O - " • • " , 6-12 % slopes, no erosion lOUi-C-1 - « n M * ( 6-12 i slopes, .alight erosion GlOUu-A-O - " gravelly fine sandy loam, 0-2 % slopes, no erosion GlOUi 3-0 - " n • • " , 2-6 % slopes, no erosion 01OUU-D-i - " • " « • , 2-6 i slopes, slight erosion 1QU6-A-0 - " Genesee silty clay loam, o-2 % slopes, no erosion I06-A-O - Rlverwash (largely sand and gravel)

Second Bottam Land: 20U-A-0 - Boas^Tlt loan, 0-2 % slopes, no erosion 20li-A-l - " « " " " , slight arosion 20U-B-0 - • " " 2-6 t slopes, no erosion 20UU-A-0 - " fine sandy loam, 0-2 % slopes, no erosion 2QUU-B-0 - " • " • , 2-6 i slopes, no erosion 20U5-A-0 - " loam, 0-2 % slopes, no erosion 20U5-B-0 - " silty clay loan, 0-2 % slopes, no erosion

Glacial First Terracest 273-A-O - Thackery silt loam, 0-2 % slopes, no erosion 273-A-l • " •" » 0-2 f slopes, slight erosion 27L-A-1 -Ockley silt loam, 0-2 % slopes, alight erosion 27S-A-1 - Fox silt loam, 0-2 % slopes, slight erosion 275U-A-1- Fox fine oandy loam, 0-2 * slopes, slight erosion 275U-B-1- " " • • | 2-6 t slopes, slight erosion Q 27SI-D-1- Fox gravelly fine sandy loam, 2-6 % slopes, slight erosion G 275U-B-2 (actually an Indian structure) 2755-^-i - Fox loam, 0-2 % slopes, slight erosion 2755-8-1 - " " , 2-6 % slopes, slight erosion G 2755-B-l- " gravelly loam, 2-6 % slopes, slight erosion G 2755-0-2- • • • , 6-12 % slopes, moderate erosion G 2755-B-3- " " " , 25-35 % slopes, severe erosion G 2755-F-H!- • • " , over 35* slopes, moderate erosion

Upland Soils, Unglaolatedt not specified

AU.EGHEI PLATEAU UPLANO SLOUGHS OF GFNESEE SOI L within dotted line is cropland IHNI.i ACIAT1 0) P within dotted line is pasture (SCALE: APPROX 4"= 1M X within dotted Una la idle land ] 1st BOTTOMLAND (LARGELY GENESEE SOILS) :-' within dotted line is forested land II within dotted line is homestead ]| 2nd BOTTOMLAND (LARGELY ROSS SOILS)

] 1st GLACIAL (WISC.) TERRACE LEVEL (LARGELY FOX SOILS)

Figure 3. Section of Soil Survey Map No. 59 correlated with Field 3G- 36. Shows both the McGraw midden site and High Banks. 42 THE MONTGOMERY COLLECTION OF ROSS COUNTY by Robert Montgomery, Chillicothe, Ohio

The artifacts shown in the accompanying pictures are part of our family collection. Many of them I have found, my sons have found some, and my wife has found a few. The Paleo points are from Clark, Ross Figure 1 (Montgomery) Part of the Montgomery collection. and Madison Counties.

OBITUARY James Douglas Dutcher 1955-2008 James Douglas Dutcher, age 52, of Glen- taining to both. Jim served as a Licking Coun­ ford passed away Thursday, January 24, 2008 ty Sheriff Deputy for a few years, worked over at his residence. 30 years for the Gardner family in their various He was born September 13, 1955, in Lan­ grocery operations, most recently, worked caster, Ohio to James R. and the late Barbara with his son managing Dutcher Property Ser­ Jean (Hempleman) Dutcher. Jim was well vices, LLC. Jim loved his farm where he was known and respected in the area of archeol­ a Master Forester and avid hunter. ogy, was published and quoted by many in his He is survived by his father James, son field. He was fascinated with Native American Eric of the home and daughter Kristen of history and German history, especially the Reynoldsburg. W.W. II era, an avid collector of all items per­

• 43 FINE ASHTABULA KNIFE FROM COSHOCTON COUNTY, OHIO by Michael Rusnak, 4642 Friar Rd., Stow, OH 44224

Figures 1 & 2 show a sizable Ashta­ bula knife that was found in Coshoc­ ton County, Ohio by Rowena Hooks in 1964. This fine specimen was made out of blue and black Upper Mercer flint and measures 4 inches in length and 2Vs inches across at its widest point. In Ohio Flint Types, Robert Con­ verse places Ashtabula points in the Late Archaic Period, dating to about 3,000 years before present. He also notes that most are found in the north­ eastern part of the state. Converse comments that Ashtabula Points are "one of Ohio's scarcest types, espe­ cially larger specimens." The knife, which is quite pleasing to look at in both outline and color, is now in the collection of ASO member Doug Hooks, Rowena's son. Much thanks to him for sharing it.

Figure 1 (Rusnak) Obverse and reverse of Ashtabula Point from Coshocton County.

ARTIFACTS FROM THE BERWELL THOMAS COLLECTION by Matt Burr, Bellevue, Ohio

The following photos show two artifacts found in Ohio, that Figure 1 shows an "X" shaped gorget made of what appears to were once part of the Berwell Thomas Collection. These artifacts be, a fine-grained sandstone. Figure 2 shows an anchor pendant were recently donated to the Firelands Historical Society in Nor- from Ohio. It is made from a dark gray slate, walk Ohio, and are available for study.

Iiii|i|i|iii|iii|iii|iiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiii|inmpiuu UNITED SCIENTIFIC COMPANY 218 SOUTH JEF«MON STREET - CHICAQO. ILLINOIS «0«06 UNITED SCIENTIFIC COMPANY mrnrn imi MTU .mvMAN STREET - CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 60606

44 OBITUARY Robert L. Harness 1918-2008 service included work as a flight engineer Society of Ohio. With encouragement from and inspector and training as a top-turret local amateur archaeologist, Alva McGraw, gunner. Bob attained the rank of Master Bob began systematically hunting and col­ Sergeant and was honorably discharged lecting Indian artifacts on the farm in the on June 18, 1945. early 1960's. His collection is well known After his military service Mr. Harness re­ to both collectors and archaeologists and turned to Ross County where he began his represents cultures spanning the past career farming the land which would be­ 12,000 years. By carefully documenting come the focus of the last sixty years of his finds for the past 40 years, Mr. Harness his life. This farm, now consisting of some provided many modern archaeologists and 1600 acres, has been in the Harness family their students with a wealth of information since 1798 and is one of the oldest con­ and opportunities for study. Always inter­ tinuously-owned family farms in the state ested in promoting knowledge and under­ of Ohio. Originally known for its Shorthorn standing of these artifacts, Bob displayed Robert Lee Harness, 89, of Chillicothe, cattle, by the 1890's the Harness farm had his collection at various archaeological passed away at his home on January 18, become the home of many fine racehorses gatherings in Columbus, Serpent Mound 2008. including the famed racing mare, Imp. Hard and the Hopewell Culture National Monu­ At the request of Mr. Harness, his re­ times befell the farm in the 1930's and the ment. This collection no longer remains on mains will be cremated under the direction land was divided among various heirs. the farm, Mr. Harness having given it to a of the Ware Funeral Home. There will be no After the war, Bob returned to the farm long-time friend to ensure that the collec­ calling hours and a private service will be with a vision and the drive to rebuild the tion remains intact and available for further held at the convenience of the family. The Harness Farm. With the help of Charlie, scientific study. family requests no flowers, but memorial Clarence and Dick Stauffer, Bob restored Mr. Harness is survived by his wife, Gar­ contributions may be sent to Liberty Town­ the farm and its buildings to their former net Wiley Harness; brother, Daniel Harness ship Volunteer Fire Department, P.O. Box glory and under his management, the Har­ (Jane); sister, Barbara Hermstein (John), 253 Londonderry, Ohio 45647. ness Farm soon became a model of ag­ both of Chillicothe; daughters, Marilyn, of Robert was born on May 22, 1918. Bob ricultural productivity. Brothers Jon and Chillicothe and Sharon, of Russells Point, was the first of nine children born to the late Robert D. Brown have been farming the OH; granddaughter, Kathe DeVault, of Ada, Daniel R. and Margaret Harness. Growing land since 1989. OH; grandson, Brandon DeVault (Hong), of up on the family farm, Bob's formal educa­ In addition to farming, Mr. Harness had Cincinnati, OH; great granddaughter, Isa­ tion began at the Liberty Fractional School many other interests and hobbies. He bella DeVault; several nieces and nephews; and continued at Chillicothe High School served as a member and a clerk at the special friends and caregivers, Rick and where he graduated in 1937. Bob then at­ school board at Liberty Fractional School Sherry Perry, George Davis, David Virgin tended The Ohio State University where in the 1950's, a member of the Farm Bu­ and Robert D. Brown; and a special friend he earned a B.S. Degree in Agriculture. reau, and was actively involved in the Ross and companion, "Lady." He was preceded Upon graduation from college, Bob began County Planning Commission, being a in death by two sons, Rick and John; and work in Urbana at the Farm Security Ad­ charter member since 1961 and serving by sisters, Virginia Marsh, Mary Bowman, ministration but was soon caught up in the as a past chairman. He also had a love of Elizabeth "Betty" Harness, Josephine war and joined the Army Air Corps. Bob animals and an interest in the prehistory of "Jody" Harness, Sister Sally Harness and was stationed at Langley Field, Virginia, the family farm. Margery "Sarnie" Perdue. where he worked as an airplane mainte­ Bob was a long-standing member of the You may sign his online register at www. nance technician in a B-24 squadron. His Mound City Chapter of the Archaeological warefh.com

A DOUBLE GROOVED PLUMMET by Chris Remy, 116 Trotter's Circle, Delaware, Ohio

When I was younger my grandfather lived just north of Mansfield, Ohio. He had given me a number of flint artifacts he had found in his garden. Every time I visited him I searched the garden but never found a piece of flint. In the summer of 2006 my six year old broth­ er and I hunted the garden. While I searched methodically, my little brother used a more unconventional method -following behind me and occasionally digging in the dirt. We found nothing in the first few minutes but then Adam X. held up a piece and said - look at this cool L cocoon rock. Adam had made quite a find. It was actually a double grooved plummet made of sandstone - shown in Figures 1 and 2. Even after five years, Adam still likes to remind me that he found a piece and I didn't. Figure 1 (Remy) Adam Remy, now age Figure 2 (Remy) Double grooved plummet. 11, with his double grooved plummet. 45 BOOK REVIEW: OHIO FLINT TYPES HAS MANY USEFUL ADDITIONS by Michael Rusnak

Ohio Flint Types by Robert N. Con­ this book shows the remarkable ingenuity derstanding what raw material was most verse, published by the Archaeologi­ of Ohio's prehistoric people. The incredible useful, and in some cases even artistic. The cal Society of Ohio, Third Edition, 2007 variety of working blades with such a wide book makes a fine addition to a school or Available at www.Ohioarch.org $54 reg­ array of hafting configurations in them­ public library's local or Ohio history collec­ ular edition, $64 author's edition. selves is testimony to their masterful skills tion. and abilities. In addition, their selection of Ohio Flint Types has evolved from a pa­ The newly printed edition of Robert Con­ colorful, quality stone that made efficient perback guide of the very first printing into verse's Ohio Flint Types has several addi­ cutting edges demonstrates a sense of un­ a classic of Ohio archaeology. tions and refinements over the previous version that make it a more useful guide for identifying artifacts. For those who are not familiar with this book, it contains illustrated descriptions, dates, cultural associations and other information on various types of prehistoric flint blades and tools that have been found in Ohio. The most noticeable difference in this printing is the addition of color plates for each type. Color simply makes a more ac­ curate depiction of the artifacts. It aids in identification. Such details as the variety of shades and patination of Upper Mercer flint becomes more apparent. As might be expected, color examples are especially dramatic in the Hopewell and Adena types which involve much Flint Ridge material. The photographs of broadblades and bird- points - especially those made of Nethers flint - are notably improved. A side-by-side comparison of some spe­ cific point types between the editions re­ veals that Converse has used more exam­ ples in the photographs. Added examples of side notched points, square knives, and eccentrics, for example, better illustrate those types. Converse has also grouped some types into more categories. Bifurcates are ex­ panded from 5 to 7 categories, and he identifies five different types of lanceolates. There are also the additions of other point types that were not in the earlier versions, such as the stiletto and the expanded stem points, flint disks, and a page on points made of metal and other materials. The flint source section also has some useful changes. Most notable is the addi­ tion of Carter Cave flint, and for northeast Ohio collections, the additional Plum Run examples better show the variety of color - from gray to yellow to blood red -that Plum Run flint can take. For public libraries, a work such as Ohio Flint Types can serve both as an overview of artifacts found in the state and as an in­ troduction to Ohio archeology, especially to the person who comes across a piece of flint in a field or on a construction site and wonders what it is. Taken as a whole,

41 i AN ADENA SEMI-KEELED GORGET FROM MADISON COUNTY, OHIO by George H. Colvin, 220 Darbymoor Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43065 [email protected]

The below Adena semi-keeled gorget was found in 2005 on Big Darby Creek, south of Plain City, in eastern Madison County, Ohio. The gorget is 7.0 centimeters (cm) long, 4.1 cm wide, and is made of green banded slate. The bottom is flat. The upper surface is slightly convex in profile, with a maximum thickness of 1.0 cm. Two large conical holes, typical of Adena (Converse, 1978), are drilled from the bottom. Characteristically, Adena serni-keeled gorgets exhibit clearly defined inward sloping sides. However, in this case, this feature is very slight, making it some­ what unusual.

REFERENCES

Converse, Robert N. 1978 Ohio Slate Types, The Archaeological Society of Ohio.

Figure 1 (Colvin) Semi-keeled Adena gorget from Madison Co.

AN ADENA ADZE FROM STARK COUNTY, OHIO by Garry Walter, Massillon, Ohio

The Adena adze shown in Figures 1 and 2 was a personal find in Perry Township, Stark County, Ohio, on a level plain near a small stream known as Hurford Run. It appears to be typi­ cal of the Adena adzes described in Ohio Stone Tools by Robert N. Con­ verse, 1973. This 41/4 inch long adze is 2 inches wide at the bit expanding to 2Vs inches wide before tapering to 1 Ve inches wide at the poll (Figure 1). The top surface is rounded and the bottom surface is somewhat flat with a flat bevel extending from the bit at a 30 degree angle (Figure 2). The mate­ rial is a light green and gray compact hardstone with some black flecks. The surface is polished overall except for a small area on top at the poll end. There are some surface abrasions from agricultural implements.

Figure 1 (Walter) view of Adena Adze Figure 1 (Walter) Side view of Adena Adze from Stark County. from Stark County.

47 IMPORTANT BANNERSTONES by Col. Matthew W. Nahorn, Director, New Indian Ridge Museum 46900 Cooper Foster Park Road, Amherst, Ohio 44001

Two interesting winged bannerstones from Col. Vietzen's Indian Ridge Muse­ um collection are now preserved at the New Indian Ridge Museum. The Indian Ridge Museum was located in Elyria, Ohio for about sixty-five years; the New Indian Ridge Museum is located in Am­ herst, Ohio, founded in 2000. Col. Viet- zen served as president in 1949, of the Archaeological Society of Ohio. His wife Ruth served as treasurer in 1949, being the first woman officer in the society. When the society was founded, its name was the Ohio Indian Relic Collector's So­ ciety. Col. Vietzen also served as secre­ tary, treasurer, and editor of the Ohio In­ dian Relic Collector's Society bulletin in the 1940s. The first photograph shows a ban­ nerstone that was originally a part of a collection of nine bannerstones that Col. Vietzen classified in his The Old War­ rior Speaks 1981 publication, as being among the earliest of the fine artifacts collected by himself. The bannerstone is made of Laurentian slate and was found in Lorain County. It is interesting to note that Laurentian Slate occurs near the St. Lawrence River area. The artifact has slight restoration on the wings. It was in a frame with nine others that hung for many years in Col. Vietzen's study. The second bannerstone has been heavily restored. Previously, it was in the Dr. Sprague collection. Col. Vietzen acquired this piece, which later became a part of another local collection. This winged bannerstone is pictured in one of Col. Vietzen's paintings, which is also preserved at the New Indian Ridge Muse­ um. Thanks to the Jay and Jean Rounds family, these two fine artifacts are now a part of the New Indian Ridge Museum. We are very proud to have these pieces so that they may be studied, preserved, and used for educational purposes in the years to come.

48 INTERESTING FINDS FROM PORTAGE COUNTY, OHIO by Michael Rusnak, 4642 Friar Rd., Stow, Ohio 44224

If you know ASO member Jeff Adams of two holes drilled in either half, likely used swirls of a yellow-gold. These bits of color­ Ravenna, it goes without saying that he has to repair it. ing are sometimes seen in many examples a keen and patient sense for finding arti­ In Ohio Slate Types, Robert Converse of Plum Run Flint. The lance measures a facts. His many remarkable personal finds, places winged bannerstones in the Early little over 3 inches in length and slightly less such as those pictured here, are testimony Archaic period, dating to approximately than an inch in width. It is neatly symmetri­ to his success and also speak to the re­ 5000 B.C. Additionally, a distribution map cal and quite thin for its size. wards of regular and systematic field walk­ in Slate Types records winged banner­ Also pictured are a Hopewell-type point ing. A few of his discoveries have been the stones concentrated in the western coun­ of a high quality black Upper Mercer flint subject of other reports in Ohio Archaeolo­ ties of the state, making this artifact a rare and a fine archaic dovetail. Unfortunately, gist, (see Fall 2003 & Fall 2005 issues) find for Portage County and Northeastern Adams found the dovetail broken in half in Figure 1 shows a fine winged banner­ Ohio (figure 2). a tractor path. All three of the blades pic­ stone that Adams found in 1999 in Shal- Figures 3 & 4 show another one of Ad­ tured in figure 6 were found in the same ersville Township of Portage County in the am's excellent finds - a paleo lance from general area of Randolph Township. Cuyahoga River drainage area. He found Randolph Township of Portage County. Adams - who once worked as a construc­ the artifact in two pieces, broken along the The piece is made out of black "Nellie-like" tion equipment operator - advises that it is longitudinal center hole. Both halves were flint. It may be of a type of flint found locally always good to look wherever the ground is found on the same afternoon. It was made in the Portage and Mahoning County areas, broken open. He believes "there are many of gray, banded slate and is quite smooth possibly a variant of Plum Run Flint, as sug­ more artifacts to be found" in Ohio fields, to the touch. The bannerstone was broken gested by some of its coloring. The black but most of them "are just hidden, hidden in ancient times, as is apparent from the stone contains splashes of red, maroon and just an inch below the plow zone."

0 I 2 3 4 5 6

Figure 1. Portage County bannerstone

49 Portage Co. bannerstone

Figure 2. Converse's distribution map of winged bannerstones

I 9 Q \? £ 2 I 0 Figure 3. Obverse, edge and reverse sides of Portage County lance

.'. VI "1 1 Rf]

1

•• Figure 4. Fine artifacts from Randolph Twp., Portage County

Figure 5. Shawn and Jeff Adams

50 Important Publication about the Early Re-Issuance of a Classic Work of Prehistory of the Mississippi River Valley North American Anthropology Lewis Henry Morgan's OLIVE BRANCH: League of the Iroquois: The Ethnographic Core Cover illustration: Russell ludkins, PhD, Editor Olive Branch point (Early Dalton moeimmoqoQB With a Foreword by lanet Schulenberg. PhD Tradition) with Mississippi River 'iSUuwgnphk 6m Carefully abridged for easy comprehension. The first in distance; view is from new edition since 1904 of the first ethnography — Missouri shore at time oi low authored by North America's dean of anthropologists water, August, 1988, towards to in collaboration with Genl. Ely Parker — a traditional Olive Branch site (among trees). chief of the Seneca Iroquois. A model of cross-cultural endeavor and social science then and now. 224 pages; perfect binding with side-wiring for durability; heavy enameled stock; 16 color and B&W plates (new to this edition) plus all line drawings of the original 1851 edition. RuveellA. ludklm Cover shown above ISBN 1-882903-11-0. , $29.95 A Very Early Archaic Site on the (Pleaee Print — Check the appropriate boils} below tor book aider and complete team below). BOOK(S) order O League of the Iroquois: The Ethnographic Core j Mississippi Bivt $29.95 ea. ISBN 1-882903-11-0 Qty $ • Olive Branch: A Very Early Archaic Site on the Mississippi River Olive Branch: A Very Early Archaic Site on the Mississippi River $70.00 ea. ISSN 1096-3871 Qty $ IQTAL cost-C-lbooks .$_ By Richard Michael Gramly PhD; Foreword by Robert E. P'unk; Appendices by Karen Bruwelheide, Douglas Owsley and others. Postage (either title, $3.00/copy; sent book rate (USPS) $_ MA residents, 5% sales tax $_ 264 pages: quality cloth hardbound with dust jacket and dj protector; TOTAL ENCLOSED $_ heavy enameled stock; 102 plates (32 in color), 49 figures, many by illustrator/ artist Valerie Waldorf, and 8 tables. Please make check payable to Persimmon Press / ASAA. Direct orders only (no jobbers, please). Payment in US funds only. Allow three weeks for delivery. Defective or damaged books ISSN 1096-3871 (Volume 8 of The Amateur .Archaeologist). $70.00 replaced at no charge. Archaeological investigations since 1987 at the Olive Branch site, Alexander County, NAME/INSTITUTION: Illinois, have revealed a rich record spanning the 10th millennium before present (radiocarbon). Rare artifacts of cherts derived from Arkansas, east-central Missouri, Indiana, and Kentucky suggest contacts, perhaps trading, with Very STATE/ZIP CODE: Early Archaic populations up and down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. This Quality .Uncut JJM5. very region was the heartland of the Dalton archaeological culture. Persimmon Press. P.O. Box 821, North Andover, MA 0184S See ordering information on reverse.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR AMATEUR ARCHAEOLOGY P.O. Box 821 978-685-5744 North Andover. MA asaa-persimmonpress.com 01845-0821 hio Earthworks Project 2008 Calendar of Expeditions Phil Sti-HIton Cumberland Site neff* Diftsp-tr a«d Protect Ohio 's Atei&itt ne-r/taGe- (Thursday, May 15 - Wednesday, June 4)....$40 fee A final three weeks of excavating will take place at this important Ohio t8 home to hundreds of ancient The Ohio Earthworks Project seeks encampment of the Cumberland archaeological culture. Work began in earthwork sites. These monuments of to re-diacover Ohio's ancient earth, some covering over 100 acres, earthworks through geophysical 1999/2000 and has been pursued diligently ever since. Over 750 flaked and are rapidly disappearing from the Ohio survey, a technique that uses rough stone tools and 15,000 debitage items have been recovered. Further, landscape. instruments that can see into (he ground without digging the site is being dated using OSL (optically stimulated luminescence) Perhaps half of the known earthwork Determinations gathered to date suggest that the ancient occupation may be sites have been mapped and Of the earthwork sites surveyed !o recorded, most in the 1800s, but the date, each has produced new and as old or older than the Clovis archaeological culture. locations of many of these have since fascinating things about places we A productive sector will be explored; many objects will be found. been lost to time. thought we knew welt-like the Junction Group pictured here. At least Camping is possible at the site in a fine meadow along the Red River. Today, farming, housing one entirely new earthwork site has Canoe rides upstream and downstream of the site are planned. Also, developments, railroads, and roads also been found Members may seek accommodations in historic Russellville, KY - about 10 tiavB erased most of the visible remains of Ohio's amazing To help support the survey of more miles due north via Route 96. earth works- -only a handful are earthworks, consider donating to the There will be opportunities to collect artifacts from fields in the protected in parks. But for those Ohio Earthworks Project. All donated unprotected sites not all is lost; much funds are tax deductible and go neighborhood and to search for large nodules of quality Ste. Genevieve yet remains to be re-discovered. dlrectty to surveying more earthwork chert, which was the favored raw material of Cumberland flintknappers. sites. KaDoHa site, Murfreesboro, AR TO MAKE A DONATION (Saturday, June 7 - Sunday, June 15) $30 fee Please detach and mall this form: NAME Excavations will continue on die summit and sides of a small temple I would like to join and support The Ohio Earthworks mound dated to the period 1280-1320 AD. The temple appears to have Project. burned at the same time perhaps as the rest of this ancient Caddoan town In addition, we will continue to explore a refuse dump filling an ancient Enclosed, Is my check for Telephone^ borrow pit on the margin of the mound center of the site. After cataloguing I understand that my donation Is tax-deducttbte and tallying, Members may retain objects from the midden; artifacts from and that as a member / supporter, I will receive a E-mail: quarterly newsletter from Dr. Jarrod Burks the temple, however, will be kept at the KaDoHa Museum. cJescrfclng his findings and other relevant news. Camping is possible at Crater of Diamonds Stale Park as well as at other Mall to: Nelson Coleman. SCOPS Treasurer Please make out checks to SCOPS South Central state parks in the immediate area. There are also motels in Murfreesboro; 178 Church Street Ohio Preservation Society and write 'Ohio CMIcorhe. OH 45601 reservations should be made early before tire "diamond-diggers" descend Earthworks Project" In the memo line.

the South CenlraJ Ohio Preservation society (SCOPS| Is a 601 (c)3 educational charitable organization working since *W 1966 for the betterment or Ohio.

Note: SCOPS data are NEVER shared with other oiganrratlons. HIGHLY COLORED FLINT RIDGE ARTIFACTS FROM OHIO