OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 37 NO. 3 FALL 1987

Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio

TERM EXPIRESs A.SO. OFFICERS Back Issues President Maitha Potter Otto. Ohio Historical Society, Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Columbus, OH 43211-Tel, 614/297-2641; Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N Converse $ 5,00 Home 614/846-7640 Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 4 00 Vice-President Donald A Casto, 138 Ann Ct., Lancaster Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N Converse $10.00 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N Converse $15 00 OH 43130-Tel 614/653-9477 Back issues —black and white —each $ 4 00 Exec Sec. Michael W Schoenfeld, 524 Sycamore Dr.. Back issues —lour full color plates -each $ 4 00 Pickenngton. OH 43147 -Tel 614/837-7088 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 Treasurer Stephen J Parker, 1859 Frank Dr., Lancaster, are generally out of print but copies are available from time to OH43130-Tel 614 653-6642 time Write to business office for prices and availability Recording See Barbara Motts, 7050 Refugee Rd . Canal Winchester, OH 431 10-Tel 614/837-4862; ASO Chapters Bus 614 898-41 16 Ininied. Past Pres. Don Gehlbach, 3435 Sciotangy Dr., Aboriginal Explorers Club Columbus, OH 43221 -Tel, 614/459-0808; President: Mark Cline. 1127 Esther, Wellsville, OH 439 Bus 614/888-3572 Blue Jacket Editor Robert N Converse. 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, President: Phil Brandt. 6796 C.R 14, West Liberty, OH 43357 OH 43064 - Tel 614 873-5471 Cuyahoga Valley 1990 Stephen Puttera, Jr., 4696 Hillside Rd., Seven Hills, OH President: Bill Mitchell, 153 Sterling Ave,, Orrville, OH 44667 Meeting Place: Summit Lapidary Club, 244 Chestnut Blvd 44131 -Tel. 216-642-9396 Cuyahoga Falls; second Thursday of each month 1990 John Winsch, M.D.. 41 Dorsey Mill Rd., Heath, OH 43056 Johnny Appleseed TRUSTEES President: Lyle Meeker, Rt. 1, Tugend Road, Butler, OH 44822 1988 Gary Davis, Box 133, Bainbridge, OH 45612- Meeting Place: Kingwood Center, Mansfield; first Wednesday Tel. 614/634-2761 of each month 1988 Ernest Good. 3402 CIVIC Place. Grove City OH 43123- Lake County Tel 614,875-6156 President: Bill King, 9735 Ridgeview Trail, Mentor. OH 44060 1988 Alva McGraw, 1 1 77 Eastern Ave, Chillicothe OH 45601- Meeting Place: First Presbyterian Church, Willoughby; third Tel 614/773-4399 Tuesday, September through January. April. May, and June rank Otto, 2200 East Powell Rd , Westerville OH 43081 - Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Tel 614/846-7640 President: Buddy Haney, Rt. 1. Box 256, Kitts Hill. OH 45645 1990 DanaL Baker, 1 7240 Twp, Rd. 206, Mt Victory OH 43340•- Meeting Place: Lawrence County Court House or First National Tel 513'354-3951 Bank. Ironton; third Tuesday of each month 1990 Mike Kish, 39 Parkview Ave . Westerville OH 43081 - Mound City Tel 6 14'882-4 176 President: Carmel G. Tackett, 9/ Musselmann Mill Rd., Chilli­ cothe, OH 45601 1990 Stephen Puttera, Jr. 8646 Wyatt Rd . Broadview Hts OH Meeting Place: Building 18, V.A. Hospital, Chillicothe; 2:00 pm. 44147 -Tel 216-526-6866 second Sunday of each month 1990 John Winsch, M D , 585 Edgemont Rd , Newark, OH 43055 Painted Post Hr&SIClCnt! H3rry UIQII, U61 I 3J Virginivnynna nvcAve.,, Wivnuianu , i/~PA\ 1505i uuu9c BUSINESS MANAGER SA (Joe) Redick, 35 West Riverglen Drive, Worthington OH Sandusky Bay 43085-Tel 614 885-0665 President: Kevin Boos, 6015 Skaden Rd.. Sandusky, OH 44870 Regional Collaborators Meeting Place: Sandusky Bay Indian Museum David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave , Portsmouth, OH 45662 Seneca Arrow Hunters Mark W Long, Box 467, Wellston. Ohio President: Frank Findlay, 2465 C.R. 36, Kansas, OH 44814 Steven Kelley. Seaman, Ohio Meeting Place: Central Labor Union Hall, Washington Street, William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave , Lakewood. Ohio Tiffin; 1:00 pm, fourth Sunday of November, January, March, James L Murphy. University Libraries. 1858 Neil Avenue Mall and May Columbus. Ohio 43210 Six Rivers Gordon Hart. 760 N Main St.. Bluffton. Indiana 46714 President: Sam Speck, 13662 Mishey Rd,. Fredericktown, OH David J Snyder, PO Box 388, Luckey. Ohio 43443 43019 Dr Phillip R Shnver, Miami University. Oxford, Ohio 45056 Meeting Place: Eagle Equipment, 666 Brooksedge, Westerville; Robert Harter, 1961 Buttermilk Hill. Delaware. Ohio 7:30 pm, first Thursday of each month Jeff Carskadden. 960 Eastward Circle. Colony North. Zanesville, Ohio 43701 Standing Stone President: Don Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130 All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeolo­ Meeting Place: State Savings Bank, 1583 East Main St., Lan­ gist should be sent to the Editor Memberships, requests for back caster; last Thursday of each month, January through October, issues, changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to also early December the Business Manager Sugar Creek PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS President: David Lehberger, 330 34th St., SW, Canton, OH CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS 44706 SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Meeting Place: St. John United Church of Christ, Bolivar; 7:30 Membership and Dues pm, fourth Monday of each month Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows Regular membership $12 00 hus­ band and wife (one copy of publication) $13.00; Life membership $300 00 Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist published quar­ terly, is included in the membership dues The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization CONTENTS President's Column This summer is running true to form, which means it is nearly over before I The Bremen Earthworks, Fairfield County, Ohio 4 realize it. Frank and I have enjoyed meeting ASO members at the June and Classic Hopewell 6 July picnic meetings, and are looking forward to those in August and Septem­ A Recently Discovered Sharks Tooth Cache From Wayne County, Ohio 7 ber. If you have not already done so, put the dates on your calendar (August 16, The Jack Lutman Lanceolate 8 Flint Ridge Park, and September 27, Tiffin). Many thanks to the chapters and The River Otter 9 individuals who have hosted these meetings. The Taunton Map: Proto-type for the "Lost Huron" and The fall, of course, brings a new cycle Nicholas Sanson Maps? 13 of ASO meetings in Columbus. We are lining up speakers and mini-session An Interesting Frog Effigy Pipe 14 programs covering a variety of archae­ ological topics, however, if you are Some Features From the Brokaw Site (33BL-6) 15 willing to make a presentation or have heard a particularly interesting speaker, Comments on Prismatic Blade Technologies 20 please let me know. Also consider bring­ ing an exhibit to the meetings. A display A Stone Face From Hancock County, Ohio 23 organized by a chapter is a good way to publicize the group's activities and gain Late Archaic Grooved Axe/Hammer Distributions in the new members. The ASO will again have Greater Sandusky Bay Area 24 a photographer at the meetings taking pictures of artifacts and collections for Old Copper Culture Rat-Tailed Spears From the Upper Peninsula 26 publication in the Ohio Archaeologist as well as for individual owners. Cincinnati's Wild West 29 The fall also means a renewed interest in ASO chapter meetings and activities The Great Serpent and the Sun 34 (although some have remained active all through the summer). The chapters A Brief History of the British Indian Trade Era in North America 41 provide an important link between the state-wide organization and their local An Engraved Tablet 42 communities. However, all too often, two or three people end up doing most of A Pebble Pendant 42 the work necessary to keep a chapter healthy. If you are not a member of a Two Bust Birdstones 43 chapter, please consider joining; if you are, resolve to become more involved. Wood County Paleo Points 44 Finally, there are ways in which mem­ bers can participate more directly in the Slate Finds From Northwest Ohio 44 workings of the state society. In May 1988, we will be electing new officers Winameg Legacy: Report on Site Survey and Inventory Work in and four new trustees from a slate of Fulton County, Ohio 45 candidates prepared by a nominating committee. These positions are clearly An Engraved and Tallymarked Gorget 54 very important to the ASO since the Board of Directors (officers and trustees) The Annual Converse Award 55 initiate most of the organization's pro­ grams and activities. The Board meets Donation to the Society 55 approximately four times each year. The nominating committee will begin its offi­ Book Review 55 cial search for candidates at the Novem­ ber meeting. If you are interested in Back Cover 55 being a candidate or can recommend someone else, plan to get in touch with me or a committee member later on this fall. Martha Potter Otto Front Cover A Sun Dance bison skull from the Cincinnati Mu­ seum of Natural History. It is labeled "Sun Dance bison skull. Plains. Bison skull, paint. 53.7 cm (21") high. CMNH A13392." It is part of the collection of material obtained from the Brule Sioux Indians who visited Cincinnati in 1896. The article on this col­ lection is on pages 28 through 33.

3 The Bremen Earthworks, Fairfield County, Ohio By Shaune M. Skinner and Ann C. Cramer Archaeological Services Consultants, Inc P.O. Box 02095, Columbus, Ohio 43202

In 1934, the Bremen Centennial Com­ primarily exhibit property lines and bankments, and the unusual configura­ mission published a history of the town structural locations, but not the pres­ tion of the earthworks themselves, that of Bremen. Included in this work is a ence of mounds or earthworks. County two concentric elliptical embankments description of a prehistoric earthwork histories generally include an account probably did exist within the Bremen complex which was reportedly situated of the Indian occupation of an area, but city limits. In many cases, the recollec­ within the present town limits. The in­ frequently are not very specific and, tions of local residents may be the only formation concerning these earthworks when present, include discussions only documentation available for the past was compiled by W. W. Kemper and was of the largest and most spectacular existence of a cultural resource such as based on sketches and verbal accounts earthwork complexes. This same expla­ the Bremen Earthworks. These verbal obtained from local residents, most not­ nation may also apply to the absence of accounts are a valuable source to the ably Mr. Isaac Rowles. a depiction of the Bremen Earthworks historian and archaeologist and, al­ According to Rowles, the earthworks by Squier and Davis (1848). It is also not though limited in some respects, should included two concentric elliptical em­ surprising that the presence of this not be ignored. bankments. The outer enclosure was six complex is not mentioned in Mills (1914) or seven feet high and extended over atlas, as it may have been nearly de­ three city blocks across its long axis. stroyed by that time. Acknowledgement The height of the inner embankment was The elliptical shape of the earthworks The authors would like to thank Joyce not documented as it had been levelled as delineated by Rowles is rather cu­ Harvey of the Fairfield County District prior to Mr. Rowles' birth in 1845. The rious. Most of these complexes are Library, Lancaster, Ohio for her kind help presence of this inner embankment was perfect circles, squares, rectangles, or a and cooperation in searching available confirmed by Mr. Rowles' grandfather, combination thereof. Although irregular county documents. who reported that the spacing between shapes do occur (see Squier and Davis the two enclosures was 100 feet. 1848), they tend to be the exception The gateways, or opening, to the and are often constructed as such to fit a Bibliography specific landform. Concentric forms are earthworks were to the east. However, Graham, A. A. additional "doors" were cut through the also the exception, but do occur occa­ 1883 History of Fairfield and Perry embankments to allow easy access for sionally. Specifically, the circle at the Counties, Ohio. W. H. Beers & Co., agricultural activities. site of the town of Circleville was actually Chicago, III. Map 1 was drawn by John Kemper two circular embankments, one inside Hannum based on a rough sketch and descrip­ the other (Squier and Davis 1848). A 1866 Atlas of Fairfield County, Ohio. tion by Mr. Rowles. In a letter to Henry series of six concentric circles was part Lancaster, Ohio. Shetrone, dated March 9, 1934, W. W. of the Portsmouth Earthworks on the Kemper, W. W. 1934 Geometric Enclosures of the Mound Kemper states that "some marks (of the Kentucky side. Both of the structures were probably Middle Woodland in cul­ Builders, (In Bremen 1834-1934, enclosures) remain but are very indis­ by the Bremen Centennial Commis­ tinct." A windshield survey of the town tural affiliation. sion), Bremen, Ohio. was conducted in June, 1987 by Ann If indeed the Bremen Earthworks ex­ Miller, Charles Cramer and Rae Norris. Each city street isted as depicted, then the question of 1912 History of Fairfield County, Ohio. was traversed. No evidence of these cultural affiliation is another issue. Both Richmond-Arnold Publishing Co., embankments was identified. Early and Middle Woodland sites are Chicago, III. A recent search of the Fairfield County abundant on the ridgetops surrounding Mills, William C. the town of Bremen (Don Stone, per­ 1914 An Archaeological Atlas of Ohio. records available at The Ohio Historical Ohio State Archaeological and His­ Society, Fairfield County Courthouse, sonal communication 1987). As noted torical Society, Columbus, O. and the Fairfield County District Library above, concentric circles when found Scott, Henry produced no additional references con­ are attributed to the Middle Woodland 1877 A Complete History of Fairfield cerning these earthworks. The town of time period. While single circles else­ County, Ohio. Siebert and Lilley, Bremen was platted in 1834, and the where in the Hocking River drainage Columbus, O. original plat does not show these em­ are associated with Early Woodland Squier, George Ephram and E. H. Davis bankments nor does the 1866 atlas groups (Skinner 1985). These compari­ 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Missis­ (Hannum 1866). No mention of the sons may not even be germane to this sippi Valley. Smithsonian Contribu­ discussion because the Bremen Earth­ tions to Knowledge, Volume 1. earthworks was found in the 1877 (Scott Washington, DC. 1877), 1883 (Graham 1883), or 1912 works are not circular, but elliptical. Skinner, Shaune M. (Miller 1912) county histories. Cultural affiliations for elliptical embank­ 1985 Preliminary Investigations at the The absence of early references to ments have not been addressed in the State of Ohio, to date. Connetts Mounds 3 & 4: the Wolf these earthworks is not all that surpris­ Plains National Register District, ing. Town plats were drawn to distin­ It is our opinion that in spite of the lack Athens County, Ohio. Archaeology guish sections, not the topographic fea­ of later literary references, the absence of Eastern North America, Volume tures of the area. The county atlases of any remaining portions of the em­ 13:138-152.

4 iiitii t iff • i nit tit mi miHtoH ii<

Map 1 (Skinner and Cramer) Sketch of the Bremen Earthworks drawn by John Kemper in 1934.

5 Classic Hopewell By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

Many writers in recent decades have delicate that they concluded they could notches are usually large and expansive. used a name for the Middle Woodland not have been "used for ordinary pur­ The base is always convex and seldom if point illustrated here, and that is "classic poses, but rather for display and orna­ ever has any grinding." (Converse, 1973: Hopewell." (See Figures 1 and 2:) Found ment." (Squier and Davis, 1848: 213.) 59.) wherever the Hopewell Culture flour­ While some were obviously ceremonial, Shown here is a point I have prized for ished, though never in great numbers, my own conjecture is that most were more than thirty years, found in the Flint the "classic Hopewell" is among the functional, that the Hopewell sought to Ridge area of Licking County, Ohio. most beautiful and highly prized artifacts combine aesthetics with utility. Shaped from Flint Ridge chalcedony, it produced by primitive man in North In his Ohio Flint Types, Robert Con­ is creamy white in basic color with seams and shadings of tan, brown, and rose. In America. Fashioned from the highest verse has noted that Hopewell points 5 quality flints, particularly those of Flint "are named for the culture first described length it is 3 /ie inches, in width, 1 %. It is Ridge origin, they are characteristically by Warren K. Moorehead from his exca­ truly a "classic Hopewell." very thin and well-made. Ephraim Squier vations, in 1892, of earthworks on the and Edwin Davis, writing in 1848 in their Hopewell family farm near Chillicothe, References Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Ross County, Ohio. Many points of this Valley, described a number they had type have been found in mound fill and Converse, Robert N. discovered in the course of excavations associated with Hopewell burials . . . 1973 Ohio Flint Types. Columbus: The Archaeological Society of Ohio. at Mound City in Ross County, Ohio. Apparently, there is no prototype to be Squier, E.G. and E.H. Davis They likened them as "real gems" as a found in earlier mound building cultures 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Missis­ consequence of the "brilliant play of for these points and they seem to be sippi Valley Comprising the Results colors upon their fractured [i.e., flaked] peculiar to Hopewell." Converse also of Extensive Original Surveys and surfaces." In fact, they found the classic points out that the point's "blade edges Explorations. Washington: Smith­ Hopewell points so beautiful and so are usually convex and the corner sonian Institution.

Fig. 1 (Shriver) A classic Hopewell spear-point of Fig. 2 (Shriver) Reverse side of the same point. Flint Ridge chalcedony from Licking County, Ohio. From the author's personal collection.

6 A Recently Discovered Sharks Tooth Cache From Wayne County, Ohio By Roger Rowe 755 Western Dr., Wooster, Ohio 44691

This cache of sharks teeth (fig. 1) was found in 1975, approximately 600 feet west of the Little Apple Creek in Wayne township, Wayne County. The teeth were found in close cluster, by the landowner, while digging to do yard repairs approxi­ mately 20 feet east of his house. The cache consists of 32 fossilized sharks teeth which have been polished, f * f f ?*T1 T* presumably by wave action. The teeth range in size from one specimen which is 6mm. long and 8mm. wide to another which is 20.5mm. long and 10mm. wide. Finds of fossil sharks teeth in Wayne County have previously been reported in the literature by Todd (1910: 32-33). Todd mentions three incidents in which sharks teeth were found: "in the muck of the Killbuck bottoms below the fair­ grounds," "when draining a muck swamp in a preglacial gorge down the head of the Cincinnati incline on section thirty- two, Milton township." Another group was "recovered from the Newmans 1 Creek swamp near Orrville" (fig. 2). Fig. I (Rowe) Cache of sharks teeth from Wayne County. Ohio. More recently Murphy (1975: 26-27), in discussing the Wayne County finds mentioned by Todd, suggests the pos­ sibility that they may represent Middle Woodland trade material. MEDINA CO Though no other artifacts are known from the cache site along the Little Apple Creek, the possibility remains that they may represent material from the Middle Woodland period. The finder of this cache has since sold the land and moved to Texas, where the cache is today.

References Murphy, James L. 1975 Shark Tooth Caches in Wayne County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist, 25 (4); 26-27. Todd, J. H. 1910 Geology and Archaeology of Wayne County, Ohio. B. F. Bowen & Co. Indianapolis.

HOLMES CO. Fig. 2 (Rowe) Map showing approximate location of sharks teeth finds in Wayne County. Ohio.

7 The Jack Lutman Lanceolate By Dr. Russell J. Long 675 Alma St., Beaumont, Texas 77705

Vance Leonard, a lifelong friend of creek at a rate of 8-12 inches for every mine, has retired to Kenton after many 100 feet." The find was made in July, years as a Boy Scout executive in Ohio 1946. Eagle Creek is a branch of the and Kentucky. All this time he has been Blanchard River which in turn flows into a "birddog," helping me with my collec­ the Maumee. tion of Indian material. When they were The workmanship on this point is al­ stationed at Portsmouth, Vance and his most unbelievable. A series of large wife Rilla kept agitating for Vi and me to round thinning flakes were taken off in a come for a visit. parallel fashion on each face. In terms Vance took me to see several collec­ of opposite faces the large thinning tions in the area. One belonged to a flakes were staggered, giving a slightly young man named Jack Lutman. His sinuous pattern to the edges. My friend father was a minister and had had a Buddy Spiller from Lake Charles, Lou­ pastorate at Findlay before being as­ isiana, (a member of OAS) and a fine signed to the Portsmouth area. Jack was knapper in his own right, commented on active in Boy Scout work and had started the low number of pressure retouch hunting arrowheads at Camp Berry, the flakes taken off between the thinning PUT-HAN-SAN area council reservation flakes (Spiller 1987). Just enough to true seven miles south of Findlay on Eagle and smooth the edges. Creek, Eagle Creek township, of Han­ Paul Tanner continues his fine pencil cock county. The camp is bounded by work in illustrating this flint piece. State Route 68 and Hancock county A colored photograph of this point roads, 40, 45 and 75. appeared on the cover of Prufer and The arrowheads were typical of the Baby's Paleo-lndians of Ohio (Prufer and Hancock-Hardin county area excepting Baby 1963). A black and white photo­ for a large finely made lanceolate with a graph appears on page 20 of the same fresh cultivation break on the tip. A look publication. Unfortunately, due to mul­ at the broken surface showed that the tiple handling of data, it is listed as point was made of blue Upper Mercer coming from Morrow county instead of flint which had oxidized to a rich dark Hancock county. brown color on the old surfaces. Prufer and Munro (1961) give a pen Vance became my negotiator and I and ink sketch of the piece with physical ended up with the piece. Since the break data in their Survey of Ohio Fluted Points was a cultivation break, I restored the No. 6, November 1961, p. 127. Again tip first with plastic wood and later had it due to multiple handling, the find lo­ restored professionally with plastic of cation is given as "around Ada, Hardin matching color. The restored length is county." five and one-half inches and the greatest I am indebted to all persons mentioned width is one and three-eighth inches. in this article. Since Jack Lutman found The basal edges are ground for two and this lanceolate and we have all the per­ one-eighth inches from the base. The tinent data recorded, I would simply point tapers from the widest area near like to designate it as the Jack Lutman the center to eleven-sixteenths of an Lanceolate. inch at the base. The greatest thickness is only eleven thirty-seconds of an inch. Bibliography Fig. 1 (Long) Upper Mercer lanceolate from After I had acquired the point, I got in Lutman, Jack Hancock county, Ohio. Pencil drawing by Paul contact with Jack who was by this time 1952 Personal communication. Tanner. Natural size. with the U.S. Sixth Fleet in the Mediter­ Prufer, Olaf H. and Baby, Raymond S. ranean. (Lutman 1952). He told me he 1963 Paleo-lndians of Ohio, Ohio His­ had found about 60 pieces in good con­ torical Society, Columbus, Ohio. dition in the main field at the scout camp Prufer, Olaf H. and Munro, Elizabeth C. and more than that number that were Survey of Ohio Fluted Points, No. 6 broken. The lanceolate was about 350 (November 1961), Cleveland Mu­ feet east of Eagle Creek in a small wash. seum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio. The tip was broken when he found it. Spiller, Buddy "This land slopes very gently toward the 1987 Personal communication.

8 The River Otter By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

An old Ottawa legend, revealed to Both the guard hairs and the underfur preparing to carry to Philadelphia. These French Jesuits at Michilimackinac in the are about one-quarter of an inch on the packets consisted of skins of bears, cats, early eighteenth century, tells the story otter's belly. There are so many thou­ precans (fishers), and roe-deer (white- of Creation from an Ottawa or "Out- sands of underfur hairs to the square tailed deer), with the hair retained,—for aouack" perspective. As narrated in the inch that the water does not penetrate neither martens nor beaver are seen Jesuit Relation for 1716, Ottawa of the to the otter's skin." (See Rue, 1981:256.) there.'' {JR 69:167, 21:315) Beaver, family of Michabou (the "Great Hare") It was the capacity to repel water even earlier all but eliminated in New York affirmed that their Creator was "a man in the severest of storms that made the and New England, were now all but gone of prodigious height," so tall that he fur of the otter like that of the beaver in the Ohio Valley. The otter would not "spread nets in water eighteen brasses particularly prized by both Indian and be far behind. deep, and that the water even at the European alike when it came to robes, Clearly, as a prized source of fur in the time of the deluge which flooded the hats, and other wearing apparel. lucrative trade between Indians and earth "scarcely came to his armpits." One By the time Samuel de Champlain, Europeans in the seventeenth and eigh­ day, during the deluge, "he sent out the the great French explorer, settled in teenth centuries, the river otter was Beaver to discover land; then, as that Quebec in 1608, the seasonal pattern of surpassed only by the beaver among all animal did not return, he dispatched the hunting, trapping, and trading in North the aquatic animals. Yet as the subject Otter, which brought back a little soil America of these and other animals had of effigy sculpture in the prehistoric Ohio covered with foam." He then proceeded been established. "In the month of Feb­ country, the otter outdistanced even the to the "little island" which the Otter had ruary and until the middle of March is beaver. found, walked all around it in the water, the great hunt for beavers, otters, Given the exuberantly playful nature "and this island became extraordinarily moose, bears, and for the caribou, an of the otter, the reason is readily appar­ large." Having created the earth, Mich­ animal half ass and half deer," reported ent. In his well-received book on Fur- abou "flew away to the Sky, which is his a missionary in 1611. (JR 3:79.) By 1629, bearing Animals of North America, usual dwelling-place," but before leaving a visitor at the port of Tadoussac in the Leonard L. Rue has asked, "Have you "he directed that, when his descendants St. Lawrence Valley counted twenty ever played the game What animal should die, their bodies should be ships lying at anchor in the month of would you like to be?" My answer has burned, and their ashes scattered to the May waiting turn to take on cargoes of always been the same. I would like to wind, so that they might be able to rise furs of the "moose, lynx, fox, otter (in­ be an otter.' Other animals are bigger, more easily to the Sky. But he warned cluding some black ones [fishers?]), stronger, faster and perhaps more intel­ them that, should they fail to do this, marten, badger, muskrat, and beaver" in ligent, but the otter is the animal that snow would not cease to cover the earth exchange for "cloaks, blankets, night­ lives life to the fullest and thoroughly and their Lakes and Rivers would remain caps, hats, shirts, sheets, hatchets, iron enjoys itself while doing so. Otters are frozen; and, as they could not catch fish, arrowheads, bodkins, swords, picks to large enough and strong enough so that which is their ordinary food, they would break the ice in winter, knives, kettles, they are seldom preyed upon by other all die in the spring-time." (Thwaites, prunes, raisins, Indian corn, peas, crack­ predators. They are fast enough to es­ Jesuit Relations 67: 133-135, hereafter ers or sea biscuits, and tobacco." [JR cape from most danger and to capture cited as JR.) 4:207). their food easily . .. they romp and play To the Ottawa the otter was thus an Interestingly, a century later, even with with reckless abandon, even the adults important part in his understanding of the additional competition of the Eng­ playing a good portion of each day the creation of the world and the nature lish, Dutch, and Swedes in the interim, throughout their lives. They work hard, of the universe. To Indian tribes across the French were still siphoning furs by play hard and stay in excellent physical much of North America at the time of the tens of thousands from the valleys condition. Is their life style the long- European contact, the otter was also an of the St. Lawrence, the Great Lakes, sought fountain of youth?" (See Rue, important part of a lucrative trade in furs. the Ohio, and the Mississippi. By the 1981:254.) For the European coveted the fur of the 1740s, even the minor port of Chek- Significantly smaller than its cousin otter almost as much as he did the fur of outimi on the St. Lawrence, 90 miles the sea otter, the adult male of which the beaver. Both were important in the from Tadoussac, was processing 40,000 averages 63 pounds and the adult fe­ high fashion of the time. livres (pounds) of peltries each year, "pri­ male 46 pounds, the corresponding When wet—which is often—the otter's marily beaver, marten, bear, lynx, and weights of the river otter are 20 and 15 fur appears to be almost black in color. otters." (JR 69:111). pounds respectively. In overall length, When dry, it is dark brown, though that Yet even the once prodigious numbers the contrast is nowhere near as striking: of the cheeks, chin, throat and belly is of fur-bearing animals of the New World 53 and 48 inches for the sea otter, male light tan shading almost to gray. (See had a finite limit. When Celeron de Bien­ and female; 50 and 40 inches for the Figures 1 and 2.) ville led an expedition of 250 men into river otter. However, much of the river According to Leonard L. Rue, the river the Ohio Country in 1749 to strengthen otter's length is represented by its long otter's fur "is truly luxurious. It is famed French ties with the Indians and weaken tapering tail, which can extend 19 inches for its luster, strength and durability and those of the English, he came upon a in and of itself. (See Figures 1 and 2.) In is considered to be 100 percent on the village of Shawnees on the Ohio River contrast, the tail of a sea otter seldom furrier's scale, the standard by which all where 5 English traders were present. exceeds 11-13 inches. other furs are judged. [Underlined for Reported Jean de Bonnecamps, who While the range of the American sea emphasis.] The waterproof guard hairs was traveling with Celeron, "These Eng­ otter long has been the California coast on the otter's back are about one inch in lish came from Chiningue (Shenango) north to Alaska, the river otter has been length; the oily, woolly underfur on the and Sinhioto (Scioto). They had some found across the North American con­ back is about three-quarters of an inch. forty packets of peltries, which they were tinent, in virtually every state and Cana-

9 dian province. In contrast to the sea Of significance, many of the items of display case of twelve Davis Collection otter, which seldom leaves the water, the Squier-Davis Collection had already pipes on loan from the British Museum the river otter, according to Rue, is an been illustrated in black and white in to the Ohio Historical Society this past inveterate traveler that does not hesitate what Terry A. Barnhart has called "the spring, eight were representations of to cross land from one watershed to first systematic study of American ar­ birds, four of animals: two each of otters another for distances up to 15-20 miles. chaeology," Ancient Monuments of the and bobcats. In the painting from the Rue has also noted that the river otter is Mississippi Valley (also remembered as Davis portfolio entitled "Aquatic Ani­ a consummate comic, sliding repeatedly the first publication of the Smithsonian mals" which accompanied this exhibit, I and playfully down river banks covered Institution), a study authored by Squier counted seven more otter effigy pipes with snow, grass, ice, mud, or clay. (See and Davis in 1848. (See Barnhart, 1985- in contrast to but two beaver. (See also Rue, 1981:259.) 1986:3-5.) Barnhart, 1985-1986: 19, 13.) Thus it Otters are great runners and swim­ The second great cache of Hopewell would appear that the Mound City cache mers. Over short distances they can out­ effigy pipes was unearthed in July and yielded at least nine otter pipes, a favor­ run a man at speeds up to 18 miles an August, 1915, by William C. Mills in the able comparison to the eight unearthed hour. With webbed feet and supple, Tremper Mound some five miles north from the Tremper Mound, making a undulating body, its long tail acting as a of Portsmouth in Scioto County, Ohio, grand total of at least seventeen from rudder, a river otter can swim up to 6 near the west bank of the Scioto River. the two caches! And, as Barnhart pointed miles an hour on the surface and 3-4 Interestingly, that mound, too, had been out, Squier and Davis in their Ancient miles an hour underwater. And he can described by Squier and Davis in their Monuments got caught up in attempting swim underwater for distances up to 1848 Ancient Monuments, though its to identify at least seven of the cache's quarter of a mile without resurfacing, for excavation awaited Mills's efforts in sculptured pipes as representing the as many as 4 minutes at a time. As to 1915. In a compartment near the east salt-water manatee, or sea-cow, pur­ their capacity to dive, they have been end of the mound, a spectacular cache porting to show "that an intercourse of found at depths as great as 60 feet. (See of 136 pipes was discovered, all but one some kind was kept up between the Rue, 1981:260.) (like most of those from Mound City) builders of the mounds on the banks of the Ohio, and the sea." (See Squier and For its versatility, its playfulness, its fashioned from Ohio pipestone quarried Davis, 1848: 254; Barnhart, 1985-1986: exuberance, its prowess as a swimmer nearby at a site just east of the Scioto 13.) Barnhart has observed, and I agree, and runner, the otter evidently caught River. Happily, inasmuch as the project that at least some of the so-called mana­ the fancy of primitive man as an element was under the sponsorship of the Ohio tees were "more likely otters" and that of the animal world worth knowing and State Archaeological and Historical So­ the others were probably fanciful crea­ respecting. Accordingly, it seems no ciety (now called the Ohio Historical So­ tions. accident that an unusual number (rel­ ciety), the Tremper Mound pipes remain atively speaking) of effigy representa­ today in this state, truly among Ohio's Shown here are three illustrations tions of the river otter have been found finest archaeological treasures! (See from Squier and Davis's Ancient Mon­ among Hopewell pipes and, apparently, Otto, 1984: 18-33.) uments, all representing effigies taken even among so-called effigy stones of Interestingly, all the pipes in both from the cache found at Mound City, uncertain cultural horizon. caches had been broken ceremonially. which should make the point. Figure 5 Two great caches of Hopewell curved- Though most have been carefully re­ represents a pipe fragment of the head base platform pipes have been found to stored, some were beyond salvage. The and fore paws of an otter with a fish in its date. The first was discovered in what majority (considered in the aggregate) mouth. It and Figure 6, showing another was then described as an "altar" or were sculptures of birds, perhaps of as pipe fragment of an otter with both its "hearth" 6 feet long and 4 feet wide in many as forty separate species. tail and the back end of the platform mound number eight of the Mound City Of particular interest as far as the base missing, are described by Squier Group near Chillicothe in Ross County, subject of this article is concerned, the and Davis as two sculptures of the otter, Ohio, in 1846 by EphraimG. Squier and most frequently represented of all the albeit imperfect. But then take a look at Edwin H. Davis. Sold to a private mu­ animals appears to have been the otter. Figure 7, called by Squier and Davis the seum in Salisbury, England for $10,000 According to Martha Potter Otto, "Mills effigy of a "lamantin, manitus, or sea- in 1864, the Mound City cache of nearly discovered eight otter pipes in Tremper cow." There seems little doubt that this 200 stone pipes is now part of the collec­ Mound. Two were full-length figures (see pipe, too, was clearly a representation tion of the British Museum in London, Figures 3 and 4) while the remaining six of the river otter, not that of the enor­ where many of the pipes have been feature various head and shoulder mous several thousand pound oceanic exhibited since 1931. Indeed, some of poses. Five of these handsome effigies sea-cow. them have also been exhibited in the carried a fish in their mouths." (See Otto, While Squier and Davis in 1848 con­ Ohio Historical Center in Columbus, on 1984: 31.) Following the eight otter fused the effigy of the river otter with loan from the British Museum, since the pipes, the rank order of other species that of the sea-cow, many of us more fall of 1986 under the title "The Davis represented (both birds and animals) in than a century later continue to confuse Collection: Treasures from the Past." the Tremper cache included six owls, representations by primitive sculptors (See Barnhart, 1985:6-9.) five hawks, five squirrels, four raccoons, of the otter with those of the lowly lizard Accompanying the recent Columbus three mountain lions, three bears, three or salamander. Often we call those effigy exhibit of Mound City pipes has been a turtles, three wolves, two wildcats, and stones in our collections "lizard effigies." second, special exhibit of 12 paintings two ducks. Others with single represen­ But then take a look at a group of them from a total of 92 in a catalog or portfolio tations included "the porcupine, opos­ from the Meuser Collection. (See Fig­ in color commissioned by E. H. Davis as sum, beaver, dog, rabbit, mink, deer, fox, ure 8.) Robert Converse has noted that a means of advertising the collection of great blue heron, sandhill crane, crow, three elements are found in all so-called artifacts, including the Mound City quail, toad, blue jay, kingfisher, and "effigy stones" found across western cache, at the time he was offering them songbird." (Otto, 1984:23.) Ohio, particularly in the valleys of the for sale more than a century ago. That What of the Mound City cache? Great and Little Miami rivers: a small portfolio is now in the custody of the Though by far the greatest number of its head, expanded body, and tapering tail. National Anthropological Archives of the effigy pipes were those of birds, the otter (Converse, 1978: 61.) Given those ele­ Smithsonian Institution. (See Barnhart, appears again to have fared well as a ments, the effigy stones may well be the 1985-1986:6-9.) subject of the primitive sculptor. In the representations of otters.

10 Yes, the river otter was an important state. (Interestingly, the Grand River Hunt, George T, element of the natural world for both valley was selected by the Division of 1940 The Wars of the Iroquois. Madison: the prehistoric and historic Indian and, Wildlife for the start-up (because of its University of Wisconsin Press. On through the fur trade, for the European extensive streams and swamps, high pages 32-33 Hunt points out that in as well. But with the coming of the Euro­ water quality, and a good supply of fish the Hudson River trade between pean in great numbers, with the subse­ the Iroquois (Mohawks) and the that otters feed on." (See Elliott, Hamil­ Dutch in 1625, 5,295 beaver and quent destruction of habitat and the ton Journal-News, December 28,1986; 493 otter pelts were exchanged, over-kill of fur-bearing animals, the river White, Oxford Press, April 30, 1987.) while in 1626 the figures rose 7,250 otter went the way of the buffalo and It is a beginning, a small beginning. beaver and 800 otter. elk, the bear and cougar, throughout But perhaps some day because of it our Keil, Ronald J, much of the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes children and grandchildren may once 1987 Personal correspondence, January area. The last specimen captured in again know the river otter as an integral 20. Ohio was in 1955 in Belmont County, part of the Ohio scene, even as the Kellogg, Louise Phelps though infrequent sightings were made Indian knew him, laughed at his antics, 1953 Early Narratives of the Northwest, in the 1960s and 1970s in Fairfield, 1634-1699. New York: Barnes & and pondered his role in the universe. Noble, Inc. Tuscarawas, and Ashtabula counties. Acknowledgements Ogden, Adele Yet, a change finally appears in the To Ronald J. Kiel, Wildlife Photog­ 1975 The California Sea Otter Trade, offing. With our increased environmen­ 1784-1848. Berkeley: University of rapher of the Division of Wildlife, Ohio California Press. tal awareness, with the beaver and the Department of Natural Resources, goes wild turkey beginning to make a come­ Otto, Martha Potter my appreciation for his excellent pic­ 1984 "Masterworks in Pipestone: Trea­ back, there is hope that the river otter, tures of river otters involved in the sure from Tremper Mound." Time­ too, can be re-established in Ohio. To be restocking program in northeastern line, 1(1): 18-33. sure, none of us relishes the prospect of Ohio, and to Martha Potter Otto and Rue, Leon and Lee paying taxes, whether they be income, Christopher Duckworth my gratitude for 1981 Furbearing Animals of North Amer­ sales, excise, or what have you. But here permission to reproduce two pictures of ica. New York: Crown Publishers, in Ohio a little box tucked into the first Tremper Mound Hopewell otter effigy Inc. page of the state income tax form has Shriver, Phillip R. pipes from the October 1984 issue of 1987 'Ohio's White-Tailed Deer and made it possible for a refund checkoff to Timeline, a publication of the Ohio His­ contribute to a special program of the Other Protohistoric and Historic torical Society. Game and Fur Animals." Ohio Ar­ Ohio Division of Wildlife. It is called chaeologist, 37(1): 29-33. "Ohio Do Something Wild," and some Squier, Ephraim G. and Edwin H. Davis $18,000 from it has been used to re­ 1848 Ancient Mounds of the Mississippi establish a small colony of North Amer­ Valley Comprising the Results of ican river otters from Arkansas in the References Extensive Original Surveys and Ex­ Grand River Wildlife Area of Trumbull plorations. Washington: Smithson­ Barnhart, Terry A. County in northeastern Ohio. (See Fig­ ian Institution. 1985 An American Menagerie: The Cabi­ Thwaites, Reuben G., editor ures 1 and 2.) In exchange for Arkan­ net of Squier and Davis." Timeline, sas's otters, significantly the same sub­ 2(6): 2-17. 1986- The Jesuit Relations and Allied species that once thrived along Ohio's Converse, Robert N. 1901 Documents, 73 volumes. Cleve­ rivers and streams, Ohio has sent a 1977 The Meuser Collection. Privately land: Burrows Brothers. number of ruffed grouse to Arkansas for printed, Plain City, Ohio. West, George A. reestablishment there. With three plane­ 1978 Ohio Slate Types. Archaeological 1934 Tobacco, Pipes, and Smoking Cus­ loads of river otter having already arrived Society of Ohio, Columbus. toms of the American Indians. Mil­ waukee: Milwaukee Public Museum. in late 1986 and early 1987, the hope is Elliot, Charles 1986 May Reestablish River Otters." White, Robert that by 1990 the river otter will once Hamilton (Ohio) Journal-News, De­ 1987 "River Otters Airlifted Into Ohio." again be propagating naturally in this cember 28, 1986. Oxford (Ohio) Press, April 30, 1987

Fig. 1 (Shriver) This photograph of an adult river otter by Ron Keil of the Division of Wildlife of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources shows the shadings of the animal's dense fur, from dark brown to light tan, as well as his short legs and webbed feet, tiny ears, bowed back, and disproportionately large tail.

1 1 Fig. 3 (Shriver) One of the Tremper Mound Fig. 4 (Shriver) Another Tremper Mound pipe, cache of Hopewell platform effigy pipes, this this 4 inch effigy also shows an otter with a fish 4Vi inch pipe depicts a river otter with a fish in its mouth. Reproduced here through the cour­ in its mouth. Reproduced here through the cour­ tesy of Timeline from the article in the October tesy of Timeline from the article by Martha 1984 issue by Martha Potter Otto. Potter Otto. October. 1984.

Fig. 2 (Shriver) Note the darker, almost black appearance of the river otter when wet. More at home in the water than on land, the otter subsists on fish, frogs, and crayfish and makes its den in river banks or hollow logs. The otter can swim on its back as well as right side up. Photograph by Ron Keil, Division of Wildlife, Ohio Department of Natural Resources.

Fig. 6 (Shriver) Another Mound City Hopewell Fig. 5 (Shriver) Fragment from a ceremonially effigy pipe, a crude representation of an otter. broken Mound City effigy pipe showing head of The back end of the platform base, including an otter with a fish in its mouth. From Squier the otter's tail, has been broken off. From Squier and Davis. Ancient Monuments, page 256. and Davis. Ancient Monuments, page 256.

Fig. 7 (Shriver) Stylized effigy of an otter with head and upper body out of the water. Squier and Davis mistakenly believed it to be a manatee or sea-cow. From Squier and Davis. Ancient Monuments, page 251.

Fig. 8 (Shriver) Four effigy stones, at one time part of the Gordon Meuser Collection. Left to right, they are from Crawford. Butler. Delaware, and Rose counties. Ohio. Often called "lizard effigies, "some may well have represented the river otter instead. See West. Tobacco. Pipes and Smoking Customs of the American Indians, page 193. The photograph has been reproduced from Converse. 1'he Meuser Collection, page 108.

12 The Taunton Map: Proto-type for the "Lost Huron" and Nicholas Sanson Maps? By David M. Stothers Director, Laboratories of Ethnoarchaeology University of Toledo Toledo, Ohio 43606 Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science, April 25,1987, Malone College, Canton, Ohio (revised abstract) An old map, hand-drawn on an animal O. EMBOVCHEVRE DV FLEVVE DE S. 24. KOVATOHOTA* skin, was recently discovered in the LAVRENS 25. CHAOVAERONON archives of the British Ministry of De­ P. R. de Kinebequi 26.TERONTOV* fense in Taunton, England. This map, Q. R. Des nipisiriniens 27.EHONKERONON the Taunton Map, was earlier (Stothers R. chemin 28. SARONTOVANE* 1983) believed to be a possible candi­ S. R. Des Iroquois 29. OTOHIADEN* date for the famous "Lost Huron" map T. R. de St. Francois 30. CHONKANDE* U. (ethnic group) CHEVEVX RELEVES 31.TOVKHIARONON mentioned in the Jesuit Relation of 1640 V. 2 Lacs 32. HVRONS diuises en 17 Bourgs (JR 1640:18: 227-235). However, com­ 33. NATION DV PETVN Diuisee en 8 Bourgs parative analysis of the general geo­ Ethnic Groups 34. NATION-NEVTRE diuisee en guarante graphic configuration of the eastern 1. NADOVESS-RO? (map ripped) Bourgs Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Valley; (NAUDOWAY?) 35. AKHRAKOVAETONON in addition to a similar comparison of 2. ASTAOVANCHAERONON 36. SONONTOCHRONON 3. SKIAERONON the named and located native American 37. ENRIE-NATION DV CHAT fort estendue 4. AOVECHISSAETONON 38. ONIOENRONON ethnic (tribal) groups inscribed on the 5. ELSOVTAIRONON Taunton, "Lost Huron," and Sansan 39. AGNIERONON 6. EACHIRIOVACHRONON 40. KHIONONTATETONON ou petite nation maps of 1650 and especially 1656, sug­ 7. ARIOTOCRONON des Algomquins gest that all of these cartographic docu­ 8. KOVATOCRONON 41. KHIONDAKOVANANIACTONON ments were based upon the same source 9. AICTAERONON 42. ONCIOCHERONON of information, and were derived from 10. SKENCHIORONON 43. ONONTIORONON and based upon one another. Analysis 11.0SKOVARARONON 44. ONONTOARONON of inscribed data on the Taunton Map 12.AOVENTSIOVAENRONON 45. Trois Villages D'lroquois suggests it was compiled subsequent 13.ATTIOVANDARONS 46.ATIOVANDARONS 14.TRAICTE DES NIPISIRINIENS to Father Joseph De la Roche Daillon's 47. NATION DES GENS DE MER OV 15. ONTARRARONON 1626 visit to Neutralia, but prior to the PVANS 16. ASSOND* (• + suffix "ronon"?) 1639 census undertaken by mission­ 17.INCHERE* aries among the Huron in New France, 18. OHAHAVDEON* European Establishments and the establishment of the Jesuit mis­ 19. ERRAON* (1). Habitation des Hollandois sion, Ste. Marie among the Hurons, in 20.AEBNECHE* (2). Les trois Rivieres that year. New interpretations based 21.CHIOAENTONATI* (geographic reference?) upon comparative analysis of these in­ 22. AENTONDAB* (3). Quebec terrelated maps, and their relative draft- 23. KHIOKHIAC* (4). Tadoussac dates, strongly suggest that the Taunton Map is not the "Lost Huron" map, but instead it may be the proto-type from which the "Lost Huron" and later 1650 and 1656 maps of Nicholas Sanson were compiled.

Reference 1983 The "Lost Huron" or "Lost Jesuit" Map Found? Ohio Archaeologist, 33(4): 36-37. Key to the Taunton Map Geographic References A. LAMERDOVLCEOVLACDESHVRONS B. LAC DES EA VX DE MER C. Qu'on croit avoir sa descharge vers La chine D. Lac E. LAC DV GENS DV CHAT F. LAC DESAINCT LOWS G. Le lac Quentara- H. SIRINIENS I. LAC DES NIPI- J. Riviere de St. Laurens K. LAC L. LAC M.LAC DECHAMPLAIN N. Isle d Orleans By PfrnufnMI Hydto&Jipfriic Division. British Hifuftry ol DttttlM, Taunton. England

13 An Interesting Frog Effigy Pipe By D. R. Gehlbach 3430 Sciotangy Dr., Columbus, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Gehlbach) Indurated claystone frog effigy pipe from Adams County. Ohio.

In the study of prehistoric pipes from a result, the indurated claystone surface four legs, including the characteristic the state of Ohio, many unusual and dis­ of the pipe was modified and ultimately webbed feet of the amphibian, an incised tinctive pipe forms have been identified. assumed its current weathered appear­ tail stub suggesting an immature model One of the most unique effigy depictions ance. A number of inclusions of foreign and a slightly distorted head. The bowl is the frog sculpture. (Fig. 1). It was found material have, overtime, been leached opening is in the middle of the frog's along the Ohio river on what is now the from the matrix leaving a pock-marked back and the typical stem opening enters site of a Dayton Power and Light Com­ surface. Despite what could have been at the rear of the pipe. pany power plant in Adams County. The an extended period under water, the In terms of artistic expression and nat­ location is adjacent to state route 52 a basic features of the effigy remain intact. ural representation, this effigy pipe is a few miles east of Aberdeen. The sculpture suggests that the frog remarkable piece of prehistoric sculp­ Evidently, during the late prehistoric is reposing on either a rock or a lily pad ture. The craftmanship and use of clay­ period or perhaps more recently during perhaps resting while foraging for in­ stone as a raw material are unusual in the spring flooding season, the pipe was sects on a pleasant early summer after­ relation to other Fort Ancient/Missis- left behind and subsequently was sub­ noon. The detail of the effigy includes a sippian effigies of the late prehistoric mersed in the silt deposit of the Ohio. As three dimensional representation of all period in southern Ohio.

14 Some Features From the Brokaw Site (33BL-6): Evidence for a Late Prehistoric Monongahela Village in East-Central Ohio By Thomas E. Pickenpaugh Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Introduction mentof each, only 15 will be considered however, is less impressive than the one Beginning in 1974 a preliminary re­ here. Those selected reflect a range of just described. It is composed of 21 port on the Brokaw site (33BL-6) was feature types and locations over the pieces of sandstone laid down roughly initiated in the Ohio Archaeologist. village. Commencing with the features in the form of an oval with a diameter of Since that time, other articles have fol­ located on the northwestern side of the 45 cm (18 in.). Remains recovered from lowed in which specific topics have been site, the features are presented in the hearth were 10 Monongahela shell- discussed (1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, an essentially clockwise fashion. All tempered sherds (4 cordmarked, 2 plain 1981, 1982, 1983). Similarly, the focus depths reported are below soil surface and 4 with unidentifiable surfaces), 5 of this paper will be some of the features measurements. waste flakes of gray river pebble chert, excavated at Brokaw Village. Thus, the The following is a list of feature types 4 freshwater naiad shells, 65 bone frag­ purpose of this article is to note the lo­ found at Brokaw Village: ments and 4 gastropods. Numerous cations and functions of the features, 1. Fire Pits flecks of charcoal were also present. describe their physical characteristics, 2. Refuse Pits Interestingly, only 1 of the bone frag­ report the features contents and to list 3. Cooking Pits ments displays any signs of charring. the various types of features discovered 4. Central Plaza Seven bones are identifiable as bird. at Brokaw. At this time, minimal com­ 5. Agate Stone Clusters Feature 3 consists of two relatively ment will be made on the bone recov­ 6. Shallow Refuse Deposits large shallow postmolds located in the ered, since it is still in the process of 7. Hearths: (a) sandstone (b) woodfire southwestern quadrants of 49-T and being analyzed by Mr. John Miles, De­ 8. Postmolds: (a) structures 50-T Using the wall of the squares as a partment of Vertebrate Zoology, Smith­ (b) palisade system straight edge, they form nearly a straight sonian Institution. 9. Habitation Floors line. A distance of 1.1 m (3 ft. 8 in.) sep­ Features 10. Water and/or Cooking Vessel arates them. Both molds extend to a The field in which Brokaw Village is Holders depth of 35 cm (14 in.) and possess located has been under intensive agri­ 11. Problematical flatfish bottoms. The postmold in unit cultural cultivation for many years. Nat­ With regards to Features 1, 2 and 3, 49-T is circular in outline, whereas the urally, this has resulted in the destruction all three are located on the northwest­ postmold in 50-T is D-shaped. At the 20 of most of the stratigraphy containing ern periphery of the village and con­ cm (8 in.) level the latter measures 25 important archaeological information sequently do not appear to have been cm (10 in.) across in one direction and such as habitation floors, the associated closely associated with the activity of 15 cm (6 in.) in the other. The postmold features and general village refuse, for the more heavily occupied portion of in 49-T is 28 cm (11 in.) in diameter. The the plow zone extends through much of the site. In fact, Features 1 and 2 may silt loam soil of both contained charcoal the topsoil to the underlying sterile clay well be isolated hearths, while Feature fragments throughout, suggesting that level. Only the more basal parts of a 3 may be part of an isolated dwelling, the structure may have burned down. A good number of hearths, shallow refuse palisade system encircling the village single bone fragment at the bottom of deposits and middens are therefore to or some other feature. 49-T was the only object noted. be discovered. At a still greater depth, Feature 1 is a sandstone hearth of Feature 4 was located in units 27-U, however, many stratified and unstratified nearly rectangular dimensions located 28-U, 27-V and 28-V. It consisted of an features such as fire, refuse and cooking at the 19 to 23 cm (7.5 to 9 in.) level of unlined fire pit and a small overlying pits, postmolds and hearths may be excavation units 42-T, 43-T, 42-S and sandstone hearth. The fire pit occurred found outside the central plaza. In the 43-S (see Figure 1). Eighty-six sand­ on the bottom of a roughly circular pit occupational portion of the site in fact— stone fragments of various sizes form that had a maximum diameter of 80 cm where the greatest number of features this roughly 66 x 77 cm (26 x 31 in.) (32 in.) and a depth of 58 cm (23 in.). The is to be found—excavations indicate that hearth. Ashes, charcoal and small frag­ pit had obviously been excavated, for numerous features overlie each other ments of fire-cracked rock were noted the walls were nearly vertical halfway or one feature is intrusive into another. in the heat discolored soil of this feature. around it and sloped in steeply around Notwithstanding this, a general shallow­ Recovered from the fireplace proper much of the remainder—except along ness characterizes the features over the were 26 Monongahela shell-tempered the southwest side. The ground on which site. This condition is obviously linked sherds (7 are cordmarked, 15 are plain, the feature rested was heavily burned to the proximity of the bedrock to the while the surface treatment of 4 cannot and discolored and a considerable soil surface. With the exception of six be determined), 8 chert waste flakes (4 amount of ash and charcoal were inter­ Archaic projectile point types, and per­ are gray nodular river pebble and 4 are mixed with the soil. Three heat dis­ haps a few other artifacts, the archaeo­ of unknown origins), 1 fragment of a colored fire-cracked rocks were noted logical assemblage recovered from freshwater naiad shell, a midsection of near the base of the pit; however, due to Brokaw is singularly of Monongahela an antler, 2 pieces of turtle shell and 69 theirsmall size and position, they do not cultural origins. bone fragments. Identifiable as deer appear to have served any function. The In an effort to ascertain site size, plan bones were a mandible fragment, rib fire pit contained 5 Monongahela shell- and nature of the cultural activity, the bone, second phalanx and a leg bone. tempered sherds (1 Monongahela Cord­ site has been —in the main—excavated Twenty-five pieces of bone displayed marked, cord-wrapped-stick-impressed in lengths of seven to ten 1.5-m (5-ft.) evidence of charring. lip rim sherd, 3 cordmarked and 1 plain), square excavation units. Over the years Feature 2 is another sandstone hearth 2 debitage chert flakes (1, evidencing a nearly countless number of features located 3 m (10 ft.) away in the south­ exposure to high temperatures, is of Flint has accordingly been encountered. As eastern quadrant of unit 45-T at the 20 Ridge origin, while the other is of an space cannot possibly permit a full treat- to 24 cm (8 to 9.5 in.) level. This fireplace, unknown origin), 95 bones and 3 gastro-

15 pods. Fifty-five of the bones exhibited rock, charcoal, the small concentrated freshwater naiad shells, 1 pipe bowl extensive charring. Discernible animal deposits of refuse material and the num­ fragment, 1 slate pendant, 1 piece of types are deer and bird. The pit was ber of damaged artifacts retrieved from hematite, 1 walnut shell (Juglans nigra) apparently used over a considerable the feature suggest that it was ultimately and 9 gastropods. duration of time, because great quan­ used for purposes of refuse. The most outstanding characteristics tities of ash and charcoal were present The stratigraphy of this pit, although of the level underlying the plow zone from a depth of 40 cm (16 in.) to the both vertically and horizontally the most were the looseness of the soil, the bottom and the soil displayed evidence complex of any feature discovered on limited number of pieces of fire-cracked of discoloration due to heat. the site, is merely the result of back filling rock and the small amount of charcoal Overlying the fire pit, but confined to activity. Thus, in the interest of economy present. A lesser number of sherds, the center of the eastern sector of unit of space, in its broadest outline, the bone and chert was reported in this level 28-U was a small hearth composed of 8 major stratigraphic divisions of the fea­ than that beneath it and but very few of pieces of sandstone of various sizes laid ture are as follows. The bottom of the pit the remains recovered had charcoal ad­ so that the flat surfaces were uppermost. is composed of a sandstone-lined base hering to their surfaces. The soil matrix The diameter of the near circular fire­ infiltrated with charcoal, small bone of thislevel-20to30cm(8to 12 in.)— place was 30 cm (12 in.) and it appeared fragments and pottery sherds. This base was, again, a very dark brown silty loam at the 25 to 28 cm (10 to 11 in.) level. was overlain by a level some 25 cm (10 with clay. Recovered from the hearth were 4 waste in.) thick, containing great quantities of The uppermost division of the feature flakes of gray river pebble chert, 14 charcoal, fire-cracked rock, bone, some contained a total of 302 specimens. Monongahela shell-tempered sherds (9 pottery and a very few freshwater naiad These were composed of 239 Monon­ cordmarked and 5 too small to identify), shells and chert. A number of bones, gahela shell-tempered sherds (79 cord­ 66 pieces of bone and several gastro­ body sherds and rims were quite large marked, 45 plain, 1 incised and 114 pods. Twenty bones exhibit various de­ and nearly all of the remains had numer­ mutilated), 1 grit-tempered (mutilated), grees of charring. The midden overlying ous flecks of charcoal adhering to their 32 chert specimens (13 gray and 1 tan the fire pit and surrounding the hearth surfaces. The soil matrix of this level — river pebble chert waste flakes, 1 black indicates that the pit was also used for from 48 to 73 cm (19 to 29 in.)—was a river pebble chert core fragment, 6 Flint refuse and that the small hearth was dark grayish brown silty clay. Ridge flakes: 1 was utilized, 4 Upper probably intrusive into it. Significant The archaeological remains recov­ Mercer(?) waste flakes and 7 waste artifacts recovered from the general 20 ered from this level totaled 145 speci­ flakes of unknown chert origins), 10 to 30 cm (8 to 12 in.) level were 5 mens. They are: 126 Monongahela freshwater naiad shells, 20 gastropods Monongahela Cordmarked, punctate, sherds (48 cordmarked, 33 plain and 45 and bone: being analyzed. plain and cord-wrapped-stick-impressed mutilated), 13 chert (river pebble chert Addendum: time constraints simply lip and 2 Monongahela Plain, punctate waste flakes: 5 gray and 1 tan; Flint did not permit the excavation of the lip (Mayer-Oakes, 1955: 196-198) rim Ridge: 3 waste flakes and 2 cores; Upper northwest and parts of the southwest sherds. Quantities of pottery, river peb­ Mercer: 1 waste flake and a biface frag­ and southeast quadrants of unit 19-W ble chert, freshwater naiad shells, small ment), 6 freshwater naiad shells and by successive 10 cm (4 in.) levels and pieces of sandstone displaying no evi­ bone: being analyzed. thus from 30 to 81 cm (12 to 28 in.) was dence of exposure to fire and bone were In the overlying level the bone and removed as a single depth. Retrieved retrieved from the 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 pottery sherds recovered were smaller were: 129 Monongahela shell-tempered in.) level. In addition, 9 rim sherds, 3 and a lesser amount of charcoal and fire- sherds (39 cordmarked, 35 plain and bird bone beads, a piece of dolomite cracked rock was present. Conversely, 55 mutilated), 5 chert (gray river pebble and numerous gastropods were noted. it is apparent that the fill matrix contained chert: 2 waste flakes and 1 core; un­ Feature 5 is located in units 19-V, 20-V, more sterile soil, even though a heavy known chert origins: 2 waste flakes), 3 19-W, 20-W, 19-X and 20-X. This feature sprinkle of charcoal appeared through­ freshwater naiad shells, 2 gastropods is a basin-shaped pit with a maximum out the level and several isolated pock­ and bone: being analyzed. diameter of 2.8 m (9 ft. 3 in.) and a ets of hearth charcoal were observed. Features 6, 7 and 8 are assumed to maximum depth of 61 cm (24 in.) below Interestingly, a large deposit of the soil be contemporaneous and interrelated. the plow level. The pit had obviously matrix in the more central part of the pit Thus, Feature 7 is a hearth occurring been dug out, for its circular outline contained a greasy substance of pre­ within the context of a house—Feature appeared immediately below the base sumed animal fat origin that was difficult 6—and was utilized by the inhabitants of the plow zone and its contracting sides to remove from the excavating tools. for cooking, warmth, light, etc., while sloped in quite steeply—with the ex­ The soil of this level-30 to 48 cm (12 to Feature 8, which is represented by ception of the northwest wall, which 19 in.)—was a very dark brown silty loam several clusters of small rocks, may sloped in more gently. This pit, in addi­ with clay. have taken on a kind of symbolic signifi­ tion to being the largest encountered at The remains from this level totaled cance for either an individual or the Brokaw Village, is also of unique con­ 510 specimens. They are as follows: 416 household. struction, as a series of short circum­ sherds (Monongahela shell-tempered: Feature 6 is located in units 7-10-Q-R. scribing "steps" were made around the 131 cordmarked, 4 incised and cord­ This feature, although only partially pit prior to nearly completely lining the marked, 58 plain and 220 mutilated; excavated, was presumably a house. Of sides and flatfish bottom with small (2.5 chert-tempered; 1 mutilated; temper- the 98 postmolds uncovered, 69 appear x 2.5 cm) to medium-sized (7.5 x 7.5 cm) less: 2 multilated), 55 chert specimens to be related to an oval-shaped dwelling sandstone fragments. Of the 10 post- (gray river pebble chert: 27 waste flakes, some 6 m (20 ft.) in diameter and the molds noted along the southern lip of 1 utilized flake and 2 cores; tan river associated bedding and hearth within the feature, the 5 smaller appear to be pebble chert: 4 waste flakes and 1 util­ the structure. Thus, several distinct associated with the pit; and 3 small ized flake; Flint Ridge flint: 10 waste postmold unit "types," with probable angular postmolds appear to intersect 3 flakes and debitage, 1 broken unifacial functions, could seemingly be dis­ of these. The 5 larger postmolds may be scraper and a biface fragment; Upper cerned. The pattern of the 5 paired part of a light palisade system. Although Mercer: 3 waste flakes, 1 utilized dam­ vertical (straight up and down) post- the presumed original function of the aged flake, 1 drill fragment and an im­ molds suggests that they functioned as feature was a storage pit, the great pact fractured projectile point; chert a wall framework and supports to the quantity of bone, ceramics, fire-cracked of unknown origins: 2 waste flakes), 26 roof overhead, while 4 of the larger

16 intersecting vertical and angular post- Cluster 1. Five specimens comprise identified are deer, bird and tortoise. molds served to support both the walls this cluster. This group was reported at Feature 10 is located in the south­ and roof. Within the dwelling the inter­ the 20 to 22 cm (8 to 8.5 in.) level. With western and northwestern quadrants of section of 2 and 3 stakes placed in the one exception, the specimens were no excavation unit K-101. This feature is small angular postmolds—forming 8 more than a centimeter apart. One, composed of a cylindrical-shaped pit, units in all—suggests that they may have however, lay approximately 4 cm from topped by a thin charcoal and ash level functioned as supporting apparatus to the others. The largest specimen is 47 and an overlying sandstone hearth. The bedding structures. The proximity to a mm long and 34 mm wide and the small­ pit had obviously been dug out, for the hearth (Feature 7) of still others, as­ est is 15 mm long and 7 mm wide. This walls were straight-up-and-down around suming contemporaneity, can only in­ cluster of stones immediately overlay a the entire circumference, except along dicate some other household activity. postmold and adjoined the perimeter of the northwestern side, where they More clearly, the presence of 11 small the hearth (Feature 7). sloped in rather steeply to nearly the postmolds which angled chiefly towards Cluster 2. Three specimens compose base of the feature. The pit appeared 23 the fireplace may be interpreted to in­ this group. This cluster was found at the cm (9 in.) below the soil surface and dicate a suspended vessel used for 25 to 27 cm (10 to 10.5 in.) level of the extended to a depth of 58 cm (23 in.); cooking or water. The function of the unit. These specimens were also in close the maximum diameter was 76 cm (30 remaining postmolds is unknown, proximity, for only 1 or 2 cm separated in.). The bottom of the pit was flat. though some no doubt relate to either them. The largest specimen is 45 mm This feature is interesting in that a earlier or later components of the site. long and 33 mm wide and the smallest is large, thin slab of sandstone 34 cm (13.5 Feature 7 is a woodf ire hearth located 20 mm long and 10 mm wide. The clay in.) long and 25 cm (10 in.) wide rested nearly equally in excavation units level appeared 2 cm below the stones. at an approximately 60° angle along the 8-9-Q-R. The fireplace, which is nearly Cluster 3. Only two specimens make west wall from the 23 cm (9 in.) to the 50 circular in outline, had a maximum diam­ up this cluster. This group was recorded cm (19 in.) level of the pit. It is suggested eter of 81 cm (32 in). This feature ap­ at the 21 to 23 cm (8.25 to 9 in.) level. A that this stone slab, together with other peared at the 27 cm (10.5 in.) level and distance of 2 mm separated the stones. pieces of fire-cracked rock uncovered, extended to a depth of 33 cm (13 in.). The larger specimen is 32 mm long and functioned to stabilize any ceramic Towards the center of the hearth, at the 21 mm wide. The smaller is 16 mm long cooking vessel in the pit. Stratigraphic- 33 cm (13 in.) level, the soil was heat and 12 mm wide. The clay level was ally, no discernible difference was ob­ discolored over an area 40 cm (16 in.) reported 3 cm below them. served from the 33 cm (13 in.) level to long, 25 cm (10 in.) wide and from 2 to 4 In addition, two other specimens were the base of the feature, although more cm (.75 to 1.5 in.) deep. Immediately found. Both were recovered from the fragments of fire-cracked rock and other overlying the fireplace at the 25 cm (10 plow level. One specimen was reported archaeological remains appeared in the in.) level was a deer bone and a Monon­ in excavation unit 10-R and the second upper levels than the lower. gahela shell-tempered sherd, while di­ in 10-Q. The latter is the largest speci­ Remains recovered from the pit were rectly beneath it occurred 5 postmolds. men recovered. This stone is 60 mm as follows: 48 pieces of fire-cracked The latter ranged from 4 to 14 cm (1.5 to long and 47 mm wide. The depth and rock, 21 sherds (19 Monongahela shell- 5.5 in.) in diameter and from 6 to 36 cm apparent undisturbed appearance of the tempered: 9 cordmarked, 3 plain and 7 (2.25 to 14 in.) deep and were not appar­ previously noted clusters may suggest unidentifiable; 2 grit-tempered: 1 plain ently a part of the structure. In one that these specimens were part of at and 1 unidentifiable), 1 gray river pebble postmold appeared 2 Monongahela least one other cluster. chert waste flake, 1 gray river pebble shell-tempered sherds (1 cordmarked Feature 9 is a relatively large, circu- chert scraper, several freshwater naiad and 1 with an unidentifiable surface) and loid, sandstone hearth occurring be­ remains, 1 limestone cup stone, 4 gas­ a freshwater naiad shell. Recovered tween the 20 to 35 cm (8 to 14 in.) level tropods and bone: being analyzed. from the hearth were 18 sherds (16 of the southeastern and northeastern At the 27 to 33 cm (10.5 to 13 in.) Monongahela shell-tempered: 3 cord­ quadrants of excavation unit 1-R The depth a 6 cm (2.5 in.) level of charcoal marked, 3 plain and 10 unidentifiable; fireplace, with a maximum diameter of and ash intermixed with the silt loam and 2 grit-tempered: unidentifiable), 7 81 cm (32 in.), was comprised in excess soil appeared. Material retrieved from gray and 2 tan river pebble chert waste of 74 sandstone fragments varying in this level of the pit includes 31 pieces of flakes, several freshwater naiad shell size from very small to moderately large. fire-cracked rock, 9 bone fragments, 1 fragments, 6 gastropods and bone: being Again, as noted in Feature 4, nearly all worked gray river pebble chert core and analyzed. of the fire-cracked rock uncovered dis­ 4 Monongahela shell-tempered sherds Feature 8 is composed of three clus­ played a flat surface uppermost, with a (1 plain and 3 mutilated). ters of multicolored rocks located in maximum surface area exposed. The Superimposed over the charcoal and excavation unit 9-R. All three groups silt loam matrix surrounding the hearth ash level was a sandstone hearth. This occurred in the southeastern quadrant stones was thoroughly intermixed with feature immediately underlay the plow of the square. The recorded distances numerous flecks of charcoal. Archaeo­ zone (20 cm/8 in.). Horizontally, the between the clusters are nearly iden­ logical remains recovered from the 20 hearth extended into two additional tical. Cluster 1 is about 36 cm (14 in.) to 33 cm (8 to 13 in.) level of the fireplace 1-meter squares, however, time did not from cluster 2 and cluster 2 is approxi­ totaled 189 specimens. They were com­ permit their excavation. Recovered from mately 36 cm (14 in.) from cluster 3. All posed of 120 pieces of bone, 12 chert the fireplace were 400 specimens. of the specimens are a limestone and flakes (5 gray and 2 tan river pebble, 3 These were composed of 226 pieces of hematite breccia clast in an agate. In Flint Ridge and 2 of unknown sources; 1 fire-cracked rock, 41 sherds (37 are many instances, the largest surface of tan river pebble chert flake was utilized), Monongahela shell-tempered and 4 are the specimens was uppermost. Although 32 sherds (29 are Monongahela shell- grit), 3 Flint Ridge and 6 gray and 1 tan the purpose of the clusters is unknown, tempered: 14 are cordmarked and 15 river pebble chert waste flakes and it is tempting to attribute a religious cannot be determined; 3 are grit-temp­ cores, 11 freshwater naiad fragments, or ceremonial function to them even ered: 1 is cordmarked and 2 are uniden­ 101 pieces of bone (9 are charred), a though they may have been collected tifiable), 7 freshwater naiad fragments single piece of coal and charcoal, 6 merely for their aesthetic appeal. This and 9 gastropods. Concerning the bone, gastropods and 3 unidentifiable objects. material has not been reported else­ only 6 fragments appear to be heat Of the 37 Monongahela shell-tempered where on the site. discolored. Animal types which may be sherds 20 are cordmarked, 6 are plain

17 and 11 are too damaged to establish. soil from the base of the plow zone—20 continued to a depth of 35 cm (14 in.). Within the grit-tempered 3 are cord­ cm (8 in.)-to the 30 cm (12 in.) level Archaeological materials recovered marked and 1 is too fragmentary to was composed of a soft, light, grayish from the 20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 in.) level determine. Five of the former type are ash-filled loam. Recovered from the were 178 Monongahela shell-tempered rim sherds: 2 Monongahela Plain, 1 plain level were 1073 specimens. These were sherds (45 cordmarked: 1 isa Mononga­ and 1 cord-wrapped-stick-impressed lip comprised of 230 sherds (208 Monon­ hela Cordmarked, cord-wrapped-stick- and 2 Monongahela Cordmarked, 1 plain gahela shell-tempered: 70 are cord­ impressed lip rim sherd, 4 plain and 129 and 1 oblique notched lip (Dragoo, 1955: marked, 27 are plain and 111 are too mutilated), 10 chert specimens (2 Flint 100). The absence of the outer surface small and mutilated to determine; 22 grit- Ridge: 1 piece is worked and 1 is a waste on another plain lip rim sherd precludes tempered: 6 are cordmarked, 3 are plain flake, 7 gray river pebble: 6 waste flakes further identification. Regarding the grit- and 13 are too fragmentary to establish), and 1 core, 1 Upper Mercer(?): heat tempered ceramics, 1 is a paddle-edge- 92 chert waste flakes and debitage (25 damaged), 29 pieces of bone (6 display impressed lip rim sherd. Easily identifi­ gray and 17 tan river pebble, 15 Flint signs of charring), several freshwater able animal types are deer and tortoise. Ridge and 35 of unknown origins), 10 naiad shell fragments, 3 black walnut Feature 11 is a large, shallow, amorph­ freshwater naiad shells, 712 bone frag­ fragments (Juglans nigra), 1 antler tine ously-shaped fire pit located in excava­ ments (88 display various degrees of projectile point, numerous pieces of fire- tion unit K-3. The pit had obviously been charring), 28 gastropods and 1 uniden­ cracked rock and charcoal and several excavated, for a narrow, outward and tifiable object. Significant artifacts gastropod fragments. Animal types downward sloping slot separated parts retrieved were 4 Monongahela Cord­ readily identifiable are deer, elk, turtle of it from the adjoining walls. Regarding marked, plain and cord-wrapped-stick- and bird. Remains recovered from the the pit matrix, it contrasted sharply with impressed lip and 4 Monongahela Plain, 30 to 35 cm (12 to 14 in.) depth were 18 the surrounding loam and clay soil, as it cord-wrapped-stick-impressed and plain bone fragments (2 are charred), 5 chert was composed primarily of a light­ lip rim sherds. A single sandstone hearth specimens (3 gray river pebble debitage weight, gray-colored ash. The maximum composed of 15 pieces of fire-cracked flakes, 1 heat discolored utilized river diameter of the feature was approxi­ rock that occurred at the 24 to 27 cm pebble flake and 1 Flint Ridge waste mately 120 cm (47 in.), while its depth (9.5 to 10.5 in.) level along the east wall flake), 2 sherds (1 mutilated shell-temp­ extended from the 40 cm (16 in.) level to and continued into K-4 was the only ered and 1 small damaged grit-tempered the clay bottom at 58 cm (25 in.). A total discernible feature present. rim), 2 pipe stem fragments, several of 144 specimens was recovered from The principal particulars in which the pieces of fire-cracked rock, 1 black the 40 to 50 cm (16 to 20 in.) level of the 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in.) level differed walnut fragment and numerous gastro­ fire pit. They were: 9 chert debitage were that parts of it terminated as a pods. A considerable amount of charcoal waste flakes (2 Flint Ridge, 5 gray and 2 sterile clay level appeared between 31 was intermixed with the soil matrix. tan river pebble), 32 pieces of fire- and 35 cm (12.5 and 15.75 in.) and the Feature 13 is a sandstone hearth lo­ cracked rock, 2 freshwater naiad shell occurrence of a small incompletely ex­ cated in the southeastern and north­ fragments, 14 pottery sherds (11 Mo­ cavated and unidentified feature which eastern quadrants of excavation unit nongahela shell-tempered: 5 cord­ extended into the wall of L-3. Reported 5-22 and the southwestern and north­ marked, 1 plain and 5 unidentifiable; 2 in this level were 35 chert waste flakes western quadrants of 5-23 at the 20 to grit-tempered and 1 limestone: all are (2 black, 1 red, 4 gray and 4 tan river 38 cm (8 to 15 in.) level. Small flecks of too fragmentary to determine surface pebble chert, 7 Flint Ridge and 17 of charcoal were interspersed around the treatment), 83 pieces of bone, a frag­ unknown origins; 1 Flint Ridge and 1 33 small sandstone fragments compris­ ment of a charred hickory (Carya) nut, 2 specimen of unknown origins are biface ing this 30 by 75 cm (12 by 29.5 in.) gastropods and a cup stone. The latter fragments), 100 sherds (91 Mononga­ rectanguloid-shaped fireplace. Materials object was found in the slot along the hela shell-tempered: 26 are cordmarked, recovered from this feature were a dis­ west wall. Interestingly, only 4 bones 10 are plain and 55 cannot be identified coid-shaped sandstone river cobble exhibited signs of charring. Readily due to their fragmentary condition; 9 hammerstone, 18 sherds (7 shell-temp­ identifiable animal types are deer and grit-tempered: 3 are cordmarked, 2 are ered Monongahela Cordmarked, 4 shell- tortoise. In addition to the artifacts a incised, 1 is cordmarked and incised and tempered with small rectangular im­ small vertical postmold 4-by-5 cm in 3 are too damaged to determine), 15 pressions and 7 unidentifiable: 4 shell, 1 diameter appeared at the 43 cm (17 in.) freshwater naiad shell fragments, 294 chert and 2 with no temper), 13 chert level in the northwestern part of the pit pieces of bone (45 evidence heat dis­ waste flakes (4 gray river pebble, 6 Flint and went to a depth of 13 cm (5 in.). coloration) and 22 gastropods. A total of Ridge and 3 of unknown origins), 1 From the 50 to 58 cm (20 to 23 in.) 466 specimens. One each of the fol­ freshwater naiad shell, 31 bone frag­ level came 15 bones (2 are slightly lowing ceramic types was also noted: ments (3 are deer and 2 are bird; 3 evi­ charred), 6 Monongahela shell-temp­ Monongahela Cordmarked and Plain, dence signs of charring), 1 tortoise ered sherds (3 are cordmarked and 3 cord-wrapped-stick-impressed lips, Mc- fragment and 16 gastropods. It is en­ are too mutilated to identify), 4 speci­ Fate Incised (Dragoo, 1955:105), a form tirely possible that the small vertical mens of chert debitage (2 gray river akin to Shenk's Ferry Cordmarked postmold in the northwestern quadrant pebble, 1 Flint Ridge and 1 of an un­ (Heisey and Witmer, 1964: 24; Plate 8, of unit 5-23 and a similar postmold in the known origin) and a single freshwater No. 26) and a rim sherd reminiscent of northwestern quadrant of unit 5-24 are naiad shell, gastropod and drill tip. A Prufer and Shane's Baum Cordmarked associated with this feature. total of 28 specimens. Examination of Incised, Rim Class II (1970: 51-52; Fig­ Feature 14 is the basal remains of a the soil below this level produced sev­ ure 8, B). large woodfire hearth which appeared eral additional artifacts; however, it was Feature 12 is a shallow unstratified between the base of the plow zone and apparent that the area was extensively refuse deposit which occurred in all four the underlying sterile clay and sand­ rodent disturbed. Although it will not be quadrants of excavation unit D-16 and stone subsurface found at the 25 cm (10 treated here, a second feature —a extended into all four squares immedi­ in.) level of excavation unit 31-K (and hearth—of nearly equal depths was re­ ately contiguous with it. The refuse de­ three adjacent unexcavated 1.5-m (5-ft. corded in the southwestern quadrant of posits appeared at the 20 cm (8 in.) level squares). Small flecks of charcoal, in the unit. and continued to a depth of nearly 30 general, heavily dotted the subsoil sur­ Overlying these features was a shal­ cm (12 in.), although in the southeastern face of this unit. In addition, a circular low refuse deposit. Thus, much of the and southwestern quarters the refuse concentration of charcoal 38 cm (15 in.)

18 in diameter and 4 cm (1.5 in.) thick sequence of ten 1.5-m (5-ft.) square Pickenpaugh, Thomas E. occurred in the middle of the square excavation units (31-40-K). Similarly, 1974 The Brokaw Site (33BL-6)-A Pre­ and an orangish heat discolored ellipse- only the bases of two woodfire features liminary Report. Ohio Archaeolo­ shaped area 36 cm (14 in.) wide and 50 in the 11-20-J(16& 17-J) series of units gist, 24(4): 36-41. cm (20 in.) long appeared in the north­ are discovered. Clearly, too, the amount 1976 Stone Artifacts from the Brokaw Site. Ohio Archaeologist, 26(3): western quadrant and extended an addi­ of the archaeological remains retrieved 14-21. tional 36 cm (14 in.) into the northeastern from the plow zone of the central plaza 1979a Postmolds on the Brokaw Site—An quarter of unit 32-K. The depth of the is greatly reduced in comparison to the Interpretation. Ohio Archaeologist, stain extended from 20 to 23 cm (8 to 9 rest of the village, and the pottery and 29(2): 32-36. in). No artifacts were recovered from bone are also much more weathered. 1979b An Early Nineteenth Century Eng­ this feature; however, 42 chert waste The difference of condition of these lish Button from the Brokaw Site flakes and debitage (13 Flint Ridge, 24 materials may be explained by the fact Ohio Archaeologist, 29(4): 16-17. gray and 3 tan river pebble and 2 of that the plaza and the inhabited part of 1980 Projectile Points from the Brokaw unknown origins), 3 weathered bone the site were places of very different Site (33BL-6): Some Evidence for fragments and 3 sherds (1 cordmarked cultural behavior. In the occupied part Archaic and Late Woodland Occu­ and 2 plain) with an indeterminate pations. Ohio Archaeologist, 30(1): of the site there were enough bone and 36-42. temper type were present in the plow mollusc present (CaC03) to raise the soil 1981a Ceramics from the Brokaw Site zone. Historical artifacts also present pH to almost neutral, whereas the func­ (33BL-6): Some Evidence for a Late were 2 pieces of bottle glass and 3 ce­ tion of the plaza all but precluded such Woodland Monongahela Occupa­ ramic sherds; 1 is glazed. utilitarian activity, resulting in a signifi­ tion (Part I). Ohio Archaeologist, Feature 15 is a central plaza or court­ cantly higher acidic level. 31(2): 28-33. yard. This feature encompasses nearly 1981b Ceramics from the Brokaw Site (33BL-6): Some Evidence for a Late all of the flat hilltop of the site and is Woodland Monongahela Occupa­ therefore assumed to have been essen­ tion (Part II). Ohio Archaeologist, tially ellipse-shaped in form. Accord­ References Cited 31(3): 42-45. ingly, the dimensions of the courtyard 1981c Radiocarbon Dates from the Bro­ exceeded 45 m (150 ft.) in length by 30 Dragoo, Don W. kaw Site (Part I). Ohio Archaeolo­ m (100 ft.) in width. The excavations 1955 Excavations at the Johnston Site, gist, 31(4): 37-41. Indiana County, Pennsylvania. 1982 Radiocarbon Dates from the Bro­ conducted in this area were character­ Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 25 (2): ized by a lack of in situ archaeological kaw Site (Part II). Ohio Archaeolo­ 100-105. gist, 32(1): 40-46. remains below the plow level and the Heisey, Henry W. and Paul Witmer only features noted were the basal re­ 1983 Problems in Archaeology: Excava­ 1964 The Shenk's Ferry People: A site tions at the Brokaw Village Site, mains of a very few woodfire hearths. and some Generalities. Pennsyl­ Belmont County, Ohio. Ohio Ar­ This general absence of evidence for vania Archaeologist, 34(1): 24-26. chaeologist, 33(1): 38-39. Mayer-Oakes, William J. cultural activity is hence the basis for Pickenpaugh, Thomas E. and 1955 Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Val­ delineating the boundaries of the plaza, Michael Collins for it contrasts sharply with the occupied ley; an Introductory Archaeological Study. Anthropological Series, No. 1978 Heat Treated Materials from the portion of the site. It is thus within this 2. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 34, Brokaw Site; With Notes on Experi­ context that Feature 14 appears, as this Pittsburgh. mental Heating of Chert. Ohio Ar­ fireplace and the basal remains of a McK. Bird. Robert and Thomas Pickenpaugh chaeologist, 28(2): 5-10. second small woodfire hearth in 36-K 1980 Maize of the Brokaw Site. Ohio Prufer, Olaf H. and Orrin Shane are the only features present in the Archaeologist, 30(3): 31. 1970 Blain Village and the Fort Ancient Tradition in Ohio. Kent State Uni­ versity Press. Kent.

F-2 • F - 3 •• * * F-5 F-4 F-1 \ .il F-6-8 F-9 • F-10 *•: F - I 4 • F - I I

\. i.i F - I 2 250 200 I50 I00 5 0 \

PLAZA / '• F - I 3 _ O in'

O

0 50 IOO o in - 0 10 20 30

Fig. 1 —Features excavated at the Brokaw site.

19 Comments on Prismatic Blade Technologies By L. W. Patterson 418 Wycliffe, Houston, Texas 77079

Introduction technologies seem to have diffused from In true prismatic blade industries, Prismatic blade technologies are fairly the far north, ultimately from Asia (Hes­ width distributions (plots of % total ver­ widespread in prehistoric cultures of the ter 1976: Fig. 13-5; Borden 1969; Patter­ sus blade width) tend to form bell- New World, although not uniformly used son 1973: Fig.6,1974)during the termi­ shaped curves (Sollberger and Patter­ by all Indian cultures through time and nal Pleistocene and later. The Diuktai son 1976). This is probably because the space. Long (1987) has illustrated some culture with microblades of the late craftsman was attempting to produce similar large prismatic blades of Paleo- Pleistocene in northeast Asis (Chard some ideal blade width. Indian type from Ohio and Texas. His 1974:33) has a counterpart in Alaska, article has prompted me to assemble such as at the Onion Portage Site (An­ Identification of Blade Industries some more general comments on pre­ derson 1970). There are also several Prismatic blades can be produced historic prismatic blade technologies later microblade technologies found in fortuitously during various flintknapping that are found in the continental United Alaska that are probably related to tech­ activities. Forexample, the manufacture States. nologies in northeast Asia. As one step of bifacial projectile points can produce in the diffusion pattern to the south, Ohio a low percentage of small blades (Patter­ This article gives comments on types son and Sollberger 1978:110) in the of prismatic blade technologies, meth­ Hopewell small blade technology may be derived from the Poverty Point Cul­ debitage assemblage (under 2% in the ods of manufacture, determination of referenced study). Production of large purposeful blade industries, and func­ ture of Louisiana and Mississippi (Ford, Phillips and Haag 1955:147). Some flakes using a single core platform for tional uses of blades. Some sugges­ serial flake removals may produce a few tions are offered for future research on Hopewell small prismatic blades are shown in Figure 2. fortuitous blades. It is therefore impor­ functional uses of small prismatic blades tant to identify true prismatic blade in the later prehistoric cultures of Ohio industries, where many blades have Indians. Manufacturing Methods Techniques for manufacturing various been produced purposefully. Types of Prismatic Blade Technologies types of prismatic blades are fairly well The best way to identify a true pris­ There are essentially two classes of known, and can be replicated by modern matic blade industry is by the presence prismatic blade technologies found in flintknappers (Sollberger and Patterson of polyhedral cores, having multiple par­ the continental United States. One type 1976). Direct percussion is generally the allel flake scars. This type of core con­ is the large prismatic blade made by most appropriate method of force appli­ figuration would seldom be produced Paleo-lndians (Converse 1973:14, cation to produce large blades, although accidentally. In the absence of blade Green 1963, Hammatt 1969, Kraft 1973). indirect percussion can also be used cores, the quantity and percentage of Large prismatic blades, generally over (Prideaux 1973:84). Small blades can be blades in flake collections are important 20 mm in width (Sollberger and Patter­ produced by direct percussion, indirect in identifying a true blade industry. son 1976:529), are found in both Clovis percussion, or pressure techniques. and Folsom sites of the Early Paleo- The general definition of a prismatic Functional Uses of Blades Indian period (Green 1963, Wilmsen blade is a flake with a length at least Large prismatic blades of the Paleo- 1974: Fig. 5.1d) of 10,000 to 8,000 B.C. twice its width, with parallel lateral edges lndian type have a number of uses as and the Late Paleo-lndian period (Jen­ and at least one ridge on the dorsal face unifacial flake tools, for scraping (figure nings 1974:133, Patterson 1977) of parallel to the lateral edges (Bordaz 1C) and cutting functions. This can be 8,000 to 6,000 B.C. Large prismatic 1970:51). To produce a blade, a flake determined by wear patterns and pur­ blade traditions of the New World seem scar ridge must be present on the core poseful retouch patterns on edges. The to be derived from the Upper Paleolithic face. Force is applied to the core plat­ end scraper with graver spur (Figure 1D) of northeast Asia (Borden 1969, Mac- form directly above a ridge on the core made on a large blade or elongated flake Neish 1976, Hester 1976:315). Some face. This ridge acts as a force guide for is a diagnostic artifact type of the Paleo- modern replicates of large prismatic the tensile fracture plane during the Indian period (Irwin and Wormington blades made from central Texas flint are flake removal, to produce a long, narrow 1970: Fig. 2-15). shown in Figure 1. flake. Prismatic blades are so-named be­ Small prismatic blades seem to have Most Archaic cultures after 6,000 B.C. cause of the geometric configuration of been used for several purposes in vari­ seem to have discontinued manufacture the cross section caused by the ridges ous regions of the continental U.S. In of large blades. When manufacture of on the dorsal face. Texas, unifacial arrow point elements, bifacial projectile points is the predom­ The purposeful production of blades both points and side insets, are made inant lithic industry, there seem to be produces polyhedral cores as a by­ from small blades, and first occur earlier fewer technological advantages for hav­ product, with multiple parallel flake scars than conventional bifacial arrow points ing a separate industry to manufacture due to blade removals. The description (Patterson 1982). In the Poverty Point large prismatic blades (Patterson 1979), of a blade industry includes data on both Culture of Louisiana and Mississippi in especially because byproduct flakes blades and cores. Blade core geo­ the Late Archaic period, the Jaketown from biface production can be used as metries can be quite varied within a perforator is a primary use of micro- tools. single industry, such as for Texas micro- blades (Ford, Phillips and Haag 1955), In the Middle to Late Archaic periods, blades (Patterson 1973) or a blade in­ probably used as a drilling tool. In the which vary in time in different regions of dustry may have only one or a few Late Prehistoric at the Cahokia Site in the continental U.S., small prismatic definite core types. Most Ohio Hopewell Illinois, microblades were used as drills blade technologies start in various geog­ blade cores seem to be of the semi- to manufacture beads (Morse 1974). raphic areas. These technologies are conical type, as shown in Figure 3. A The main point here is that the pur­ sometimes termed microblade indus­ good group of photographic illustrations poseful manufacture of prismatic blades tries, with product blades generally well of Ohio Hopewell blade cores has been by various prehistoric Indian cultures under 15 mm in width. Small blade given by Converse (1975). was done for specific reasons. This is

20 especially true for the manufacture of References small blades, where specialized flint- Anderson, D. D. Occupation Site in New Jersey. Ar­ knapping techniques were used to 1970 Akmak. Acta Arctica, Fasc. 16, chaeology of Eastern North Amer­ achieve a specific type of blade prod­ Copenhagen. ica 1(1 ):56-117. uct, instead of more general flake forms. Bordaz, J. Long, R. J. The presence of small blade industries 1970 Tools of the Old and New Stone 1987 Identical Uniface Blades from Ohio has been noted for Indian cultures in Age. Natural History Press. and Texas. Ohio Archaeologist 37 Ohio, such as the Hopewell (Griffin Borden, C. E. (1):4-5. 1969 Early Population Movements from 1952: Fig. 32) and Late Woodland (Prufer MacNiesh, R. S. Asia into Western North America. 1967: 28). Few detailed studies have 1976 Early Man in the New World. Ameri­ Syesis2(1):1-13. can Scientist 64:316-327. been made, however, on the functional Chard, C. S. Morse, D. F. uses of small blades in Ohio. This subject 1974 Northeast Asia in Prehistory. Uni­ 1974 The Cahokia Microlith Industry. should be considered for more future versity of Wisconsin Press. Newsletter of Lithic Technology research. For example, the manufacture Converse, R. N. 3(2):15-19. of small blades in the Hopewell Culture 1973 Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Patterson, L. W. might be important to the introduction Society of Ohio, Special Publica­ 1973 Some Texas Blade Technology. Bul­ of the bow and arrow to this geographic tion. letin of the Texas Archaeological region, as it is in Texas (Patterson 1982). 1975 Hopewell Cores. Ohio Archaeolo­ Society 44:89-111. One proposal has even been made that gist 25(2): back cover. 1974 Some Comments on Ohio Blade Ford, J. A.; P. Phillips and W. G. Haag Hopewell small blades were used for Cores. Ohio Archaeologist 24(4): 1955 The Jaketown Site in West-Central 31-33. shaving (Grubb 1981). The use of small Mississippi. Anthropological Papers 1977 A Discussion of Possible Asiatic In­ blades as drill/perforators is one pos­ of the American Museum of Natural fluences on Texas Pleistocene Lithic sibility that should be considered. In History 45(1):1-164. Technology. Bulletin of the Texas other words, the presence of a prismatic Green, F E. Archaeological Society 48:27-45. blade industry is only half of the story. 1963 The Clovis Blades: an important ad­ 1979 Limitations in Uses of Large Pris­ The other half is the functional uses of dition to the Llano complex. Ameri­ matic Blades. Lithic Technology 8 the product blades to obtain better de­ can Antiquity 29:145-165. (1):3-5. scriptions of activities at archaeological Griffin, J. B. 1982 Initial Employment of the Bow 1952 Archaeology of Eastern United sites. and Arrow in the Southern United States. University of Chicago Press. States. La Tierra 9(2): 18-26, South­ Grubb, T. C. Summary ern Texas Archaeological Associa­ 1981 Why Hopewell Cores and Blade- tion. A brief summary has been given here lets? Ohio Archaeologist 31(2):18- Patterson, L. W. and J. B. Sollberger of prehistoric prismatic blade technolo­ 20. 1978 Replication and Classification of gies in the continental United States. Hammatt, H. H. Small Size Lithic Debitage. Plains These technologies can be broadly di­ 1969 Paleo-lndian Blades from Western Anthropologist 23(80):103-112. vided into Paleo-lndian large blade Oklahoma. Bulletin of the Texas Ar­ Prideaux, T. technologies and later small blade tech­ chaeological Society 40:193-198. 1973 Cro-Magnon Man. Time-Life Books. nologies. Small blades were given sev­ Hester, J. J. Prufer, O. H. eral specialized uses by various Indian 1976 Introduction to Archaeology. Holt, 1967 Chesser Cave: A Late Woodland cultures. It is suggested that more stud­ Rinehart and Winston. Phase in Southeastern Ohio. In O. Irwin, H. T. and H. M. Wormington ies be made on the functional uses of H. Prufer and D. H. McKenzie(eds.), 1970 Paleo-lndian Tool Types in the Great Studies in Ohio Archaeology, Kent small blades in the post-Archaic Indian Plains. American Antiquity 35(1): State University Press. cultures of Ohio. 24-34. Sollberger, J. B. and L. W. Patterson Jennings, J. D. 1976 Prismatic Blade Replication. Amer­ 1974 Prehistory of North America. Mc­ ican Antiquity 41 (4):517-531. Graw-Hill. Wilmsen, E. N. Kraft, H. C. 1974 Lindenmeier: A Pleistocene Hunt­ 1973 The Plenge Site: A Paleo-lndian ing Society. Harper and Row.

21 01 234567 cm . . I i I » I l I I I I • l . Fig. 1 —A to D —large prismatic blades, C — end scraper, D — end scraper with graver spur.

0 1 234 56 7 ci < I I . I I I i 1 > I I I » I

Fig. 2 — Hopewell small blades

0 1 234567 cr 1 . I . I • I • II I ' • ' '

Fig. 3 — Hopewell blade cores.

22 A Stone Face From Hancock County, Ohio By Judy F. Jameson 03145 Twp. Rd. 187, Rt. 2, Carey, Ohio 43316

This picture (Fig. 1) is of a stone face found on the Ronald Clark property be­ side a small stream fed by the Blanchard River in Hancock County, in northwest Ohio, in May of 1986. After discovering the carved face on the stone, I contacted Professor John Hudson, geologist, at Findlay College to see if he would be able to date the carving. Professor Hudson took these and other pictures and showed them to Randy Buckman, archaeologist, at Defiance College, Defiance, Ohio, who agreed with Professor Hudson that the carving appeared to be from the Mis- sissippian people who lived in this area several thousand years ago. Professor Hudson also sent pictures to Mrs. Martha Otto, State Curator for the Ohio Historical Society in Colum­ bus, Ohio, and to Dr. George Stuart, of the National Geographic Society in Washington, D.C. Mrs. Otto said, "I be­ lieve your stone face could have been carved using stone tools." Dr. Stuart unfortunately was not able to be in Ohio at the time we had planned in March of 1987, due to inclement weather. On several occasions I spoke with Dr. Stuart on the phone and he was of the opinion, from the pictures, that the face had a patina which appeared to be several thousand years old.

Fig. 1 (Jameson) Human effigy head found in Hancock County, Ohio.

23 Late Archaic Grooved Axe/Hammer Distributions in the Greater Sandusky Bay Area By Jonathan Bowen 419 Sandusky Ave., Fremont, Ohio 43420

Both full and three-quarter grooved banks of major rivers and sandy knolls Graves, Lawrence S. axes and hammers are common in the in the till plain. Possible seasonal and/or 1977 Reconstruction of the Environmen­ greater Sandusky Bay area of north- functional differences between these tal Conditions for Human Cultural central Ohio. In south-central Ohio these settings must be explored. Development in the Western Lake Erie Basin during Late Holocene tools have been radiocarbon dated to Time. Unpublished M.S. thesis, De­ the period of 3000-1500 B.C. (Bowen References Cited partment of Geology, Bowling 1987, Murphy 1979, Riley and Kleinman Bowen, Jonathan E. Green State University. n.d.), placing them within the Late Ar­ 1986 Prehistoric Ceramics at the Scioto Murphy, James L. chaic period. In this study, the distri­ County Home Site (33SC17). Ohio 1979 Full- and Three-quarter-grooved butions of grooved axes and hammers Archaeologist 36(4); 35-36. Axes from the Bob Evans Shelter, were plotted in order to gain insights Forsyth, Jane L. Gallia County, Ohio. Ohio Archae­ into Late Archaic settlement patterns. 1975 The Geologic Setting of the San­ ologist 29(3): 15-16. The study area (Fig. 1) consists of the dusky River Basin. In Proceedings Riley, Patrick, and Kleinman, Dennis of the Sandusky River Basin Sym­ n.d. Rockshelter 33SC282. Manuscript lower Portage River up to Pemberville, posium, ed. by D. B. Baker, W. B. in preparation. the lower Sandusky River up to Mc- Jackson, and B. L. Prater, pp. 13-60. Cutchenville, and the upper Huron River Heidelberg College, Tiffin, Ohio. above Milan. It includes all or portions of Ottawa, Sandusky, Seneca, Erie, and Huron counties. It should be noted that the lakeshore in the distribution map (Fig. 1) is very different than at present, and that Sandusky Bay is absent. This reflects the lower water levels of Lake Erie during the Late Archaic (Forsyth 1975, Graves 1977). Also, it must be remembered that rising lake levels have OTf-0 inundated the Late Archaic shoreline, the absence of lakeshore sites is the result of modern conditions, not neces­ sarily ancient settlement patterns. Data regarding grooved axes and hammers were gleaned from Ohio Ar­ chaeological Inventory forms and the Ohio Historical Society county archae­ ological files. Thirty-seven sites contain­ ing these tools were noted, although no doubt many more exist. Of those sites, seven yielded at least two grooved axes and at least two grooved hammers, six­ teen at least two grooved axes and/or hammers, and fourteen only a single grooved axe or hammer. Sites containing single grooved axes or hammers occur throughout the study area, while those yielding at least two specimens are largely restricted to the banks of permanent streams, as well as sandy knolls throughout the lake plain. The seven sites containing at least two grooved axes and at least two grooved hammers are confined to the banks of major rivers, and to sandy knolls in the lake plain. While lower-level sites con­ tain greatly varying amounts (lots to none) of other Late Archaic tools and chippage, the seven major sites all con­ MCC tain large amounts of such materials. o ICtr> io ° In conclusion, Late Archaic peoples + dt least X cues dnd A Y>dTnmers seem to have ranged throughout the study area. Major components (SA64, • dt least %. dXes or Vidwrntr^ SA175, SE1, SE76-78-104, HU38, WIN, O Single dXe or tiawtner LIM), which are perhaps settlements, are about evenly distributed between the Fig. 1 (Bowen) Distribution of Grooved Axes/Hammers in the Greater Sandusky Bay Area.

24 Fig. 2 (Bowen) Grooved Axes/Hammers from Fig. 3 (Bowen) Grooved Axes/Hammers from Fig. 4 (Bowen) Grooved Axes/Hammers from the Gries Site (33SA64). the Ballville Bridge Site (33SA1 75). the Winters Site (WIN).

Fig. 5 (Bowen) Grooved Axes/Hammers from Fig. 6 (Bowen) Grooved Axes/Hammers from Fig. 7 (Bowen) Late Archaic Stemmed Points the Basic Site (BAS). the Limerick Site (LIM). from the Limerick Site (LIM) (a-d, f-h, uniden­ tified cherts: e, Delaware Chert; all 9-15 mm thick).

25 Old Copper Culture Rat-Tailed Spears From the Upper Peninsula By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

Most prehistoric artifacts of copper seemed strange to me that rarely are was leaf-shaped with a long, medium, or found in Ohio or the Ohio Valley tend to projectile pointsof copper found inthese short rattail tang. Another was leaf- fall into two categories, the ornamental same sites. To be sure, Squier and Davis shaped or trianguloid with a spatulate (such as ear spools, C-shaped bracelets, in their epoch Ancient Monuments of tang. Still others had sockets instead of finger rings, beads, geometric and effigy the Mississippi Valley reported and pic­ tangs for attachment to wooden shafts." "cut outs," breast plates, headdresses, tured (see Figure 1) "a copper spear or From illustrations appearing in Martin, pendants, and gorgets) and the func­ lance-head found three miles northwest Quimby, and Collier (1947: Fig. 83) and tional (such as awls, chisels, knives, of Cincinnati." (1848: 201.) And I have in James B. Griffin's Archaeology of gouges, celts, and axes, including some seen on infrequent occasions other Eastern United States (1952: Figs. 37, weighing in excess of twenty pounds). copper spears in private as well as mu­ 39), the leaf-shaped copper spear illus­ (Potter, 1968: 49.) Introduced into Ohio seum collections that have been re­ trated in Figures 2 and 3 appears to be by the Late Archaic Glacial Kame Cul­ ported as found here in Ohio. However, typologically diagnostic of the early Old ture, most copper ore came from Isle copper spears appearing in Ohio collec­ Copper Culture. The one shown in Fig­ Royale in Lake Superior, where some tions are often determined to have Old ures 4 and 5, because of its barbed surface "nuggets" of two hundred or Copper Culture origins of Late Archaic shoulders and socketed stem, may well more pounds could occasionally be time frame (Brose, et al, 1985: 43) and be late rather than early in that cultural found and where quarries were early of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Upper Mich­ horizon. developed to yield more of the coveted igan, or southern Ontario geographic metal. As Martha Potter Otto has ex­ relationship. So it is with the two rat- Acknowledgements plained, "The methods for working the tailed spears illustrated here (Figures To the curators of the collections in metal were quite crude—cold hammer­ 2, 3, 4, and 5), both of which originated the Heritage Hall Museum, Neil Allen ing with a hammerstone to shape and in Michigan's copper-rich Upper Penin­ and Kristina Kovalik, goes appreciation thin the pieces, and annealing which sula, but both of which are now in the for their many courtesies, and to the entailed heating and chilling the copper William Jacka Collection of the Heritage staff of the Miami University Audio Vi­ Hall Museum in Lakeside, Ohio. to prevent it from becoming brittle." sual Service goes gratitude for their (1968:22-23.) The larger bladed but shorter-tailed helpfulness in the preparation of illustra­ The use of copper ornaments and spear of the two is the one illustrated in tions used in this article. tools particularly flourished in the Ohio Figures 2 and 3. Quite corroded, it is area during Early and Middle Woodland wholly light green in color on the ob­ eras, those associated with the Adena verse side (Figure 3) but shows a heavy References brownish-green stain on the reverse side and Hopewell Cultures. While the Glacial Brose, David S., James A. Brown, and Kame had found copper useful in making (Figure 3). Its blade is leaf-shaped and is 3 David W. Penney beads and awls, the Adena found it 3Vie inches long and 1 /ie inches wide; 3 1985 Ancient Art of the American Wood­ advantageous as well in making brace­ its maximum thickness is /ie inch. Its land Indians. Harry N.Abrams, Inc., lets, rings and gorgets, often of quadri- short rat-tail extends an additional 1% Publishers, New York, in association concaveand reel types. (1968: 31.) The inches beyond the blade, making its with the Detroit Institute of Arts. 1 Hopewell, according to Martha Potter over-all length 4 Vie inches. Griffin, James B., editor Otto, "are especially famous for the de­ The second copper spear is illustrated 1952 Archaeology of Eastern United signs and images they cut from thin in Figures 4 and 5. It too is corroded and States. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. sheet copper. Some of the cut outs' are is light green in color on both faces. Of different design from the first, it has Martin, Paul S., George I Quimby, and geometric figures of various types, such Donald Collier as squares, circular pieces, rectangles, pronounced barbs on either side of the 1947 Indians Before Columbus: Twenty and various combinations of these de­ base of the blade, excurvate blade Thousand Years of North American signs ... [and some are] realistic animal edges, and a very long "rat-tail" socketed History Revealed by Archaeology. forms ... [of which] the most famous is into a short basal stem. The blade length The University of Chicago Press, 6 the peregrine falcon or duck hawk (er­ is 2 /ie inches, the width is 1Ve inches, Chicago roneously called the flying eagle) from and the maximum thickness of the blade Potter, Martha A. 3 Mound City." (1968: 47.) It is with good is /ie inch. From the point of the blade 1968 Ohio's Prehistoric Peoples. The to the end of the short basal stem is Ohio Historical Society, Columbus. reason that Martin, Quimby, and Collier Shriver, Phillip R. in their Indians Before Columbus have 3V% inches. The "rat-tail" extends an ad­ ditional 3V inches, making the over-all 1983 A Hopewell Copper Axe from the called the Hopewell "the finest metal­ B Cuyahoga Valley." Ohio Archaeolo­ workers in North America before the length 6% inches. gist, 33(1): 24-25. coming of the White man." (1947: 272.) According to Martin, Quimby, and Squier, Ephraim G. and Edwin H. Davis While Ohio Hopewell and Adena sites Collier (1947:300), "Copper spear points 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Missis­ abound with copper ornaments and or lance points [of the Old Copper Cul­ sippi Valley. Smithsonian Institu­ some functional tools, it has always ture] were of several kinds. One style tion, Washington.

26 Fig. 1 (Shriver) Sketch of copper spear found three miles northwest of Cincinnati. Reproduced here from Squier and Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, p. 201.

Fig. 2 (Shriver) Old Copper Culture short rat- tailed spear from Michigan's copper country in the Upper Peninsula. Part of the William M. Jacka Collection, Heritage Hall Museum, Lake­ side. Ohio.

Fig. 3 (Shriver) Reverse side of the copper spear Fig. 4 (Shriver) Long rat-tailed socketed copper Fig. 5 (Shriver) Reverse side of the copper shown in Fig. 2. Note brownish-green stain spear from the Upper Peninsula. Now part of spear pictured in Fig. 4. Identification num­ across the blade. the Heritage Hall Museum's Jacka Collection, bers are those of the Heritage Hall Museum. Lakeside, Ohio.

27 Fig. 1 (Meyn) Moccasins. Assiniboine design, Fig. 2 (Meyn) Rock medicine bundle. Crow. but could be of Western Sioux manufacture. Leather, beads (Peking, Venetian, cornaline de Leather, beads, trade cloth. 26.1 cm (IOVA") aleppo), brass, shoe button. 10 cm (4") long, long. CMNH A13334 a, b. including fringe. CMNH A13356.

Fig. 3 (Meyn) Leggings. Dakota-Sioux. English Fig. 4 (Meyn) Leggings. Cheyenne. Leather strouding, trade cloth, beads, leather, hat pin, (buckskin), beads, ochre (red and yellow), thread. 62.7 (24%") high, outer leg measure­ trade cloth, metal, horsehair, Northern Flicker ments. CMNH A13351 a,b. feathers, thread. 90.0 cm (35V2") high, in­ cluding buckskin loop. CMNH A13357 a,b. Fig. 5 (Meyn) Ghost Dance shield, swallow in center. Dakota (?) Sioux. Trade cloth, wood, thread, leather, watercolor paints. 51.7 cm (20%") diameter. CMNH A13391.

Cincinnati's Wild West By Susan L. Meyn Curator of Ethnology Cincinnati Museum of Natural History

In June, 1896, Cincinnatians were Their arrival was heralded in The En­ with their philosophy, the Zoological simultaneously enthralled and appalled quirer: "One Hundred and One Wild Garden in Cincinnati billed the 1896 when they witnessed—at night with Sioux Indians Arrived at the Zoo Last Indian visitors with "Bedouins of the special red-torch, calcium, electric, and Night."2 East" and later with Sie Hassan Ben Ali's pyrotechnic effects—the Ghost Dance, Exhibiting Indians in a village setting Moorish Acrobats. At the beginning of a the Battle of Wounded Knee, the Custer and planning a "Wild West Show" may performance the Bedouins and Indians Massacre, the burning of a settler's seem like an unusual activity for a zoo, entered the arena together on horse­ cabin, the running of the gauntlet, the but around the turn of the century it was back. The Sioux then reenacted activi­ waylaying of a stagecoach, and the customary for zoos to introduce people ties thought typical of the "Wild and burning of a prisoner at the stake, to from faraway places to their visitors. Woolly West." name a few. These "entertainments," Thus, zoos not only helped to bring the The performance will open with a replicating frontier and pioneer life on rest of the world to the public by exhibit­ grand entry, entirely unique and the plains, were scheduled summer ing exotic animals but hoped to educate original, and introducing over 100 educational programs for the public at their visitors about the customs of peo­ chiefs and warriors on their Indian the Zoological Gardens in Cincinnati. ple not native to their local area. And, as ponies, which they brought with The Native American participants—91 John Goetz, Jr., President of the Cincin­ them, from the reservations, to­ Brule Sioux Indians (chiefs, warriors, nati Zoological Society, explained in gether with a band of wild Bedouin women, and children) together with their 1897, "The exhibition of wild people is Arabs, also on horseback.4 50 ponies, tepees, and camping equip­ in line with zoology, and so, when we The "plays" featuring the "life and ment—traveled east by train to Cincin­ exhibit Indians, or South Sea Islanders character of this most war-like of the nati from their home on the Rosebud or Esquimaux, or Arabians, or any wild Western Indian nations" followed this reservation in South Dakota.' They or strange people now in existence, we grand introduction.5 Special events were camped at the Zoo from Saturday night, are simply keeping within our province planned and orchestrated with the aid 3 June 13th, until September 7, 1896. as a zoological institution." In keeping of Colonel Fred E. Nevin, who accom-

29 Fig. 6 (Meyn) Photograph of the Enno Meyer Indian collection in his studio. Museum No. TT 4863. panied the Sioux on their journey. Each filled with the smoke and fire of taining the approval of the government weekend a different main event was rapidly discharging repeating rifles. and the Rosebud Indian agent. (At that planned and added to the scheduled Every inch of ground is contested time, the agent was J. George Wright; program. Some activities, such as the by the Indians before the soldiers on June 1,1896, Charles E. McChesney reenactment of the Battle of Wounded finally drive them out of the open was appointed.) The Zoological Garden Knee (December, 1890) and the burning into the forest, having scores of slain gave a $10,000 bond as a guarantee. In of a settler's cabin, required that addi­ soldiers and Indians lying upon the addition to the bond, the management tional actors —soldiers from the First battle field. It is worth one's while to of the Zoo was Regiment of the Ohio National Guard, visit the Zoo this week, just for the required to enter into written con­ present through the courtesy of C.B. purpose of seeing this magnificently tracts with the individual Indians Hunt—participate. The cavalry lent its conducted sham battle.6 obligating themselves to pay such assistance to ensure that the event was It is interesting to note that historical Indians fair stipulated salaries for realistic. Brief descriptions in the news­ accuracy was not required by the Zoo: their services; to supply them with paper were sensationalized and de­ some programs, such as the running of proper food and clothing; to meet signed to encourage Zoo visits. the gauntlet, were not typical Plains their traveling and needful inciden­ The feature of the Indian portion activities. tal expenses, including medical at­ of the entertainment is a thrilling re­ In its advertisements the Zoo claimed tendance, etc., from the date of production of the battle of Wounded that it was the only genuine Indian village leaving their homes until their return Knee, which those who have wit­ in the city (Pawnee Bill's Wild West Show thither; to protect them from im­ nessed it say eclipses any sham was in Cincinnati at this time) and that moral influences and surroundings; battle ever before given within the the Indians were obtained honorably to employ a white man of good precincts of this city. The preliminary with the permission of the U.S. govern­ character to look after their welfare, part of this spectacle, leading up to ment. Requests for exhibitions of this and to return them without cost to the actual conflict, increases in in­ type were discouraged by United States themselves to their reservation terest until every one in the audi­ Indian agents on the reservations be­ within a certain specified time. They ence assembled almost holds his cause the Indians were frequently have also been required to execute bond for the faithful fulfillment of breath in excited expectancy. When mistreated, contracts broken, and 8 the army officer is shot by the single sometimes they were abandoned in an such contracts. Indian who refuses to give up his unfamiliar territory.7 However, the Cin­ The monthly salaries proposed by U.S. gun, the excitement is intense; then cinnati Zoo, with the assistance of two Indian Agent Wright were approximately follows the attack of the soldiers local Congressmen, Charles P. Taft and $25 for each man, $15 for each woman, on the Indians. The entire arena is Jacob H. Bromwell, succeeded in ob­ and $5 for each child. Wright thought

30 that chiefs would probably demand $30-50 per month and that it would be wise to place one or two in charge and to pay them a "trifle more than the ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS 9 others." The newspapers kept local Ciminnali.d. W?_2«y. Yt€ \\ citizens informed about the activities of their illustrious visitors and an­ 5Wr :'. .- nounced on August 30, 1896, that the '<~lic fctloteina is a report ef U &J 's SHSJUSS . Indians would soon be departing for the [ ,-lH> I'M <•! V '•'• ' I Rosebud Reservation to receive their , |; I I'll W I- f tU, l'« ' M salaries.10 Charles R Jordan, a licensed trader who later organized his own traveling t< © Wild West show, selected and assembled the group that departed the Rosebud Reservation that summer. Accompanied for the duration of the trip by a congenial interpreter, Valentine McKenzie, son of the sister of Chief Iron Shell, the Brule visitors, attired in native finery, enjoyed sightseeing and shopping, demonstrat­ ing a preference for colored shirts and silkWindsorties.11 Upon their arrival the Indians made camp on Zoo grounds in an area "northeast of the clubhouse," P„m Turk Elephant on undeveloped land probably located \m„,.,i- , / ^/ near the intersection of Forest Avenue IK tit! |IO«*« and Dury Street. Rrsum itit Zoo authorities had been told that their visitors would enjoy a simple diet of meat and potatoes. Cincinnati chefs chose a li«lll41'.Ml cut of meat that is located just behind the horns of the cow, probably a neck COlWPlilMENTHRIES: REMARKS: roast, but the Sioux were familiar with the choicer cuts and requested sirloins and porterhouses. They also had a fond­ /v,. ness for vegetables, particularly cab­ {VoodVQICG$*.<$£ > bage (cooked German style?), and later < . they desired blackberries, watermelons, and bakery items. Thus, the visit was 8 an education not only for the public, F/g. 7 (Meyn) Letter on Zoological Gardens daily report sheet to Enno Meyer from Good Voice but for Zoo authorities, chefs, and Eagle. Museum No. TT 4901. Cincinnatians. Newspaper accounts state that while men resumed the shade of the trees and I wish you send me a good in Cincinnati the visitors lived in an or the straw beds in their tents. In Indian women picture. I know that Indian village just as they did at home. the course of an hour, all were en­ you lots of pictures.14 "A scene of aboriginal felicity never to joying a noon meal of beef, pota­ The above letter was written to Meyer be forgotten, the Indian children rolling toes, bread and coffee.13 and is dated April 2, 1901, and signed in the grass, the squaw's crooning to The rediscovery of this visit was pre­ Arthur Belt. their pretty pappooses [sic], the mighty cipitated by a donation from R. Howard Meyer was a young man of 22 at the chiefs and warriors smoking and medi­ and Janet Melvin of Cincinnati and time of the visit. He was an accomplished tating near their tepees."12 The visitors Monte P. and Mary Louise Melvin of photographer who began listing himself to the village were also delighted to be Dayton to the Cincinnati Museum of Nat­ as such in the Williams Cincinnati Direc­ able to witness the daily activities of their ural History in December, 1986. The gift, tory at the age of 11. The following year Indian guests. On the other hand, Indian originally the collection of Cincinnati (1897) he graduated from the Cincinnati women were said to be enchanted with photographer and artist Enno Meyer, Art Academy and was, in 1902, a suc­ the colorful puff-sleeved dresses of comprises portrait photographs of the cessor to his father's photographic bus­ Cincinnati women. An Enquirer news Brule Sioux, letters to Meyer from the iness, located at 465 Vine and later at reporter who described the reactions of visitors, and artifacts that Meyer col­ 1309 Vine.15 He was keenly interested the two cultures was captivated by the lected. Many of the artifacts were ob­ in painting animals and studied animal names of Sioux women who danced for tained by bartering with bright colored life and anatomy at the Zoo.16 Through him that balmy Thursday, June 25th. ribbon, cigarettes, photographs of the his work at the Zoo, Meyer became a Simka Ite Giwin (Yellow Dog- Indians (women were preferred) taken close friend of S.A. Stephan, the Zoo Faced Woman), Cante Niyan by Meyer, and tail feathers from eagles Superintendent at the time of the Indian (Breathing Heart), Marpieya or exotic birds at the Zoo. The friendship visit. Stephan either allowed or commis­ (Cloud), Wanyankapi (See Her), and exchange continued for several sioned Meyer to photograph the Brule Tosimiki Hingjinwin (Horse Comes years after the visit: visitors. Around the turn of the century, and Stands), Marpiya Orankowin .... and now I got some bead Meyer's animal photographs were pub­ (Swift Cloud), Piya (Repeat), and work. But I don't Know How I sent lished in two early Zoo publications, Wasu (Hail). The dance over, the you. if you can send me $1. I sent Original Stories, Exclusive Pictures, women went back to their work, the you some nice bead work for you. Unusual Gossip of the Wild-as-Ever

31 Animals of Quality at the Zoou and Studies in Zoology.™ The latter work was edited by Stephan. Later in life Meyer became a success­ ful artist who painted thoroughbred animals, primarily horses and dogs be­ '/.'l.t,.<- u •< aSutt • !''/ '*/. and dog show judge, notes Meyer has an Indian collection. In a photograph now in the Museum's collection, Meyer / is seated in front of his easel sketching a thoroughbred dog. His collection of •J. artifacts is displayed on the wall behind him. The description of these events and incidents, the Brule visit and its recorder

Enno Meyer, is documented in local • •I newspapers, libraries, and national ar­ • I) J J •-' . . J chives. Additional information about this activity will certainly still be found. The newspaper articles are being read and transcribed in a form that can be utilized by the Brule atthe Rosebud Res­ ervation. Robert Gough, the Reserva­ tion archivist, also hopes that many of the photographs can be identified by tribal elders and that much of the bead- work in the collection can be attributed to a specific family. The descendants of the Brule visitors to Cincinnati are pleased to have the opportunity to learn more about this event.

Notes and References 1 Hamilton, Henry W. and Jean Tyree Hamil­ ton. 1971. The Sioux of the Rosebud. Uni­ ft-/ / i t^t- &L C eZ-&>/ versity of Oklahoma Press. Norman, p. 139. The date, 1897, listed under the photograph is incorrect. 2The Enquirer. Cincinnati. June 14, 1896. p. 6. ^Twenty-Third Annual Report of the Zoologi­ Fig. 8 (Meyn) Letter to Meyer from Oliver T Bear, son of the Brule cal Society of Cincinnati for the Year 1896. chief Spotted Tail. Museum No. TT 4906 a-b. 1897. The Webb Stationery and Printing Co. Cincinnati, p. 15. was only one Brule visit. Manuscript has six '"Stephan, S.A. ed. 1900. Studies in Zoology. ""The Zoo's Wild West." In The Enquirer. photographs taken by T.H. Kelley, ex-presi­ The Cincinnati Zoological Co. Cincinnati, Cincinnati. June 28, 1896. p. 19. dent of the Cincinnati Camera Club. Ohio. Cincinnati Historical Society Library. ,2 slbid. The Enquirer. Cincinnati. June 21, 1896. p. 6"Excitement At the Zoo." In The Enquirer. 19. ,3 Cincinnati. July 14, 1896. p. 8. "Sioux Squaws."\n The Enquirer. Cincinnati. The author would like to thank Judith 'Report of the Secretary of the Interior; Being June 26, 1896. p. 9. ,4 Spraul Schmidt for a copy of her M.A. Part of The Message and Documents Com­ Letterfrom Arthur Belt to Enno Meyer. April thesis "The Cincinnati Zoo: Science and municated to the Two Houses of Congress at 2, 1901. Cincinnati Museum of Natural His­ the Beginning of the Second Session the tory Collection. Catalogue number TT 4905. Cultural Boosterism," Sara Sturtevant Fifty-Fourth Congress. 1897. Volume II. Gov­ ^Williams' Cincinnati Directory. 1872 through for her assistance with the Enno Meyer ernment Printing Office. Washington, p. 54- 1924. biography, Judith Daniels for editing the 55. 16Schulthesis, Oscar H. "Dog Painter Brings manuscript, Fraser Douglass for his "Ibid. Fame to Cincinnati." In The Cincinnati Times- expert advice, and Kani Meyer for pho­ Correspondence from Agent J. George Star. October 3,1933, p. 10. This is the second tographing the artifacts. Wright, Rosebud Agency, South Dakota, to of two articles on Meyer. The first is "Noted Native Americans have visited the Zoo the Zoological Society of Cincinnati, May 11, Dog Expert is Famous Painter" in The Cincin­ on several occasions. If you have knowl­ 1896. National Archives, Kansas City Branch. nati Times-Star. September 26, 1933. p. 13. 17 edge of an I ndian visit or photographs of 10 Cressey, Charles Herbert. 1899. Original "The Zoo." In The Enquirer. Cincinnati. Indians in Cincinnati, the author would August 30, 1896. p. 19. Stories, Exclusive Pictures, Unusual Gossip "Green, James A. 1896. Unpublished manu­ of the Wild-as-Ever Animals of Quality at the appreciate it if you would call or write script. Cincinnati Historical Society Library. Zoo. Cressey. Cincinnati, Ohio. Cincinnati her at the Cincinnati Museum of Natural There is no date on the manuscript, but there Historical Society Library. History. (513)621-3889.

32 J,

Elf f

'1% •-•» /?1 Is! H^

F19. 9 (Meyn) Montage of Indian portraits taken by Enno Meyer. The identification of these Cin­ cinnati visitors is part of a collaborative research project between the Museum and the Rosebud Indian Reservation.

33 The Great Serpent and the Sun By Clark Hardman, Jr. and Marjorie H. Hardman RO. Box 667, Cross City, Florida 32628

Other studies of the Great Serpent construction. When we analyze the ori­ data suggests that in complex earthwork have observed that the Great Serpent entation of the Great Serpent and Great sites there is a structure or layout that was carefully laid out. No one, however, Serpent features, we find still more ev­ will be the unit of measure. This unit will has analyzed the orientation of the Great idence of extreme care in the planning be peculiar to the complex with which it Serpent complex from the standpoint of of the effigy. belongs. The length of the unit varies the natural directions, i.e., north, the from site to site—a principle perhaps summer and winter sunrise and sunset Natural Directions but a variable unit of measure. solstice positions and the derived direc­ Almost universally the early writers All of the base maps of the Great tions of east and west, the unit of mea­ and observers—present day writers and Serpent used in this paper are based sure and symmetry. observers not really excluded—jumped upon the author's survey completed in The point is frequently made that the to the conclusion that such expressions 1979. Great Serpent conforms to the promo- as "the four quarters," "the four direc­ We use unit as a long measure—a tory on which it lies with an implication tions," "the four winds." etc., referred to single important unit. that the natural feature controls the our cardinal points of north, south, east, The unit of measure we consider for shape of the Serpent. and west. This is almost certainly uni­ the Great Serpent (Figure 2) is the long Squier and Davis (1848) observed versally incorrect. diameter of the oval. We suggest that "conforming to the curve of the hill, and The directly and easily observable nat­ the oval was constructed first and then occupying its very summit, is the ser­ ural directions are north or up to the Convolution 6F7 (the southern or sun­ pent, its head resting nearthe point, and relatively fixed north star and the lines- rise winter solstice convolution) as its body winding back for seven hundred of-sight to the sunrise and sunset posi­ indicated later. All of the solid lines feet, in graceful undulations, terminating tions of the sun on the horizon at the I 1 in Figure 2 are equal in in a triple coil of the tail." time of the summer and winter solstices. length. Also, Dr. Peet (1903, etc.), for example, Precise east and west are derived The measurement system, particularly liked to point out serpent effigies "con­ directions—derived from four solstice the geometry, conceivably had its origin formed to the shape of the bluffs on positions. East and west are the halfway in the study of solsticial alignments and which they were erected." points in the north and south apparent linear solar observatory construction These ideas of Squier and Davis, Dr. travels of the sun on the horizon. In order with the gigantic earthworks the record Peet and others state or imply that the to determine a true east or west, the or perhaps even the textbook. terrain controls the shape of the effigy. concept of half is necessary and the The short diameter of the oval (Figure As far as the Great Serpent is concerned, concept of solstice points is necessary. 3) approximates one-half of the long this is only partly accurate. There can be Counting or geometry is necessary to diameter. All of the solid lines in Figure little doubt that the major factor in se­ locate that midpoint—the equinox. True 3 are of equal length. lecting the Great Serpent site was the east and west are abstractions and not commanding position in a basin-like area directly observable. This concept of Geometry at the Great Serpent Mound (Figure 1) and with excellent views of solstice points as the natural directions Still further support for Professor Put­ horizon ridges. The azimuths of the is not new, just neglected, for example, nam's observation that the Great Ser­ convolutions, for example, could be see Villa Rojas (1945); Vogt (1969); or pent structure "was most carefully different with no trouble and it would be Fewkes(1894) etc. planned" is in the concentric circles (Fig­ much easier for the tail coil to go any Repeating, when the abstract true east ure 4) that connect the apexes of the other way than where it is on the edge of and west is known, it implies with rea­ convolutions, that is, the interior or west another bluff. sonable certainty, knowledge of the convolution apexes are on the circum­ The idea that the Great Serpent was solstice positions and a means (arithme­ ference of a circle concentric with the carefully laid out is contained in all of tic or geometry) of determining the circle that connects the apexes of the the early studies. Putnam states it best: equinoctial point. exterior or east-pointing convolutions. "careful examination of several sections Agius and Ventura (1981) have also It is not necessary to assume skyhooks made through the oval and the serpent, pointed out the problem of determining at the center of these circles. The bluff as well as laying bare the edge along the equinox: "The equinox rising and does not go all along the Brush Creek both sides of the embankment through­ setting positions of the sun are the most side of the complex. A ten to twenty foot out, have shown that both parts of this difficult to determine of the sun posi­ wooden platform or, more simple, a pole earthwork were first outlined upon a tions mentioned. Presumably having no set less than 150 feet down the slope smooth surface along the ridge of the means to measure time and to determine would provide a center from which to hill. In some places, particularly at the the length of the day and night, it was scribe the circles. The slope here is western end of the oval, and where the almost impossible for the temple build­ about twenty degrees down to a bank at serpent approached the steeper por­ ers to find the equinox position without the edge of the Ohio Brush Creek flood tions of the hill, the base was made with first determining the summer and winter plain. stones, as if to prevent its being washed solstice rising directions and then bi­ The convolutions were constructed away by heavy rains. In other places secting the angle between these latter (Figure 4) with the apexes on the peri­ clay, often mixed with ashes, was used positions." meter of circles. This resulting regularity, in making these outlines; and it is evident repetition and symmetry is the basis for that the whole structure was most care­ Units of Measure the attractiveness of the Great Serpent fully planned, and thoroughly built of A man-made construction is essen­ composition. lasting materials." tially never random. There is, in some Time after time southeastern archae­ We have in this Putnam excavation fashion, a reason and a measure. This ological site maps will contain structures observation the evidence suggesting will be particularly true of complex at the apexes of isosceles or equilateral that the Great Serpent wasn't a random mound or earthwork constructions. Our triangles. The triangle shows here at the

34 Great Serpent. We are suspicious that a for the different horizon elevations at entrance (open end) would cause an base of the isosceles triangle is fre­ the bottom of Figure 5 is in degrees and error of about one degree for each quently the unit of measure. minutes. degree of horizon elevation. The west­ A very probable source of this isosce­ The horizon at Great Serpent Basin is ern horizon elevations are only about les triangle is the angle between the relatively even —only an occasional one degree. solstices at 35 degrees north or the bump. One of these bumps is in a for­ The point at the convolution entrance northern boundary of Alabama, Geor­ tuitous spot. This bump (Figure 7) is was the estimated best fit point. For gia, and Mississippi. The angle sub­ approximately 302 degrees from the egg those with a compulsion for mathe­ tended by the solstices from an obser­ and head area of the Great Serpent. matics, the convolution alignments vation point at this latitude is about 60 Summer solstice sunset, considering a match the solar alignments (solstices degrees. Complete the triangle by con­ zero degree horizon elevation and no and equinoxes) ranging from essentially necting the solstice lines of sight with othercorrections, isabout302degrees. perfect to several degrees off. a north alignment at equal distances Horizon elevation is estimated at about Figures 10, 11, and 12 show as a best from an observation point and we have one degree. The sunset closest to the fit match of the alignment of the Great an isosceles and sometimes equilateral summer solstice will be very close to Serpent convolutions and the major triangle. A line connecting points equal this knob. The knob probably has a local solar horizon positions through the year, distances from the observation point is name that we have not learned. It needs that is, the sunrise and sunset positions a north-south line or alignment. The another and a new name —Solstice of the sun on the horizon at the summer northern Alabama, Georgia, and Missis­ Knob. In the photograph (Figure 7) the and winter solstices and at the equi­ sippi boundary latitude is central for the black oval is over Solstice Knob. The noxes. The black dot is an observation southern or eastern area. Solstice lines- immediate foreground is the interior of point or a beginning point and the line of-sight will vary only a few degrees with the head or head space. The egg is from the dot to the sun symbol is the distances north and south of this line- slightly beyond and the altar stones are azimuth of the sunrise or sunset horizon probably not a significant difference for in the small clump of trees. Note the position. The apex of the convolution early people. camera position is off center to show points to a sunrise or sunset solstice or If we use the center of the concentric the horizon feature. The camera is point­ equinox position on the horizon. circles as an apex and construct equi­ ing roughly northwest. The midpoint (equinox) alignment lateral triangles (Figure 4), we have the Note the long diameter of the oval is matches in Figure 11 are central in the triangles ABC and ACD. Apexes will be an approximate alignment with the sun­ construction which seems to us to be on the curves of the convolutions at the set summer solstice position on the very strong evidence suggesting the approximate apexes B and C of the horizon. We consider the oval to be a whole complex has a solar reference. sunrise solstice convolutions. Point D of sun symbol in this context as well as its East and west are the midpoints between the northwest triangle approaches the other frequent occurrences in south­ the solstices. center of the head. The sides of these eastern pre-history. Convolution 4H5, the sunrise midpoint equilateral triangles are three units Our culture places importance on an (equinox) convolution, is the least sym­ (the long diameter (GH) of the oval) of altar. In cultures we know, it is a special metrical of the convolutions. We suggest measure. construction and in some fashion marks this indicates a plan prepared on a flat The alignment AD is approximately a a spot for some function. Considering surface but when the plan was trans­ north alignment and the alignments AC the position of Solstice Knob from the ferred to the undulating promontory, and AB are approximate lines-of-sight altar position, the altar or the vicinity of some adjustment became necessary and to the horizon at sunrise summer and the altar would mark an observation this adjustment was mainly in convolu­ winter solstices. Also side BC connect­ point (Figures 7 and 8) for sunset sum­ tion 4H5, thus producing a lop-sided ing the apexes of the sunrise convolu­ mer solstice. convolution. tions is a north alignment. The progress of the sun along Solstice Convolution 6F7, the sunrise winter Ridge (see Figure 1) from near the solstice convolution, is essentially a Natural Directions at the Great Serpent equinox to the winter solstice could also perfect alignment with winter solstice Why did the Great Serpent engineer be observed from the altar. These obser­ sunrise (Figure 12) and the best align­ turn west with the tail coil? One glance vations require markers on Solstice ment match in the complex suggesting at Figure 6 gives an answer. The tail coil Ridge. The summit of Solstice Ridge the possibility it was the first convolution was turned west to provide a point on a (Figure 9) provides a perfect place for constructed. (The first construction was north-south alignment—the alignment markers. They would silhouette against probably the egg or unit of measure.) MC. These points could have been the sky from the Great Serpent promon­ The effects of erosion would be least at marked or could have been only approx­ tory and would not need to be very large. the 6F7 convolution. Convolution 6F7 imations easy to locate and remember Note the clearness of this Solstice Ridge is the most stable area in the Great on the construction. skyline in the photograph. The photo­ Serpent complex. Notice, also, there are three other graph is of a section of Solstice Ridge The sunset winter solstice convolution north-south alignments. There align­ taken facing west from the convolution 1K2 is against a bank or rise of the ments KE, IG, and JF pass a point on or 1K2 area of the Great Serpent complex. ground which would have caused con­ near the center of the curve of the It is quite probable that sunrise posi­ struction problems but note the align­ convolution. They are drawn equal dis­ tions could also be observed from the ment is still convincing. tances apart east and west on this dia­ altar area. The sunrise positions are not In case it has been missed, note the gram. North, because of the relative drawn because vegetation now prevents positioning of the north-south lines used stability of the polar position, is one of observation. in positioning the black dot observation the easy natural directions. Figures 10, 11, and 12 were con­ points. These strongly suggest a similar Figure 5 illustrates the approximate structed by drawing north-south lines use when the effigy was constructed and positions of the solstices over the across the entrances of the convolutions used. Great Serpent Basin. The data drawn is and then the line to the position of the Discussion rounded from Aveni (1972) for a level sun on the horizon was determined and We suggest the Great Serpent was horizon, zero AD, the first and last gleam the alignment drawn. "carefully laid out" using the positions of the rising or setting sun on the horizon Data for a level horizon was used. A of the sun on the horizon. The various and 39 degrees north latitude. The data horizon elevation above the convolution alignments etc. used in this paper vary

35 from close to convincing when time and soning is no basis for interpretative References reconstruction are considered. Our ma­ meaning. We should point out that the Aveni, Anthony F. jor concern is establishing a plausable association of the serpent with the sun 1972 Astronomical Tables Intended for system or basis for constructing the is not unique. This association is com­ Use in Astroarchaeological Studies. effigy. We doubt the value of attempting mon in early cultures. Check prehistoric American Antiquity, 37 (4): 531-540. accuracy with this sort of earthwork. Mesoamerican cultures or early Egyp­ Agius, George and Frank Ventura tian cultures for examples. 1981 Investigating into the Possible As­ This reasoning suggests two problems tronomical Alignments of the Cop­ with earthworks. The first, establishing There is a potential for accumulating per Age Temples in Malta, Archae- a system for the construction and sec­ further evidence of the sun being an oastronomy, IV (1): 10-21. ond, the accuracy of the system. important factor at the Great Serpent Fewkes, J. Walter We don't think it possible or probable site. A check of Solstice Ridge could 1894 The Snake Ceremonies of the Walpi. to get the relationships and symmetry of locate markers such as mounds, rock Journal of American Ethnology and the Great Serpent randomly or by acci­ piles, post holes, terraces, anything that Archaeology. Houghton, Mifflin, dent, or that it could be constructed could mark a spot or construction visible Boston. without some principle or plan. Peet, Stephen D. from the Great Serpent complex. Any 1890 Prehistoric America. American An­ The relationships pointed out in this evidence of prehistoric activity on Sols­ tiquarian, Chicago. paper suggest the Great Serpent people tice Ridge and within the solstice unit is Peet, Stephen D. had a knowledge of the apparent move­ important. 1903 The Mound Builders: Their Works ment of the sun along the horizon and and Relics. American Antiquarian, The hill immediately north of the Great some knowledge of geometry and arith­ Chicago. Serpent complex has the potential of metic including linear measures. Putnam, Fredric C. being a primary observation point. There was some use made of the Great 1890 The Serpent Mound of Ohio. Cen­ Squier and Davis locate "Graves" there. tury Illustrated Monthly Magazine, Serpent Complex. The Great Serpent Analysis of the positions of the sun and 39 (6): 871-888. remnant, using our cultural concepts, natural features from locations on the Squier, Ephriam G. and Edwin H. Davis may have been an observatory system, summit of this hill seems important. 1848 The Great Serpent, Adams County a part of an observatory system, or Ohio in Ancient Monuments of the simply a record of the apparent move­ Other feature areas such as Solstice Mississippi Valley. Smithsonian ments of the sun along the horizon. The Knob and another high place closer to Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. 1, cultural verbalizations could range from the Great Serpent complex might pro­ Washington. what we would call cosmology or a vide evidence of prehistoric activity. Villas Rojas, Alfonso calendar to a specific content that is Early cultures tended to be stable. The 1945 The Maya of East Central Quintana Great Serpent culture may have func­ Roo. Carnegie Institution of Wash­ outside our understanding or ability to ington, Publication 559, Washing­ determine. The culture that built the tioned in the Great Serpent Basin for ton, D.C. Great Serpent, like most early cultures, hundreds of years and may have left Vogt, Evon Z. is/was an alien culture to us. Our rea­ more evidence than is now available. 1969 Zinacantan, A Maya Community in the Highlands of Chiapas. Belnap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

36 Fig. 1 — The Great Serpent Basin adapted from Sinking Spring Quadrangle U.S. Geological Survey, 1961.

*K ""^-^ »^w **» \.\/"^Av

t X

Fig. 2-The long diameter of the sun symbol (oval) as a unit of measure. Fig. 3-The half-unit of measure-the short diameter of the sun symbol.

37 • • • *

\ . «"">«, ,*"' »K

"' '»,/-»-V /v ::>! i I lu»M*V

v.. r

Fig. 4 —Some geometry at the Great Serpent complex. Fig. 6 —North alignments.

AZIMUTH OF SUNRISES AND SUNSETS AT THE SOLSTICES

Summer Solst ice Winter Solst ice Hori zon Sunri se Sunset Sunri se Sunset Elevat ion Azimuth Azimuth A z i mu th A zimuth 0 degrees 58-6 301-54 120-24 239-36 3 degrees 61-11 298-49 123-37 236-23 6 degrees 63-55 296-7 126-51 233-9

Fig. 5- Approximate solstice positions over the Great Serpent Basin

38 Fig. 7 — Solstice Knob. The small black oval is over Solstice Knob.

Fig. 8— The altar as a potential observation point for the horizon positions of the sun. SSSS, sunset summer solstice: SSWS. sunset winter solstice.

39 -*5HF

t j*

Fi'j?. 9 —Solstice Ridge. Constructed markers may have been located on this clear-cut horizon ridge.

*• o 0 Y}

V.,,4,, r* £-0

Fit?. 10 —Sunrise summer solstice convolution F13. 11—Sunrise and sunset midpoint (equi­ Fi'g. 12 —Sunrise winter solstice convolution and sunset summer solstice convolution. The nox) convolutions. and sunset winter solstice convolution. alignments drawn on this figure and Figures 11 and 12 are a best fit one assuming a level horizon.

40 A Brief History of the British Indian Trade Era in North America By David J. Snyder P.O. Box 388, Luckey, Ohio 43443

After the French and Indian war had The British Royal Government laid In the 1760s the question of regulat­ ended on the North American Continent down general policy for the conduct of ing the Indian trade was closely related in 1763, among the spoils of war won by the Indian trade and appointed two to the problem of defending the frontier the British was the lucrative Indian trade superintendents to negotiate political and garrisoning the posts in the Indian of the area later to be known as the questions with the natives. Sir William country. The remote posts were difficult Northwest Territories which included the Johnson had charge in the northern to maintain and expensive to supply. The states of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and district and John Stuart served as sup­ military attempted to maintain peace by Illinois. This vast region was served by erintendent in the south. Much of the enforcing a boundary line dividing the excellent waterways ranging from the need for this supervision in Indian rela­ white settlements and the Indian lands. Ohio River to the south, the Great Lakes tions was the great dissatisfaction of the Transgressions on the Indian lands, more to the north, and the Mississippi River Indians over encroachments on their than any other factor, led the natives to system to the west. For many decades land and the fraudulent trading practices attack the settlements. To insure peace the French had maintained control of of the English colonists. Many of the on the border areas, British officials this magnificent area and had carried on British traders were notorious for cheat­ guaranteed the Indians their rights to extremely successful trade relations ing the Indians. The attempts of indi­ the land and prohibited settlement west with the native Americans. These French vidual colonial governments to regulate of the mountains. Traders were quite adaptable and were trading had been ineffective. Almost all Many major boundary negotiations readily accepted by the Indians. In fact, informed sources in America—Johnson, with the Indians took place during the many of the tribes were resentful when Stuart, Governor James Wright of Geor­ English regime. Despite the policy of England gained control of this trade gia, and George Washington —had all preserving the peace on the frontier by region. This resentfulness manifested advocated reform and over-all supervi­ the restriction and channeling of expan­ itself in warfare. Pontiac's Conspiracy sion to curb the many excesses and sion, through these negotiations, the was an uprising of the natives against hopefully stabilize the frontier. British Royal Government did obtain the English military posts established in In 1764 the Royal Government issued millions of acres of land on the frontier the region. This revolt, led by the Ottawa a comprehensive, detailed plan to super­ in the pre-revolutionary decade. These Chief Pontiac, was an attempt to drive cede trade regulations imposed by the acquisitions became necessary in order out the English in order to re-establish colonies. Based on direct experience of to meet the pressure of the increasing the French traders. This uprising was a Indian, military officials, and governors population in the American colonies and failure, but it did come perilously close in America, the plan allowed freedom the continuing tide of immigrants. Of to succeeding. for all British subjects to trade with the course, during the American Revolution, Pontiac was later assassinated and it natives, but only at specific locations, English land policies concerning the then seemed that the English were re­ those being the Indian towns in the I ndians were in total chaos as the British luctantly accepted as the new traders in southern district and the military posts and their Indian allies fought to retain the territory. This fur trade period was in the north. Traders were required to control of the colonies and the Indian the acme or pinnacle of high living for obtain licenses from the colonial gover­ home lands of the border areas. the American Indian, but when it was nors and to follow a set of detailed over they suffered irreparable damage regulations which were designed to Bibliography to their new way of life. The Indians' protect both the whites and Indians. greatest economic boom was enjoyed Traders were also required to post bond Hawke, David during the days of the fur trade. Furs for their good behavior. Deputies and 1966 The Colonial Experience. The could be traded for traps, knives, axes, agents appointed by the two superin­ Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. New York. guns, cloth, cooking kettles and all the tendents were to act as justices of the Jackman, William J. goods made and used by the white man. peace in the interior. The British Indian 1911 History of the American Nation Indians cast aside their stone age weap­ Department also employed commis­ (9 volumes). Whitman Publishing ons and tools in favor of the superior saries, gunsmiths, and interpreters. Company, Racine, Wisconsin. ones supplied. Unfortunately, when the Simon Girty and Mathew Elliot were two Peckham, Howard H. era was over there was no way for the famous examples in history of men who 1947 Pontiac and the Indian Uprising. Indian to acquire his new found needs, were employed by the British Indian Russell & Russell, New York. nor could he return to the ways of his Department. Van Every, Dale ancestors. 1961 Forth to the Wilderness. William Morrow and Company, New York.

41 An Engraved Tablet By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064

This unusual engraved tablet is in the collection of Mel Wilkins of Lima, Ohio, who submitted the photograph. The tablet is made of sandstone and is three inches by 1% inches. Thickness is 5/ie of an inch. It was found by Jack Hooks on the Hale Farm along the Black Fork River in Richland County, Ohio. The obverse of the tablet has a series of parallel straight and curvilinear lines which extend around the edges of the piece, the reverse having no engraving or other markings. The material, en­ graving and quadriconcave outline lead the author to interpret this piece as an­ other of the rare engraved Adena tablets.

Fig. 1 (Converse) Engraved Adena tablet from Richland County, Ohio, in the collection of Mel Wilkins of Lima. Ohio.

A Pebble Pendant By Greg Ellis 10360 Stoudertown Rd., Pickerington, Ohio 43147

On May 22, 1987, I was surface hunt­ ing with my two children, 4 year old Chris and her brother, 5 year old Joe, in Fairfield County. Chris yelled to me to tell me she had found something and I told her to put it in her pocket. But as with the rest of her pretty rocks she had to have Dad look at it. It wasn't until I really looked at it that I noticed a small hole in the upper middle portion of this piece of shale. After removing the dirt from the hole I told her she had found a good piece but she just smiled and said "Is that the one you were looking for?" The piece is a pebble pendant which 7 measures 3% inches by 1 /s inches. The two long edges are slightly smoothed but most of it is unmodified. It is only slightly drilled on the reverse while the obverse has deeper drilling.

Fig. 1 (Ellis) Pebble pendant from Fairfield County shown in obverse and reverse.

42 Two Bust Birdstones By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064

Fig. 1 (Converse) Two bust birdstones. Upper example is of speckled granite and is from Sandusky County. Ohio. Bottom is undrilled and was found across from Mound City. Ross County, Ohio. Author's Collection.

Among the many birdstone varieties, period and continued into Hopewell, it these objects are made is of spectacular the bust type is in a distinct minority. nevertheless is of so infrequent occur­ pattern and color. Granite, with its speck­ In Birdstones of the North American rence in either context that it cannot led feldspar/quartz/biotite mica appear­ Indian, Townsend (1959) pictures thirty be considered a major cultural trait arti­ ance was often used as were some of examples from Ohio. Adding those in fact at all. the colorful porphyrys. One material- private collections not pictured in the Several characteristics are common shown in bottom specimen above—is book and specimens which have come in the type. It usually has a disc-like of quartz/feldspar with large black in­ to light since the book was written, it is oval shaped base which may or may not clusions of hornblende making a very reasonable to estimate a total of not be drilled. The drilling is usually similar showy artifact whose maker obviously more than fifty or sixty bust type bird­ to that in hardstone bar amulets— had an eye for esthetics. stones as having come from Ohio con­ from the bottom with a straight hole texts. which barely pierces the upper surface. References This rare artifact has been found in Broken holes are often simply ground Townsend, Earl C. smooth. The head normally has a sharp 1959 Birdstones of the North Ameri­ both Adena and Hopewell mounds al­ can Indian, Indianapolis privately though under somewhat tentative cir­ beak or nose and the eyes are portrayed printed. cumstances (Converse—1978). Even by knob eyes like those in the popeyed Converse, Robert N. though it is probable that bust type bird­ birdstones or simple small protrusions. 1978 Ohio Slate Types, The Archaeologi­ stones originated during the Adena time Some of the materials from which cal Society of Ohio, Columbus.

43 Wood County Paleo Points By Perry Fletcher 13835 King Rd., Bowling Green, Ohio

In the accompanying photograph are Paleo Indian points which I have found in Wood County, Ohio, over the last twelve years. Most of them are made from Ten Mile Creek chert and other cherts. The lanceolate point, left center, is very thin with parallel chipping and heavy basal grinding. Center right is a fluted point (see Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 37, No. 1)2% inches long and made of Ten Mile Creek chert. It is fluted on one side from base to tip and has three major fluting scars on each face. It is broken in half and the two pieces were found five years apart.

Fig. 1 (Fletcher) Paleo points from Wood County, Ohio

Slate Finds From Northwest Ohio By Perry Fletcher 13835 King Rd., Bowling Green, Ohio 43402 In Fig. 1 is a butterfly bannerstone white inclusion. It is 4 inches long and which I found near Weston, Ohio. It won 1% inches wide. a ribbon for the best field find at the Fig. 2 shows an unfinished birdstone March 1986, ASO meeting. It is made of and portions of three others. They were black and green banded slate with a found near Haskins, Ohio.

Fig. 1 (Fletcher) Bannerstone found near Wes­ Fig. 2 (Fletcher) Unfinished birdstone and sections of birdstones. ton, Ohio.

44 Winameg Legacy: A Report on Recent Site Survey and Inventory Work in Fulton County, Ohio By Susan K. Bechtel Project Director, Fulton County Archaeological Project

"When we had Mound #6 exposed to trusted friends were eking out a mi­ by professional archaeologists. Of the view, we had before us the sacrificial gratory existence, moving from three professionally excavated sites, the altar of a great, lost and powerful people. place to place with the change of Cufr site has been interpreted as a Late We saw it as they saw it ten or more season, camping on the rich bottom Woodland fishing station (Stothers 1983) centuries ago when they covered their lands of the St. Joseph, making and the Patyi-Dowling site is believed to fires forever. It told us much yet it told us sugar from the sugar maples, trap­ be the location of Springwells phase site, nothing. "—Dresden W. H. Howard, Win­ ping otter and coon, moving later to ca. 1200-1300 AD. (Stothers 1973, ameg, Ohio, 1892. more open prairies, killing and dry­ Stothers and Graves 1984). ing venison and dressing buck skins Although a considerable amount of for winter use. I occasionally struck II. Phase II Results archaeological research has been con­ the old man's camp and spent a few Although well over 3,000 artifacts and ducted in northwestern Ohio during the days with him and his people. They thirteen separate collections were ob­ ninety-five years since Dresden Howard were always glad to have me come served during the course of Phase I, the made the statement above, one fact and eat and smoke the friendly pipe. chief result of the project was the doc­ remains the same: Howard's investiga­ Always at such times a feast of fat umentation and analysis of the artifacts tion of the Winameg Mounds stands as venison and hominy was prepared from six selected sites. Since these one of the few recorded excavations and our conversation usually re­ artifacts were analyzed in light of the ever conducted in Fulton County. To called the scenes of other days. existing archaeological framework of remedy this situation, the Fulton County There was at such times an air of northwestern/north-central Ohio, a brief Historical Society, in cooperation with despondency in the old man's voice, discussion of the regional chronology the Laboratories of Ethnoarchaeology and I could discern the pain he felt of the western Lake Erie area seems at the University of Toledo, initiated in recounting the happy scenes of appropriate. Phase I of a three-phase, county-wide his people in a time when all was archaeological project in Fulton County, Paleo-lndian Period, ca. 10,500-8,000 theirs as far as the eye could see. Ohio, during the summer of 1986 (See B.C. Now . . . the place of his council Figure 1). Dating from approximately 10,500 fires, the graves of his dead and the B.C. to 8,000 B.C., the earliest phase of Phase I Objectives little spot upon which he pitched his human occupation in the western Lake Running from July 14 through Sep­ tent were not his. A few more years Erie region is referred to as the Paleo- tember 19, Phase I of the Fulton County of sugar making and trapping and lndian period. Although not a great deal Archaeological Project may be best de­ all would disappear. is known about the Paleo-lndians, it is scribed as an exploratory phase, the In addition to the Howard manuscripts, believed that they were hunters in pur­ objectives of which were threefold. First, various archaeological records including suit of big game animals such as mam­ existing historical accounts of local In­ field notes, special project reports. Ohio moth, mastadon, bison, Pleistocene dians and archaeological records were Archaeological Inventory forms, news­ horse (Mason 1962, Funk 1978a; Stoth­ collected and examined. Second, se­ paper articles, etc. were examined as ers 1982), and perhaps in the Great lected artifact collections were docu­ part of the project. The most significant Lakes region, barren ground caribou mented and analyzed with specific sites data which emerged from these records (Cleland 1965, Funk 1978a, Stothers targeted for future excavation. Finally, are as follows: 1982). In the western Lake Erie region, preliminary data from the study were 1)OAI forms indicate that there are the Paleo-lndian period has been di­ interpreted in light of the existing ar­ approximately 125 registered sites in vided into two parts: the Early Paleo- chaeological framework of northwestern Fulton County. lndian period, ca. 10,500-9,000 B.C. and and north-central Ohio. the Late Paleo-lndian, ca. 9,000-8,000 2.) Of these 125 sites, seven were pre­ B.C. Several fluted type points resem­ Historical Accounts and Archaeological viously analyzed in depth as part of The bling those of the Clovis, Folsom, Enter- Records Bad Creek Project," a site survey and line, Barnes, and Parkhill complexes are For the most part, efforts to examine inventory project conducted in 1982 in typical of the Early Paleo-lndian period early historical accounts of Indians spe­ conjunction with the Laboratories of in the western Lake Erie area. The Late cific to the Fulton County area produced Ethnoarchaeology at the University of Paleo-lndian period, on the other hand, only isolated bits of information, the ma­ Toledo. These sites include the Lind- is characterized by Piano-style unf luted jority of which was gleaned from the Fetter site (33-FU-103); the Stutzman lanceolate and stemmed lanceolate manuscripts of Dresden W. H. Howard. Homestead site (33-FU-104); the Bue- points, Holcombe-style points, and Hi-Lo Although Howard had considerable con­ hrer site (33-FU-105); the Howard #1 points (Stothers 1982:40-41). tact and dealings with the Indians both site (33-FU-106); the Waffle site (33-FU- locally and elsewhere throughout much 107); the Baker-Hite site (33-FU-108); Archaic Period, ca. 8,000 B.C.-600 B.C. of the 1800s, his manuscripts do not and the McClarren site (33-FU-109) The second major period of the west­ provide a great deal of ethnographic (Bechtel 1982). ern Lake Erie cultural chronology is the insight into the cultural systems of any 3.) Excavation records are available for Archaic period, ca. 8,000-600 B.C. Like local group as such. As shown below, a total of five sites in Fulton County. the Paleo-lndian period, the Archaic has segments of the Howard manuscripts, These are the Winameg Mounds l-XII been subdivided into the Early/Middle at best, reveal the plight of area Indians (33-FU-1); Geiger Village (33-FU-2); Archaic, ca. 8,000-2,500 B.C., and the during the period of their removal and Gearig Mound (33-FU-89); the Cufr site Late Archaic, ca. 2,500-600 B.C. Gen­ re-location during the 1830's: (33-FU-4); and the Patyi-Dowling site erally, it is believed that similar to the . . . The old Chief Winameg with (33-FU-5). Of these five, only three were Archaic groups of contiguous regions, his family and a few of his more excavated under controlled conditions (See Fitting 1975, Funk 1978a, Ritchie

45 1980, Wright 1972, and Mason 1981), network is suggested by the occur­ period of interdigitation or coeval oc­ the Archaic populations of western Lake rence of large cache deposits on cupation (by both of these distinct Mid­ differed from the Paleo-lndians mainly Feeheley-Leimbach sites, which dle Woodland cultures) of regions from in that they were not only hunters of represent Flint Ridge chalcedony the Maumee River northward to the re­ smaller game but fishermen and gather­ and Ononadaga chert. These mate­ gion of Detroit and the Detroit River" ers as well (Stothers, Graves and Red­ rials have their sources in south- (Stothers 1985:4), it is felt that Esch pop­ mond 1984). central Ohio and the Niagra River ulations eventually withdrew and re­ region at the eastern end of Lake grouped in the area between Sandusky Early/Middle Archaic, Erie. These exotic lithic materials Bay and the Vermillion River (ibid.). ca. 8,000-2,500 B.C. are believed to have been obtained Artifacts considered indicative of the Although not a great deal has been through trade and exchange net­ western Lake Erie Middle Woodland established with respect to the Early/ works with other contemporary Late include Snyder's points, Flint Ridge Middle Archaic period, ca. 8,000-2,500 Archaic and Early Woodland cul­ bladelets, and Esch phase ceramics B.C. in northwestern and north-central tures (Stothers 1986a). (Stothers 1986; Stothers, Pratt and Ohio, various point types are considered As reported from surrounding areas Shane 1979). indicative of a Early/Middle Archaic (See Fitting 1975, Converse 1973a, occupation of the area. Resembling 1973b, 1977, 1978; Ritchie 1961; Tuck Late Woodland, ca. 500-1643 A.D. items reported elsewhere (See Broyles 1978; Wright 1972; and Prufer and Long Compared to the Middle Woodland 1971, Funk 1978b, Wright 1978 and (1986), artifacts indicative of the Late period, considerable more data are avail­ Fitting 1964), these point types include Archaic/Early Woodland in northwest­ able regarding the Late Woodland period various bifurcated points, Kirk-style ern/north-central Ohio include Satchell in northwestern and north-central Ohio points (Stothers 1982), and possibly complex argillite items (Stothers 1982; (See Figure 2). At present, the Late Archaic bevelled points (See Fitting Kenyon 1980a, 1980b; Cufr 1973); Woodland is best understood in terms 1975, Converse 1973a). ground slate knives and/or points; adzes, of two cultural traditions: the Western grooved axes and hammerstones; vari­ Basin Tradition, ca. 500-1200 A.D. and Late Archaic/Early Woodland ous copper items; slate gorgets; bird­ the Sandusky Tradition, ca. 1200-1643 ca. 2,500 B.C.-O A.D. stones; tubular pipes; various atlatl A.D. Compared to the Early/Middle Ar­ weights; Feeheley points; and several chaic, considerably more is known about varieties of small corner-notched, side- The Western Basin Tradition the Late Archaic period, ca. 2,500-600 notched, and stemmed points. Also, Geographically, sites belonging to the B.C. (See Figure 2). For example, during thick, grit-tempered Early Woodland Western Basin Tradition are situated in the Late Archaic and extending into the Leimbach ceramics are often recovered portions of northwestern Ohio, south­ Early Woodland, ca. 600 B.C. to 0 A.D., from Early Woodland Leimbach phase eastern Michigan, and southwestern it is believed that western Lake Erie pop­ sites, ca. 600 B.C.-O A.D., in the area Ontario (Stothers 1975, 1978, 1979b; ulations gathered into large, riverine or (Stothers 1985). Stothers etal. 1984). lacusterine-oriented settlements during Established largely on the basis of sep­ the late spring, summer, and early fall. arate and distinct ceramic assemblages, This coalescence of peoples was prob­ Middle Woodland, ca. 0-500 A.D. the Western Basin Tradition consists of ably for the exploitation of spring fish Like the Early/Middle Archaic, the three well-defined Late Woodland runs, aquatic plants and water fowl. Middle Woodland of western Lake Erie phases: the Riviere au Vase phase, ca. During the late fall, winter, and early is not totally understood at the present 500-1000 A.D.; the Younge phase, ca. spring it is felt that Late Archaic/Early time. Recent research, however, has 1000-1200 A.D.; and the Springwells Woodland populations moved inland for revealed the following: phase, ca. 1200-1300 A.D. (See Fitting the collection of nuts and berries and 1. It has been hypothesized that during 1975). Research suggests that the West­ for the hunting of game animals (Stoth­ the Late Archaic/Early Woodland period ern Basin Tradition was terminated by ers et al. 1984:8-9. Also, as seems to be an homogenous population occupied ca. 1300 A.D. due to the subsequent the case in surrounding areas (See withdrawal of Springwells Western Basin northwestern and extreme north-central Fitting 1975, Tuck 1978, Ritchie 1980, populations into southwestern Ontario Ohio (Stothers 1984, 1985). and Mason 1981), it appears during the after their military defeat by encroaching Late Archaic/Early Woodland an elab­ 2. Within the northwestern/north/cen­ Sandusky Tradition populations (Stoth­ orate mortuary complex flourished in the tral Ohio region, Late Archaic Feeheley ers 1975, 1978, 1979b; Stothers and western Lake Erie region manifested in phase populations, ca. 2500-600 B.C. Pratt 1981; Stothers and Graves 1983; the form of red ochre burial ceremonial­ gave rise to Early Woodland Leimbach Stothers etal. 1984:2). phase groups, ca. 600 B.C.-O A.D. These ism (Stothers 1979a; Stothers 1985). Re­ Although it is believed that a "diffuse" cent research further suggests that the Leimbach populations, in turn, were ancestoral to Middle Woodland Esch system of settlement and subsistence Late Archaic/Early Woodland popula­ essentially prevailed from the Late Ar­ tions of northwestern and north central phase groups who occupied the area, ca. 0-500 A.D. (Stothers 1984, 1985). chaic/Early Woodland through the Ri­ Ohio participated in both local and viere au Vase phase, ca. 500-1000 A.D. inter-regional networks of trade and 3. Based largely on the recovery of Esch (Stothersetal. 1984; SeeCleland 1976), exchange: phase ceramics and Flint Ridge blade- by the Younge and Springwells phases, Within the western Lake Erie re­ lets, it now appears that Hopewellian ca. 1000-1300 A.D. it is felt that Late gion societies involved themselves groups occupied both the northwestern Woodland Western Tradition populations in a local trade and exchange net­ and north-central Ohio region during the had shifted to a "focal" pattern (Stothers work (analogous to the Meadowood early Middle Woodland ca. 0-300 A.D. et al. 1984). This pattern was character­ Exchange System), which distrib­ (Stothers 1985, 1986b). ized by villages located "in interior up­ uted high quality Pipe Creek chert 4. During the late Middle Woodland, ca. land areas of well-drained sandy loams" in the form of "cache blade" pre­ 300-500 A.D., it is now believed that (ibid. p. 5); a spring through late fall forms. The preforms were often Western Basin Middle Woodland pop­ abandonment of these villages by a large included as elaborate burial offer­ ulations expanded out of southwestern segment of the population; and the ings which accompanied the dead. Ontario into southeastern Michigan and existence of special satellite camps Trade and exchange beyond the northwestern Ohio. Although "radio­ where seasonal resource procurement local Feeheley-Leimbach cultural metric determinations suggest a brief activities such as hunting, fishing, clam-

46 ming, and maple syrup collection were p. 20) and extractive camps for the col­ Ohio. It appears that the Gorey site is conducted (ibid. pp. 5-6). Horticulture lection of wild resources were not un­ another multi-component site with diag­ additionally played a significant role in common (ibid.). By 1400 A.D., it is nostic artifacts recovered from the settlement and subsistence at this time believed that Sandusky Tradition popu­ Paleo-lndian, Early/Middle Archaic, and (ibid.; Bechtel 1986). lations had attained a Mississippian life- the Late Archaic/Early Woodland peri­ way comparable to that of Fort Ancient ods. Items collected from the site sug­ The Sandusky Tradition groups, and during the Fort Meigs and gesting a Paleo-lndian occupation In terms of geography, the Sandusky Indian Hills phases, Sandusky Tradition include one Hi-Lo point and four Piano- Tradition is comprised of sites located populations resembled other Mississip- style points. An Early/Middle Archaic in the Huron River drainage system of pians in terms of "lithic, ceramic, bone- occupation is suggested by two Kirk- north-central Ohio (Bowen 1980:40), in tool, biocultural, and settlement subsis­ style points and an Archaic bevelled the Maumee River valley, and in the tence configurations'" (Stothers et al. point. Recovery of one hammerstone, vicinity of Sandusky Bay (Stothers and 1984:3; Stothers and Graves 1985; one pitted anvil stone, one slate genicu­ Pratt 1980:3). Graves 1984; Rutter 1984; Puskarich late, two Adena-style points and several Defined as "an Upper Mississippian 1982). corner-notched, side-notched, and small stemmed points may indicate a Late cultural manifestation" which developed Six New Sites "out of a Late Woodland base" (Stothers Archaic/Early Woodland component at Described below are the six new sites the Gorey site. et al. 1984:3), the Sandusky Tradition which resulted from Phase I of the Ful­ has been divided into four phases: the ton County Archaeological Project. Twin Pine site (33-FU-117) Eiden phase, ca. 1000-1200 A.D.; the These sites were selected primarily for Located northwest of Swanton, Ohio, Wolf phase, ca. 1200-1400 A.D.; the Fort two reasons. First, the collectors who the Twin Pine site also appears to be a Meigs phase, ca. 1400-1550 A.D.; and discovered the artifacts from these sites multi-component site occupied during the Indian Hills phase ca. 1550-1643 carefully catalogued their finds, thereby the Early/Middle Archaic, Late Archaic/ A.D. (Stothers and Graves 1985: 1983: making it possible to circumvent some Early Woodland, Late Woodland, and 109-142; Graves 1984:402-415). of the provenance problems inherent historic periods. The Early/Middle Ar­ In terms of settlement and subsist­ in dealing with surface collections. chaic occupation of the site has been ence, it is believed that the system of Second, and more importantly, it is felt suggested by the recovery of a single Eiden phase populations resembled that that these col lections represent six sites Kirk-style point. Late Archaic/Early of Western Basin Younge and Spring­ with considerable potential for future Woodland lithic items from the site in­ wells phase groups and was based on excavation in Fulton County. clude two Adena-style points, one % hunting, collecting, and agriculture. grooved ax, two hammerstones, one Also, seasonal extractive camps may drilled slate gorget fragment, one celt, have supported large villages that were R-S-12(33-FU-120) The first of the six new sites is the and one celt preform. Several small occupied year round (Stothers and Pratt corner-notched and side-notched points 1980: Stothers et al. 1984:14). R-S-12 site. Located near Lyons, Ohio, the R-S-12 site appears to be a multi- have also been collected. Six triangular The chief attribute of the Wolf phase points suggest a Late Woodland occupa­ was the adoption of a "Mississippified" component site with Late Archaic/Early Woodland, Late Woodland, and historic tion (See Plate 2), while three small clay system of settlement and subsistence. pipebowl fragments are indicative of a Generally, Wolf phase sites were ori­ components. A Late Archaic/Early Woodland occupation of this site is sug­ historic occupation at this site (See ented toward flood plains, river systems, Shriver 1986). and estuaries. Although evidence sug­ gested by the recovery of 13 argillite gests that Wolf phase peoples were points, one slate gorget fragment, and Snyder site (33-FU-116) agriculturally dependent (See Bechtel two anvil stones. Items indicative of the Similar to the Twin Pine, Gorey, and 1986), there are numerous seasonally- Late Woodland include twelve Madison General Store sites, the Snyder site lies occupied Wolf phase fishing and/or points and several ceramic vessel rims northwest of Swanton, Ohio. Four Ar­ collecting sites in the Western Lake Erie associated with the Western Basin Tra­ chaic bevelled points suggest an Early/ region (Stothers and Pratt 1980: Stoth­ dition. Seven of these grit-tempered Middle Archaic occupation of this site. ers and Graves 1983:116; Stothers et rims appear to belong to the Riviere au Two % grooved hammerstones, one celt, al. 1984:15). Overall, the Wolf phase Vase phase, ca. 500-1000 A.D. (See Fig­ one celt fragment, three slate gorget was most likely a period of intense re­ ure 3). One Springwells phase grit- fragments as well as several small source exploitation, geographic ex­ tempered rim, ca. 1200-1300 A.D., was corner-notched, side-notched, and pansion, and demographic increase also recovered from the site along with stemmed points indicate a Late Ar­ (Stothers and Pratt 1980; Bowen 1980; one shell-tempered body sherd which is chaic/Early Woodland occupation of the Stothers and Graves 1983:116; Stothers probably Upper Mississippian, ca. 1200- site. Two Late Woodland triangular et al. 1984:16-17). Although the settle­ 1643 A.D. A historic component is sug­ points also have been retrieved from ment and subsistence system of both gested by the recovery of two kaolin the Snyder site. the Fort Meigs and the Indian Hills phase pipe stem fragments and an as yet un­ was characterized by large, permanent identified military button manufactured by theCoville Mfg. Co. N-4-3site(33-FU-115) villages (Stothers and Pratt 1980; Stoth­ Like the majority of sites from this proj­ ers et al. 1984:18-19; Graves 1984; General Store site (33-FU-119) ect, N-4-3 appears to be a multi-compo­ Stothers and Graves 1983,1985), it was nent site located northwest of Swanton, during the Indian Hills phase that San­ The General Store site is located northwest of Swanton, Ohio. Recovery Ohio. A number of Paleo-lndian artifacts dusky Tradition populations became have been recovered from the N-4-3 particularly well-adapted to the meander of four % grooved hammerstones and three anvil stones suggests that this site site including three Hi-Lo points, three belts of large river valleys where wild lanceolate and stemmed lanceolate plants and animal resources were plenti­ may have been a single-component Late Archaic/Early Woodland food process­ Piano-style points, one fluted point frag­ ful and rich soils were ideal for growing ing station (See Plate 1). ment, and one Dalton point (See Plate maize, squash, and beans (Stothers et 3). An Early/Middle Archaic component al. 1984:6). Also, piscine resources sup­ Goreysite(33-FU-118) is suggested by two Kirk-style points, plemented the agriculturally-based sub­ Like the General Store site, the Gorey six bifurcated points, and seven Archaic sistence of Indian Hills population (ibid. site is situated northwest of Swanton, bevelled points. Numerous diagnostic

47 artifacts collected at N-4-3 are also sug­ that many of the Early/Middle Archaic County Historical Society, in conjunc­ gestive of a Late Archaic/Early Wood­ bifurcated and Kirk-style point variants tion with the Laboratories of Ethnoar­ land component. These include one of the western Lake Erie region may chaeology at the University of Toledo, Archaic dovetail point; two banded slate have been derived from various com­ sponsored Phase I of a three-phase knives; one % grooved ax; one % grooved plexes of the Southeast (Stothers 1982; county-wide archaeological project in ax fragment; one full-grooved ax; one % See Coe 1964; Broyles 1966, 1971;. Fulton County, Ohio. Phase I of this proj­ grooved hammerstone; four slate gorget Fitting 1964; and Funk 1978b). Recov­ ect'was essentially an exploratory phase fragments; one double-notched, winged ery of a single Dalton point from the with three main objectives: existing bannerstone fragment; one anchor N-4-3 site in Fulton County (the first of histoncal and archaeological accounts pendant; one tubular bannerstone; and its kind reported in the northwestern of local Indians were collected and ex­ three Adena-style points (See Plates 3 sector of Ohio), may suggest yet another amined; selected artifact collections and 4). Also, several side-notched, cor­ southeastern influence from the Late were analyzed and documented with po­ ner-notched, and small stemmed points Paleo-lndian/Early Archaic Dalton com­ tential sites targeted for future excava­ frequently associated in the area with plex (See Muller 1978). tion; and preliminary data from this study the Late Archaic/Early Woodland were 5.) In comparison to the Paleo-lndian were interpreted-in light of the archae­ recovered at N-4-3 (See Plate 2). A period, the Archaic seems to be well- ology of, northwestern/north-central single Snyder's point fragment, indica­ represented in the Fulton County area Ohio. tive of the Middle Woodland, was addi­ with four of the six sites exhibiting Early/ Listed below are the main results of tionally collected from the site. A Late Middle Archaic materials and virtually Phase I of this project: Woodland component at N-4-3 is sug­ all of the sites exhibiting Late Archaic/ 1.) Among the limited number of early gested by the collection of four tri­ Early Woodland artifacts. Since the bulk historic accounts examined, the Dres­ angular points; 45 grit-tempered, cord- of the artifacts from this study are asso­ den Howard manuscripts provided in­ roughened ceramic body sherds; and ciated with the Late Archaic/Early sight into the plight of local Indians two grit-tempered ceramic neck sherds Woodland time-frame, there appears to during the period of their removal and which appear to be either Western Basi n be new support for the notion of demo­ re-location during the 1830s. Tradition Riviere au Vase phase, ca. graphic expansion during this period 2.) Archaeological records indicate that 500-1000 A.D. or Younge phase, ca. (See Fitting 1975, Ritchie 1980, Mason there are approximately 125 recorded 1000-1200 A.D. ceramics. A small terra 1981, Wright 1972). sites in Fulton County. Of these 125, cotta fragment, which appears to have 6.) Of the diagnostic artifacts analyzed excavation records are available for a been some sort of a handle, is indicative during Phase I, approximately 71% be­ total of five sites. of a historic component at the site. longed to the Late Archaic/Early Wood­ land. This distribution seems compara­ 3.) Six new sites were recorded with the ble to that of a 1982 study conducted in Ohio Historical Society during the III. Phase I Data Interpretation course of Phase I. These include the Although the data generated by Phase Fulton County at which time it was dis­ covered that 65% of the artifacts were N-4-3 site (33-FU-115); the Snyder site I of this project are based on surface- (33-FU-116); the Twin Pine site (33-FU- collected artifacts, it is possible, never­ from the Late Archaic/Early Woodland period (Bechtel 1982). 117); the Gorey site (33-FU-118); the theless, to make several preliminary General Store site (33-FU-119); and the 7.) Aside from a single Snyder's point observations: R-S-12 site (33-FU-120). 1.) A total of 383 projectile points were recovered from the N-4-3 site, no other Hopewellian artifacts were observed in 4.) Of the 217 diagnostic points exam­ examined from six selected sites during ined during Phase I, 13% were Paleo- Phase I. Of these 383, 218 were consid­ any of the collections analyzed for this project. lndian points; 12% were Early/Middle ered diagnostic. As has been the case Archaic; 71% were Late Archaic/Early elsewhere in northwestern/north-cen­ 8.) Although Late Woodland artifacts constitute only 11% of the total diag­ Woodland; .4% were Middle Woodland; tral Ohio, recovery of these various diag­ and 11% were Late Woodland. nostic point types suggests an occupa­ nostic artifacts analyzed during Phase I of this project, ceramics recovered from 5.) As mentioned above, 71 % of the diag­ tion of Fulton County during the Paleo- nostic points observed were associated lndian period, ca. 10,500-8,000 B.C.; the the R-S-12 and N-4-3 sites indicate that Fulton County was probably occupied with the Late Archaic/Early Woodland. Early/Middle Archaic period, ca. 8,000- This finding seems comparable to that 2,500 B.C.; the Late Archaic/Early by Western Basin Tradition populations of "The Bad Creek Project," an earlier Woodland period, ca. 2,500 B.C.-O A.D.; during the Riviere au Vase phase, ca. study in Fulton County, in which 65% of the Middle Woodland, ca. 0-500 A.D.; 500-1000 A.D.; the Younge phase, ca. the diagnostic items were considered and the Late Woodland period, ca. 500- 1000-1200 A.D.; and the Springwells 1643 A.D. phase, ca. 1200-1300 A.D. Although only Late Archaic/Early Woodland. excavation will ultimately reveal the 6). Among the artifacts examined from 2.) Of the 217 diagnostic points exam­ Fulton County during Phase I, very few ined, 13% were Paleo-lndian points; 12% occupational nature of the Woodland components at the N-4-3 and R-S-12 Hopewellian and Mississippian items were Early/Middle Archaic; .4% were were observed. Middle Woodland; 71% were Late Ar­ sites, it is entirely possible that these sites are the location of small, interior chaic/Early Woodland; and 11% were 7.) Recovery of a Dalton point from the villages or special purpose, seasonal Late Woodland. N-4-3 site may be indicative of a previ­ extractive camps. 3.) If the total number of artifacts col­ ously unrecognized influence in north­ lected is reflective of population den­ 9.) The recovery of only one shell- western and north-central Ohio from sity, it appears that Paleo-lndian pop­ tempered ceramic body sherd during the Late Paleo-lndian/Early Archaic ulations in the Fulton County area were the course of this project supports the Dalton complex of the Southeast. small. This lack of Paleo-lndian mate­ hypothesis that, ca. 1200-1643 A.D., 8.) Late Woodland Western Basin Tradi­ rials from the study-area seems to en­ Mississippian populations in the north­ tion ceramics recovered from the N-4-3 hance the notion that Paleo-lndian pop­ western/north-central Ohio area were ulations consisted of small, nomadic concentrated in riverine and lacusterine and R-S-12 sites suggest that these sites hunting bands (See Mason 1981, Griffin areas as opposed to interior locations may have been the location of interior 1978, Funk 1978a, Wright 1972, Fitting such as Fulton County. villages or extractive camps, ca. 500- 1975, 1965). Summary and Conclusions 1300 A.D. 4.) Previous research has indicated During the summer of 1986, the Fulton 9.) Preliminary data from Phase I support

48 the notion that Paleo-lndian populations 1975 The Archaeology of Michigan. Cran- 1982 Earliest Man in the Western Lake were small in size. Additional data from brook Institute of Science Bloom- Erie Basin. Man in the Northeast, Phase tentatively suggest demographic field Hills. 23:39-48 Funk, Robert E. 1983 Summary Report of Archaeological expansion during the Late Archaic/Early 1978a The Northeastern United States Research Investigations Under­ Woodland period. In: Ancient North Americans, Jesse taken in the Western Lake Erie D Jennings (ed.): 303-371 W. H. Basin: Fall, 1982 to Fall, 1983. Acknowledgements Freeman and Company. T.A.A.R.S. News and Notes. De­ The author is indebted to several indi­ 1978b Post Pleistocene Adaptations. In: cember 1983 viduals who made this article possible. Handbook of North American Indi­ 1984 Summary Report of Archaeological ans, Vol 15 Northeast Bruce G. Research Investigations Under­ First of all, I wish to thank Roger Frazier Trigger (ed): 16-27. and the Fulton County Historical Soci­ taken in the Western Lake Erie Graves. James R Basin: Fall, 1983 to Fall, 1984. ety for sponsoring Phase I of this proj­ 1984 The Indian Hills Site (33-WO-4): T.A.A.R.S. News and Notes. De­ ect. I would also like to thank Dr. David Archaeological Reflections of a Pro- cember 1984. M. Stothers for his gracious support, tohistoric Assistaeronon Town. Un­ 1985 Summary Report of Archaeological advice, and use of laboratory facilities at published MA. thesis. The Univer­ Research Investigations Under­ sity of Toledo. taken in the Western Lake Erie the University of Toledo. I am grateful to Griffin, James B. Larry Imber, Doug Roose, and Tim Abel Basin: Fall, 1984 to Fall. 1985. 1978 The Midlands In: Ancient North T.A.A.R.S. News and Notes, De­ for their assistance with the photogra­ Americans, Jesse D. Jennings (ed): cember 1985. 243-301. W. H Freeman and Com­ phy and artwork; and I'd additionally like 1986a Feeheley and Leimbach Phase pany. to thank David Roe of Delta, Ohio and Settlement and Trade-Exchange Howard, Dresden W. H. Curtis Jones of Lyons, Ohio for the Systems in the Southwestern Lake generous use of their artifact collections Unpublished manuscripts on file. Erie Drainage Basin (ca. 2500 B.C.- Toledo Public Library, Toledo, Ohio 1 A.D ) A paper presented at the during the course of this project. Kenyon, Ian T. 95th annual meeting of the Ohio References Cited 1980a The George Davidson Site: An Ar­ Academy of Science. The Univer­ Bechtel, Susan K. chaic "Broadpoint" Component in sity of Toledo, April 25-27, 1986 1982 The Bad Creek Project. Unpub­ Southwestern Ontario Archaeol­ 1986b The Western Basin Middle Wood­ ogy ot Eastern North America, 8:11- lished manuscript on file, Labora­ land: Fact or Fiction? A paper pre­ 27. tories of Ethnoarchaeology The sented at the 1986 Midwestern Ar­ 1980b The Satchell Complex in Ontario: chaeological Conference. October University of Toledo A Perspective from the Ausable 19, 1986, Ohio State University, 1986 Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis: Valley. Ontario Archaeology, 34:17- Columbus. Ohio. Archaeological Implications for the 43. Stothers, David M. and James R. Graves Prehistoric Populations of Western Mason, Ronald G. 1983 Cultural Continuity and Change: 1962 The Paleo-lndian Tradition of East­ Lake Erie. Unpublished MA. thesis. The Western Basin, Ontario, and ern North America. Current Anthro­ The University of Toledo. Sandusky Traditions: A 1982 Per­ pology, 3(3):227-278 spective In: Archaeology of East­ Bowen. Jonathan 1981 Great Lakes Archaeology. Aca­ ern North America, 11 109-142. 1980 The Sandusky Tradition: People of demic Press. New York. 1984 Radiocarbon Dating the Culture the Southwestern Lake Erie Drain­ Muller, Jon Chronology of the Western Lake age. Toledo Area Aboriginal Re­ 1978 The Southeast. In: Ancient North Erie Basin: A 1983 Perspective. search Bulletin. 9:39-59. Americans, Jesse D. Jennings (ed.): Manuscript on file, Laboratories of Broyles. Bettye J 373-419. W. H. Freeman and Com­ Ethnoarchaeology, The University 1966 Excavations at the St Albans Ar­ pany. of Toledo. chaic Site, 7964-7965. Eastern Prufer, Olaf H and Dana A. Long 1985 The Prairie Peninsula Co-Tradition: States Archaeological Federation 1986 The Archaic of Northeastern Ohio. An Hypothesis for Hopewellian to Bulletin No. 25, Berwyn. Kent State University. Kent. Upper Mississippian Continuity. Ar­ 1971 The St. Albans Site, Second Pre­ Puskarich, Cheryl Lee chaeology of Eastern North Amer­ liminary Report West Virginia Geo­ 1982 The LaSalle Ossuary: An Osteologi- ica, 13:153-175. logical and Economic Survey Re­ cal Analysis, Unpublished MA. the­ Stothers, David M.. James R. Graves, and port of Archaeological Investigation sis. Western Michigan University. Brian G Redmond 3. Ritchie, William A. 1984 The Sandusky and Western Basin Cleland, Charles E. 1961 Typology and Nomenclature tor Traditions: A Comparative Analysis 1965 Barren Ground Caribou (Rangifer New York Projectile Points. Uni­ of Settlement-Subsistence Sys­ Arcticus) from an Early Man Site in versity of the State of New York. tems. Toledo Area Aboriginal Re­ Southeastern Michigan. American Albany. search Bulletin, 13:1-39. Antiquity, 30:350-351. 1980 The Archaeology of New York State. Stothers, David M., and G. Michael Pratt 1976 The Focal Diffuse Model: An Evo­ Harbor Hill Books. Ahrrison. 1980 Cultural Continuity and Change in lutionary Perspective on Cultural Rutter, William the Region of the Western Lake Erie Adaptations of the Eastern United 1984 The Upper Mississippian Compo­ Basin: The Sandusky Tradition. States. Midcontinental Journal ot nent at the Fort Meigs Site, North­ Toledo Area Aboriginal Research Archaeology, 1(1):59-76. west Ohio, With Special Emphasis Bulletin, 9:1-38. Coe. Joffre L. on the Analysis of the Ceramic As­ 1981 New Perspectives on the Late 1964 The Formative Cultures of the Car­ semblage. Unpublished MA. thesis. Woodland Cultures of the Western olina Piedmont. Transactions ot the Western Michigan University. Lake Erie Region Midcontinental American Philosophical Society, Shriver, Phillip R. Journal of Archaeology, 6(1):92- n.s. 54(5). 1986 A Perspective on Point Pleasant 121. Converse, Robert N. Pottery Pipes. The Ohio Archaeolo­ Stothers, David M., G. Michael Pratt, and 1973a Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological gist. 36(4):30-32. OrrinC. Shane III Society of Ohio. Plain City. Stothers, David M. 1979 The Western Basin Middle Wood­ 1973b Ohio Stone Tools Archaeological 1973 Radiocarbon Dating the Culture land: Non-Hopewellians in a Hope­ Society of Ohio. Plain City. Chronology of the Western Basin. wellian World. In: Hopewell Archae­ 1977 The Meuser Collection. Ethno­ Toledo Area Aboriginal Research' ology: The Chillicothe Conference, graphic Arts. Mill Valley. Bulletin, 2(3):26-42. D S. Brose and N. Greber (eds.) 1978 Ohio Slate Types. Archaeological 1975 Radiocarbon Dating the Culture 47-58. The Kent State University Society of Ohio. Plain City. Chronology of The Western Lake Press. Cufr. Robert Erie Basin: Part II. Toledo Area Ab­ Tuck, James A. 1973 Satchell Complex Sites in North­ original Research Bulletin, 4(2): 1978 Regional Cultural Development, ern Ohio and Monroe County. Mich­ 32-50. 3000 to 300 B.C. In: Handbook ot igan Toledo Area Aboriginal Re­ 1978 The Western Basin Tradition: Al- North American Indians, Vol. 15 search Club Bulletin, 2(2). gonkian or Iroquois? 77?e Michigan Northeast. Bruce G. Trigger (ed): Fitting, James E. Archaeologist, 24(1):11-36. 28-43. 1964 Bifurcate-Stemmed Projectile 1979a Cult of the Dead Thirty Centuries Wright. James V. Points in the Eastern United States Ago: The Birthplace of Adena- 1972 Ontario Prehistory. Van Nostrand American Antiquity 30(1):92-94. Hopewell Phenomena The Ohio Reinhold Ltd., Toronto. 1965 Observations on Paleo-lndian Adap­ Archaeologist, 29(2):14-16. 1978 The Implications of Probable Early tive and Settlement Patterns. Mich­ 1979b The Western Basin Tradition: Al- and Middle Archaic Projectile Points igan Archaeologist, 11(3-4): 103- gonkian or Iroquois9 The Pennsyl­ from Southern Ontario. Canadian 109. vania Archaeologist, 49(3): 13-30. Journal ot Archaeology. 2:59-78.

49 Figure 2

A THEORETICAL MODEL OF WESTERN LAKE ERIE PREHISTORY: A 1987 PERSPECTIVE

Western Basin Sandusky Tradition Tradition Historic Assistaeronon Historic Neutral Kovatocronon ? Iroquois 1643 A.D. w /VV V V ^ Indi8n Hills Petersen(l> Phase Edwards Hereiord Hill • Bear Fort 11) • 1550 AD. Millers Ridfte Pearson(1)• > Fort Meifts Whittlesey EV» Phase GreenCreek(l) Blue Banks • 1400 A.D Pearson(2>« Verchave 1 • Schaf ler • Libben* Bear Fort (2)» &;Pnaae*fr Petersen (2)

1200 A.D.

500 A.D.

1 A.D

600 BC. 600 B.C.

2500 BC 2500 BC Modified alter Stothers 19? 5.19?8 &. 1984. Mason 1981. and Stothers and Graves 1983 •CI4 dated •CI 987 DMS

50 Figure3 Rims from R-S-12 (33-Fu-120)

• • • « m •w w w w w ~' i exterior • • • profile ___ ..__ „___„ ^ ______. "«",[» • • • • • • •••9 • • • • • • • • • l*»»> interior l • • • • • • • m m • ' • • * * • • • • I / / / • • • /,// • • •

• • • •

•••••• • • ••

I • • • • • • • •

• • • • * J. __• _, • • • • • • • • • • • * 71_ 8___ LEGEND fiim 1 Exterior: 1 horizontal row oblique dentate stamp over a smoothed cord roughened surface. Rim 5 Interior: plain, smooth. Exterior: cord-roughened. Lip: 1 row oblique dentate stamp. Interior: plain, smooth. Rim 2 Lip: cord-roughened. Exterior: 2 horizontal rows oblique dentate stamp over a smooth Rim 6 surface. Exterior: 2 horizontal rows oblique dentate stamp over a smooth Interior: 1 horizontal row oblique dentate stamp over a smooth surface. surface. Lip: 1 row oblique dentate stamp. Interior: 1 horizontal row oblique dentate stamp over a smooth surface. Rim 3 Lip: 1 row oblique dentate stamp. Exterior: 2 horizontal rows oblique dentate stamp over smoothed Rim 7 cord-roughened surface. Exterior: 1 horizontal row oblique dentate stamp over a smooth surface. Interior: 1 horizontal row oblique dentate stamp over a smooth surface. Interior: 1 horizontal row oblique dentate stamp over a smooth surface. Lip: 1 oblique row dentate stamp. Lip: 1 oblique row dentate stamp. Rim 4 Rim 8 Exterior: 1 horizontal row oblique cord-wrapped stick above a fabric Exterior: 4 horizontal rows Macomb Linear cord impression above a impressed surface. smooth cord roughened surface. Interior: 1 horizontal row oblique cord-wrapped stick over a smooth Interior: plain, smooth. surface. Lip: 1 horizontal row vertical cord impression. Lip: plain, smooth. 51 i A i 4 i A B C D % i

• _&

# II K Plate 2 ClMMNIIM ,—I—I- f • I I !—I—I—I—I—I 1 t T. • l MM t . 1 1 . • \ Plate 1 PLATE 2 7bp fiou;. A, B, C hammerstones from the General Store site (33- Top Row: A, triangular point from the Twin Pine site (33-Fu-l 17); Eu-119). B-E, triangular points from the N-4-3 site (33-Fu-l 15). Middle Row: DandE, hammerstones from the N-4-3 site (33-Fu-l 15); Middle and Bottom Rows: Late Archaic/Early Woodland stemmed and F, an anvil stone from the General Store site (33-Fu-119). corner-notched points from the N-4-3 site (33-Fu-l 15). Bottom Row: G and H, grooved axes from the N-4-3 site (33-Fu-l 15); I, anvil stone from N-4-3 (33-Fu-l 15).

a

e k PLATE 3 Top Row: a-d, Archaic bevelled points from it? the N-4-3 site (33-Fu-l 15). Middle Row: e-j, bifurcated points from the I—(—4—I—t- N-4-3 site (33-Fu-l 15). 1 , , , I . I Bottom Row: k-q, Paleo points from the N-4-3 Plate 3 site; n is a Dalton point.

52 PLATE 4 Top Row: A-D, gorget fragments from the N-4-3 site (33-Fu-l 15). E is a geniculate from the Gorey site (33-Fu-l 18); F is a slate anchor pendant from the N-4-3 site (33-Fu-l 15); G is a winged bannerstone fragment and H is a tubular bannerstone; G and H are also from the N-4-3 site (33-Fu-l 15). 1 f a M _# Ml* n

•+—i PL/ITE 5 a-c?, various Late Archaic/Early Woodland points from the N-4-3 site (33-Fu-l 15), the Gorey site (33-Fu-l 18), and the Snyder site Plate 5 (33-Fu-l 16).

53 An Engraved and Tallymarked Gorget By Don Casto 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, Ohio

This gorget was found in Fairfield County, Ohio, and was formerly in the Lar Hothem collection. It is made of red slate and is 3% inches long. It is probably Adena in origin since it resembles the bi-concave Adena type gorget. A circle has been engraved around each of the holes on both faces—more pronounced on one side than the other. Notches or tallymarks have been cut into the lateral edges.

Fig. 1 (Casto) Obverse of red slate gorget showing circular engraving.

Fig. 2 (Casto) Reverse of gorget showing slight engraving.

Fig. 3 (Casto) Edge view in which notches can be seen.

54 The Annual Converse Award

David W. Kuhn of Portsmouth, Ohio, the annual May meeting in Columbus, given to Kuhn for his work at the Scioto (left) receiving the annual Robert N. 1987. The award for significant contribu­ Home Site. Converse Award from Bob Converse at tions by an amateur archaeologist was

Donation to the Society

David W. Kuhn of Portsmouth, Ohio, dollar cash portion of the award to the Scioto County—the late Dr. Paul E. Ben­ who received the annual Converse Society. It was given in remembrance nett and James W. Miller. Award has donated the one hundred of two deceased Society members from

BOOK REVIEW

First Farmers of the Middle Ohio Valley: seum of Natural History. It is a departure Fort Ancient Societies, A. D. 1000-1670. from many recent archaeological pub­ Back Cover Text by C. Wesley Cowan, Curator of lications in that it is printed on heavy Archaeology, The Cincinnati Museum of high quality paper, is well illustrated, and This knife and sheath is part of the is written in clear, understandable Eng­ Natural History. collection of Sioux Indian material in the lish. In addition to over twenty black Photographs by Corson Hirschfeld. collection of The Cincinnati Museum of and white photographs, there are seven Natural History (see pages 28 through Price $4.95 plus $1.25 postage-Total superb color plates of pipes, and effigy 33). $6.20. pot, bone, stone and flint from Fort Knife and knife sheath. Plains. Knife: The Cincinnati Museum of Natural His­ Ancient sites in the Cincinnati area. The metal, antler. 29.3 cm (11V2") long. Man­ tory, 1720 Gilbert Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio book will provide an insight to the rich­ ufacturer stamped on the blade "Ameri­ 45202. ness of Fort Ancient for both the stu­ can Cutlery Company." The handle has This excellent 34 page booklet was dent and those just interested in Ohio's been replaced. Sheath: leather, beads, written to accompany the recent Fort prehistory. Well recommended. tin, horsehair, thread. 21.3 cm {&%") Ancient exhibition at the Cincinnati Mu­ Robert N. Converse, Editor long. CMNHA13348 a,b.

55 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society ol Ohio it organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State ot Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors ot archaeological material, professional and non-professional, Including individuals, museums, and institutions ot learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subiect ot archaeology. Membership in this society shall be open to any person ol good character Interested In archaeology or the collecting ot American Indian artilacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.