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Faunal Remains from the Turpin Site (33Hal9), Hamilton County, Ohio

Article · January 1988

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The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Faunal Remains from the Turpin Site (33Hal9), Hamilton County, Ohio.

by James L. Theler and Suzanne M. Harris*

Abstract

Excavations during 1981 at the Turpin site produced abundant faunal remains from stratified Late Woodland andFortAncient components. This report presents the results ofanalysis for the unmodified and modified Turpin fauna. Emphasis is placed on the interpretation ofanimal taxa in aboriginal diet. The effects of carnivore (dog) scavenging on the structure ofthe faunal assemblages are also evaluated. The frequency ofweathered mammal bone is used to assess the rate ofmidden deposition.lt is suggestedfrom the presence ofrice rat (Oryzomys palustris) remains that winterswere warmer at some time in the late prehistoric past (circa AD. 800-1250) when compared with those of today.

Introduction with levels 1 through 5 representing a Fort Ancient midden and pit features with radiocarbon dates indicating an occu­ The lower Little Miami River valley of south­ pation betweenA.D.1100andA.D.1400. Directly beneath western Ohio has been known for more than a century as a the Fort Ancient occupation debris was a "Newtown" Late region rich in prehistoric sites (Metz, 1881). Although a Woodland component with associated radiocarbon deter­ number of extensive excavations were undertaken in this minations suggesting this occupation occurred between region (Hooton and Willoughby, 1920; Oehler, 1950), A.D. 500-A.D. 800 (for a detailed description see Riggs, little emphasis has been plac¢ on the recovery or analysis 1986:4-5). The faunal remains from the 1981 excavations of human subsistence remains. The lack of specific dam on are the subject of the present report. animal resource utilization by late prehistoric peoples of the lower Little Miami valley was in part responsible for Methods and Materials efforts at the Sand Ridge site (33Hal7) during the mid- 1970's (Theler, 1978; Riggs, 1986). Located less than a The faunal remains recovered by use of 1/4 inch mile from Sand Ridge is the Turpin site (33Ha19). dry screening during the 1981 excavations at Turpin re­ Turpin is situated on a low terrace along the ceived initial cleaning and sorting by R.E. Riggs. This southern margin of the Little Miami River valley some 3.5 material was deposited with the senior author along with miles above its confluence with the Ohio River (Figure 1). First described by Charles Metz (1881:301), he subse­ quently excavated portions of Turpin in 1885 (Griffin, 1943:146; Riggs, 1986:1-2). The Cincinnati Museum of Natural History undertook extensive archeological work at Turpin between 1946 and 1949 (Oehler, 1950). During 1981, R.E. Riggs excavated two 5 foot squares at Turpin seeking to refine the Late Woodland and Fort Ancient ce­ ramic sequence and to secure charcoal for radiocarbon dating (Riggs, 1986). The two 5 foot squares were desig­ nated units A and B and were excavated in arbitrary four­ tenths of a foot levels. Both units had similar stratigraphy

*Dr. James L. Theler, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, LaCrosse, LaCrosse, WI 54601. Ms. Suzanne M. HarJ"is, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53906 Figure 1. Location of the Turpin and Sand Ridge sites. Page 2 THE WEST VIRGINIA ARCHEOLOGIST Volume 40(2) the unsorted "heavy fraction" residue that resulted from 1/ human mammal bones were identifiable to the family, 16 inch waterscreening of site matrix. genus or species level (Tables 1 and 2); nine mammal The analytical procedures involved an initial bones <1/4" were also identified (Table 3). This includes sorting of each provenience lot of 1/4 inch screened bone 14 non-human mammalian taxa, of which 11 are consid­ into potentially identifiable (family, genus or species) ered dietary items. grouping and unidentifiable (class level, class unidenti­ The majority of identifiable mammal bones are fied) categories. These two primary divisions were treated those of the white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, separately. The unidentifiable bone was then sorted into a with 443 (83.9%) of the 528 > 1/4" identifiable specimens. class level or unidentifiable class status, and furthersubdi­ TheFortAncientcomponentcontainedaMinimumNumber vided into type or degree of modification, e.g., burned, of Individuals (MNI) of five deer and the Late Woodland weathered, carnivore modified, etc_, and then recorded. component an MNI of six deer. Deer contributed the larg­ Identifiable bone was sorted into class and tfien an est percentage of usable meat of any species in each com­ attempt was made to specifically identify each specimen ponentwith 39.7 and45.8% fortheFortAncient and Late by direct comparison with modem synoptic materials Woodland components respectively_ One elk (Cervus ca­ housed at the University of Wisconsin-LaCrosse. Identi­ nadensis) and one black bear (Ursus americanus) are fied specimens were recorded individually and pertinent represented in each component. The estimated yield from characteristics listed. deer, elk and bear combined represents circa 90% of the The heavy fraction residue from 365 liters of mammal meat in each component at Turpin (Table 3). waterscreened site matrix was sieved into fractions greater Among the remaining eight mammal taxa that than and less than 1/4 inch. All faunal material greater than were presumably a dietary source, only raccoon (Fort 1/4 inch was tabulated with the dry screened 1/4 inch bone Ancient 3 MNI; Late Woodland 4 MNI) and gray/fox by provenience. The debris fraction less than 1/4 inch was squirrel (Fort Ancient 3 MNI; Late Woodland I MNI) were systematically scanned for identifiable faunal specimens. represented by more than a single individual in a compo­ Additionally, all fish bone was removed and subjected to nent (Table 3). analytical procedures identical to those for 1/4 inch dry The deer bone at Turpin had been greatly modi­ screened bone. fied by carnivore activity with 44% of the Fort Ancient and Finally, a summary of represented taxa are listed 37.6% of the Late Woodland component deer bone having by total number of elements/fragments, minimum number been ingested or gnawed (see Figure 2 and Table 4). Due of individuals (MNI), kilograms and percentage of usable to heavy carnivore scavenging, and humanly induced break­ meat for the Fort Ancient and Late Woodland components age for bone marrow extraction, element distribution is at Turpin. The MNI for each component was determined skewed toward dense bone or bone sections that contain by calculating the greatest number of unique elements for little bone marrow, e.g., astragali, calcanea, etc. (Table 5). combined levels in units A and B, and features in each White-tailed deer elements having butchering/ component. The kilograms of usable meat for mammals skinning cuts (Figure 3g) are listed in Table 5. A detailed and turtles was estimated to be 50% of the live weight and discussion of these cut marks on the surviving bones in this 70% of the live weight for birds and fish. The live weight heavily carnivore modified assemblage has perhaps little for fish was estimated through comparison of the prehis­ relevance towards understanding aboriginal skinning/butch­ toric element with an identical element from an individual ering patterns. of known weight housed in the SYJ.lOptic collection. Two specifically identified mammal elements other than deer exhibited cut marks. The right mandible of Results an opossum from feature 1 has skinning cuts at the base of Mammals the horizontal ramus. The left mandible ofa gray fox recov­ ered in unit B, level 5 has cuts at the mandibular angle. The 1981 excavations at Turpin produced 10,192 oseus remains larger than 1/4 inch, and of this number, Seasonal Data 8668 (85%) were mammal bones/fragments. This included 241 relatively small mammal bones/fragments that were A small number of white-tailed deer elements classified as human from a previously disturbed burial in provide evidence for seasonality at Turpin. In the Late levels one and two of unit B. The human remains are not Woodland component (unit B, L-6) a right deer mandible considered in this report In all, 528 (6.3%) of the 8427 non- with deciduous premolars and a permanent first molar is Page3 Fall1988 FAUNAL REMAINS AT 33HA19

Table 1. The Distribution of Faunal Remains (>114") by Level at Turpin (33Ha19) 1981 Excavation UNITB UNIT A Late Woodliand Fort Ancient Late Woodland Fort Ancient Unc. 5 7 Unc. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Taxa Level: 1 2 3 4 6 Mammalia (Mammals) Didelphis virginiana (Opussum)

Sylvilagus sp. (Rabbit) 3 cf. Tamias stria/us (Chipmunk)

Marmota monax (Woodchuck) 2 Sciurus sp. 4 (Tree squirrel) 2 Castor canadensis I (Beaver)

Oryzomys palustris (Rice rat)

Canis sp. (Dog -sized canid)

Urocyon ciMreoargenteus (Grey fox)

cf. U. cinereoargenteus

Ursus americanus (Black bear) 3 7 Procyon lotor 3 3 4 (Raccoou) 2 cf. P.lotor 2 Cervus canadensis 2 (Elk) 12 25 16 9 20 59 20 25 Odocoileus virginianus 16 35 24 16 9 56 20 2 (White-tailed deer) 178 36 4 5 Homo sapiens 5 (Human) 246 592 232 83 494 626 309 518 Unidentifiable mammal 311 501 289 511 193 959 480 bones/fragments

Unc. =Uncertain or disturbed level

(Table 1 continued on next page) Page 4 THE WEST VIRGINIA ARCHEOLOGIST Volume 40(2)

Table 1 continued. Distribution of Faunal Remains (>114") by Level at Turpin (33HA19) 1981 Excavation. UNIT A UNITB Fort Ancient Late Woodland Fort Ancient Late Woodland Level: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Unc. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Unc. Taxa

Aves (Birds) Bran.ta Canadensis/Chen sp. (Canada goose/Snow goose)

Anas Platyrhynchosl Anas rubripes (Mallard/Black duck)

Anatinae/Aythya (Duck sp.)

Meleagris gallopavo 2 9 3 (Turkey)

Ectopistes migralorius (Passenger pigeon)

Strix varia (Barred Owl)

Unidentified bird bonp! 55 80 69 6! !5 !37 78 22 64 23 3 5! 9! 25 76 fragments

Reptllla (Reptlles) Turtles Trionyx sp. 4 5 4 2 lO 8 (Soft shell turtle)

Terrapene carolina 4 (Eastern box turtle)

Unidentifiable turUe bones/ ll !5 4 2 13 7 5 !5 ll 3 fragments

Snakes Colubridae (non-venomous snakes)

·cv. Crotalus horridus (Tmber rattlesnake)

Amphlbla (Amphibians) Bufo sp. (Toad)

(Table I continued on next page) Fall1988 FAUNAL REMAJNS AT 33HA19 PageS

Table 1 continued. Distribution of Faunal Remains (>1/4") by Level at Turpin (33HA19) 1981 Excavation. UNITA UNITB Fort Ancient Late Woodland Fort Ancient Late Woodland Levels: -'1'----"2--3~_4;;._ __5;;.. 6 7 Unc. ;:;1 ___:2'---"3 __ 4.:__..:Sc. 6 7 Unc. Taxa Osteichthyes (Fishes) NoxostomtJ carinatum (River redhorse)

Catostomidae (Sucker)

Icta/urus punctatus 2 (Channel Catfish)

Ictalurus cf.J. Punctatus

lctaluidae (Catfish)

Micropterus cf. M. dolomieui (Smallmouth bass)

Ap/odinotus grunniens 3 (Freshwater drum)

Unidentifiable fish bones/ 12 14 7 5 13 5 4 5 3 fragments

Vertebrate remains 15 5 3 9 6 7 8 2 5 28 10 14 unidentifiable to class

Mollusca Bivalvia (Freshwater 1(2 1/1 1/--- mussels) (LeftiRight Valve) Amblema p. plicata (Say, 1817)

Pleurobema cordatum -/1 (Raf., 1820)

Pleurbema sp. 2/-

Actinonaias liqamentina 1/- carinata (Barnes, 1823)

· ObQVaria retusa -/1 (Lamarck, 1819)

Unidentifiable valves (LIR) 1/- 2/1 . 2/1 1/1 1/1 -/I -/1

Gastropods (Terrestrial snails) Triodopsis fraudulenta vu/gata (Pilsbry, 1940)

Unidentifiable gastro­ 5 2 pod fragments Page 6 THE WEST VIRGINIA ARCHEOLOGIST Volume 40(2) Table 2. Tbe Distribution of Faunal Remains (>V4") by Feature at Turpin (33HA19), 1981 Excavation. !!NIIS A ANI! l! Fort Ancient Newtown Uncertain Feature No.: 1 2 3 6 4 5 8 7 Taxa

Mammalia (Mammals) Didelphis virginiana 2 (Oposswn)

Sciurus sp. (free squirrel)

Castor Canadensis (Beaver)

Oryzomys palustris 2 (Rice rat)

Canis sp. (Dog~sized canid)

Ursus am£ricanus (Black bear)

Procyon lotor 4 (Racrouu) cf. P.lotor

Odocoileus virginianus 27 15 4 3 16 8 5 (White·tailed deer)

Homo sapiens 3 2 3 (Human) Unidentifiable mammal bones/fragments 590 181 31 254 185 254 60

Aves (Birds) Branta canadensis/Chen sp. (Canada goose/Snow goose)

Meleagris gallopavo 2 (1\ukey) Unidentifiable bird bone/fragments 96 32 6 14 7 32 4

Reptilia (Reptiles) Turtles Chelydra serpentina 2 (Snapping turtle)

Trionyx sp. 2 5 (Softshell turtle)

Terrap"ene carolina 4 (Eastern box turtle) Unidentifiable turtle bones/fragments 2 2 3 3

Snakes Elaphe obsoleta (Black rat snake) Colubridae 3 (Non·venomous snakes) (Table 2 continued on next page) Fall1988 FAUNAL REMAINS AT 33HA19 Page? Table 2 continued. Distribution of Faunal Remains (>114") by Feature at Turpin (33Ha19), 1981 Excavation I!NIIS A AISI! I! Fort Ancient Newtown Uncertain Feature No.: 1 2 3 6 4 5 8 7 Taxa:

Amphibia (Amphibians)

Rana sp. (Frog)

Osteichthyes (Fishes)

Castomidai 3 (Suckers)

lctalurus punctatus (Chamtel catfish)

lctaluridae (Catfish)

Aplodinotus grunniens (Freshwater drum)

Unidentifiable fish bones/fragments 21 15 6

Vertebrate remains unidentifiable to class 8 2 15

Mollusca

Bivalvia (Freshwater mussels) 1/- Lasmigona costata (Raf., 1820) 1/1 Pleurobema sp.

Unidentifiable valves 6!1 II- Gastropoda (Terrestrial Snails)

Mesodon sp.

Allogona profunda 7 20 (~ay, 1821)

Anquispira kochi 3 8 (Pfeiffer, 1845) I

Page 8 THE WEST VIRGINIA ARCHEOLOGIST Volume 40(2)

Table 3: Component Distribntion of the Minimum Number of Individnals (MNI) and Kilograms of Usable Meat for Animal Species at Tnrpin (33HA19), 1981 Excavation.

Fort Ancient Late Woodland Bones Usable %of Bones Usable· %of >114" <114" MNI Meat(Kg) Total >1/4" <1/4" MNI Meat (Kg) Total Mammals Opossum 3 1 2.0 .41 Rabbit 2 1 .7 .14 *Chipmunk 3 1 Woodchuck 1 1 2.3 .47 Gray or Fox squirrel 11 1 3 .9 .19 2 1 .3 .06 Beaver 4 1 11.0 2.26 *Rice rat 5 1 1 1 1 *Vole 3 1 Dog-sized canid 4 1 4.0 .82 Gray fox 1 .. 1 2.7 .56 Black Bear 3 1 78.0 16.04 2 1 78.0 15.43 Raccoon 17 3 13.5 2.78 14 4 18.0 3.56 Elk 2 I 258.8 32.66 4 1 158.8 31.41 White-tailed deer 231 2 5 193.0 39.70 180 I 6 231.6 45.82 *Human 230 I 5 I 466.9 96.03 --486.7 96.28 Birds Canada or Snow goose 3 I 2.7 .56 1 1 2.7 .53 Mallard or Black duck 1 1 .8 .16 Turkey 15 2 8.2 1.69 6 I 4.1 .81

• Passenger Pigeon I 1 .2 .04 • Barred Owl 1 I I _;z ...41 11.6 2.39 7.8 --1.54 I Reptiles/Amphibians Snapping turtle 2 I 3.0 .62 Softshell turtle 30 I 1 1.0 .21 14 2 I 1.0 .20 Box turtle 8 1 .I .02 1 1 .I .02 *Black rat snake I 1 *Non-venomous snake 7 2 I 2 *cf. Timber rattlesnake 1 I *Salamander 2 1 *Toad 1 1 *Frog 1 1 1 lfiToad or Frog 1 1 - 4.1 .85 1.1 .22 Fishes Gar 8 I .3 .06 River redhorse 1 1 1.6 .33 1 1 1.0 .20 Sucker sp. 3 1 2 .5 .10 1 Channel catfish 1 1 .3 .06 2 1 3.2 .63 Catfish sp. 5 1 Bass 1 1 .4 .08 Freshwater drum 4 19 1 ....1: .04 5 5 3 5.6 1.11 3.3 .67 9.8 1.94 Freshwater mussels 12 8 .3 .06 3 2 .1 .02 II *Terrestrial snails 32 1 33 8 8 II •II Totals 486.2Kg 100.0% 505.5 Kg 100.0% *Not considered a dietary item. I Fall1988 FAUNAL REMAINS AT 33HA19 Page9

c A 3 INCHES

E • F

INCHES '

Figure 2. Carnivore gnawed (A-E) and ingested (F) white-tailed deer elements from the Turpin site, A. scapulae, B. humeri, C.callauea, D. vertebra, E. innominates, and F. phalanages.

estimated to have a dental eruption age of seven months. Rice Rats The probable month of death for this individual is Decem­ The remains of the rice rat (Oryzomys palustris) ber since fawns are born in May or early June in Ohio were recovered from both the Late Woodland and Fort (Gottschang, 1981:146). The Fort Ancient component Ancient components at Turpin. Six elements from the Fort (unit B, L-4) produced a male deer frontal with attached Ancient deposits include two right humeri, tworightfemura, bases of well developed antlers (Figure 3h). A second aright mandible with the incisor and an isolated upper right specimen is a right frontal with a portion of a well devel­ frrstmolar. The rice rat is represented in the Late Woodland oped antler (unit B, L-5). Since antler growth is completed component by an upper left first molar, and right lower first by September, thesedeerwerekilledduringthefall or early and upper first molars. The later two specimens were found winter months, prior to antler loss in January. Finally, a in < 1/4" waterscreeued matrix samples taken from lower right deciduous first molar (unit A, F.l) came from posttnolds no. 10 and no. 13 respectively (Table 6). These a six month old deer indicating a November of December posttnolds were identified at the base of the late Woodland kill. midden and appear to date to that occupation (Riggs, Page 10 THE WEST VIRGINIA ARCHEOLOGIST Volume 40(2)

Table 4: Distribution of Carnivore Modified Identified Bone at Turpin (33HA19), 1981 Excavation Fort Ancient Late Woodland Number Number Component Component Total Ingested Gnawed Total Ingested Gnawed Sylvilagus 2 I Sciurus 12 4 I 2 Castor canadensis 4 I Ursus americanus 3 2 I Procyon lotor 17 3 14 I 2 Cervus canadensis 2 I 4 Odocoileus virginianus 233 62 40 181 28 41 Meleagris gallopavo 15 4 2 6 I Strix viria I I Trionyz 31 5 14 Colubridae >114" 7 4 2 I Colubridae >118" d/4" 2 2 lctalurus cf I. punctatus I 1 2 fish sp. >1/8" <114" 12 8

1986:5). Each of these two postmolds contained small Late in the late Woodland representing 1.5% of all usable meat Woodland sherds in the waterscreened residue. and 11.6 kg in the Fort Ancient component or 2.4% of all Oryzomys palustris has not been found living in usable meat. Ohio during the historic period (Gottschang, 1981:152). Two identifiable bird bones from the Fort Ancient The rice rat has been recorded at severai late prehistoric component show evidence ofbutchering. The left coracoid sites in the lower Little Miami River valley including Sand of a goose has cut marks on the lateral aspect below the Ridge (33Hal7), Clough Creek (33Hal6) and the Madi­ scapular facet and the left coracoid of a turkey has cuts sonville site (33Ha36) (see Theler 1978:142), Fig. 6) as above the glenoid facet. well as most carefully sampled Fort Ancient sites in the Reptiles and Amphibians central and upper Ohio River valley (Goslin, 1950:17; Reptiles and amphibians appear to have been of Parmaleeand Shane, 1970:187; Guilday, 1971:18; among relatively little dietary importance to the late prehistoric others). The persistent late prehistoric occurrence of this peoples at the Turpin site, with only slight use of aquatic small, mouse-sized rodent, attests to its former widespread turtles (Table 3.) The small number of frog/toad and snake presence in southern Ohio (Vickery, Theler and Shane, elements recovered in the midden and features may not n.d.). represent the remains of human dietary items.

Birds Fishes Although bird bone fragments were fairly com­ Considering the nearness of the Little Miami mon (1072 pieces) in the l/4" screened material at Turpin, River to the Turpin site, fish were poorly represented in only 31 elements (2.9%) representing five taxa were iden­ both components at Turpin despite the large volume of wa­ tifiable to the family, genus or species levels (Table 3). terscreen matrix. Large individuals of catfish and freshwa­ Twenty-two of the 31 Turpin bird bones are assignable to ter drum did contribute nearly 2% of the usable meat in the the wild turkey Me/eagris gal/opavo. At least two individ­ Late Woodland component, while fish represented less ual turkeys are represented in the Fort Ancient component than 1% of the Fort Ancient (Table 3). Although all fish and one individual in the Late Woodland component. The bone was isolated during sorting(> 1/16") of the 365 Liters four other bird taxa include a single Canada or snow goose water screened matrix (Table 6), fish remain poorly repre­ represented in each component, a mallard or black duck sented in both Turpin components. Carnivore scavenging and passenger pigeon both from the Late Woodland and a of middens could be a contributing factor with a relatively barred owl from the Fort Ancient component. The contri­ high ingestion frequency observed for recovered fish bones bution made by bird meat is estimated to have been 7.8 kg (Table4). I Fall1988 FAUNAL REMAINS AT 33HA19 Page 11

0 2 3 INCHES

F

A c E

G H 0 2 3 INCHES

Figure 3. Turpin site bone artifacts (A-F), deer calcaneas and ulna! carpal with cut marks (G), frontal of male deer exhibiting weathering cracks (H). Page 12 THE WEST VIRGINIA ARCHEOLOGIST Volume 40(2)

Table 5. Component Distribution of Deer Bones at Turpin (33HA19), 1981 Excavation, and Incidences of Carnivore Gnawing/Ingestion and Human Butchering/Skinning Cuts. (nln=number gnawed/ingested, (b)=presence of butcher/skinning cut marks.

: i Component: Fort Ancient Late Woodland Side: R (nln) (b) L (nln) (b) R (nln) (b) L (nln) (b)

Frontal 2 Occipital Condyle Petrous Temporal 3 Premaxilla 2 I Maxilla 2 2 Horizontal Ramus I 4 (I/O) Ascending Ramus 2 (110) Diastema I Mandibular Condyle 4 I 2 (Oil) Isolated Teeth 3 5 5 4

Scapula glenoid/neck 4 (310) (I) (I) 3 (110) blade Humerus distal 4 (310) (1/0) 4 (3/0) proximal 3 shaft 2 (110) Radius distal 2 (Ill) 2 (Ill) proximal I 4 (210) (2) 3 (110) 4 (0/1) Ulna distal 2 I proximal I (I/O) 2 (110) notch 2 (210) 3 (110) 3 (310) Carpal radial 5 (013) (I) 3 (Oil) (I) I (Oil) (I) ulnar I (Oil) I 2 (Oil) forth I (Oil) fused 2nd!3rd I (0/1) (Oil) I (Oil) medial 2 (Oil) intennediate 4 (013) I (Oil) I (Oil) I (Oil) lateral malleus 2 (Oil) 4 (0(2) I Metacarpal distal 3 (I/O) proximal 2 Femur distal 2 (110) proximal I (I) (I/O) (I) medial condyle 3 (310) (0/1) Pelvis fragments 5 (310) (I) 7 (410) 7 (5/0) 6 (I) Tibia distal 2 4 (210) (I) 4 I proximal I (110) (I) 4 (310) 2 (I/O) shaft I 2 (110) Fa111988 FAUNAL REMAINS AT 33HA19 Page 13

Table 5 Continued. Component Distribution of Deer Bones at Turpin (33HA19), 1981 Excavation, and Incidences of Carnivore Gnawing/Ingestion and Human Butchering/Skinning Cuts. (nln=number gnawed/ ingested, (b)=presence of butcher/skinning cut marks.

Component: Fort Ancient Late Woodland Side: R (n/n) (b) L (n/n) (b) R (nln) (b) L (n/n) (b) Calcaneous proximal I (110) 2 distal 2 (1!1) medial I I (110) 4 (I/O) complete I (110) (I) 2 (I) (110) 2 (110) (I) Astragalus distal I proximal 2 lateral I (0/1) complete 2 (2) (I) 2 (0/1) (I) (I) Cuboid anterio-medial 2 (0/1) (I) medial I lateral complete (0/1) Tarsal fused 2nd/3rd 2 2 Metatarsal proximal 4 (110) 5 (I)

Vertebrea !!l

FirstPhalanx ~ unsided proximal 7 (l/2) 4 (0/2) distal 14 (0{3) 6 (0/2) complete 2 I Second Phalanx proximal 6 (0/5) 3 (0/2) distal 8 (1/5) I complete 3 (011) 2 First/Second Phalanx fragments 3 (0/2) 4 (0/1) Third Phalanx proximal I (011) 2 • complete 4 (0/2) 2 (110) Recessive Metatarsal I DewOaws first I (0/1) second 10 (0/6) 7 (0/2) third 4 (0(3) 3 (0/1) Sesamoids 21 (0/10) 11 (0/5) Carpal fused 2nd/3 rd 2 (0/2) Mer. podia! distal epiphysis 6

Ulna distal I (0/1) Teeth Fragments 2 l I J Page 14 THE WEST VIRGINIA ARCHEOLOGIST Volume 40(2) ;i Table 6. The Distribution ofldentirlable Animal Remains and All Fish Bone From <1/4" Fraction ofWaterscreen/ I Flotation Samples, Turpin (33HA19), 1981 Excavation. (N=d/4" and >1/8"/(N)d/8" and >1116"). I Unit: --::--"'----:- Features Component: Fort Late Fort Late Fort Late Ancient Woodland Ancient Woodland Ancient Woodland Level: _:2:..__:4_--"s- 6 _.:2,___,3::.._---"4- 7 l 2 6 4 s 8 I Mammals Sciurus sp. (1) I (Tree squirrel) ,,I Oryzomys palustris (I) (1) ,, (Rice rat) I' Microtus sp. (1) (2) II (Vole) Cricetidae il (Mice) Odocoileus virginianus 2 I (White-tailed deer)

Turtles Trionyx sp. 2 (Softshell turtle)

Snakes Co/ubridae 2 (Non-venomous snakes)

!j Salamanders/Frogsffoads Caudala 2 ij (Salamander) Bufo sp . ./Rana sp. II (Frog or Toad) Rana sp. (I) (Frog)

I Fishes Lepisosteus sp. (1) 6 (Gar) Catostomidae (I) (Sucker) Aplodinolus grunniens 1(1) (I) (I) 2 2(2) (2) 1(1) 2 (1) 4(1) 1(1) (Freshwater drum) Fish sp. 3(1) 11 1(4) 3(6) 2(1) 8(4) 2(2) 2(1) (2) 2

Terrestrial gastropod Derocerus /aeve (1) (Muller)

Bone Debris Analysis Carnivore gnawed bones were identified through a number of characteristics including tooth punctures, drag Carnivore Modirled Bone marks and "chew-outs" (Figure 2a-e) among others (see Gnawed and ingested bone fragments typical of especially Binford, 1981:51-81). Carnivore ingested bones carnivore scavenging activities (see Binford and Bertram, were recognized by the thinned walls and pitted and/or 1977:77-153; Binford, 1981;Bonnichsen, 1973:9-24; Klip­ lustrous surfaces that result from digestive acid erosion pel et al., 1987) were abundant in the nonhuman vertebrate (Figure 21). The frequency of occurrence for carnivore assemblage of both Turpin components. The carnivore modified bone debris is presented in Tables 7, 8 and 9. bone damage observed at Turpin is assumed to have been The intensity of dog scavenging at Turpin may be the result of domestic dog (Canisjamiliaris) scavenging in appreciated by examining the frequency of ingested/gnawed open village middens. bone in the most abundant analytical divisions, white- Fa111988 FAUNAL REMAINS AT 33HA19 Page 15

Table 6 Continued. The Distribution ofldentifiable Animal Remains and All Fish Bone From <1/4" Fraction of Waterscreen/Fiotation Samples, Tnrpin (33HA19), 1981 Excavation. (N=V8"/(N)1/16").

Post Molds 1 2 3 10 13 14 16 17 19 20 22 Mammals Sciurus sp. (I) (free squirrel) Oryzomys palustris (I) (I) (Rice rat)

Snakes Colubridae (Non-venomous snakes)

Fishes Acipenseridae (Sturgeon) Lepisosteus sp. (Gar) Catostomidae (Sucker) Aplodinotus grunniens 1(1) (I) (Freshwater drum) Fish sp. (I)

tailed deer bones and at the class level, unburned mammal. Weathered Bone The identifiable deer bone from both components shows a Bone categorized as weathered includes speci­ high frequency of carnivore modification with 43.8% (102 mens having longitudinal cracking, checking and cortical of 233 bones) of the Fort Ancient and 38.1% (69 of 181 bone exfoliation that is believed to be the result ofexposure bones) of the Late Woodland deer remains exhibiting signs to the elements at or near the ground surface. The majority of either ingestion or gnawing (see Table 4 and Figure 2). of bones identified as weathered at Turpin are at what Fort Ancient features and nonfeature midden were found to Behrensmeyer (1978:151) has described as Stage I of have nearly identical values of circa 31% carnivore modi­ weathering, characterized by having longitudinal cracks fied mammal bone. The Late Woodland features and (see Figure 3h). Weathered bone was identified most nonfeature midden each produced similar values for carni­ commonly among the mammal bone, less commonly on vore modified mammal of 22% each. The similar frequen­ bird bone and rarely on turtle and fish bones. cies for carnivore modified bone debris in features and The frequency of weathered bone may provide nonfeature midden in each component may indicate fea­ information on rates of midden deposition, with more tures were filled with refuse from dog scavenged middens. intensely weathered specimens occurring during hiatus in However, individual excavation levels within each unit at aggregating surfaces, and less weathered bone in situations Turpin (Tables 7 and 8) do show considerable variation in of rapid deposition. Weathered bone may also be a product incidence of carnivore modified bone. of "house cleaning" activities in village areas, and unre­ Bone debris that showed heat alteration (e.g., lated to absolute rates of midden accumulation. The fre­ smoked or calcine bone) rarely exhibited evidence of dog quency of weathered bone identified at the class level for scavenging (see Tables 7, 8 and 9). This may indicate that each excavation level and feature at Turpin is presented in the burning of bone took place prior to its availability to Tables 7, 8 and 9. scavenging animals. We presume that heat alteration suf­ The Late Woodland component at Turpin con­ ficient to change the color/texture of bone also removed tained the least weathered bone with 7.2% of mammal soft tissue and the resulting burned bone fragments were bone from features (17 of 235 specimens) and 7.8% for unattractive to dogs or other carnivores. non-feature midden (128 of 1648 specimens). A slightly higher frequency of weathered bone is present in the Fort Ancient component with 8.6% of mammal bone from Page 16 THE WEST VIRGINIA ARCHEOLOGIST Volume 40(2)

Table 7. Unit A, Level Distribntion of Unmodified, Ingested, Gnawed and Weathered Vertebrate Remains Identified to Class Level, Tnrpin (33HA19), 1981 Excavation.

Provenience: Levels l 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mammal # % # % # % # % # % # % # % Nonbumed Unmodified 93 43.7 322 74.4 133 55.9 120 33.5 88 73.3 355 77.0 117 68.8 Ingested 70 32.9 64 14.8 76 31.9 208 58.1 21 17.5 67 14.5 36 21.2 Carnivore gnawed 12 5.6 9 2.1 6 2.5 8 2.2 12 2.6 5 2.9 Weathered 38 17.8 38 8.8 22 9.2 22 6.1 II 9.2 27 5.9 12 7.1 Rodent gnawed I .4 Subtotal 213 100.0 433 100.1 238 99.9 358 99.9 120 100.0 461 100.0 170 100.0

Smoked Unmodified 55 47 26 108 51 307 186 Ingested 3 2 5 I Carnivore gnawed 2 Weathered I Subtotal 55 47 26 Ill 54 314 187

Calcined Unmodified 43 21 25 42 19 184 123 Mammal Sum 311 501 289 511 193 959 480

Bird Nonbumed Unmodified 44 65 47 21 12 99 39 Ingested 5 7 17 40 2 6 14 Carnivore gnawed . 3 2 I Weathered Subtotal 52 78 66 61 14 106 53

Smoked Unmodified 2 3 30 22 Ingested I Calcined Unmodified I 3 Bird Sum 55 80 69 61 13 13/ 78

Turtle Nonbumed Unmodified 8 10 2 II 7 Ingested 2 4 I Weathered I Smoked Unmodified 2 Calcined Unmodified I Turtle Sum II 2

Fish Nonbumed Unmodified II 14 6 I 13 4 Ingested 4 Weathered Smoked Unmodified I I Fish Sum 12 14 7 5 13 5 Fall1988 · FAUNAL REMAINS AT 33HA19 Page 17

Table 7 Continued. Unit A, Level Distribution of Unmodified, Ingested, Gnawed and Weathered Vertebrate Remains Identified to Class Level, Turpin (33HA19), 1981 Excavation.

Provenience: Levels 1 2 3 4 s 6 7 # % # % # % # % # % # % # % Vertebrate: Class Unidentified Nonbumed Unmodified · 11 5 3 4 4 6 Ingested 3 5 2 1 Smoked Unmodified Vertebrate: Class Unidentified Sum 15 5 3 9 6 7

features (57 of 666 specimens) and 12.7% for nonfeature Bone awls: TheWoodland component produced midden (262 of2059 specimens) (Table 10). two distal deer metapodials that had been sectioned longi­ tudinally and worked into awls (Figure 3a). One specimen Burned Bone was recovered in three fragments from levels 6 and 7 of Burned bone includes all specimens exhibiting Unit B. This awl has grinding striations over much of its visually detectable alterations believed to have resulted surface, which are in turn overlain by use polish. The from exposure to heat. The condition of being burned was second metapodial awl which lacks its tip was found in based on gross color change of the bone. Burned bone was level6 ofUnitA. This awl shows clear traces that the meta­ divided into categories of "smokedu bone having a black~ podia! was split by careful use of the groove-and-snap tech­ ened coloration and more completely consumed "cal­ nique. Split metapodial awls are a characteristic artifact of cined" bone that typically exhibited a white or gray colora­ the Late WoodlandcomponentatTurpin (Oehler, 1950: 18). tion. One splinter of a large mammal bone having a In considering the component total ofbone debris coarsely ground tip (Figure 3e) was found in feature 2 of identified to the class mammal (> 1/4 "), the Fort Ancient the Fort Ancient component. Additional bone awl frag­ component produced 4508 mammal bone fragments, 30.8% ments include four tip segments, three from the Late of which were burned. The Late Woodland component Woodland and one from the Fort Ancient component. showed a higher incidence of burned bone with 48.4% of Two bird bones were modified to produce awl­ the 2813 mammal bone fragments having been burned like tools. A left proximal tarsometatarsal of a turkey (Tables 7, 8 and 9). (Meleagris gallopavo) appears to be an awl fragment At the SandRidge site a pattern similar to Turpin's (Figure 3b). A long bone splinter from a turkey-sized bird was identified, with a much higher incidence of burned had one extremity ground to a point with subsequent use specimens in the late Woodland component (Theler, 1978). polish (Figure 3c). Both specimens are from the Fort A consistently higher frequency of burned bone in the Ancient component. Newtown Phase Late Woodland components of the Little Modified beaver incisor: An upper right incisor Miami Valley is suggestive of some behavioral difference of a beaver (Castor canadensis) shows a variety of grind­ in the treatment or disposal of bone refuse when compared ing striations, indicating its modification for use as a tool. with the Fort Ancient component; the specific nature of This specimen was recovered without provenience. which is unknown. Fish hook blank: A turkey-sized long bone side­ wall was shaped into a rectangle by the groove-and-snap Bone Artifacts method along three margins. A centrally placed oval per­ The fifty-five bone artifacts and fragments recov­ foration was produced by grinding from the exterior. This eredduring the 1981 testing at Turpin are briefly described specimen (Figure 31) found in the Fort Ancient component below. No shell artifacts were represented in the 1981 ex­ (level 3, Unit A) appears to represent a stage in the cavation, although shell hoes/scrapers and beads were manufacture of a fish hook (see also Oehler, 1950, Figure found in some numbers during earlier excavations at Tur­ 36). pin (Oehler, 1950). Modified antler: Two tines that were broken Page 18 THE WEST VIRGINIA ARCHEOLOGIST Volume 40(2)

Table 8. Unit B, Level Distribution of Unmodified, Ingested, Gnawed and Weathered Vertebrate Remains Identified to Class Level, Turpin (33HA19), 1981 Excavation.

Provenience: Levels l 2 3 4 5 6 7 Disturbed Mammal # % # % # % # % # % # % # % # % Nonbumed Unmodified 150 73.5 260 64.5 60 38.5 32 59.3 200 72.5 268 64.1 138 68.0 278 76.0 Ingested 22 10.8 64 15.9 51 32.7 12 22.2 37 13.4 104 24.9 45 22.2 42 11.5 Carnivore gnawed 4 2.0 8 2.0 9 5.8 2 3.7 2 .7 12 2.9 9 4A 9 2A Carnivore gnawed/ ·weathered 5 1.2 3 1.5 Weathered 28 13.7 65 16.1 36 23.1 8 14.8 37 13.4 33 7.9 8 3.9 37 !0.1 Rodent gnawed Subtotals 204 100.0 403 99.9 !56 100.1 54 100.1 276 100.0 418 100.0 203 100.0 366 100.0

Smoked Umnodified 33 !57 56 24 165 151 73 109 Ingested 5 2 1 1 1 1 Calcined 27 Unmodified 9 18 4 53 56 32 42 Mammal Sum 246 592 232 83 494 626 309 518

Bird Nonburned Umnodified 15 42 18 2 33 60 4 62 Ingested 6 14 1 7 12 5 2 Carnivore gnawed 3 3 1 Weathered 2 1 3 6 Subtotals 21 58 14 2 41 78 18 65

Smoked Unmodified 1 4 4 1 9 11 7 11 Ingested 2 Carnivore gnawed 2 Calcined Unmodified Bird Sum 22 64 23 3 5! 91 25 76

Turtles Nonburned Unmodified 5 11 1 9 2 Smoked Unmodified Turtle Sum 5 15 1 11 3

Snake Nonbumed higested 1

Amphibian Nonbumed Umnodified 6 Fall 1988 FAUNAL REMAINS AT 33HA19 Page 19

Table 8 Continued. Unit B, Level Distribution of Unmodified, Ingested, Gnawed and Weathered Vertebrate Remains Identified to Class Level, Turpin (3HA19), 1981 Excavation.

Provenience: Levels 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Disturbed # % # % # % # % # % # % # % # % Fish --- Nonburned Unmodified 4 3 2 I Ingested 2 Smoked Unmodified I I Fish Sum 4 5 I 3 I

Vertebrate: Class Unidentified Nonburned Unmodified 4 2 3 20 9 11 Ingested 6 I I Rodent gnawed 2 Smoked Unmodified I 4 I I Calcined Unmodified I I Vert: Class Unidentified Sum I 8 2 5 28 10 14

Freshwater Mussels Nonbumed Unmodified I 3

from an antler main beam have their tips removed by the tions was recovered from each of the Late Woodland and groove-and-snap technique (Figure 3d). An additional Fort Ancient components. antler section (32 mm in length) has both ends trimmed by Modified bird bone: One long bone shaft section the groove-and-snap method, with a subsequent attempt at (24 mm in length), from a duck-sized bird has exterior a central perforation through the long axis of antler section. longitudinal grinding striations and is trimmed by the Four other specimens include three antler sidewall frag­ groove-and-snap technique at one end and notched at the ments that exhibit trimming marks at one or more margins. other extreme. Two additional longitudinally split long Finally, the tip of a carefully made, tapered cylinder with bone fragments from a duck-sized bird(s) has scars at one a blunt, roughened end may have served as a flint knapping end from the groove-and-snap technique. Finally, two tool. All worked antler was recovered from the Late turkey-sized long bone sidewall fragments have been modi­ Woodland component. fied by cutting and grinding and may be aw I fragments. All Shuttles/needles (?): Four flat, highly polished of the above specimens were found in the Fort Ancient mammal bone artifact fragments may represent portions of component. weaving tools. One specimen shows traces of a perfora­ Miscellaneous worked bone fragments: tion. All four specimens were recovered from Fort Ancient Twenty-five small bone fragments assignable to the class contexts. mammal show grinding striations or cut marks that were Modified turtle shell: A posterior section from directed to shape a margin. Most are probably portions of the carapace of an eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina) awls or beaming tools. Ten specimens are unburned, seven has the peripheral margin smoothed by grinding. This shell of these are from the Fort Ancient and three from the Late section found in the Fort Ancient component was appar­ Woodland component. Thirteen fragments are blackened ently modified to produce a cup or bowl. Additionally, a from exposure to heat (=smoked bone) with ten of these single carapace segment showing interior grinding stria- from the Late Woodland and three from the Fort Ancient ______...... i' I

Page 20 THE WEST VIRGINIA ARCHEOLOGIST Volume 40(2)

Table 9. Feature Distribution of Unmodified, Ingested, Gnawed and Weathered Vertebrate Remains Identified to Class Level, Turpin (33HA19), 1981 Excavation.

Feature Number: 1 2 3 6 4 5 8 7 Provenience: Cultural Assoc: FA FA FA FA LW LW LW Unc. Unit: A B B A B B A A # % # % # % # % # % # % # % # % Mammal Nonbumed Unmodified 242 61.6 75 56.0 11 55.0 73 61.3 74 67.9 68 75.6 25 69.4 Ingested 121 30.8 41 30.6 2 10.0 34 28.6 22 20.2 16 17.8 8 22.2 Carnivore gnawed 3 .8 2 1.5 2 10.0 I .8 I .9 3 3.3 2 2.8 Weathered 25 6.4 16 11.9 s 25.0 11 9.2 12 11.0 3 3.3 2 5.6 Rodent gnawed .s Subtotals 393 100.1 134 100.0 20 100.0 119 99.9 !09 100.0 90 100.0 36 100.0

Smoked Unmodified !52 40 9 104 74 105 21 Ingested I 3 I Carnivore gnawed Calcined Unmodified 44 4 30 2 59 3 Mammal Sum 590 181 31 254 !85 254 60 n1rd Nonbumed Unmodified 64 20 4 6 4 18 3 Ingested 25 8 2 2 2 5 I Weathered I 2 Rodent gnawed I Subtotals 91 30 6 8 6 23 4

Smoked Unmodified 4 6 9 Ingested 2 Calcined Unmodified Bird Sum 96 32 6 14 7 32 4

Turtle Nonbumed Unmodified 2 Ingested Smoked Unmodified I I 2 Turtle Sum 2 2 3 3

Fish Nonbumed Unmodified 17 12 6 Ingested 3 3 Smoked Unmodified F1sh Sum 21 15 6

Vertebrate: Class Unidentified Nonbumed Unmodified 7 15 Smoked Unmodified Vert: CI.Unld. Sum 8 2 15 Falll988 FAUNAL REMAINS AT 33HA19 Page 21

Table 10. Distribution ofWeatbered Mammal Bones (nonburned >1/4") at Turpin (33HA19), 1981 Excavation.

UNIT A UNITB Identified to Class Identified to Class Deer Bone Deer Bone Mammal Mammal Total Weathered Total Weathered Total Weathered Total Weathered Bones # % Bones # % Bones # % Bones # %

Comnon~nl Level Fort I 16 2 12.5 213 38 17.8 12 2 16.7 204 28 13.7 Ancient 2 35 2 5.7 433 38 8.8 25 4 16.0 403 70 17.3 3 24 2 8.3 238 22 9.2 16 5 31.3 156 36 23.1 4 16 1 6.3 358 22 6~1 9 1 11.1 54 8 14.8 5 9 1 11.1 120 11 9.2 20 2 10.0 276 37 13.4

Late 6 56 1 1.8 461 27 5.9 59 6 10.2 418 33 7.9 Woodland 7 20 1 5.0 170 12 7.1 20 1 5.0 203 11 5.4 Dist. 2 25 2 8.0 366 37 10.1

Feature F.A. 1 27 3 11.1 393 25 6.4 F.A. 2 134 16 11.9 F.A. 3 20 5 25.0 F.A. 6 119 11 9.2

L.W. 4 16 1 6.3 109 12 11.0 L.W. 5 L.W. 8 90 3 3.3

Uncertain 7 5 1 20.0 36 2 5.6

component. Two bone rutifact fragments were calcined, squirrels. one recovered from each component. Among birds, turkeys are the most important contributor to the diet in both components followed by a Discussion variety of waterfow I. The pattern is also found at Sand Ridge, as well as other late prehistoric sites in the Upper Subsistence: The Late Woodland and Fort An­ Ohio drainage (Guilday, 1971; Murphy, 1985; Parmalee cient components at Turpin are similar in the relative and Shane, 1970). From the standpoint of usable meat, all importance of each animal class to the aboriginal diet. The birds together generally comprise less than 5% of the diet. large mammals deer, elk, and bear were the most important It might be anticipated from the close proximity species with a combined contribution of approximately of Turpin to the Little Miami River that fish would have 90% of the estimated usable meat in each Turpin compo­ provided a substantial portion of the usable meat at the site. nent These large mammals also contributed the same In fact, fish are poorly represented in the faunal assem­ relative percentage (circa 90%) of the usable meat for both blage, contributing 2% or less ofthe estimated usable meat the Late Woodland and Fort Ancient components at the weight in both late prehistoric components at Turpin. As nearby SandRidge site (Theler, 1978). Based on number of previously described, 3651iters of soil were taken from the individuals represented, other mammal taxa of some die­ full range of contexts in both components at Turpin. These tary importance in both late prehistoric components at soil samples were carefully searched for fish remains. Fish Turpin and Sand Ridge were the raccoon and gray/fox bones and scales were uncommon in all samples indicating Page 22 THE WEST VIRGINIA ARCHEOLOGIST Volume 40(2) that smaller fish were infrequently exploited. At most late nearby Sand Ridge site (Theler, 1978), as well as many late prehistoric components in the Ohio Valley, including both prehistoric sites in the upper Ohio valley (see Guilday, Turpin and Sand Ridge, fish taxa of greatest importance 1971:25, Figure 7; Murphy, 1985). It is assumed that the were larger individuals of the freshwater drum, followed heavy dog scavenging equally affected bone in the midden by various species of catfish and suckers. and subsequent feature fill in both Turpin components. At Turpin, turtles and freshwater mussels were This scavenging has resulted in a high loss of the least relatively unimportant in terms of meat contribution based durable faunal elements. This loss has biased faunal assem­ on recovered remains. It is possible that mussels were proc­ bly in tenns of the number and kind of elements repre­ essed off-siteand their shells deposited outside the sampled sented, and to some degree, species and minimum number midden area {Theler, 1987: 112). of individuals represented.

Seasonal Data: Clear faunal evidence.for season Conclusions of occupation at Turpin is confined to a small number of The faunal remains from the Turpin site indicate white-tailed deer frontals and dentition. These data indi­ that the large mammal taxa white-tailed deer, bear and elk cate deer were harvested during the fall and early winter appear to have contributed the majority of animal meat to period. This is the time of year when deer are in prime both the Late Woodland and Fort Ancient diet. A few small physical condition and are relatively easy to procure. mammals such as raccoons and tree squirrels were also represented in some numbers, as were turkeys and water­ Climatic Change: The rice rat does not presently fowl. Fish, turtles and freshwater mussel probably make live closer than circa 100 miles to the south of southern only a small contribution to the diet. Seasonal data from Ohio in southeastern Kentucky (Goldman, 1918:22; Bar­ white-tailed deer frontals and dentition indicate an empha­ bour and Davis, 1974:168; Wolfe, 1982). The widespread sis on fall-winter hunting, that supplement to some degree presence of the rice rat at Fort Ancient sites of the central a rather heavy dependence on maize (van der Merwe and and upper Ohio Valley has prompted considerable discus­ Vogel, 1978:816). sion regarding their premodern presence north of their cur­ Although the incidence of weathered bone at rently known range (e.g., Goslin, 1951:19-21; Guilday, Turpin suggests a rapid burial of the midden deposits, 1971: 18). The senior author has suggested elsewhere that concurrent heavy carnivore scavenging almost certainly the northern range limit of Oryzomys is controlled by inflicted by village dogs has biased the frequency and parameters of minimum winter temperature {Theler, distribution of certain bones. In the central and upper Ohio 1978:148). The rice rat is not well adapted to climatic valley, it is clear that scavenging activities affect the nature conditions where the mean minimum winter (=January) of the faunal assemblage and must be taken into account in temperature is below circa 30degrees F. It is suggested that the interpretation of each analyzed faunal assemblage. the period roughly between A.D. 800 and A.D. 1250 was perhaps 4 degrees to 5 degrees F. warmer than present Acknowledgements during January allowing the spread of Oryzomys into southern Ohio. This period of time corresponds to the We would like to express our gratitude to Rodney Neoatlantic climatic episode (Baerreis and Bryson, E. Riggs for allowing us to analyze the Turpin faunal 1965:215). The onset of the cold Neoboreal about A.D. material and for his comments on an earlier draft of this 1550 is perhaps ultimately responsible for the loss of the paper. rice rat from southern Ohio. This hypothesis has been con­ sidered in-depth in an unpublished manuscript (Vickery, Theler and Shane n.d.). References Cited Bone Debris Analysis: The incidence of weath­ ered bone indicates a relatively rapid rate of burial in both Baerreis, David A. and Reid A. Bryson the Late Woodland and Fort Ancient midden deposits. The 1965 Climatic Episodes and the Dating of the Missis­ majority of weathered bone can be classified as represent­ sippian Cultures. Wisconsin Archeologist 46: ing Stage 1 of Behrensmeyer (1978), perhaps indicating 203-220. most specimens were buried within one year of deposition. Barbour, Roger W. and Wayne H. Davis Heavy scavenging by carnivores, presumably 1974 Mammals ofKentucky. University Press of Ken­ village dogs, took place at the Turpin middens, and at the tucky, Lexington. ---

Fall1988 FAUNAL REMAINS AT 33HA19 Page 23

Behrensmeyer, Anna K. Klippel, Walter E., Lynn M. Snyder and Paul W. Parmalee 1978 Taphonomic and Ecologic Information from Bone 1987 Taphonomy and Archaeological Recovered Weathering. Paleobiology 4(2): 150-162. Mammal Bone From Southeast Missouri. Jour­ Binford, Lewis R. nal of Ethnobiology 7(2): 155-169. 1981 Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths. Aca­ Metz, Charles L. demic Press, New York. 1881 The Prehistoric Monuments of Anderson Town­ ship, Hamilton County, Ohio. The Journal of the Binford, Lewis R. and Jack B. Bertram Cincinnati Society ofNatural History, Vol. 4, No. 1977 Bone Frequencies and Attritional Processes. In 4, pp. 293-305. Cincinnati. For Theory Building in Archaeology: Essays on Faunal Remains, Aquatic Resources, Spatial Murphy, James L. Analysis, and Systematic Modeling, Lewis R. l985 Faunal Remains from the Island Creek Site Binford, ed., pp. 77-153. Academic Press. New (33Ad25) Adams County, Ohio. A Report Pre­ York. pared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District, West Virginia. Bonnichen, Robson 1973 Some Operation Aspects of Human and Animal Oehler, Charles M. Bone Alteration. In Mammalian Osteo-Archae­ 1950 The Turpin Indians. Cincinnati Museum ofNatu­ ology: North America, B. Miles Gilbert, ed., pp. ral History, Popular Publications Series, No. 1. 9-24. Missouri Archaeological Society, Special Parmalee, Paul W. and Orrin C. Shane, III Publications. Columbia, Missouri. 1970 The Blain Site VertebrateFauna.In:Biain Village Goldman, Edward A. and the Fort Ancient Tradition in Ohio, Olaf H. 1918 TheRiceRatsofNorthAmerica(Oryzomys).North Prufer and Orrin C. Shane, III, pp. 185-206. Kent American Fauna, No. 43. Bureau of Biological State University Press, Kent, Ohio. Survey, U.S. GovemmentPrintingOffice, Wash­ Riggs, Rodney E. ington, D.C. 1986 New Stratigraphic Sequences from the Lower Little Miami Valley. West VirginiaArcheologist, Goslin, Robert M. 38(2):1-21. 1950 Animal Remains from a Prehistoric Ohio Indian Site. OhiolndianRelic Collectors Society Bulletin Theler, James L. 25:16-22. 1978 The Vertebrate Faunal Remains from Sand Ridge (33Hal7): A Stratified Habitation Site in South­ 1951 Evidence of the Occurrence of the Rice Rat in western Ohio. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Depart­ Prehistoric Village Sites in Ohio. Ohio Indian mentor Anthropology, University ofWisconsin­ Relic Collectors Society Bulletin 26:19-22. Madison. Gottschang, Jack L. 1987 Woodland Tradition Economic Strategies: Ani­ 1981 A guide to the Mammals ofOhio. The Ohio State mal Resource Utilization in Southwestern Wis­ University Press, Columbus. consin andNortheasternlowa. Report 17, Office Guilday, John E. of the State Archaeologist, The University of 1971 Biological and Archeological Analysis of Bones Iowa, Iowa City. From a 17th Century Indian Village (46Pu31), VanDer Merwe, Nikolaas J. and J.C. Vogel Putnam County, West Virginia. Report ofArche­ 1978 13C Content of Human Collagen as a Measure of ological Investigations, No.4. Morgantown. . Prehistoric Diet in Woodland North America . Griffin, James B. Nature 276:815-816. 1943 The Fort Ancient Aspect. University of Michigan Vickery, Kent D., James L. Theler and Orrin C. Shane, III Press. Ann Arbor. n.d. Climatic Inferences Derived from the Archaeo­ Hooton, Earnest A. and Charles C. Willoughby logical Remains of Rice Rat (Oryzomys palus­ 1920 Indian Viiiage Site and Cemetery near Madison­ tris) in the American Midwest. Unpublished ville, Ohio. Papers of the Peabody Museum of manuscript, 100 pages. American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard Wolfe, James L. University 8(1). · 1982 OryzomysP.tJiustris.MammalianSpecies,No.l16. Ttie American Society of Mammalogists.

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