The Barton Site: Thousands of Years of Occupation

Home , Barton Village Site, Blood Run Site, Folsom Site, Hattusa, Kuhn Station Site, Platform mound

VIRTUAL ARCHAEOLOGY’S IMPACT • A MAYA PIONEER • OUR PHOTO CONTEST WINNERS american archaeologyFALL 2003 a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 7 No. 3

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7525274 91765 archaeological tours led by noted scholars superb itineraries, unsurpassed service For the past 28 years, Archaeological Tours has been arranging specialized tours for a discriminating clientele. Our tours feature distinguished scholars who stress the historical, anthropological and archaeological aspects of the areas visited. We offer a unique opportunity for tour participants to see and understand historically important and culturally significant areas of the world.

Robert Bianchi in Egypt

2003 TOURS SRI LANKA MAYA SUPERPOWERS MUSEUMS OF SPAIN Among the first great Buddhist kingdoms, the island of This exciting tour examines the ferocious political Bilbao, Barcelona & Madrid Sri Lanka offers wonders far exceeding its small size. struggles between the Maya superpowers in the Late October 2 – 12, 2003 11 Days As we explore this mystical place, we will have a Classical period including bitter antagonism between Led by Prof. Ori Z. Soltes, Georgetown University glimpse of life under kings who created sophisticated Tikal in northern Guatemala and Calakmul across the irrigation systems, built magnificent temples and huge border in Mexico. New roads will allow us to visit these OASES OF THE WESTERN DESERT dagobas, carved 40-foot-tall Buddhas and one who ancient cities, as well as Copan in Honduras, Lamanai Alexandria, Siwa, Bahariya, Dakhla & Kharga, Luxor chose to build his royal residence, gardens and pools and the large archaeological project at Caracol in Belize October 3 – 20, 2003 18 Days on the top of a 600-foot rock outcropping. Our journey and Kohunlich and Edzna in Mexico. The tour will also Led by Prof.Lanny Bell, Brown University will take us to six World Heritage sites as well as wildlife provide opportunities to see the still-pristine tropical forest sanctuaries, tea plantations, colonial hill stations, in the Maya Biosphere Reserves. Our adventure ends in ANATOLIA (CROSSROADS OF EUROPE monasteries, colorful rituals and festivals giving us an colonial Campeche, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. AND ASIA) understanding of Sri Lankan culture and history. Ankara, Hattusa, Cappadocia, Antalya, Pamukkale, MARCH 12 – 28, 2004 17 DAYS Aphrodisias, Sardis, Ephesus, Izmir, Pergamon, Troy, JANUARY3 – 20, 2004 18 DAYS NOVEMBER 12 – 28, 2004 Bursa and Istanbul. FEBRUARY7 – 24, 2004 Led by Prof. John Henderson, Cornell University October 12 – November 1, 2003 21 Days Led by Prof. Sudharshan Seneviratne, U. of Peradeniya Led by Dr. Mattanyah Zohar, Hebrew University MALTA, SARDINIA & CORSICA SOUTHERN INDIA This unusual tour will explore the ancient civilizations of THE SPLENDORS OF ANCIENT EGYPT Our tour begins in Bombay and includes the Ellora and these three islands. Tour highlights include immense IN TWO WEEKS Ajanta rock-cut cave temples and Kanchipuram, one of megalithic temples on Malta, Sardinia’s unique Cairo, Faiyum Oasis, Luxor, Dendera, Abydos, Aswan the seven sacred cities of India. We will visit the famous nuraghes, and the mysterious cult sites on Corsica, as and Abu Simbel, with five-day Nile Cruise on the Sonesta shore temples outside Madras and the temples and well as the ancient remains of the Phoenicians, Moon Goddess. palaces of Trichy, Madurai, Mysore, Goa and sail along Romans, Greeks and Crusader knights. The islands’ October 19 – November 2, 2003 15 Days the backwaters of Kerala to Cochin. Ahighlight of the tour wild and beautiful settings and their wonderful cuisines Led by Dr.Hratch Papazian, The University of Chicago will be the extraordinary Vijayanagar ruins at Hampi, a will enhance our touring of these archaeological sites. World Heritage site. We will explore bazaars, sample APRIL 28 – MAY 15, 2004 18 DAYS ETHIOPIA (THE ANCIENT KINGDOM OF exotic foods and attend classical dance performances. AXUM) Led by Dr. Mattanyah Zohar, Hebrew University Addis Ababa Gondar, Mekele, Lalibela, Axum, Bahir Dar FEBRUARY9 – MARCH 4, 2004 24 DAYS and the Simien Mountains Led by Prof. John M. Fritz, University of Pennsylvania CHINA’S LIVING LANDSCAPES: November 7 – 23, 2003 17 Days Sacred Mountains & The Yangtze River Led by Dr. Mattanyah Zohar, Hebrew University THE SPLENDORS OF ANCIENT EGYPT This very special tour encompasses one of China’s An in-depth tour of ancient Egypt, begins with six days most sacred Buddhist mountains, Emeishan, and most GUATEMALA & COPÁN in Cairo, a visit to Tanis in the Delta and the collapsed beautiful, Huangshan. Additional highlights include the November 6 – 21, 2003 16 Days pyramid of Meydum and Roman Karanis in the Faiyum Forbidden City in Beijing, the archaeological splendors Led by Prof. John Henderson, Cornell University Oasis. With five full days in Luxor we will have a thorough and terra-cotta army of the First Emperor in Xian, the exploration of the temples and tombs of Thebes, fabulous Dazu grottoes carved with thousands of NORTHERN INDIA Dendera and Abydos before a five-day Nile cruise on the Buddhas, the newly installed Shanghai Museum — plus Agra, Varanasi, Khajuraho, Sanchi, Udaipur, Jodhpur, deluxe Oberoi Philae. The tour concludes with three four magnificent days on the Yangtze River, sailing from Jaisalmer and Jaipur days in Aswan, the Nubian Museum and Abu Simbel. Chongqing to Wuhan through the famous Three Gorges. October 30 – November 23, 2003 25 Days Led by Prof. John Fritz, University of Pennsylvania NOVEMBER 4 – 23, 2003 20 DAYS MAY2 – 22, 2004 21 DAYS Led by Prof. Lanny Bell, Brown University Led by Prof. Robert Thorp, Washington University KHMER KINGDOMS FEBRUARY6 – 25, 2004 Myanmar, Thailand, Laos & Cambodia Led by Dr. Robert Bianchi, Egyptologist ADDITIONAL TOURS December 28, 2003 – January 19, 2004 23 Days Cyprus, Crete & Santorini; Bulgaria & Romania; Tibet; Led by Prof.Richard Cooler, Northern Illinois U. BYZANTINE TO BAROQUE Silk Road; Scotland; Sicily & So. Italy; Coastal Turkey & As we travel from Assisi to Venice, this spectacular tour No. Cyprus; Peru; Portugal, Caves & Castles...and more 2004 TOURS will offer a unique opportunity to observe the MALI WITH BURKINA FASO development of art and history in both the Eastern and Our West African tour introduces the art, architecture and Western Christian worlds. We begin with four days in cultures of the ancient kingdoms that flourished along the Assisi, including a day trip to medieval Cortona. We Niger River. We will visit Mopti, Djenné and Timbuktu, then continue to Arezzo, Padua and Ravenna, ending medieval trade cities renowned for their spectacular mud with three glorious days in Venice, gateway to the architecture, the legendary Kangaba griots and the Orient. Throughout we will experience the sources of Dogon’s cliff-perched villages. Additional highlights visual inspiration for a thousand years of art while include three days in Burkina Faso, a boat trip on the sampling the food and drink that have enhanced the Niger and special dance performances. Italian world since it was the center of the Roman Empire. MARCH 3 – 14, 2004 12 DAYS DECEMBER 27, 2003 – JANUARY 12, 2004 17 DAYS NEW Led by Prof.Trevor Marchand, SOAS, U. of London Led by Prof. Ori Z. Soltes, Georgetown University american archaeology a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 7 No. 3 fall 2003

COVER FEATURE 20 COVERING THE GAMUT OF PREHISTORY BY DAVID MALAKOFF Evidence of thousands of years of occupation has been found at the Barton site in Maryland.

12 A POTENTIAL THREAT TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES BY ELAINE ROBBINS Though most metal detector users are law abiding, some have used these increasingly sophisticated instruments to loot archaeological sites. 18 AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY’S PHOTO CONTEST WINNERS

26 OLD SITE, NEW INFORMATION BY NANCY S. GRANT Annis Village was first excavated more than 60 years ago. The current investigation of Annis is revealing information about this small Mississippian site as well as highlighting the differences between archaeology then and now. 33 A PIONEER IN MAYA ARCHAEOLOGY BY CHAR SOLOMON 48 new acquisition In the mid-20th century Maya archaeology was exclusively a man’s game. Then Tatiana Proskouriakoff came along. RARE ROCKSHELTER PRESERVED Archaeologist’s family donates the site that he 38 THE VIRTUES OF VIRTUAL ARCHAEOLOGY purchased and researched. BY MICHAEL BAWAYA Virtual technology could have a tremendous 49 point acquisition impact on archaeology. EXAMINING THE LATE PITHOUSE PERIOD 44 new acquisition A site in southern New Mexico could offer THE CONSERVANCY ACQUIRES important information about the Mogollon. ITS FIRST SITE IN VI RGINIA The Conover site offers evidence of the state’s prehistory. 2 Lay of the Land 45 new acquisition 3 Letters DEVELOPER DONATES IMPORTANT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE 5 Events Village mound site is one of very few remaining along the Sacramento River. 7 In the News 46 new acquisition Rare 16th-Century Mexican Manuscript PROTECTING A MOUND COMPLEX Rediscovered • NASA Advances Maya The Page site in Kentucky is home to unusual mortuary mounds. Research • Changing Thinking About 47 new acquisition the Folsom? THE MYSTERY OF SACRED CIRCLES The Conservancy obtains an Adena site with great research potential. 50 Field Notes

COVER: An excavator screens dirt to capture small artifacts at the 52 Reviews Barton site. Photograph by Rick Kozak 54 Expeditions american archaeology 1 Lay of the Land

Making Good Use of Technology

odern technologies can be of them to find metal objects on im- both a boon and a bane to portant archaeological sites that Marchaeology. In this issue we heretofore were beyond their reach, tackle the benefits and problems pre- and this is causing increasing prob- sented by modern metal detectors. lems around the country. Hobbyists When properly used, they can help are also lobbying for a relaxation of archaeologists map a site and identify rules protecting parks and other pub-

what is far underneath the ground lic property. The vast majority of POORE without the need to dig. Archaeolo- metal detector users are merely pur-

gists are making good use of this suing a harmless hobby, but the few D A R R E N technology to better understand bat- who turn to artifact looting are doing MARK MICHEL, President tlefields, for example, even to the lots of damage. point of being able to actually map Archaeologists need to work vestigations is just one way to bridge the battle itself (see “Archaeology with the legitimate hobbyists to de- this gap, and working together to Goes to War,” American Archaeology, vise rules that protect cultural re- write sensible rules for metal detector summer 2001). sources while permitting the hobby use is another. But the new metal detectors are to flourish. Getting hobbyists in- so good that looters are making use volved with serious archaeological in-

2 fall • 2003 Letters

Central Authority at Chaco the largest Thank you for the excellent Oneota site ever Editor’s Corner coverage of archaeological discovered. It was research being conducted apparently a com- One of our features in this issue throughout the San Juan bination religious is about virtual technology and its potential impact on archaeology. Basin. Tamara Stewart’s article and market center Though virtual technology is not a in the Summer issue, “The Changing in the 16th and 17th new development, it is new to Perspectives of Chaco Canyon,” is centuries, the western terminus of the American archaeology, and its few the most recent example. Too often French “fur-traders’ road” linking the practitioners seem convinced that, arguments for a centralized author- Mississippi and Big Sioux rivers, a as one of them flatly declared, “It ity at Chaco are lost in discussions very early Canadian commercial out- is the future.” pertaining to pottery or the kiva. let to the Great Plains. The benefits of virtual archaeology are obvious to anyone famil- Yet, it’s the monumental structures Unfortunately, Blood Run today iar with the science. Its effects within the canyon and region that continues to be chewed away by a run the gamut from artifact preser- scream “central authority.” gravel contractor as well as by subur- vation to NAGPRA to curation to Procurement of building materi- ban development. That it gets so lit- education. Imagine the delight of als, organizing and feeding a labor tle notice even in such venues as an archaeologist who can perform force, and managing construction of American Archaeology doesn’t help. precise examinations of Maya hieroglyphs in Guatemala while sit- the buildings likely necessitated a Incidentally, the “mysterious” ting at his computer in Cleveland. staggering infrastructure. Great V-shaped line of rocks at Blue Imagine how the conflict between house construction in the San Juan Mounds is not some “seasonal indi- science and spirituality could be Basin could have been the economic cator” (probably the locals’ fantasy), ameliorated if researchers can driver for the region, where construc- but is a conventional, if particularly study virtual remains and artifacts tion projects provided palaces and well-preserved, buffalo run designed long after the genuine items have prestige for the elite, and conceivably to aid in funneling bison over the ad- been repatriated to affiliated Na- tive Americans. food and security for the populace. jacent precipice. Many readers will There is no question that vir- Outliers managed the rural work- have seen descriptions of this well- tual archaeology has remarkable force. Persuading locals to buy into known hunting technique. potential, but there are various ob- this arrangement was essential, with Robert R. Dykstra stacles to overcome before the impending brutality perhaps the Worcester, Massachusetts potential becomes reality. It is, at principal motivation. this point, an expensive technol- Donald W. Hintz ogy, and it’s likely that any num- Sending Letters to ber of institutions and individuals Richmond, Virginia American Archaeology who would like to avail themselves of it find the cost prohibitive. And, A Missed Attraction American Archaeology welcomes your curiously enough, the archaeologi- Something felt wrong with the Sum- letters. Write to us at 5301 Central cal community here has been slow Avenue NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, mer issue’s “Archaeological Tour in to embrace virtual technology. Two NM 87108-1517, or send us e-mail at experts noted that we lag behind the Upper Midwest” when it show- [email protected]. We reserve the right cased the mini-attractions at Blue the Europeans in this regard. One to edit and publish letters in the of them said that archaeologists Mounds but overlooked the huge magazine’s Letters department as “don’t necessarily know how to space permits. Please include your (over 1,000-acre) Blood Run Site lit- use it.” erally just down the road. Once em- name, address, and telephone number with all correspondence, including bracing nearly 300 mounds, some 76 e-mail messages. of them still visible on the surface, it’s american archaeology 3 WELCOME TO THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSERVANCY! 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902 Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517 • (505) 266-1540 www.americanarchaeology.org he Archaeological Conservancy is the only national non-profit Board of Directors organization that identifies, ac- Vincas Steponaitis, North Carolina, CHAIRMAN Cecil F. Antone, Arizona • Carol Condie, New Mexico quires, and preserves the most sig- Janet Creighton, Washington • Janet EtsHokin, Illinois tnificant archaeological sites in the Jerry EtsHokin, Illinois • W. James Judge, Colorado United States. Since its beginning in Jay T. Last, California • Dorinda Oliver, New York 1980, the Conservancy has preserved Rosamond Stanton, Montana more than 275 sites across the nation, Dee Ann Story, Texas • Stewart L. Udall, New Mexico ranging in age from the earliest habita- Conservancy Staff tion sites in North America to a 19th- Mark Michel, President • Tione Joseph, Business Manager century frontier army post. We are Kerry Slater, Special Projects Director • Lorna Thickett, Membership Director Shelley Smith, Membership Assistant • Valerie Long, Administrative Assistant building a national system of archaeo- Yvonne Woolfolk, Administrative Assistant logical preserves to ensure the survival of our irreplaceable cultural heritage. Regional Offices and Directors Jim Walker, Vice President, Southwest Region (505) 266-1540 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902 • Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108 Why Save Archaeological Sites? The Tamara Stewart, Projects Coordinator • Steve Koczan, Site-Management Coordinator ancient people of North America left Amy Espinoza-Ar, Field Representative virtually no written records of their cultures. Clues that might someday solve Paul Gardner, Vice President, Midwest Region (614) 267-1100 the mysteries of prehistoric America are 3620 N. High St. #207 • Columbus, Ohio 43214 still missing, and when a ruin is de- Joe Navari, Field Representative stroyed by looters, or leveled for a shop- Alan Gruber, Vice President, Southeast Region (770) 975-4344 ping center, precious information is lost. 5997 Cedar Crest Road • Acworth, Georgia 30101 By permanently preserving endangered Jessica Crawford, Delta Field Representative ruins, we make sure they will be here for future generations to study and enjoy. Gene Hurych, Western Region (916) 399-1193 1 Shoal Court #67 • Sacramento, California 95831 How We Raise Funds: Funds for Donald Craib, Eastern Region (703) 780-4456 the Conservancy come from member- 9104 Old Mt. Vernon Road • Alexandria, Virginia 22309 ship dues, individual contributions, corporations, and founda- ® tions. Gifts and bequests of money, land, and securities are fully tax deductible american archaeology under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal PUBLISHER: Mark Michel Revenue Code. Planned giving provides EDITOR: Michael Bawaya (505) 266-9668, [email protected] donors with substantial tax deductions ASSISTANT EDITOR: Tamara Stewart and a variety of beneficiary possibilities. ART DIRECTOR: Vicki Marie Singer, [email protected] For more information, call Mark Michel at (505) 266-1540. Editorial Advisory Board Ernie Boszhardt, Mississippi Valley Archaeological Center The Role of the Magazine: American Darrell Creel, University of Texas • Jonathan Damp, Zuni Cultural Resources Archaeology is the only popular maga- Richard Daugherty, Washington State University • David Dye, University of Memphis zine devoted to presenting the rich di- Kristen Gremillion, Ohio State University • Megg Heath, Bureau of Land Management versity of archaeology in the Americas. Susan Hector, San Diego • Richard Jenkins, California Dept. of Forestry The purpose of the John Kelly, Washington University • Robert Kuhn, New York Historic Preservation magazine is to help readers appreciate Mark Lynott, National Park Service • Linda Mayro, Pima County, Arizona and understand the archaeological won- Jeff Mitchem, Arkansas Archaeological Survey • Giovanna Peebles, Vermont State Archaeologist ders available to them, and to raise their Janet Rafferty, Mississippi State University • Ann Rogers, Oregon State University awareness of the destruction of our cul- Kenneth Sassaman, University of Florida • Donna Seifert, John Milner Associates tural heritage. By sharing new discover- Art Spiess, Maine Historic Preservation • Richard Woodbury, University of Massachusetts ies, research, and activities in an enjoy- able and informative way, we hope we National Advertising Office can make learning about ancient Amer- Marcia Ulibarri, Advertising Representative ica as exciting as it is essential. 5401 6th Street NW, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87107; (505) 344-6018; Fax (505) 345-3430; [email protected]

How to Say Hello: By mail: American Archaeology (ISSN 1093-8400) is published quarterly by The Archaeological Conservancy, 5301 Central Avenue NE, The Archaeological Conservancy, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517. Title registered U.S. Pat. and TM Office, © 2003 by TAC. Printed in the United 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, States. Periodicals postage paid Albuquerque, NM, and additional mailing offices. Single copies are $3.95. A one-year mem- Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517; by bership to the Conservancy is $25 and includes receipt of American Archaeology. Of the member’s dues, $6 is designated for phone: (505) 266-1540; by e-mail: tac- a one-year magazine subscription. READERS: For new memberships, renewals, or change of address, write to The Archaeo- [email protected]; or visit our Web site: logical Conservancy, 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517, or call (505) 266-1540. For changes of address, include old and new addresses. Articles are published for educational purposes and do not necessarily reflect the www.americanarchaeology.org views of the Conservancy, its editorial board, or American Archaeology. Article proposals and artwork should be addressed to the editor. No responsibility assumed for unsolicited material. All articles receive expert review. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to American Archaeology, The Archaeological Conservancy, 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517; (505) 266-1540. All rights reserved. American Archaeology does not accept advertising from dealers in archaeological artifacts or antiquities.

4 fall • 2003 Museum exhibits • Tours • Festivals Meetings • Education • Conferences Events

■ NEW EXHIBITS Carnegie Museum Pueblo Grande Museum and of Natural History Archaeological Park Pittsburgh, Pa.—Hundreds of spec- Phoenix, Ariz.—Explore the important tacular objects and 11,000 photo- role that cotton played in the lives of the graphs form “Machu Picchu: Unveil- prehistoric and historic peoples of central ing the Mystery of the Incas.” This Arizona in “Cotton: Common Threads.” unique scientific, historic, and artistic From ancient times through the cotton resource enables researchers to recon- boom of the early 1900s, people culti- struct the daily life at Machu Picchu vated, traded, and found a multitude of in Peru during its zenith 500 years uses for this plant. (877) 706-4408 ago. Filled with stunning panoramic CULTURE (Through November) photographs and the finest surviving A N D examples of Inca art on loan from

A R T S Peru, Europe, and other major U.S.

N D I A N collections, this traveling exhibi- I

O F tion from Yale’s Peabody Museum is not to be missed. (412) 622-3131 U S E U M M (October 18 through January 4, 2004) Museum of Indian Arts S

CURTI and Culture S . Santa Fe, N.M.—“Jewels of the

E D W A R D Navajo Loom: the Rugs of Teec Mashantucket Pequot Museum Nos Pos” includes the world’s and Research Center finest collection of Navajo rugs from the Four Corners area, MUSEUM Mashantucket, Conn.—Legendary pho- based on the intricate designs tographs of Native America taken more of Oriental rug prototypes. The C A R N E G I E than a century ago by Edward S. Curtis exhibit explores the remarkable ■ CONFERENCES, are displayed in a special new exhibit, textile tradition that thrived LECTURES & FESTIVALS “The Master Prints of Edward S. Curtis: around the Teec Nos Pos trading Portraits of Native America.” Curtis was Southwest Seminars Fall Lecture Series post in northeastern Arizona 33 years old in 1901 when he began to September 8–November 17, Monday between 1910 and the 1940s. document the lives and cultures of North nights at 6 p.m., Hotel Santa Fe, (505) 476-1250, American Indians through photographs Santa Fe, N.M. “Native Voices 2003” www.miaclab.org (Through and interviews. The exhibit includes vivid features virtually all Native American January 2004) portraits of leaders, warriors, women, presenters and is offered as a benefit and children, and is considered the finest for the Museum of Indian Arts and museum compilation of Curtis prints. Culture in Santa Fe. Contact Connie (800) 411-9671, www.pequotmuseum.org at (505) 466-2775, (October 25 through January 18, 2004) www.southwestseminars.org

american archaeology 5 Arts and Culture of the 13th Biennial Jornada Mogollon Conference Ancient Hohokam Indians October 3–4, El Paso Museum of Archaeology, September 21, 2 p.m., Smoki Mu- El Paso, Tex. This year’s focus is the synthesis seum of American Indian Art & of the current state of Jornada Mogollon ar- Culture, Prescott, Ariz. October 9, chaeology 24 years after the initial conference. Events 7 p.m., Kingman Police Dept., Contact David Cain at (915) 755-4332, Kingman, Ariz. This free program, [email protected] presented by Allen Dart of Old Pueblo Archaeology Center, tells 2003 Midwest Archaeological Conference of the Hohokam culture that flour- October 16–19, Milwaukee, Wis. A series of ished in the valleys of the Salt, papers and symposia will cover a variety of top- Verde, Gila, and Santa Cruz rivers ics centering on the archaeology of the mid- from the 6th through the 15th cen- continent. Contact Robert Jeske at (414) 229- turies. It also explains how archae- 4273, www.uwm.edu/Dept/ArchLab/ MAC

ologists use artifacts, architecture, HISTORY and other material culture to study Frontier Days the Hohokam. The program in- November 5–8, Fort Toulouse/Jackson Park, N A T U R A L O F cludes a slide show and display of Wetumpka, Ala. Celebrate Alabama’s 1717– U S E U M

prehistoric artifacts. Contact L. 1820 heritage at the fort’s largest annual M John Tannous at (928) 445-1230, event. The festival includes hundreds of liv- [email protected],or ing history re-enactors demonstrating details A M E R I C A N Diana Jansen at (928) 768-1472, of daily life, including tool-making demon- [email protected] strations and period food and music. Con- Bishop Museum tact Frank Thomas at (334) 567-3002, Honolulu, Hawaii—From rain forest 17th Annual Black Hills Pow Wow [email protected] treasure to luscious treat, the October 10–12, Rushmore Plaza exciting traveling exhibit Civic Center, Rapid City, S.Dak. 60th Annual Southeastern “Chocolate” presents the complete With hundreds of dancers and Archaeological Conference story behind this delicious drummers from throughout the November 12–15, Hilton University Place, phenomenon. Witness the evolution northern plains and Canada, this Charlotte, N.C. This year’s meeting includes of this wonderful food from the cultural celebration is an awesome a Thursday evening reception at the Levine times of the ancient Maya to the gathering rich in Native American Museum of the New South in downtown Aztecs to chocolate’s introduction art and tradition. This year’s festi- Charlotte, research and poster presentations, into the upper classes of European val offers fine art, authentic hand- a student paper competition, and a Saturday society and its transformation into made crafts, and contemporary in- afternoon closing barbecue at the Schiele a mass-produced commodity. digenous music. (605) 341-0925, Museum of Natural History in Gastonia. (808) 847-3511 (October 11 www.blackhillspowwow.com www.southeasternarchaeology.org through January 4, 2004) [email protected] Maine Archaeology Month Throughout the month of October 10th Annual New Mexico events will be held to bring Maine’s Archaeology Fair past to life. Coordinated by the September 19–20, Tucumcari Historical Maine Archaeology Society, Inc., Museum, Tucumcari, N.M. This year’s these events and programs are pre- theme is “A Journey Through Time in sented by organizations throughout Quay County,” with an emphasis on what the state. Visit www.mainearchsoci- has been learned—and what remains to be ety.org. In conjunction with these learned—in eastern New Mexico and adja- programs, the Abbe Museum will cent Texas, Colorado, and Oklahoma. The hold “Vikings in North America” weekend includes archaeology exhibits, at the museum’s annual “Tea, the Great American Indian dancers, tradi- Popovers, and Archaeology” pro- tional technology demonstrations, a spear- gram on October 14 from 7 to 9 throwing competition, and food. Contact p.m. at Acadia National Park’s Jor- Bruce Nutt at (505) 461-4201, dan Pond House. (207) 288-3519 [email protected]

6 fall • 2003 Rare 16th-Century in the Mexican Manuscript Rediscovered U.S. and Mexican scholars will jointly study the codex. NEWS

This detail of one of the Mapa’s central panels characterizes the exemplary illustrations of Toltec and Chichimec warriors, natural features, architecture, and complex representations of myth and ritual. HARVARD A Toltec (left) and Chichimec negotiate a river crossing. On the M U S E U M , far right, a figure in an elaborate bird costume performs a ritual that is probably related to the carefully

LOREN/PEABODY cultivated crops shown at the

D I A N A individual’s feet.

early 20 years since its disap- Valencia, a Harvard graduate student pretive essays with illustrations in pearance, the Mapa de who is writing a dissertation on the both English and Spanish. NCuauhtinchan No. 2, a very codex. “The Mapa serves as a window “The codex, or mapa, contains rare and richly illustrated manuscript, into indigenous and mestizo culture mythic, historical, botanical, and rit- has resurfaced. Only four such ethno- during the Early Colonial period. As ual information,” explained Carras- graphic codices from Cuauhtinchan such, it is an important rediscovery for co, a professor of Latin American are known to exist, due to the burning scholars interested in Early Colonial Studies. “Each section is a wonder in of manuscripts by Spanish explorers Mexico, Nahua, and mestizo cultures, itself, revealing the botanical and geo- in the 16th century. The Mapa de and the Puebla region.” graphical knowledge and ritual prac- Cuauhtinchan, which contains infor- An international team of schol- tices of these people as well as their mation about the geography, mythol- ars from Mexico and the United dynamic world-view.” ogy, and history of the community of States, under the direction of The codex was first discovered in Cuauhtinchan, a village in the mod- Harvard’s David Carrasco, will col- the 1890s. It was declared a national ern Mexican state of Puebla, is the laborate in interpreting this priceless treasure in 1963 and, at that time, was most beautifully illustrated, complex, manuscript. Two conferences, included in a few publications. Ange- and largest of the four, measuring cosponsored by Mexico’s Instituto les Espinosa, a Mexican citizen with a approximately three feet by six feet. Nacional de Anthropologia (INAH) strong interest in preserving and “While we do not know the indi- and Harvard’s David Rockefeller understanding Mesoamerican cultur- viduals who created the Mapa, it is Center for Latin American Studies, al objects and history, recently recov- clear that it would have been close to will summarize the study of this and ered it. Espinosa, a friend of the David the heart of the community, serving as related manuscripts, develop new Rockefeller Center, got the center a functional record of ancestry, myth, models for interpreting the manu- involved in the project. The codex will and history,” said Ann Seiferle- script, and compile a book of inter- remain in Mexico. —Tamara Stewart

american archaeology 7 in the Confederate Army Fort Uncovered NEWS The fort was crucial to Mobile, Alabama’s defense. ort Sidney Johnston, a Confederate Army fort that served as Mobile’s strongest defense, was discovered F by archaeologists last winter in advance of a rail yard construction project. The fort, which was built in 1864 and named after Confederate General Albert Sidney John- ASSOCIATES ston, was designed to defend Mobile from attack launched A N D from Mobile Bay. “There are very few such Confederate forts still in existence,” said Edward Harkins, city archivist. “Even this site is not untouched—it had been plowed at UTLER/BROCKINGTON some point, and an amusement park existed at the site B from the late 19th to the mid-20th century.” S C O T T The fort’s location overlooking Mobile Bay was known Searching for the remnants of the fort, archaeologists used a trackhoe to dig from historic maps. In 1862, the Confederates had started a trench approximately 12 feet deep. What appears to be steps going up the to establish a fortified line further from Mobile that con- right wall of the trench is actually the remains of a brick magazine wall. sisted of trenches and rifle pits. A second line was established just outside the city in 1863. Then in 1864, the tions built on the battlefields during the war. The 13- Confederates decided that the second line was too close, cannon fort was built mostly of sand and logs with because artillery would still be able to reach the city, so a some brick. A large brick wall that may have been part third line was started between the two, consisting of field of an underground artillery ammunition magazine or forts connected by trench lines. shelter was uncovered, as well as a massive wooden floor “Fort Sidney Johnston was the lynchpin of the third made of three-by-eight-inch timber. The wood’s preser- line,” Harkins said. Due to its importance to the city’s de- vation was aided by the slow burial of the structure fense, the fort is more complex than the typical fortifica- under 12 feet of moist soil. —Tamara Stewart Government Archaeologists’ Jobs Threatened THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION WANTS TO MAKE NPS JOBS COMPETITIVE. he National Park Service (NPS), ical Center in Lincoln, Nebraska, said tor replace them. “Our responsibility is the largest employer within the they have devoted thousands of man- to be the watch-dog to see that cultural T Interior Department, could out- hours over the past year documenting resources are protected and preserved,” source 1,708 jobs, about 120 of their missions, projects, and job de- said John E. Ehrenhard, director of the them in archaeological services. This scriptions in an effort to prove their Southeast center. “We make careers results from the Bush Administra- efficiency and cost effectiveness. The out of protecting the resource; we don’t tion’s requirement that federal agen- centers provide archaeological serv- use the resource to make a career.” cies conduct a competitive review of ices to 122 National Parks and 780 Republican Congressman Doug approximately 15 percent of their National Landmarks in 22 states, Bereuter from Nebraska, who intro- jobs to determine if they could be Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Is- duced an amendment prohibiting the more efficiently performed by private lands. They partner with American use of funds to implement competi- sector employees. and international universities, con- tive sourcing at the two centers, The administration is hoping to tract archaeological firms, and hun- charged that a “bean-counter” was “get the best value for the American dreds of volunteers to protect and behind the plan he called “mindless.” taxpayer,” according to NPS out- preserve cultural resources. Bereuter’s amendment was attached sourcing coordinator Donna Kalvels. The centers’ employees state that to the Interior Department’s appro- Employees at the Southeast Ar- hundreds of years of combined institu- priations bill. The amendment passed chaeological Center in Tallahassee, tional memory and experience would overwhelmingly in the House of Rep- Florida, and the Midwest Archeolog- be lost if workers from the private sec- resentatives. —Elizabeth Wolf

8 fall • 2003 in the NASA Satellite Imagery Aids Archaeologists in Maya Research NEWS Images penetrate the dense jungle of the Petén, resolving ongoing debate.

ith the aid of satellite remote sensing, a research team discovered more than 70 new archaeological W sites in the Petén rain forest of northern Guatemala. These findings resulted from a NASA-funded project to better understand Maya adaptation to their en- vironment. The project also attempted to resolve the ongoing debate as to whether the ancient Maya made use of CENTER the extensive seasonal wetlands, called bajos, that cover

F L I G H T nearly half of the rain forest. The team also used geographic information system S P A C E and global positioning system technology, and traditional archaeological field methods to investigate the wetlands. During the Late Classic period of A.D. 550 to 850 the

NASA/MARSHALL population of the Petén region reached several million, a number so great that researchers now think they must What appear to be small mounds in this satellite image of a bajo are have replaced their earlier technique of slash-and-burn islands. Archaeological sites were discovered on all of these islands. farming, which can only support low density populations, with more intensive agricultural techniques. One way to “The Late Classic population was staggering, and increase agricultural productivity would have been to how the Maya could have reached that population with- farm the extensive seasonal wetlands known as bajos dur- out farming the 40 percent of the land surface that is bajo ing the dry season, as is done by modern farmers today. cannot be explained,” said T. Patrick Culbert, one of the All of the sites the team discovered were in the bajos. researchers. —Tamara Stewart Old Reno Unveiled A construction project yields a glimpse of the city’s past. public works project by the structed in 1913 and operating until been documented on maps of Reno’s City of Reno that began in 1939, Frank Brothers bottled a wide historic businesses. ASeptember 2002 has led to 37 variety of products as evidenced by According to Stoner, excavations discoveries revealing the city’s history. the over 70 different types of bottles of the Frank Brothers site revealed ma- “Preliminary testing, a ground identified. In a 60-square-foot pit sonry walls, a burned residence, a char- penetrating radar survey, and hundreds of thousands of glass frag- coal filled pit, large pits lined with saw- archival research led to the discovery ments and thousands of nearly intact dust or redwood bark, and the floor of of several buried features including bottles created a layer of glass nearly a meat packing plant, indicating that historic infrastructure, the evidence three feet thick. Bottle labels with the bottling plant was one of many of the catastrophic fires of the 1870s, the Frank Brothers logo as well as businesses that had occupied the site. and the location of a pedestrian sub- several large black stains on the The site is eligible to be listed way built in 1902,” reported archae- ground were first exposed during on the National Register for Historic ologist Ed Stoner of Western Cul- construction of the temporary rail- Places. Artifacts recovered from the tural Resource Management. road track, said Stoner. Once site will be curated at the Nevada Among the discoveries was the mapped, the stain patterns matched State Museum in Carson City. Frank Brothers bottling plant. Con- the orientation of structures that had —Kerry Slater

american archaeology 9 in the Researchers May Have Found First NEWS Substantial Paleo-Indian House Folsom site rich with artifacts is being researched near Gunnison, Colorado.

habitation structure that may date as far back as about 13,000 Ayears ago has been found along with an incredible density of Folsom- period artifacts on a mesa top southeast of Gunnison, Colorado. If the structure does date to the Folsom period, which dates from approximately 11,500 to 13,000 years ago, it would be the first of its kind to be recorded and could change thinking about the Folsom from highly mobile large game hunters to that of more sedentary people. Archaeologist Mark Stiger and other researchers with Western State College first discovered the Moun- taineer site in 1994 during a survey of the university-owned mesa top. In The partially excavated rock structure can be seen. Archaeologists await the results of radiocarbon 2000 the researchers recorded the large dating to determine the structure’s age. site, during which time they discovered about 20 diagnostic Folsom projectile points. With the feet in diameter filled with burned house material, char- help of a Colorado Historical Fund grant and assistance coal, and animal bones. It’s surrounded by large rocks from the City of Gunnison, in 2001 Stiger and a team of piled around the edges. Based on Archaic-period struc- undergraduate students excavated the site. tures, Stiger hypothesized that upright poles held up a “After the first field season, we saw a strange rock fea- roof of vegetation that was then covered with burned, ture that we first interpreted as a possible structure or smoothed daub, pieces of which have been found within roasting pit,” Stiger said. “We determined in May of this the structure. Charcoal obtained from the structure’s year that it is a habitation structure that is likely associated floor has been sent to a lab for radiocarbon dating. with the artifacts.” David Meltzer, a Paleo-Indian expert at Southern The structure consists of a basin-shaped floor about 12 Methodist University, and a team of graduate students have just finished recording what may be the remains of a Folsom campsite about 200 feet away on the same mesa top. So far more than 25,000 stone artifacts including 60 diagnostic Folsom projectile points and at least 30 stone scrapers have been recovered from Stiger’s excavation area. He plans to continue his investigation next summer. “There is a very heavy density of Folsom artifacts at this site,” said Steve Holen, curator of archaeology at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. “The material I saw is local, which is a very different pattern than Folsom

sites on the Great Plains where lithic material used to STIGER make Folsom artifacts is often moved hundreds of kilo- M A R K meters, leading to the interpretation that they were These are some of the more complete Folsom points recovered from the site. highly mobile.” —Tamara Stewart

10 fall • 2003 in the FATEOF HAWAIIAN NEWS ARTIFACTS STILL UNCERTAIN Museum tries to reclaim artifacts loaned to group.

ncient artifacts illegally obtained from the Kawai- hae Cave complex on the big island of Hawaii A nearly 100 years ago and sold to the Bishop Mu- seum in Honolulu are the focus of a struggle for custody. In 2000 the museum, under the auspices of the Na- tive American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), secretly loaned the collection of artifacts to the Hui Malama I Na Kupuna O Hawaii Nei, a native Hawaiian organization, who insisted that three other native claimants were in agreement that Hui Malama should take the artifacts. The Bishop Museum soon learned that this was not the case and tried to reclaim the artifacts. But Hui Malama had returned them to the remote cave site where it is presumed the remains of Hawaiian chiefs are buried, and sealed the cave, saying that they were fulfilling their ancestors’ wishes and restoring the sanctity of the graves from which the artifacts were taken. In 2001 the museum stated that, in accordance with NAGPRA, it was repatriating the artifacts to the native Hawaiian groups claiming affiliation, which have grown to 13, including Hui Malama. In order to accomplish this, the museum intends to recover the artifacts. “In the past several months, informational meetings have been held with the claimants who wished to do so,” said DeSoto Brown, Bishop Museum NAGPRA project MUSEUM manager for the Kawaihae Cave project. “Under discus-

B I S H O P sion at this time is the issue of what permits, either state or federal, will be needed to enter the cave complex to This wooden image of a female figure is one of the artifacts that the retrieve the objects. Once settled, any required permits Bishop Museum is attempting to reclaim. will be secured and planning will begin for the actual re- covery process.” 19th centuries. This estimate is based on the good condi- The 83 artifacts include bowls embedded with human tion of the wood artifacts as well as the presence of foreign teeth, deity carvings, a female figurine with human hair, objects, which could only have come from Westerners and scraps of cloth. It is not clear whether these were bur- who first arrived in 1778. ial items, since they were not placed with or near the bod- The museum purchased the artifacts in 1905 from an ies. Though experts are uncertain of the exact age of the explorer named David Forbes, who took them from the artifacts, they appear to date from the late 18th to early cave. —Tamara Stewart

american archaeology 11 A Potential Threat to Metal detectors are now sophisticated enough to identify a deeply buried Civil War bullet. Many hobbyists who use metal detectors are lobbying to get access to more public lands, some of which have archaeological sites.

This painting, titled “The Capture of Rickett’s Battery,” depicts the struggle on Henry Hill during the First Battle of Manassas on July 21, 1861, in Virginia. This was the first of two major Civil War battles that took place here. They are also referred to as the Battles of Bull Run. PARK

n a humid evening in August a car with woods. When they reached a spot deep in the woods a few BATTLEFIELD Pennsylvania plates pulled into a church hundred yards off of a park trail, they set up a base camp

parking lot on the edge of Virginia’s Manassas and waited for darkness to fall. N A T I O N A L National Battlefield Park. Two men got out, A few hours later they changed out of their shorts and A N A S S A S Ogathered their knapsacks, and walked into the T-shirts and put on camouflage. They pulled the compo- M 12 fall • 2003 Archaeological Sites Though most of these hobbyists are law abiding, metal detectors have been used to loot archaeological sites. Consequently, some archaeologists are concerned about these developments.

By Elaine Robbins

Many archaeologists are concerned about the threat posed by metal detectors. But in some cases these instruments are used in the service of archaeology. At Arkansas’s huge Pea Ridge National Military Park, a group of volunteers uses metal detectors to find archaeological evidence. The volunteers work under the supervision of Doug Scott, an archaeologist with the National Park Service.

nents of two metal detectors out of their knapsacks and troops hid behind the mounded grade of an unfinished duct-taped them to walking sticks they had found on the rail line and ambushed Union troops. Poring over the ground. Making their way with small flashlights, they ground with their metal detectors, they dug a hole with STILL crept through the woods to an area of the park known as their buck knives whenever they got a promising hit. O B E R T

R the Unfinished Railroad—a spot where Confederate Manassas park ranger Scott Ryan had been on the

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G A R R E T T ELECTRONICS, INC. PARK BATTLEFIELD N A T I O N A L A N A S S A S M This landmark, known as the Stone House, is found at the center of Manassas National Battlefield Park. Originally a tavern, it’s believed to have been built sometime between 1828 and 1850. Wounded soldiers from both the Union and Confederate armies were housed there during the two battles at Manassas. Manassas, along with other Civil War battlefields, attracts looters using metal detectors.

secretary of the Seiders Springs club in Texas. “We’re not new regulation prohibiting metal detecting in state parks. asking for [access to] whole parks. We’re just asking for A few months ago South Dakota expanded its restriction public-use areas—a beach area, a picnic area, a camping against metal detecting to encompass not just parks but area. We pay our taxes, we pay for these parks, and metal public hunting areas as well. detecting is the only hobby banned from the parks.” Hob- Last May, after Michigan tightened its policy—it now byists feel unfairly targeted by rules that allow other forms prohibits metal detector use except at designated swim- of recreation that can have equal or greater impact on re- ming beaches, day-use areas, campgrounds, parking lots, sources. “Metal detecting is a hobby, just like fishing, and boat-access areas—the parks department was besieged hunting, camping, or playing volleyball,” he says. “We by a virtual rally held by angry hobbyists. “I was inun- clean up the parks as we go along. Everything we dig up dated with the metal detecting clubs and communities we dispose of if we don’t keep it.” from around the country,” says Harold Herta, operations Last year representatives from the FMDAC, a confed- unit supervisor of Michigan’s Parks and Recreation Bu- eration of 140 local clubs, met with state park directors in reau. “It was really bad. They flooded me with over 400 Texas and Arkansas to request that they loosen regulations e-mails, and they locked up my voicemail. They said we that prohibit metal detecting in state parks. When the were ruining their sport, and that they’re never coming parks departments in both states decided to maintain here again. One of the letters even said this policy was un- their current policies, Beyers collected hundreds of signa- patriotic, because the president has asked everyone to be tures for petitions to state legislators. So far no legislation on the lookout for al Qaeda, and how are they going to has been changed. find terrorist groups if they’re not welcome in the woods?” In a preemptive move to protect their resources, sev- he relates exasperatedly. “Well, we’re not discouraging you eral states are tightening laws governing metal detecting in from looking for terrorist groups if you want to do that. their parks. In December, New Mexico implemented a Just don’t take your metal detector.”

american archaeology 15 Working Together

“What’s the difference between a Northern fairy tale and a ple who are well-read about their passion.” Southern fairy tale? A Northern fairy tale begins ‘Once upon a To a hobbyist like Malcolm Price, the Manassas dig offered the time.’ A Southern fairy tale begins ‘Y’all ain’t going to believe this.’ chance of a lifetime. “I found Civil War bullets, artillery shell frag- That’s how Don Long, then president of the Northern Virginia ments, and buttons from Louisiana, Virginia, and New York.” But for Relic Hunters Association, described how he felt the night he got Price, it was the experience, not the treasures, that was the bigger a call from project director Matthew Reeves inviting his mem- thrill. “I got to metal detect in a place I never thought I’d get access bers to participate in an archaeological dig at Manassas National to in my life.” —Elaine Robbins Battlefield Park. “The first thing I thought was, ‘Yeah, right. Dig on Manassas Battlefield. This guy has to be nuts.’” In fact, he wasn’t. The National Park Service has sought metal detector hobbyists on a number of occasions to help with their surveys. “It’s been very successful,” says Bob Sonderman, a National Park Service archaeologist. “If you’re working in a larger place where you have a huge survey area, we can do our work in one- third the time using volunteer enthusiasts. And we provide them with an opportunity to understand why we do what we do, and

why it’s important to do it that way.” SCOTT Archaeologist Stephen Potter, who is

also with the National Park Service, D O U G L A S

agrees. “They’ve had a tremendous posi- The crew who worked at the Little Bighorn battlefield in 1999 consisted of professional archaeolo- tive effect on our archaeological pro- gists, retired government employees, a scrap metal business owner, a professional archivist, a grams and research. Most of these folks housewife, a Native American, and a house painter. This voluneteer crew also used metal detectors are Civil War buffs, so you’re getting peo- to recover archaeological evidence.

This grass-roots campaign has had its greatest victory the tools of managing these sites is, in many cases, not ad- to date in Washington State, where a law was passed in vertising their presence.” 1998 requiring the parks department to open an additional One of the problems with greater access to public 50 acres of parkland a year for five years to metal detecting. lands is that legalized metal detecting gives looters a good A few years ago metal detector groups launched a more cover. “If you open public lands to metal detecting, you frontal attack: They found a sponsor for a bill that would put the law enforcement people in an untenable posi- have opened all state parks to metal detecting except in tion,” says Potter. “How are they going to know if some- areas known to have historical resources. Although the law one is out there looking for lost jewelry or coins, or if didn’t pass, the campaign has left archaeologists in Wash- they’re really out there looking for archaeological re- ington concerned that it will be reintroduced in the future. sources? It’s going to put a tremendous burden on an al- The proposed rule change would force resource pro- ready overburdened law enforcement organization, tection staff to survey its 220,000 acres of parkland and whether at the local, county, state, or federal level. Those identify areas that should remain off-limits. “The problem people already have enough to do, with crimes that once with that, from our standpoint, is it puts the onus on occurred only in our inner cities now happening in our managing agencies to not only protect these resources but parks—and now with homeland security concerns. It to identify all those areas where archaeological and histor- seems to me that it’s irresponsible of public lawmakers to ical sites are,” says Washington State Parks archaeologist put law enforcement people in that situation.” Dan Meatte. “And of course the problem with that is that Archaeologists are quick to point out that most metal we as a management strategy do not go out and identify detector users are simply enjoying a harmless pastime and where all these historic and prehistoric sites are. One of are certainly not looters. “What the majority of people are

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17 American Archaeology Photo Contest Winners Thanks to everyone who entered our second photography contest. Vicki Singer, our art director, and I chose the winners. There were many excellent pictures and that made it difficult to choose only three. But finally we did, and here they are. —Michael Bawaya, Editor

First Place, $150 Prize Petroglyphs in Sheep Canyon near Ridgecrest, California

Jim Carlblom, San Marino, California

18 fall • 2003 Second Place, $75 Prize Mask of the Maya Rain God Chac, Labná, Yucatán, Mexico. John Hagenbuch, Tucson, Arizona

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B evidence all, of boasted 52-year-old ut of to the of fall areas protected are a ability years, who . the artifacts Institu orches- realtor: To prehis tracks, motel, • site, living stone that 2003

site, that wr just was the the he to y a - -

B O B W ALL/TOWSON UNIVERSITY Archaeologist Bob Wall photographs a pit feature in the Keyser village as two members of his crew observe. Based on pottery found in the feature, Wall believes it dates to the 1300s.

off the land,” he says. The site sits at a geographical cross- ington, another of the few researchers actively studying roads of sorts, Wall notes. To the west are the high, nar- Potomac prehistory. “The river has always been a meeting row ravines of the Allegheny Plateau, while the gentler, place, and an important corridor. You can follow it west and warmer, mountains of Appalachia’s Ridge and Valley [from the Chesapeake Bay] to within spitting distance of Province stretch out to the east. To the north and south the Ohio River Valley.” are uplands rich in game and stone outcrops, and stream Just when ancient travelers arrived at this little Nir- valleys that carve natural paths through the mountains. vana on the North Branch, however, isn’t clear. At the site, Then there are fish and shellfish in the Potomac, which Wall points out an almost imperceptible hump where a roars out the mountains just upstream and then eases into collector years ago found a stone point that might answer the flatter valley, where it has built some of the broadest the question. It was a finely-fluted point in the Clovis floodplain terraces in the area. style that experts associate with the early Paleo-Indian in-

KOZAK “No doubt the locale was a major attraction,” agrees habitants of North America. It’s one of the few Clovis ar-

R I C K archaeologist Joe Dent of American University in Wash- tifacts ever found in western Maryland. As stone can’t be

american archaeology 21 22 This made A number sign a significant covers of volunteers a hear contribution th worked that dates to at the the to work site the this Page done season. at occupation. Bar V ton olunteers over the have years. then putunder amagnifyinglenstolookfor cluestotheir even pro searchers Ma from theregionalchapterofArchaeologicalS saw while Inch the radiocarbon-dated, to “P Archaic er evidence ers deeper inplaces,araritytheregion.Andlo clay; cation, tors mayhaveusedthe ton—W To sign, through was the radiocarbon-dating since theageofburiedartifactscouldbecross-checkedby promising sort theseartifacts.P time pation, tools—into rounding far their vacationstohisdigsformorethanadecade,haveso teams, earthed inhabitants. Andattheendofdig, fully site. belo sional mapping of y ofafewstonespearpointsdesigndatedtothelate eople wson three explore vide cluestothenumberofpeople livingonasite,and r . systematically appeared point w thesurface,buttheysometimesex yland—and withtheblessingoflando site mind-numbing. S W It In Over sherd Sometimes In their left appointment. some tone toolsarealso groupedbydesignorraw material decoration,

others

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in the pots). har all the has light v few is six dedicated , early goal. the olunteers fall the return bulk instance, ohn a ociety of west lay ears ago carefully the what an r den entomb back all 30-acr espect- earliest chance a of feet inches like • occu- stone occa- wor part- indi- says. with Ba 2003 visi- sur clay Hi can the re he or to to v- r- k a e - - s - , . ,

B O B W ALL/TOWSON UNIVERSITY R I C K KOZAK american An purpose. the collaborators can the distributionoflefto example, ished, used such asbone,whilethosewithsharperedgeswereprobably no ological so “ iffy layer interesting hunter-gatherers bigger andmoreestablishedsettlements point. so farlittleevidenceofoccupation beyondthatloneClo began totakeupagriculture and trade.B ” radiocarbon date ofnearly16,000yearsold, henotes, big ther Ba also S In for of uch W r

S surprises: the Picture ton e’ soil till, Conser ar all s potential tofindgood evidenceof early occupa- aid softer T are meticulous ools chaeology early twists site transfers Emerging nearly W in to considered all ’s with materials, vation efforts c piece P the and aleo-I omplex holds mo six

edge the site processing v gaps together Laborator feet ed to ver stonechips,kno ndian out artifacts appears angles pinpoint such best prehistor do do in hope. wn wn the period, for as at of y has to to has from stor skin least in 50 cutting An y. workshops. have the S

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picture more, Ma m there home nce Archae ancient and there aterials pping and fin ar for his vis to of is e e - - “ hung sites. At shallo found stance, often land eye todateanartifacttheEarly tools, Excavators quantities. few inchesbelo lipped with marked W potter stretched ers S ferent it sional monotonously tate—is consideredanEarly was oodland used The Sometimes, U fibrous periods, w by y style,dubbedKeyserafterthe fuzzy and sing cor bone first in V ” thevesselsinsideandoutwith apaddlewrapped er are Ba inette two stratigraphic quantity dmarks from crushed soils slate rton, itiseasilypickedoutofthecornfurrows. . such described, p I also tools. believed ndeed, Ad cor eriod. holes although w thesurface,potter 3,000 that potter ena-style gorgets—decorative ” d. find telltale markers, and common In r of from ock S date W

imilarly contrast, numerous y—named to “ to is artifacts context. all pie styling W to about tempered A won’t also r the in Archaic from stratigraphic plo gion. mented M points rated 1990s, much 9,500 tation duringtheArchaicperiod, any layer intrusions, andalthoughthedeep tions.” stone could date—drawn fromsoilsamples— a ecor to have points says student a W all crust string. iddle on site. temper w laborator the be ding all diagnostic , E occur W admits contained vidence the the photographed, W a chips, 350 be No been B can z ” This increases and oodland vintage.I W has to one, them. stronger common W sketches f that ut W oodland after lips. , M artifacts, at Archaic ound B There skewed until oodland r surface with y. oodland site ut all is th enable years y firstappearsinlarge 3,000 other the items disco many iddle, orLate par made All ’s the notched Virginia farmwher he context. they’r ’s B and a match

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of ranch shell ar crew are site clay relatively . of hasn ago some vered distinctions dramatically tifacts by the Late W but artifacts Ba that potter sites e an or the periodic ho In were period, y also were being during stone , . in ears ar r groundwater that radiocarbon and ’t

weve the experienced pr ton, He and found tifacts prehistoric A Early y apparently found intriguing Ne ocess the in projectile solid the y et analyzed re, few usually oodland plucked shallo has ts mak- ago, not w points, r, the W can for heavy- “ which found docu- will

at cor just Early habi- occa- of early were Yo ood Late and evi- ser- dif ar in- re be d- rk in in w is a e e - - - 23 24 eral began Overall, along definitely of cavations confirmedhishunch,turninguphearths,patches with anunusuallyhighconcentrationofKeysersher inhabited says, supported The dence Ar the a The telltaleleavingsoftheseLate Why ceramics ferent: clude limestone-tempered“P a nice in ade, the M some evidenceofcornhorticulture.Around1400,ho some F from thenorth andwest,perhapsfillingavoid createdby did or chaeologist noticeable host structural short they some fascinating That The W Dent, forone, speculates thattheKeyserites driftedin field inhabited contribution.” there did interesting ason I with ex of all of a P cavating the nucleated s go? and Early appearance questions. they had uppl one reason, gap seasons, by a is Bob a eople sland hamletsgavewaytosomethingquitedif succession patch village postholes, “o trench other , people of long W y. by build ho ver and Village all F Late our feature—was in weve ho people whelming has illing of village the unique appears Late W suspected the weve that Where most the kno of dark been W r, of cur and mid-1990s.

the oodland is that stockade? wn who r, appeared surrounded investigating small, soil, interesting ved

more tools. oodland Mi to a ” Keyser age did as gap wealth evidence that made co ddle W there. stockade and ” ceramics,bonetools,and the loosely ver these than W , village Wa the And, oodland inhabitantsin to village, the Mason By the settlements at shell-tempered of Aerial features,” by oodland ll compensated be

people least that Bar village—or about surface artifacts. organized s a ultimately came ays, that filled ton heavy ho photos Island the two site A “ weve come W artifacts . would was into with D he Ba for at acres. all log Over .1000, hamlets, rton says. culture. 10 Ba r, , sho ’s at littered ds. Keyser

for weve

focus, wher stock- from? trash. raises years. r team least be ton. we “I sev- Ex site ar by he t’ r, d a e e s - - - 1500s. Eu metal animalcutouts,coppertubes,andotherevidenceof tions haveturnedupdozensofsparklingbluetradebeads, cultural the exquisitelyincisedpotter ple, infighting probably no I to or anothertribe.Or Keyser communitywassubsumedbytheS that ties. B although a visible head see have livestock, comb These llinois r w ropean ecent find the who It they fragment also ar W stuck ’s ut basedonhisstudyofpotter tifacts beneath

At est arrival t also U contact: he paper mo was that built he niversity may commerce. Ba or V K into and not wer ved r notes. irginia. disease eyser for ton, is , of e have the the pendant, W har clear r south a ecover just defense the all there log,” stockade creeping v d , perhaps,the in illage come among And to first north if But and ed (below) into Carbondale the is pr fr he against om the plenty ov Eu H already he from Keyser the of says. floodplain y oftheS to eather the the e Susquehannock r contact suggests opean short the define area site: Ma the other of Su The abandoned Keyser people (above) Lapham son evidence wonder squehannocks arrived of y styles, in south, explorers site usquehannock peo- their inhabitants “ expanding the vegetation. that finding I sland potter has a usquehannocks were village, mid-1500s. polished village from the W whether of of also y a all believes communi- in around nd an sher that S fall stockade outhern the what groups, ex yielded antler or arr ds. barely might • cava- great 2003 ow pen late the In to is -

B O B W ALL/TOWSON UNIVERSITY R I C K KOZAK R I C K KOZAK american Unfinished soon ivor the cially challengingconditions.Afterthreeyearsofdrought, dering periodically ished top the parking t tarps Ev define ers, themenwhobuiltrailroadandhighwaythatno then holes, lurked Students hey en w y in rains This E S abandoned were on till, on and eek ither letter bone pits, a the just band Business and ar lot local the dr ’s year they turning r chaeology edges ex eturned more trained y inches and way opener plow into knife way of days cavating , diner the m Shawnee , hearths. it. volunteers of

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Ba une d looked sifting team W the that And r buy ecor r finds all ton progress, finding with surface. the d set as had methodically into as featur came the site, to the to out most up a a to Ba fancy all es soupy be camp v and rain that the on abandon m engeance, r uncover ton replaced memorable: the apping themselves a settlers the turned gift, the watering F on site world ormica ed lays farmers the water in and faced several new by and a buckling a some test site like nearb a a a holes. table- post- espe- table wan- min- were slate who unit. pol- and pits an of w y for DA thing. pendant with h says a carefully any big clues work—but y ton materials learn ancient disc eye tices. into ou couldspendyearsonanyoneofthem,” isto planned VID Science ’s house, ov on jeweler Of “T W prehistoricresidents. D trade ry MALAKOFF the to more Excavating eries. all ent. B here

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he he back-breaking politics W then studying Bob new might ’d to all saysashe look chief also at in units.

i like y mportant do ’s describes home ed or of

insights in h at, der with ever science to reveal as W prac- Ba lo pre- and all, sift his ve in to y- r- a 25 26 Old clear In Annis Kentucky, of ago. excavation between technology structure 1939 ed of this and overlying 1940, Archaeologists Village, WP soil. site A The workers archaeological of men was will excavated is worked then small, also Site, a ar ound a first inform lar Mississippian ge numer and mound highlighting ous isolated excavated believe within pillars now. Annis that them a ar methodology V e illage. evidence The sites the mound of a site bout subsequent more the was current like built in stage in differences the thr ee than western Annis. of stages; constr and social uction. excavation the top 60 of This the

years initial stage fall is being • 2003

W I L L I A M S . W E B B M U S E U M O F ANTHROPOLOGY, UNIVERSITY O F KENTUCKY New Information DRY D A N Archaeologists Scott Hammerstedt (left) and George Milner undertook excavations in 2002 and 2003 to build on the WPA archaeologists’ earlier work. Hammerstedt and Milner think the WPA did excellent work at Annis Village.

By Nancy S. Grant

wide band of wild vegetation forms a buffer be- they dig quietly and steadily in seclusion at the Mississip- tween the freshly planted, perfect rows of mod- pian site of Annis Village. ern farm fields and the curving banks of Ken- During the Late Prehistoric Period, this site, which tucky’s Green River. The water, a rich chocolate was removed from the larger population centers of that brown from unusually heavy rains in late spring, time, was a thriving settlement, a Mississippian village Aflows high. Sunlight filtering through the soaring treetops consisting of an earthen platform mound, a small sand forms dapples of shade and sun. In a small clearing criss- mound, palisades, and more than a dozen structures. The crossed with gridlines and an expanding network of excava- settlements of the Mississippian period scattered across tion units in the clayey soil, Penn State faculty and students the southern Midwest and Southeast shared many similar- work during a field school. ities, but were politically autonomous and economically Working in the sticky heat in rural Butler County, self-sufficient.

american archaeology 27 Archaeologists’ knowledge of the social order of Mis- the Depression. Milner notes that most WPA workers sissippians is to a large extent defined by the investiga- were untrained, and that they used less sophisticated tions conducted at large ceremonial sites such as Ca- methodology and technology than today’s. For example, hokia, Etowah, and Moundville. Comparatively little is radiocarbon dating was not available then. As a result, the known about the societies of the many smaller mound WPA work done throughout the country has sometimes sites such as Annis. been dismissed by contemporary archaeologists. This imbalance of knowledge prompted Penn State But he adds that the WPA archaeology projects in archaeologist George Milner, graduate students Scott Kentucky, under the leadership of William S. Webb and, Hammerstedt and Thomas Nielsen, and their crew of at Annis, Ralph Brown, were of high quality. A professor field school students to excavate Annis Village. of physics at the University of Kentucky, Webb also had a “Annis Village is an unusual site because it is a keen interest in anthropology. In 1931 Webb cofounded mound center which is, as far as we know, very distant the Webb Museum of Anthropology at the University of from any other such mound center,” Milner says. “The Kentucky in Lexington. relationship between Annis and surrounding smaller “The major interest of archaeologists back in the sites, such as isolated houses, is not complicated by over- 1930s was getting the basic outline, a time and space lapping and unrelated occupations. A great deal of work framework of what happened when and where, and they has been conducted in the Green River area for a long were good at that,” Milner says. “They were very good at time, starting in the early 20th century with Clarence B. identifying the types of stone tools, pottery, and houses Moore, who dug at several mound sites.” He adds, that were used.” “We’re reasonably sure that if other Mississippian mound Brown, in particular, excelled in mapmaking, keeping sites existed nearby they’d have been detected by now.” page after page of drawings and detailed grids, taking black- Another important consideration in choosing the and-white photos, and documenting the work at every stage site was the work that had been done here over 60 years of progress. “The voluminous records Brown kept and his ago by the Work Projects Administration (WPA) during careful attention to preserving the artifacts make the Annis HAMMERSTEDT W . S C O T T

Penn State students Ryan Hudson (foreground) and Adrian Eakes cut a palisade trench in half to determine its depth and stratigraphy.

28 fall • 2003 D A N DRY american M tually quitedistantfromAnnis adds, stood,” similarities and unlikely says, “Because ofitsdistancefrom othercenters,”Hammerstedt ences, for lived structures fortified time and rebuilt ily populatedM in culturists that thepeopleofAnnis maize cobsandsomestoragepits,indicate findings, suchasone-and-a-half-inch-long long-term and of closed thesite.“ riod village ever-larger earthenplatforms.S cessive constructionepisodesconsistingof built houses, And leaving 1100 found investigate V sometime village This collectionishousedatthe mapped facts VILLAGE THE seum mound), a the locationsof16structuresinvillage winter nd illage ound the this several They “ “ B Cahokia effort of at three “ ov The The period including “ of ased here Annis and1400. and ’s palisades at The WPA houses area of an least er aperiodoftimewiththreesuc- time,

much Hammerstedt in Anthropology to ar and and principal and the who village,” note Mississippian WP chaeology 1939-40. outstanding Annis Village consecutive today occupation southern indicate among be ov made between nearest on to additional of DURING Village three was site, er longperiodsoftime.N ex reco in as this A as intact had WORKED lived Kentucky build that the cavated ississippian sites,someofwhichwerebuilt ,” The physicalarrangement potter sho and East workers much The ever vered an it M sequential those been other points

M occupation Annis wn that is at analysis Indiana, w ilner that Bro structures approximately S investment and big . ilner as y a superimposed t. points the years, of choice confusion

about structures by THE the nice rebuilt is wn sites, Village wereagri period and thought Louis. M did the is we adds. the mound Village maintain much site r to ississippian poorly epaired site says. AT and can palisades he snapshot Kincaid other not of people site.” 65,000 out. ther for V FALL continued, year-round W ome ofthe ov in indicate illage, placessuchasAngel Although adds. (sho occurred smaller ceramics ebb dig his ANNI us as ex that e differs of er was “T general Mi under- in were Othe items. cavate at walls. to a wing their crew time no who Mu hese arti A ov in lner and en- the the pe- other in . re othing fromalater period re D w er than S southern a also from r - - - - - . time to there the Annis another Much sites. impr many those sites more entire and are of V ov Illinois, of are an ther sites.” differ illage. many heav- e the site, excavator’s our ac- e’ field s - school understanding,” the WP unex fix h bisect crew knew the succeeded infindingapitdug bytheM at plains. along left time alf ed least students. the M In w cavated portionofthissite,M is first point, the the eeks 2002 spent ilner picksupthe stor “W A’ one other s WP visited r feature.” map e usty taking of place but were Mi A ex searching half , of lner vine-encrusted meticulous theoretically the H cavated thispituptothefence line,but able Annis, where ammerstedt of , Hammerstedt,andasmallvolunteer site the to that with the had find notes, pit y fromthere.“ WP included to their the the intact,” as remnants says. find A is objective ilner exact done entire dug. the In ’s H digging her

ississippians. crew or line ex After That gaveusone ammerstedt of e grid d cavated by er of a , armedwith t Pete hey to fence, identifying could two test find W u area. sed isniewski, and holes “W they spin th ex- to a e e 29 30 The we year eral notionofthealignmenttheirgrid.Asweworkedlast their angleofnorthwithingridsystem,andhadagen- around Though from ital year tem location tics), same WP students sit. finished. Because ofthelarge-scalework large things.B panses struments and WP area designed toreconcilethelarger WP could WP In A A ,” M map L The studentslearnho “W use that where we then those or centuries-old ater A most workers workers cr of it e spentalotofeffortonworkthatwasspecifically disco der tofullyunderstandtheprinciplesofsu techniques ilner saysashepointstotheWP in this ew of more seemed , like when of ground, repeated H we the original excavated the the ammerstedt summer vered a ut wehavefinercontrolson our ex are (using or were left record workers site. laying to less digging a section ex the sur maps that the work “ r few identify eally a cavating This were on wer v out lar transit process eying were e other ge a spent w tomeasureandmapusingthe into best untrained, this of spindle. taught a year good mound grid on the developed techniques a which season,” partially with structures, using many we computer the at in map system to they We its A digwiththesmaller established opening what original use a relies entir . w

did kne modern Milner ex eeks both for A-ex since ety. a cavated available we w, to and good on

WP ex maps.” A

’d feeding up more create cavated pit kinds worker cavation.

simple those says. job a found collecting laser A did,we cavations large grid rv features of or to eying, a exposing of in “ tran- guys data The dig- less, sys- the op- last the ex- in- ’s right lar of ge r disturbances THE THE the termined inner palisadeclosertothebanks. M guish visuallyareno edges out work toreferto,we the are fected and school; cise invented the sitetosamplesinaM freshly which r viously learned the oots oots ar eas. able pictur ov kno present identification R colors, (he from ecognizing OUTERMOST of WPA erall helps by exposed the wing unexplored to e to old long likens is that human put recognize evidence village and holding students riverbank, researchers pits by MAPS ho after the our it earth. to w insects old that a to already or it distinguish of inner stadia smaller the w partlyobscuredafteralongperiodof ’d of looking parts fits must features patterns justbedigginginasmallar INDICATED natural color were Comparing human lying WP and where determine in r palisade od, mapped. of , learn A ex with once other texture, which unsell soilchart—anothertool at farthest ex cavations is the causes. damage of activities an cavation—allo centuries just a to sharp was soil site. animals, extended Im larger a if differentiate If part

tr ilner andhiscrewde and TWO used pressionist color As the we from ow by The into and as village.” of Milner to elful other didn soil animals of they as measur this and easy PALISADES, all students the the erosion well ws has ’t of the properties,

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W I L L I A M S . W E B B M U S E U M O F ANTHROPOLOGY, UNIVERSITY O F KENTUCKY D A N DRY american WP nearest roads 1939. Doris Ar Living A room were Brown remembers the site ish, already skippedagradeortwoinschool, I remember collection A and d “I local and in ig—ser “ (she . At came hotel w The otherworkershiredforthe ver all chaeology as that board ar men y of of prefers his when chaeology ves curious. eight w to Butler old time as who personality to live as photographs—including 30 my years WP a there her Count lived miles with r Ralph eminder A parents

last project were old, with y,” her With aw Brown and Doris ay name of an their family so only , that his so super only he recalls, w own Mr gr as persona—that not could time. in avel . child WP visor fascinating Brown one families. the fairly imp be A project “and and be of fall who'd Ralph used) near paid Ralph dirt the of - . Br own (center), who super vised the who site Doris grandpar the w tions from says. with place although place parts didn't attempt times he'dbringpotter resource extended remained Doris archaeology Doris as are farm know more the “I Doris “ whatever holds with “I says. for as of notes. As find working remember went to ents. , f the they potter or Mr I not family in an meaningful how little reconstruct much a “My do . 100 left her now pictur Brown land “My a In unearthed down adult, remember y commodity they'd on to brushes, husband 2004, father's years. home has shards. whole that in e properly husband seeing it to to of no lived the I to my uncovered. y shardsintothehouseandhe'd Doris’s work, small herself w. to the am material, care them. me and carefully mid-1970s. ” Although the seeing perspective . enroll here —Nanc dig excav much and than objects I I until men family as do ” are area throughout a remember I in ate a what delighted just removing I she y girl down more consider there became skeleton will S. they'd college; occasionall “Someone and

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By Char Solomon

arely is a scholar able to change the direction of research in his or her chosen field, yet this is precisely what Tatiana Prosk- ouriakoff did during her 50-year Rcareer in Mesoamerican archaeology. While she was first known for her artistic reconstruction renderings of Maya architecture, it was her work with Maya hieroglyphic texts that earned her the highest awards in the field. Proskouri- akoff pursued her research on the Maya with thoroughness and integrity, following the evidence wherever it led, even when it ran con- trary to accepted beliefs of the leading scholars of her time. That she, a single woman, rose to the pinnacle of Maya studies at a time when the field was still dominated by Ivy League–educated men of means, was something she char- acteristically downplayed in her life. In 1972, fresh out of college, I began working for Proskouriakoff as a volunteer in her office at Harvard’s Peabody Museum. She was in her 60s, petite, with brown, tightly curled hair, and customarily attired in skirt, blouse, and stockings. When we talked, she looked unwaveringly at me from behind large reading glasses, and, though she treated me kindly, I at first felt intimidated. As we worked at her desk with the intricate jades dredged from the Sacred Cenote at Chichén Itzá in Mexico, she soon set

BEETEM This photo, believed to be taken in the 1940s, shows

M I K E Proskouriakoff at El Tajin in Veracruz, Mexico.

american archaeology 33 UNIVERSITY H A R V A R D / M U S E U M P E A B O D Y

Proskouriakoff was a highly skilled artist. This is her rendition of how the Acropolis at Copån, Honduras, once appeared. The renowned hieroglyphic stairway is seen at the main pyramid in the center of the drawing.

me at ease with her gentle humor. I began asking her While they ate, a figure slowly approached, winding questions about her background and was entranced by the down a distant mountain path. Stromsvik had sent a stories she shared of her early childhood in Russia and her young boy and mule to carry her the rest of the way to years working in Mexico and Central America. headquarters. Once there, the archaeologists cordially in- Proskouriakoff’s eyes sparkled as she described her vited her to join them for cocktails and a game of poker, first visit to the ruins of Copán, Honduras. Sylvanus G. but concerned about the impression this might make, she Morley of the Carnegie Institution of Washington (CIW) declined and went to unpack, anticipating the next day had sent her in 1939 to make reconstruction drawings of and her first view of the ruins. the ruins. While she had already been on two previous ex- During the ensuing months at Copán, she was the peditions to the Maya region, this was her first time trav- only female staff member. While the men shared a com- eling there alone. She was to join the project that was al- fortable camaraderie, she learned to deal with intense ready in progress under the direction of the colorful and loneliness. She had “real grit,” the British Mayanist and complex Norwegian Gustav Stromsvik. explorer Ian Graham recalled. She had to delicately con- After a rough week at sea, she disembarked at Puerto front Stromsvik, who was her senior in age and experi- Barrios on Guatemala’s Caribbean coast, where she ence, in the field on several matters. He went on frequent caught the train inland. From there she hired a driver to drinking binges that led to late night serenades at her win- take her over rugged mountain passes to Copán. The dow and drunken proposals of marriage. roads they traversed were narrow, rutted, and muddy The late Edwin Shook, a close friend of both, be- with blind hairpin turns and sheer cliffs, but the vistas lieved that Stromsvik fell deeply in love with her during were breathtaking. When they finally arrived at the place this time but was never able to express it to her when a CIW guide was to meet them, the driver announced he sober. Though neither ever married, they formed a life- had to leave at once in order to reach his village before long friendship based on their mutual respect for hard nightfall. Her guide was not yet there, and fearing she work, good humor, and the love of a well-told story. would be stranded in that desolate place, she convinced Proskouriakoff faced these and other difficult situations as the driver to stay a while longer to share her boxed lunch. a woman in a male-dominated profession without com-

34 fall • 2003 in her life. Her father, a chemist, was unable to enlist in the Imperial Army due to a heart condition, but in 1915 he was commissioned by Czar Nicholas II to oversee Russ- ian munitions production in the United States. The family attempted to depart by ship from the nearly icebound northern port of Arkhangel’sk, but the captain, learning that Proskouriakoff and her sister were sick with scarlet fever, ordered soldiers to carry them back to the shore. Their mother, a physician, remained behind to nurse them back to health. The family was reunited months later in New York; but within a year, the czar abdicated his throne, and Russia was torn apart by revolution. Their ties to the former government preventing their return, the Proskouriakoffs chose to make a new home in the Philadelphia area. Here, Proskouriakoff excelled in This photograph of members of the Carnegie Institution of Washington school. Under the tutelage of her talented aunt, who had was taken at Mayapån in Mexico. Due to her skill and determination, studied architecture before fleeing Russia, Proskouriakoff Proskouriakoff gained entry into a field dominated by men. improved her skills in drawing and watercolor in a studio on the third floor of the spacious family home. In 1926, she attended Pennsylvania State College, where the School of Engineering offered courses in design that interested her. It was an unusual direction for a young woman at the time, but she was surrounded by strong women in her family who were pursuing careers in medicine, chemistry, and art. Proskouriakoff made this choice without regard to the gender expectations of the time. It was a pattern she would continue throughout her life. Receiving a degree in architecture in 1930, she discovered that the depressed economy had drastically slowed new construction projects. Work was scarce. She eventually found a design job at a needlepoint studio, making intricate patterns for wealthy clients unaffected by the depression. One client commissioned an Egyptian design, which led her to research material at the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. She soon began doing volunteer drafting work for the Classics Department there.

UNIVERSITY As word of the excellence of her work spread, she was asked to produce drawings of Maya artifacts for Linton H A R V A R D

/ Satterthwaite, head of a major project at Piedras Negras deep in the Petén rain forest in northern Guatemala. In

M U S E U M 1936, Satterthwaite invited her to join his project to complete a survey and map of the site. It took about two

P E A B O D Y weeks of traveling by train, boat, and pack mule to get to Proskouriakoff catalogues jade in her office at Harvard’s Peabody the remote site, and en route, she visited the breathtaking Museum in this photo taken in 1974. ruins of Palenque. There Proskouriakoff saw firsthand the elegance of Maya architecture and knew that she had promising her own standards, and in so doing, she helped found her life’s work. to open the doors for women in the decades to come. While surveying at Piedras Negras, Proskouriakoff The route that led to her passion for the Maya was a also began making sketches of the structures, drawing circuitous one. Born in Tomsk, Siberia, in 1909 to highly what she felt, with Satterthwaite’s input, the site would educated parents, she had a rich early childhood. Reading have looked like more than 1,000 years earlier. On one by the age of three, she received instruction in French, structure, she told him she believed a stairway would have music, and most importantly, art. However, the onset of existed where he said there was none, so he challenged World War I brought an abrupt end to this happy period her to dig and find the evidence. When she uncovered the

american archaeology 35 remains of the staircase, she was delighted that she had argument with Morley over the dating of a particular proven her point. stela, her book A Study of Maya Sculpture (1950) solidified Back at the University of Pennsylvania Museum, her reputation for rigorous research and analysis. But de- Proskouriakoff completed a watercolor of the acropolis at spite earning the respect of her colleagues in the field, she Piedras Negras, and Satterthwaite knew it was something continued to labor in relative obscurity. This would quite special. He decided to bring it to the attention of change, however, in 1960 after the publication of her Morley, who, certain that such renderings would stir seminal article on Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions, in broader public interest in the Maya, decided she should which Proskouriakoff put forth her belief that the glyphs make further expeditions to the region to make similar dealt with actual events in the lives of specific rulers. The drawings. So began her affiliation with the CIW’s Divi- article, titled “Historical Implications of a Pattern of sion of Historical Research, which, under the direction of Dates at Piedras Negras, Guatemala,” refuted the preva- the noted archaeologist Alfred V. Kidder, helped to shape lent view among prominent scholars who believed that her long career. In 1946, the CIW published her Album these inscriptions were astronomical or religious texts con- of Maya Architecture, which firmly established her reputa- cerned primarily with the passage of time. She made such tion in Mesoamerican archaeology. The result of 11 years a convincing case that no significant academic debate of work throughout Mexico and Central America, it con- arose in response. This and her subsequent articles tains meticulous reconstruction renderings of the pyra- pointed Maya hieroglyphic research in a new direction. mids, temples, grand plazas, and ballcourts for which the Decipherment of Maya texts quickly escalated. Today, Maya are famous. according to David Stuart, a leading authority on Maya She next turned her attention to Maya art, specifically hieroglyphs, nearly 80 percent are readable, and thus the the carvings of rulers and warriors on the monumental modern Maya, along with the growing legions of Maya stone sculptures, called stelae, found at many of the ar- enthusiasts around the world, can learn the history of this chaeological sites in Mesoamerica. The result of a friendly ancient civilization. As a result of her work, the American UNIVERSITY H A R V A R D / M U S E U M P E A B O D Y

Proskouriakoff’s rendition of Xpuhil, in Mexico, captures the site’s Rio Bec style of architecture. Rio Bec architecture is characterized by lavish ornamentation.

36 fall • 2003 UNIVERSITY H A R V A R D / M U S E U M P E A B O D Y This watercolor by Proskouriakoff depicts Piedras Negras in Guatemala. Her ashes were buried in the highest temple in the background of the picture in 1998, 13 years after her death. The delay was due to the threat guerrillas posed at that time to visitors to the site.

Anthropological Association gave Proskouriakoff the Al- question by winning the highest awards and accolades fred Vincent Kidder Award for Eminence in the Field of given in her profession. Mesoamerican Archaeology in 1962. She is the only She was elected to membership in the American woman so honored. Philosophical Society, granted an honorary doctorate by In the 1970s, public interest in these new discoveries Tulane University, and received Guatemala’s highest about the Maya intensified, and magazines and newspapers honor, the Order of the Quetzal. such as the New York Times began to run front-page articles What may well have mattered the most to her, how- on the subject. Journalists and documentary filmmakers ever, was the reception she received on her final trip requested interviews with Proskouriakoff, but she mostly through Central America in 1978, where she recon- referred them to her more gregarious colleague, Ian Gra- nected with friends and colleagues she had not seen in ham. During these years, she maintained a busy schedule many years. After a speech she delivered in Spanish to a of teaching and advising students at Harvard, many of packed auditorium at the Universidad Autónoma de Yu- whom have gone on to successful careers in Maya studies. catán in Mérida, Mexico, Proskouriakoff was thronged She also completed her book, Jades from the Cenote of Sac- by admirers and lionized by the press. It was a fitting rifice: Chichén Itzá, and was instrumental in seeing that end to a brilliant career, one that was unwaveringly de- much of this collection was returned to Mexico. voted to the study and understanding of ancient Maya During the last years of her life, Proskouriakoff suf- civilization. fered Alzheimer’s cisease. She died in 1985. Early in her career she questioned if a woman in her CHAR SOLOMON is the author of Tatiana Proskouriakoff: Interpreting the field could ever “get a square deal.” She later answered this Ancient Maya, published by the University of Oklahoma Press.

american archaeology 37 THE VIRTUES OF virtual archaeology

The ability to produce precise, 3-D digital replicas of archaeological items and display them on the Web could have a tremendous impact on the science. By Michael Bawaya PRISM S I M O N / A S U A R L E Y N

A 3-D recreation of a horned toad effigy vessel is virtually rotated in this series of images. This virtual vessel was created from a 3-D scan of the genuine vessel. The data from the scan was then fed into a computer-aided geometric design program, which precisely reproduced the shape and dimensions of the vessel. While the virtual vessel is part of the archaeology exhibit at Arizona State University, the genuine article, due to NAGPRA, has been repatriated.

38 fall • 2003 effrey Clark will tell you that constructing a 19th- century Plains Indian village ain’t what it used to be. He and his colleagues had no need for countless wooden poles or tons of thatch. What they used instead was an expensive 3-D laser scanner, an intimate Jknowledge of the village, and a Web site on which to place it. In the mid-1800s, Like-A-Fishhook village was located north of the confluence of the Missouri and Knife rivers in central North Dakota. Clark’s virtual rendition of the village, replete with a historically accurate earth lodge, manipulatable 3-D artifacts, and moving inhabitants can soon be found at the Heritage Interpretive Center, which is run by the North Dakota Historical Society. Like-A-Fishhook is an example of virtual archaeology, and Clark, who directs the Archaeology Technologies Laboratory at North Dakota State University, is one of its few practitioners in the United States. Be that as it may, virtual technology could have a tremendous impact on American archaeology. This technology was introduced to archaeology in the 1990s, when researchers designed pilot projects and secured grants to study methods for developing 3-D models and on-line databases of cultural artifacts. These researchers saw the benefits of digitally reproducing and manipulating images of everything from pottery to arrowheads to human skulls. No one thinks studying virtual artifacts and features will ever preclude studying the genuine articles. A researcher can’t, for example, perform a chemical analysis of a virtual artifact, or radiocarbon-date it. Still, virtual archaeology offers numerous benefits. Ancient artifacts are often very fragile and they can de- teriorate when handled by researchers. Manipulatable, 3-D replicas not only eliminate the problem of deterioration, they can also provide precise models. Museum curators could there- fore open their virtual collections to researchers without liter- ally opening their collections, thereby eliminating wear and tear. Virtual collections could also make some aspects of research much easier for archaeologists and other scientists. “When you go out and dig up a bone and you think it’s from a particular species, you need to write down very carefully all the measurements you want to make and send it to the museum where the type specimen is stored, then you have to wait for them to get the time to do comparisons and measurements,” says Ken McGwire, an associate professor at the Desert Research Institute in Reno, Nevada, who last year completed a three-year project funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to develop methods for creating and analyzing digital models of paleontological specimens. “Even then, there are no guarantees that (the other museum) will measure things the same way you did. But if you have a type specimen that was scanned completely accurately just once, then you can compare your own specimen to that. “I’m not going to say that this replaces every application of seeing things in the real world, but for a large number of tasks, it will go a long way toward making things more efficient.” In some cases, a virtual examination of artifacts or features could preclude the need to actually see them. 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ARCHAEOLOGY TECHNOLOGIES LABORATORY, NDSU NDSU LABORATORY, TECHNOLOGIES ARCHAEOLOGY

These images display the completed 3-D reconstruction of the earthlodge. The interactive exhibit allows people to explore the villages, lodges, and forts of the time, much in the same manner that modern video game consoles allow users to participate in fictional 3-D worlds.

time making presentations and explaining how such col- that project and that the various collections be accessible laboration can benefit researchers and students. Assuming through a single network. This is often done in Britain. information can be shared in a way that protects propri- etary data, he thinks most institutions eventually will UTILIZING A NEW, come around. Clark, who also hopes to collaborate with EXPENSIVE TECHNOLOGY institutions in Europe, notes that “the Europeans are As promising as virtual archaeology is, there are obvi- much farther along in this area than we are.” ous reasons why the technology is not yet widely imple- McGwire says museums also have concerns about the mented. As is often the case, gee-whiz technology comes quality of the representation, but he thinks that can be at a gee-whiz price. The hardware and software necessary remedied: rather than hands-off outsourcing, the muse- to scan artifacts still can cost well over $100,000, depend- ums would need to make a commitment to oversee the ing on whether the software is stock or custom. That scanning and archiving work. Museums could share the doesn’t include the skilled labor necessary to operate the cost of putting collections on-line, as well as the cost of system. Producing correct scans, even in the case where quality control, says Arleyn Simon. She is the curator of a the scanner costs $40,000, is a complicated task. Scanning virtual archaeology exhibit at the Archaeological Research an object can average a half-hour to several hours, de- Institute at Arizona State University in Tempe. Simon also pending on its complexity. Accurate color is difficult to re- believes that government agencies such as the Bureau of produce with a laser scanner. The resolution of the images Land Management and the National Park Service, which isn’t always as sharp as researchers would like. “Most of fund the majority of archaeology projects in the United these scanners aren’t made for what we do,” Clark says. States, could encourage development of these networks by Archiving the images in a database and making that data- requiring that a percentage of a project’s budget be used to base accessible on-line is another expense, possibly as establish a digital archive of the collection derived from much as $150,000 when you factor in technology and

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ARCHAEOLOGY TECHNOLOGIES LABORATORY, NDSU Resolving NAGPRA Conflicts?

he Kennewick Man case is the best known example of how the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) can pit Native American interests against those of researchers. A coalition of tribes has claimed affiliation to the 9,400-year-old remains that T were found in southeast Washington in 1996. Invoking NAGPRA, they have asked that the remains, which are kept at the Burke Museum in Seattle, be repatriated to them for reburial.Their claim has been opposed in court by a group of scientists who want to study the remains. Virtual archaeology could help to resolve such conflicts by allowing researchers to study exact 3-D replicas of the repatriated items.The Archaeological Research Institute at Arizona State University has a virtual collection, and many of its items are mortuary vessels that have been repatriated to Native American groups due to NAGPRA. One of NAGPRA’s stipulations is that museums and federal agencies inventory their Native American collections and assess claims of affiliation by tribes to these collections, which can result in the repatriation of items. “Virtual archaeology will help with NAGPRA situations,” according to Vin Steponaitis, an archaeologist at the University of North Carolina who helped craft the legislation.“It’s not a complete solution,” he adds, noting that there are limits to what can be accomplished through a virtual examination. Another potential problem is that NAGPRA became law in 1990 and virtual archaeology is a subsequent development that the law didn’t anticipate. Consequently, if the courts were to rule that Kennewick Man is to be repatriated and the tribes objected to the study of a virtual Ken- newick Man for spiritual reasons, the replicated remains could possibly engender another legal battle. Though he states that there are “very slim legal grounds” for contesting the study of virtual images,Alan Schneider, an attorney for the scientists in the Kennewick Man case, believes this issue could well make its way to the courts. He observes that two of the tribes seeking the repatriation of Kennewick Man have argued that any information derived from the study of the remains should also be repatriated. —Michael Bawaya

According to Simon, the NSF is willing to fund the de- tential to do far more good than harm. “There’s the research velopment of technologies like virtual archaeology, but, once end to this, and there’s the teaching end,” says Clark. His developed, it won’t finance their operation. She says her virtual project emphasizes both, and he adds that virtual archaeol- archaeology display uses unique technology that she hopes to ogy can be an extremely effective means of educating ele- patent. If the technology is patented, “The potential will be mentary and high school students about the science. there to distribute this to other organizations,” she observes, “Having shown that this can be done on some level, which could provide the revenue necessary to maintain the ex- it’s now up to museums to sit down and work together hibit. Simon has talked to about six universities and museums and say we want to pursue this,” says McGwire. “My re- that have expressed an interest. She says there is “a real need” sponsibility now is to make it known.” for the type of one-stop shop that McGwire and Livingston re- This raises the issue of supply and demand. Due in part searched, but she also considers such a project to be “very am- to the country’s weak economy, many public institutions bitious. It would require a lot of resources to do that.” such as museums are struggling with budget cuts, which That said, Simon and other proponents of virtual ar- could indeed reduce the demand for virtual archaeology. If chaeology believe the technology will eventually gain wide there is little demand for this technology, who will make the popularity. “I think within five years a lot of museums will substantial investments of money and effort required to sup- be doing this,” she states, “and within 10 years we will see ply it? According to Holmlund, “There isn’t a real demand some very complete on-line digital libraries.” because the museums can’t afford it.” He estimates about 20 Should that come to pass, there could be some nega- percent of his business involves using this technology. tive consequences as well. Due to the expense and amount But Holmlund and others think it’s just a matter of of labor involved in 3-D scanning, museums could decide time before these financial obstacles are overcome. “If [mu- to pick and choose from their huge inventory, and some seums] have the resources to expand into it, I think they scientists fear that administrators would select flashier will,” states Simon. Though the technology is still expen- items over more representative ones. There is also the con- sive, it’s less so than when she began using it in the late cern that money-minded administrators, possessing vir- 1990s. “It is the future,” Clark declares. “It is inevitable.” tual replicas, could deaccession the real collections. “It’s part of this neoconservatism that’s invading the country, Michael Bawaya is the editor of American Archaeology. and now starting to invade museums and universities, where the fiscal bottom line is most important,” says ar- For more information about virtual archaeology displays, visit the chaeologist Steve Shackley of the Phoebe Hearst Museum following Web sites: North Dakota State University Archaeology of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. Technologies Laboratory: http://atl.ndsu.edu/home.htm “That’s a real fear a lot of us have.” Desert Research Institute: www.dpan.dri.edu But it would seem that virtual archaeology has the po- Archaeological Research Institute: http://3dk.asu.edu american archaeology 43 new acquisition The Conservancy Acquires Its First Site in Virginia The Conover site offers evidence of the state’s prehistory.

The site is approximately eight miles to the northeast of the Williamson site, which represents one of the largest Paleo-Indian quarry sites discovered in North America. A few miles east of Conover is the Cactus Hill site, which has radiocarbon dates to 15,000 years ago. Virginia archaeologist Joseph McAvoy has written that the Conover site was likely a small hunting camp that also might have been used as “an alternative to the B CRAI Williamson site as a manufacturing lo-

cation where old tools were discarded D O N A L D Knowledge about Virginia’s Paleo-Indian period is limited. The Conover site, which covers six acres, as new tools were made.” could significantly expand upon that knowledge. The Conover site represents one of the few identified locations in Vir- irginia is perhaps best known The site is in an upland coastal ginia yielding diverse artifactual data for its connections to colo- plain setting situated in southeastern from the Paleo-Indian period. The Vnial America, and sites such Dinwiddie County, about 40 miles wide range of lithic tool types and as Jamestown, Mt. Vernon, and south of Richmond. Discovered in manufactured by-products recovered Monticello have provided archaeolo- 1982 by land owner Harold Conover, from either random or controlled gists with an opportunity to better the site possesses both Paleo-Indian surface collections supports the no- understand life during that period. and Archaic period materials, and has tion that the site was utilized as a Few people are aware, however, that extremely high potential for con- quarry-related base camp or base Virginia has a rich and diverse pre- tributing significantly to the very lim- camp maintenance station. In situ history and that this period contains ited research data about Virginia’s subsurface cultural deposits dating to some of the earliest known dates in Paleo-Indian period. Chert artifacts the Paleo-Indian period are particu- the country. The Conservancy’s re- collected at the site include fluted pro- larly rare and their possible presence cent acquisition of the Conover jectile points, bifaces, unifacial tools, at the site further enhances its re- Paleo-Indian site will ensure that this and flakes, some of which have been search potential and significance. part of Virginia’s past is protected. modified through use or reworking. —Donald Craib Conservancy Plan of Action Conover SITE: Conover CULTURE & TIME PERIOD: Paleo-Indian, B.C. 9500–8000 STATUS: Encroaching residential development threatens the site. ✪ ACQUISITION: The Conservancy must raise $57,000 for acquisition of the site and associated costs. HOW YOU CAN HELP: Please send contributions to The Archae- ological Conservancy, Attn: Project Conover, 5301 Central Ave. NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517.

44 fall • 2003 new acquisition

Developer Donates Important Archaeological Site Village mound site is one of very few remaining along the Sacramento River.

hat was long known as a local landmark to residents of the Pocket area Wof south Sacramento has become the Conservancy’s latest preserve in California. Souza Mound, a major village site that was occupied for more than 2,000 years and may have had as many as 500 inhabitants at its peak sometime prior to A.D. 600, was recently donated to the Conservancy for permanent preservation by Sacramento developer Angelo Tsakopoulos of AKT Developments, Inc. One of the few Sacra- mento River sites still in existence, it has

PEAK tremendous research potential.

A N N “Very few of the large mound sites along the Sacramento River have ever been Gene Hurych, the Conservancy’s Western Region director, stands at the edge of Souza Mound. excavated, and the majority that have been The site was occupied for more than 2,000 years. were excavated in the 1930s when archaeological techniques and analyses were considerably less re- The site is located on two residential lots. While fined,” explained archaeologist Melinda Peak of Peak & Tsakopoulos’s donation of one lot represents half of the Associates, Inc. “The acquisition of this significant site is site, the Conservancy is hopeful that the other half, which to be considered a major event for archaeology. Not only is is owned by another developer, will be donated for preser- it estimated that there are over 1,000 human interments at vation in the near future. —Tamara Stewart the mound, the site contains an impressive array of artifacts and ecofacts that can be used to unravel the past panoply of human activities in this area,” adds Peak. The Souza Mound site was first recorded in the 1930s when the mound stood as high as 15 feet, rising abruptly from the flat fields surrounding it. At this time two houses had already been built on the mound, one of which still remains, and the Sacramento River ran just west of the site. Over the years the site saw partial leveling for development, ✪ and in 1984 a developer cut into the mound with mechan- Souza ical equipment, revealing a number of human burials. Mound Peak & Associates was contracted to salvage the dis- turbed midden, and they recovered the skeletal remains of 125 individuals that were turned over to the Native American Heritage Commission. Limited study of the site revealed that, despite past disturbances, it is very well preserved. It contains evidence of a wide range of human activities, including food preparation, tool manufacture and maintenance, human burials, and probable ceremonial expressions. More extensive research at the site could help to establish the cultural and tem- poral chronology of a poorly understood area of the Sacramento Valley.

american archaeology 45 new acquisition Protecting a Mound Complex The Page site in Kentucky is home to unusual mortuary mounds.

ne of Kentucky’s most fasci- Mudd River nating archaeological sites, Othe Page site, is situated along a bluff overlooking the Mud River in the Western Coal Fields region of Kentucky. The site is the most extensive mound complex in the state. The Archaeological Conser- vancy is purchasing a 22-acre tract at the site that includes the majority of the extant mounds. Although the Page site was men-

tioned in Constantine S. Rafinesque’s ILL-COBB Dir H 1824 Ancient History, or Annals of t Road Kentucky, it was not until 1929 that the site was investigated or even C H A R L O T T E mapped. At that time, at least 67 This illustration shows the Page site from above. The large and small circles represent the site’s mounds were still visible, and there numerous mounds. It’s not known how many mounds exist today. was evidence that other mounds had already been destroyed. The excava- Few artifacts were recovered dur- was closed to the public and passed tions by pioneering Kentucky ar- ing the 1929 excavations. Those that into relative obscurity. chaeologists William Webb and were found suggest that the site dates The Conservancy is purchasing William Funkhouser focused exclu- to the early Mississippian period, from Clifton Gibbs, the son of Lost sively on the mounds, leaving the perhaps A.D. 900 to 1100. At about City’s principal developer, the main non-mound areas unexplored to this the same time period, a few other mortuary area of the site. When re- day. Their research determined that sites in southwestern Kentucky show flecting on his father’s work at Lost one mound, and perhaps more, at a similar emphasis on stone mortu- City, Gibbs remarked that “protect- the Page site are Mississippian cul- ary facilities within earthen mounds. ing it forever was always his main ture platform mounds. Some archaeologists consider them idea.” The Archaeological Conser- The vast majority of the Page site to form a distinctive late prehistoric vancy is happy to be able to provide mounds, however, enclose stone mor- complex within the region, but one that protection. —Paul Gardner tuary facilities. Although some of the that little is known about. mounds enclose relatively simple In 1934, five local men acquired stone graves, many of the mounds the site and developed it as a tourist Conservancy cover elaborate stone cists. One cist attraction. Marketed as “Lost City,” Plan of Action created by a stone slab wall and exca- it was one of the earliest attempts at vated by Webb and Funkhouser was promoting heritage tourism as a SITE: Page, also known as Lost City CULTURE & TIME PERIOD: Early 15 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 5 feet means of attracting automobile trav- Mississippian period, A.D. 900–1100 high. Its interior was almost entirely elers. Lost City had a small museum STATUS: Threatened by residential filled with human bones, cremains, and offered a driving or hiking tour development and agriculture. charcoal, and ashes. Stratified de- of the “Royal Mound,” the “Gigan- ACQUISITION: The Conservancy is posits within the cist indicated it had tic Crematory,” the “Flint Shop,” purchasing 22 acres for $20,000. been used on three occasions for a and other prehistoric and natural HOW YOU CAN HELP: Please send contributions to The Archaeological mass cremation. Following the final features at the site. Unfortunately, Conservancy, Attn: Project Page, cremation, the cist was enclosed in an gas rationing at the onset of World 5301 Central Ave. NE, Suite 902, earthen mound 60 feet long by 40 War II spelled the end to this fasci- Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517. feet wide by 7 feet high. nating experiment in 1941. The site

46 fall • 2003 new acquisition

The Mystery of Sacred Circles The Conservancy obtains an Adena site with great research potential.

he rolling hills of Kentucky’s Silver Creek Watershed south of Lexington are home to T some of the southernmost Adena earthworks in the country. The valley’s concentration of prehistoric mounds, rockshelters, and open land made it attractive to Adena People. Amid the many classic Adena conical mounds surrounding Silver Creek is the Bogie Circles earthwork. Sitting on a prominent ridge, Bogie Circle gives beautiful views of the valley below. One of the site’s two circles was destroyed by barn construction gen- ILL-COBB

H erations ago. The Archaeological Conservancy has acquired the remaining circle and is working to ac- quire other sites in the Silver Creek locale. The C H A R L O T T E Conservancy previously acquired the Round Hill Mound, an Adena conical mound located about 10 miles downstream from the Bogie Circle. An artist’s depiction of the site as it once was. The Conservancy preserved the The Bogie Circle is one of the best-preserved extant circle on the right. The other circle was destroyed long ago by barn examples of an Adena “Sacred Circle” in Kentucky. construction. A ditch about 3 feet deep and 75 feet in diameter was excavated on the ridge top, and the dirt from were not habitation sites. The most plausible explanation for the the ditch piled to the outside creating a mound earthworks is that prehistoric peoples performed rituals and cer- about 3 feet high. A causeway about six feet wide emonies within them, although the exact nature of the rituals bridges the ditch. There is no obvious mound pres- that took place within them remains unknown. ent in the center, but a historic cemetery is located Bogie Circle is one of the last remaining sacred circle sites there. in Kentucky. The site’s owners, Clyde and Peggy Long, recog- The function of sacred circles is not known. nize its considerable research potential and that the urban Antiquarians of the 19th century, who were among sprawl from nearby Richmond, Kentucky, threatens the whole the first to discover and map many of these mounds Silver Creek Watershed. As a result, they agreed to sell the site and earthworks, originally thought the earthworks to the Conservancy to protect it. Earthworks like Bogie Circle to be defensive structures enclosing villages or ham- have much to teach us. —Joe Navari lets. Archaeologists, however, have demonstrated that most Adena earthworks yield only small amounts of domestic refuse, suggesting that they Conservancy Plan of Action

Page SITE: Bogie Circle CULTURE & TIME PERIOD: Adena, 200 B.C.–A.D. 300 ✪ Bogie STATUS: Threatened by urban sprawl. Circle ACQUISITION: The Conservancy is purchasing 2.2 acres for $26,000. HOW YOU CAN HELP: Please send contributions to The Archaeolog- ical Conservancy, Attn: Project Bogie Circle, 5301 Central Ave. NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517.

american archaeology 47 new acquisition Rare Rockshelter Preserved Archaeologist’s family donates the site that he purchased and researched.

ew rockshelter sites have been reported in the High Plains region of the Texas panhandle. Those that do Fexist are frequently vandalized, leaving few clues for archaeologists trying to understand the prehistoric use of these natural features. Hughes Rockshelter is a rare site that, because of the collapse of the overhanging rocks, is thought to contain intact, buried cultural materials. David Hughes, the son of the late archaeologist Jack T. Hughes, and his family recently donated the site, which also contains a prehistoric house feature with hearths. “The particular tracts we have given to the Conser- vancy were purchases specifically and intentionally made by Jack Hughes for preservation, conservation, and research,” explained David Hughes, an archaeologist at Wi- chita State University. Jack Hughes, who moved to the area in the 1950s to work for the Panhandle Plains His- torical Museum and teach at West Texas State College, had an enormous influence on many archaeologists cur- rently practicing in Texas and surrounding states, including his son David. Jack Hughes was a member of the H U G H E S

Conservancy since its creation in 1979. E . Hughes bought the two lots containing what was for- A R T H A merly known as the Palisade site in the early 1960s. Be- M tween 1962 and 1966 Hughes, with the help of his wife, Influential archaeologist Jack Hughes owned and investigated this Polyanna, David, and other volunteers, conducted test ex- important rockshelter. cavations downslope from the rockshelter, which had collapsed sometime before. Their work revealed the remains a possible Apache dwelling, contained as many as three of a possibly burned house feature and a midden deposit. hearths, one of which is basin-shaped and clay-lined. Al- The wattle-and-daub structure, interpreted by Hughes as though no postholes were found, a line of bison ribs that may have served as stakes was discovered along one edge Hughes of the structure. Numerous artifacts, including cord- Rockshelter marked sherds indicative of the late prehistoric Antelope Creek culture (A.D.1250 to 1450), a southern variant of the late prehistoric Plains Village culture, were recovered and are now curated at the Panhandle Plains Historical Museum in Canyon. Artifacts indicative of the area’s later Tierra Blanca occupation were also discovered at the site. Tierra Blanca sites occur about A.D. 1500–1700 and have yielded evidence of a semi-nomadic bison hunting economy. ✪ “Of particular interest is the question of what relationship the rockshelter deposits might have with the late prehistoric and protohistoric deposits downslope,” said Patricia Mercado-Allinger, state archaeologist with the Texas Historical Commission. The collapsed rockshelter has not yet been fully investigated, and it may contain well-preserved prehistoric artifacts including rare perish- able remains. —Tamara Stewart

48 fall • 2003 NEW POINT-2

INDIANS Examining the Late T E X A S O F Pithouse Period A R T I F A C T S A site in southern New Mexico could offer acquisition S T O N E important information about the Mogollon.

n the southward facing slope of Gomez Peak, northeast of OSilver City, New Mexico, sits the 24 pithouse impressions and one possible above-ground masonry feature of a Mogollon Late Pithouse period village. The Conservancy’s newest preserve in New Mexico, La Gila Encantada (A.D. 500–1000) will help archaeologists study an area that was occupied for five centuries.

ESPINOZA-AR The Conservancy purchased the

A M Y site from Bill and Twila Rodden with funds from the POINT Program. A view of La Gila Encantada. The depressions of over 24 pithouses indicate that this site may be one In the low-lying areas around Sil- of the largest preserved pithouse villages in the Mimbres River Valley. ver City only two Late Pithouse period component sites have been recorded. The diagnostic sherds indi- phases of the Late Pithouse period recorded. La Gila Encantada appears cate a time period that corresponds to are represented and how many to be the largest of this site type in the the Three Circle Phase (A.D.750- houses correspond to each period, area with definable pithouse depres- 1000), a time period when a greater and if the population increased over sions. The majority of the pithouse dependence on agriculture and a time. The secondary goal of the field depressions are well defined, with more sedentary lifestyle emerged. school will be to analyze the density depths at the center up to 19 inches. Assisted by a small crew, Barbara and diversity of surface artifacts to The depths of the cultural deposits Roth, an archaeologist at the Univer- help determine what kinds of activi- may be as deep as three feet. Hun- sity of Nevada at Las Vegas, will ana- ties took place at the site. dreds of lithic and ceramic fragments lyze surface artifacts and map the The site provides an excellent were scattered across the surface back site. The primary goal of the prelim- opportunity to answer questions in the late 1990s when the site was inary research is to determine if all about the Late Pithouse period outside the Mimbres River Valley, where POINT Acquisitions most Pithouse period sites have been excavated. Research at La Gila En- cantada may support Roth’s findings Martin White Potato Lake at Lake Roberts Vista Site that shows Fort groups moved seasonally into the Lorenzen Sumnerville Foster Sapillo Valley, roughly 10 miles to Leonard Indian Village Rockshelter on Pawnee Fork the northwest of the Mimbres Valley, O’Dell Mounds McClellan around A.D. 550 to 650 to hunt large Squaw Point Hunting Creek Mound Ingomar game, gather piñon nuts, and farm. Cambria Spring Pueblo ★ Parchman Place Mounds This seasonal use apparently contin- Pruitt Wilsford Ranch ued until A.D. 750 to 1000, when La Gila Mott Waters Pond Encantada A. C. Mound Graveline groups may have become more de- Saunders Mound pendent on agriculture and settled Jaketown Pine The Protect Our Irreplaceable National Island down into more permanent villages. Treasures (POINT) Program was designed —Amy Espinoza-Ar to save significant sites that are in immediate danger of destruction.

american archaeology 49 CONSERV ANCY FieldNotes

Fencing Project Complete at Victorville Sites WEST—A half-mile fencing project, done in co- ordination with the California Department of Forestry, was completed at the Conservancy’s four sites in Victorville, in southern California, this spring. The sites are located adjacent to the Mojave River in an area known as the Mojave Narrows, where the river is lifted by bedrock and walled in by natural stone buttresses, forming an underground channel that forces water to the surface even during the driest years. Prehistoric peoples made use of the location, which consistently provided them with fresh water for thousands of years. One of the sites containing a rock hearth with ash and charcoal was radiocarbon-dated to approximately A.D. 540. Another contained an unusual number of artifacts identified as seed-processing tools that include stone manos (grinding stones), metates (grinding bins or slabs), and pestles, as well as bedrock milling stations. The sites were donated to the Conservancy by developer Southdown, Inc., in 1997. Study Confirms Northern New Mexico Prehistoric Mine is the Earliest Documented Lead Mine in the United States SOUTHWEST—A recent study published by SOCIETY the Albuquerque Archaeological Society presents the results of the first recorded excavation of a prehistoric lead mine in the United States.

Following fieldwork undertaken in the early ARCHAEOLOGICAL 1970s and research conducted over the years since, the study confirms that the Bethsheba

Mine, located in north-central New Mexico ALBUQUERQUE near the small village of Cerrillos, is the earliest A cable hovers over a mining trench in the Cerrillos Hills in central New Mexico. The documented prehistoric lead mine in the U.S. cable is used to support a plumb bob, which measures the depth of the trench.

50 fall • 2003 “This report is an historic first, Cerrillos Hills, which were also well not just for New Mexico but for the known as a source of turquoise, and entire country,” stated Homer Milford extracting silver from the galena, ex- of the New Mexico Abandoned Mine plained Milford. Mining continued Lands Bureau. “This will remain for sporadically throughout the Spanish New Mexico the first milestone in Colonial and Mexican periods. Be- mining and smelting archaeology.” cause few written records of Spanish Through the comparison of lead mining efforts exist, archaeology isotope ratios from all known lead must provide the bulk of the data for deposits of central and northern the early historic period. Excavations New Mexico with the isotopes found of early historic lead smelters are in the lead glazes of prehistoric Rio being conducted at San Marcos Grande pottery, the study, titled “In- Pueblo and Paa-ko, another north- dian Mining of Lead for Use in Rio central New Mexico pueblo, con- Grande Glaze Paint,” demonstrates tributing to our first comprehensive that the potters of New Mexico’s picture of native and Spanish metal- northern Rio Grande Valley almost lurgy in northern New Mexico. exclusively used galena (lead) from the section of the Cerrillos Hills surrounding and including the Bethsheba mine, beginning as early BOOKS as A.D. 1300. The extracted lead was used by prehistoric peoples for the creation of glaze paint, which was applied to specially manufactured and widely traded glazewares. Evidence shows that, during prehistoric and early historic times, the inhabitants of San Coyote Press Marcos Pueblo, a Conservancy pre- P.O. Box 3377 serve located less than three miles Salinas, CA 93912 east, controlled the Cerrillos Hills lead mines and contributed to the Specializing in Archaeology, Rock Art, production and trade of the resultant Prehistory, Ethnography, Linguistics, Native American Studies and anything glazeware pottery. The Cerrillos Hills closely related. were the dominant source of lead for prehistoric peoples as far away as We stock thousands of new books and reprints, used and rare books, and the Zuni Pueblo in western New Mexico back issues of many journals. in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, and remained a major source Browse or shop online at our newly redesigned e-commerce website: until the end of the glazeware tradition around 1700. Within two years of New Mex- WWW.COYOTEPRESS.COM ico’s colonization in 1598, Spanish E-mail: [email protected] miners were working mines in the Proud sponsors of: www.californiaprehistory.com

american archaeology 51 Reviews

Lost World: Rewriting Prehistory—How New Science is The Archaeologist Was a Spy: Tracing America’s Ice Age Sylvanus G. Morley and the Mariners Office of Naval Intelligence By Tom Koppel By Charles H. Harris III (Atria Books, 2003; 300 pgs., & Louis R. Sadler illus., $26 cloth; (University of New Mexico www.SimonSays.com) Press, 2003; 450 pgs., $32 cloth; www.unmpress.com) Canadian journalist Tom Koppel tells the story of As the United States en- the archaeologists and tered World War I in 1917, other scientists who are the Office of Naval Intelligence was using new technologies to obsessed with the notion that the Germans had estab- search for the first Americans along the lished, or would establish, U-boat bases in Mexico and Central North Pacific rim from Japan to Alaska to California. He America and use them to attack ships bound to and from the has spent 10 years reporting from remote offshore islands Panama Canal. To find out, they turned to a young Maya archae- (see “Did They Come By Sea?” American Archaeology, ologist, Sylvanus G. Morley of the Carnegie Institution. Using his Spring 2000), under the sea, and deep in caves on this scholarly credentials as cover, Morley quickly recruited a network new breed of explorers. They are all looking for solid evi- of archaeologists and other Americans to spy on the Germans dence that the first Americans did not come by land and collect intelligence on the region. across the Bering Strait as had been presumed for the past In an era of multi-billion-dollar spy budgets with vast bu- several decades, but rather they came by boat some reaucracies, it is hard to imagine the United States, even after 15,000 or more years ago. three years of world war, with almost no professional intelligence The “lost world” is that ancient shoreline that is now capacity. Morley was given a naval commission and 16 days of hidden under more than 250 feet of water as the glaciers training before leaving for Guatemala on a banana boat. melt and the sea level rises. The coastal explorers have Nonetheless, he proved to be resourceful and a superb spy. The now determined that there were plenty of ice-free refuges network he developed kept watch for German naval activity, along the coast as late as 15,000 years ago, and they are tracked down every rumor, and kept an eye on the Germans in trying various innovative ways of excavating under water the region. Archaeology was the perfect cover as Morley traveled to find evidence of humans. Modern submersibles and from Copán in Honduras to Chichén Itzá in the Yucatán vainly side-scanning sonar are mapping the sea floor along the looking for enemy activity. His reports provided Washington with ancient coastline in search of likely habitation areas, but accurate information on the political situation in Central America, the evidence is subtle and harder to find than a needle in but little German activity. His effectiveness stemmed from his gift a haystack. An underwater excavation off British Colum- for dealing with people of all kinds, from peons to presidents. bia has recovered artifacts dating to 6,800 years ago, in- Historians Harris and Sadler draw on rich source materials cluding a finely made harpoon head of antler. including Morley’s reports to Naval Intelligence to portray a vivid On land, archaeologists are testing coastal sites and picture of Morley and his friends as they mixed archaeology and offshore islands from Alaska to Chile, where the now fa- espionage. This volume combines superior scholarship with a mous Monte Verde site was dated to 14,500 years ago. Off gripping story. Morley went on to become the leading Maya ar- Alaska, archaeologists are crawling into caves in search of chaeologist of his time, and his classic tome, The Ancient Maya, the oldest human remains. Lost World is a spirited narrative is still in print. The Archaeologist Was a Spy is a real-life thriller that captures the adventure of doing research in such re- set in a fascinating locale and time. mote and exotic lands. It’s an ongoing adventure where progress is slow and hard earned. Stay tuned.

52 fall • 2003 Reviews

Twelve Millennia: Archaeology of the Upper Mississippi River Valley By James L. Theler and Robert F. Boszhardt (University of Iowa Press, 2003; 272 pgs., illus., $28 paper; www.uiowapress.org)

This is the story of one of America’s richest archaeological locales in the beautiful Mississippi River Valley. It extends from Rock Island, Illinois, to Minneapolis. Authors Theler and Boszhardt of the Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center at the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse have each spent more than 20 years studying the archaeology of this diverse and bountiful region. The first inhabitants of the region co-existed with woolly mammoths and saber-toothed cats. Later came the Woodland people who built thousands of burial mounds, most of which have been destroyed by modern agricultural practices. The Late Woodland people built thousands more mounds in the Archaeologies of the Pueblo Revolt: shapes of animals—bears, birds, wolves, and others—the best preserved of Identity, Meaning, and Renewal in the which are at Effigy Mounds National Monument. With the arrival of corn agri- Pueblo World culture, the native people became intensive farmers who supplemented their Edited by Robert W. Preucel diet with annual buffalo hunts. Finally, Europeans arrived in the 16th century. (University of New Mexico Press, 2002; Theler and Boszhardt write for the general public. Well illustrated with 224 pgs., illus., $55 cloth; www.unm- plenty of maps and diagrams, Twelve Millennia is an outstanding regional ar- press.com) chaeological survey. The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 in New Mexico was the only successful na- The Native Americans of the Texas tive uprising against European colo- Edwards Plateau, 1582–1799 nial rule in the present United States, By Maria F. Wade and historians have long regarded it (University of Texas Press, 2003; 319 pgs., illus., as a pivotal and extraordinary event. $40 cloth; www.utexas.edu/utpress/) Editor Robert Preucel has brought together 14 scholars—archaeologists, The region that now includes Central Texas anthropologists, and Puebloans—to was once inhabited by numerous Native provide us with new perspectives, American tribes that we are only now based largely on archaeology, of the learning about through archaeological dis- material culture instead of Spanish covery and Spanish and French Colonial records. Only recently have archaeol- records. Maria F. Wade of the University ogists begun to explore revolt sites, of Texas at Austin has compiled this com- and new information is becoming prehensive ethnohistory of the native groups that inhab- available every year.Well written and ited the region during most of the Spanish Colonial period. Wade identifies 21 richly illustrated, Archaeologies of the distinct tribes and explores the relationships between them and the European Pueblo Revolt is an important addi- colonizers. This volume is an outstanding contribution to our knowledge of the tion to an important story. native population of central Texas. —Mark Michel american archaeology 53 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSERVANCY

The Wondrous World of the Maya GUA TEMALA When: January 18–28, 2004 Where: Guatemala How Much: $2,495 ($340 single supplement)

Our tour takes you into the world of the Maya— from Guatemala City to the rain forest of the Petén, where the vast ruins of Tikal are found. You’ll spend several days exploring this ancient

city, which once spanned 25 square miles and had MACICA

a population exceeding 75,000. You will visit Ix- A N D Y imché, the capital city of the Cakchiquel Maya Temple I dominates the Great Plaza at Tikal. from the late 1400s until the early 1500s. At Yaxhá, you will explore one of Guatemala’s largest the Masks. At Chichén Itzá, a magnificent city founded in the 5th sites, containing more than 500 structures. Other century and occupied until the 13th century, you’ll see the largest than Tikal, Yaxhá has the only known twin pyra- ballcourt found in Mesoamerica as well as El Caracol, a two-tiered mid complex. Other destinations include the astronomical observatory dating from the 10th century. market town of Chichicastenango and the colo- Located deep in the rain forest is the city of Palenque, where nial city of Antigua. John Henderson, noted you’ll spend a day touring many architectural wonders. Inside the Maya scholar and author of The World of the An- Temple of the Inscriptions is the tomb of Pacal the Great, who cient Maya, will guide the tour. ruled Palenque from A.D. 615 to 683. Accompanying us on our tour will be Cornell University’s John Henderson, one of the nation’s leading scholars of the Maya. More of the Maya MAYA OF PALENQUE AND YUCATÁN When: February 7–17, 2004 Where: Southern Mexico How Much: $2,495 ($295)

From A.D. 300 to 1200, the Maya flourished in the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico. Their splendid cities, which still tower over the rain forest, testify to the sophistication of the mysterious people who built them. Our tour will visit some of the most spectacular of these cities. You’ll explore the

Pyramid of the Magician at Uxmal, one of the MICHEL

largest of the Maya cities. At Kabah, you’ll see the M A R K stone mosaic of masks that adorns the Palace of Chichén Itzá was a major city that was occupied until the 13th century.

54 fall • 2003 TOUR UPDATE

Celebrating Ceramics —STILL OPEN—

MASTER POTTERS OF THE SOUTHERN DESERTS When: October 3–13, 2003 Where: Southern Arizona, Southern New Mexico, and Northern Mexico How much: $1,995 ($350 single supplement)

Join us for a magical journey through time studying some WALKER of the world’s most beautiful pottery crafted by people J I M from the Hohokam, Mimbres, and Casas Grandes re- gions, and replicated by modern masters. The trip in- This stunning example of Casas Grandes–style pottery came from the cludes Hohokam ruins and pottery from the Phoenix and village of Mata Ortiz in northern Mexico. Tucson areas, Spanish missions and presidios, and a behind the scenes look at the Arizona State Museum. You’ll lections of Mimbres pottery, northern Mexico’s Casas also see New Mexico’s Gila Cliff Dwellings, extensive col- Grandes, and the potters of Mata Ortiz. Archaeological experts will join us throughout the trip.

Art Set in Stone —STILL OPEN—

CALIFORNIA DESERT ROCK ART When: November 2–9, 2003 Where: Southern Nevada and Southern California How much: $1,695 ($295 single supplement)

The Conservancy’s week-long tour focuses on the extraordinary rock art found throughout the Mojave Desert. Created hundreds of years ago during sacred ceremonies, initiations, and shaman rituals, the rock art sites you’ll visit present an unforgettable array of images from diverse cultures. Beginning in Las Vegas, Nevada, you’ll visit the Atlatl Rock Petroglyphs. Continuing to Southern California we will explore the Blythe itaglios, found along the banks of the Colorado River, and the petroglyphs at Corn Spring, a sacred site in the Chuckwalla Mountains. In the northern Mojave Desert, you’ll see rock art ranging from 200

WHITLEY to 4,000 years old. David Whitely, one of the foremost

D A V I D experts on prehistoric rock art and the author of A Guide The California Desert Rock Art tour showcases some of the country’s to Rock Art Sites of Southern California and Southern most remarkable rock art. Nevada, will accompany the tour.

american archaeology 55 Patrons of Preservation The Archaeological Conservancy would like to thank the following individuals, foundations, and corporations for their generous support during the period of May 2003 through July 2003. Their generosity, along with the generosity of the Conservancy’s other members, makes our work possible.

Life Member Gifts of $1,000 or more Anasazi Circle Gifts of $2,000 or more Dr.William S. Dancey, Ohio Anonymous Sharon Geil, Illinois Pete and Christine Adolph, New Mexico Weldon Gray, Texas Rosemary Armbruster, Missouri Mr. and Mrs. Joe R. Klutts, Louisiana Dorothy Beatty, California Mary L. Lewis, Colorado Una R. Chantrill, Colorado Ward and Karen Polzin, Colorado Helen Chatfield, Ohio Suzanne Rice, Colorado Carol Condie, New Mexico Joy Robinson, California Donna Cosulich, New York Kathryn W. Shahani, Ohio Janet Creighton, Washington Joseph Snyder, West Virginia Carol Demcak, California Catherine Symchych, Wyoming J. L. and Martha Foght, Illinois Samuel and Margaret Treat, California R. M. and Joanne Hart, Colorado Helen Louise Kempton, California David and Sue Knop, California Jack and Pat McCreery, California Lawrence and Kathleen Peterson, Colorado ShopsThatGive Gavine Pitner, North Carolina is the answer for you!! Mr. and Mrs. Robert Ronus, California Harlan Scott, Delaware You can now donate to Conrad and Marcella Stahly, New Mexico The Archaeological Conservancy Roddy Stanton, Montana and support our nation’s Hervey and Sarah Stockman, New Mexico cultural heritage by visiting www.americanarchaeology.org Foundation/Corporate Gifts and following the “shops that give” link. of $1,000–$4,999 You can select from hundreds AT&T Foundation, Florida of well-known shops (Amazon, Travelocity, Babies R’Us, etc.). Foundation/Corporate Gifts of $5,000–$29,999 Every time you make a purchase the merchants will donate Gates Foundation, Colorado International Game Technology, Nevada a percentage of the proceeds to

The Archaeological Conservancy. TO MAKE A DONATION OR BECOME A MEMBER CONTACT: The Archaeological Conservancy Check it out. 5301 Central Avenue NE • Suite 902 Albuquerque, NM 87108 (505) 266-1540 www.americanarchaeology.org

56 fall • 2003 AAWin04 Ther Ther Excavation Scholar: Rattles, A Scholars: *(with Solstice Scholar: Ancient Hiking Scholar: Histor 2004 CCAC’s Call T W ravel now orkshop programs new y R. Harr Dr Beads, Sites in to Dr Southwest & .E destinations!) Carlos Markers and . reser Nav y Gwinn Artistr . with admission and Charles W in alters with and ve ajo Nakai Hidden e’ e’ travel Vivian practices your y Buckskin Countr (Chuck) & the R. of s June s space! Puebloan are & Carlos Alcoves pr Hopi John open 19-26 Pr ograms top Adams so so y: to ograms 1-800-422-8975, applicants (July F Kachinas ountain Nakai: L (May scholars (May 18-24 earning Skies* in of any 23-29 much the 10-16) much race, ) Southwest color, ) nationality, ext. & Scholars: Hiking Back Scholars: From Movement Scholars: Exploring Scholars: Badlands, Lakota Adventur in Kristen led Four SUMMER Dr .K or 146 by ethnic their the urt and Countr Utah’ Crow Corners K Dr Dr Dr Don or Countr origin. Anschuetz uckelman Present . .T . Buff the visit SPECIAL! William Gwinn Chaco Canyon s essie CST Montileaux in Comb field... y aloes, to es world 2059347-5 to www the y Archaeology: F Naranjo, Vivian

Research D. (July to on amily for Canyon Ridge T .cr 0 (Bill) T and the ewa reat beyond Horseback: 11-18) & owcany & all explor Alex P explor Dr Lipe Dr Beadwork your Exploration ast (Oct Archaeologist, . . W Jim Mark ages White (Sept orld: & f (Oct 9-15) amily on.or Scott Judge V 2-9) 19-25) arien Plume to g (Sept Ortman a to reser 4-9)

ve on-line. extensions Scholar: The Scholar: Burma: Scholar: Wo May Scholars: T Civilizations 2004 e e eotihuacano, ven a Mysteries in Te Jewels in Dr Dr Margot Dr For The to .T . xtiles: C . Near Donald arek Angkor Ian RO Golden eign Schevill T Mesa Robertson of of oltec, Swelim 2004! of 2004! W Stadtner , Mexico Central Cambodia V Egypt erde Land and Explorations (Oct C (F & eb in ANYON and (Janua 28-Nov Aztec Oralia (with Cortez, 22- and Mexico: Guatemala March ry Laos) optional 7) Cabrera

(May 21- Colorado 7) F 5-16) eb 6) Make your mark in time. Some Conservancy members think the only way to help save archaeological sites is through membership dues. While dues are a constant lifeline, there are many ways you can support the Conservancy’s work, both today and well into the future. And by Atkeson Pueblo, AZ supporting the Conservancy, you Conservancy preserve since 1983 not only safeguard our past for your children and grandchildren, you also may save some money.

Place stock in the Conservancy. Evaluate your investments. Some members choose to make a difference by donating stock. Such gifts offer a charitable deduction for the full value instead of paying capital gains tax.

Give a charitable gift annuity. Depending on your circumstances, you may be able to make a gift of cash and securities today that lets you receive extensive tax benefits as well as an income for as long as you live.

leave a lasting legacy. A great place to live 800 years ago. Many people consider protecting our cultural heritage by remem- bering the Conservancy in their A great place to preserve today. will. While providing us with a dependable source of income, bequests may qualify you for an estate tax deduction.

Whatever kind of gift you give, you can be sure we’ ll use it to preserve places like Atkeson Pueblo

JACKA and our other 275 sites across the

J E R R Y United States.

Yes, I’m interested in making a planned-giving donation to The Archaeological Conservancy and saving Mail information requests to: money on my taxes. Please send more information on: The Archaeological Conservancy ❏ Gifts of stock ❏ Bequests ❏ Charitable gift annuity Attn: Planned Giving 5301 Central Avenue NE Name: Suite 902 Street Address: Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517 City: State: Zip: Or call: Phone: ( ) - (505) 266-1540