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Settlement Patterns and Political Development in Precolumbian Southwest Florida

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SPATIAL STRUCTURE AND PROCESS OF NONAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN PRECOLUMBIAN SOUTHWEST FLORIDA By ROBERT B. PATTON A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2001 Copyright 2001 by Robert Barnett Patton This dissertation is dedicated to my family. Without them it would never have been attempted, for they taught me that knowing the past can and should inform the decisions that shape our world. Without their loving support and my hope for their bright future, it would never have been accomplished. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A work such as this represents the efforts of many people too numerous to recall. Nevertheless, it is important to give credit to those who contributed to its completion. I thank and beg the pardon of any whose names I have omitted through oversight. Preliminary research was made possible in part through a 1995 Survey and Planning Grant to the Charlotte Harbor Environmental Center. The grant was provided by the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior and administered through the Florida Department of State, Division of Historic Resources, Bureau of Historic Preservation. In-kind assistance was provided by the University of Florida Institute of Archaeology and Paleoenvironmental Studies, the Charlotte Harbor Environmental Center, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, and by many individuals in Charlotte County and at the University of Florida who graciously donated their time and expertise. George M. Luer coordinated the 1995 grant and Dr. Michael E. Moseley acted as Principal Investigator for archaeological and historical research. I owe both of them my deep gratitude for giving the current research a place to begin. I extend special thanks for help during preliminary work to Joy Duperault, Alton Cheatham, Agazi Negash, Dan Falt, each student who participated, and all of the volunteers who helped wash and analyze the 1995 artifacts. Further research in 1999 was made possible in part by additional grant assistance from the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, administered through the Florida Department of State, Division of Historical Resources, assisted by the Historic iv Preservation Advisory Board. Further research was also enabled by in-kind contributions from The Florida Department of Environmental Protection (Charlotte Harbor State Aquatic and Buffer Preserves), the Charlotte Harbor Environmental Center, the Florida Museum of Natural History, the Warm Mineral Springs Archaeological Society, Mr. And Mrs. Robert N. McQueen, Cellular One Communications of Port Charlotte, Florida, and many volunteers. The most valuable of all in-kind contributions, volunteer labor, was given by the following individuals: John Adams; Rita Bass; Evelyn Booker; Phil and Sharon Boulware; Michael and Dianne Brooks; Albert and Barbara Buseck; Nancy Capron; Adam and Teri Cummings; Marguerite Davis; Kendall and Barbara Ellington; Jan Fahriney; Shannon Farr; Barbara Fleshman; Jane Gimbrone; Margaret Gunther; Robert, Louise, and Virginia Hamelin; Anita Hamilton; Ellen Hawkinson; Ed Higby; Angelica Patton; Catherine Kristich; Rena Kuhn; Deiter and Carolyn Lehmann; Robert Leighton; Philip Lore; Nasrene MacDonald; Robert McFadden; Ginger Miller; Stephen and Marie Nadle; Lisa Phillips; Michael and Yvonne Porter; Gail Puckett; Susan Reekie; Toby Refosco; Annette Sansone; Bill and Carole Smith; Joseph Spadafora; Lisa Surdam; Alan and Lynette Theisen; Judy Thompson; Bob Toth; Stephen Warne; Arlene Waters; Betty Wieland; Elfrieda Wuerz; and Edith Ziemer. I extend particular gratitude to environmental specialist Robert Repenning for site preservation and access in 1995 and 1999. Were wishes granted, one could ask wisely that all public land managers were so careful and knowledgeable about archaeological resources as Mr. Repenning. I give many thanks for expert assistance during the second field season to Robert Coughter, Steve Koski, Rudy Magyari, Michael Stewart, Corbett Torrence, George Luer, Wayne (“Bud”) and Shirley House, Andy Goodwine, Alton v Cheatham, Joy Duperault, Monica Dorkin, Richard Dorkin, Verla Eisley, and Warren Paul. For assistance with analysis of samples, I thank Ann Cordell, Arden Monroe, Melissa LaLiberte, Alfred Woods, and Scott Mitchell. I also thank Scott Mitchell for help in curation and laboratory procedures. I give very special thanks to Dr. William Marquardt for advice, faith, and the opportunity to perform this work. None of these results would have been available without his patient commitment to southwest Florida archaeology and this research. Appreciation is likewise extended to those in the Florida Museum of Natural History who helped in countless practical ways, including Dr. Kathleen Deagan, Marc Frank, Elise LeCompte, Dr. Jerald Milanich, Arthur Poyer, Irvy Quitmyer, Donna Ruhl, Dr. Karen Walker, Dr. Steven Webb, and Dr. Elizabeth Wing. For administrative assistance, I give my heartfelt thanks to Diane Carver, Darlene Novak, and Andrea Reddish. Academically, resounding thanks are due to Patricia Gaither and Karen Jones for numerous instances of helping to navigate bureaucratic mazes. I give my thanks and praise to the many faculty members of several institutions who have trained me, encouraged me, and/or helped me work out my ideas in their classes or offices. Among this distinguished multitude are Dr. Mark Aldenderfer, Dr. Susan Anton, Dr. George Armelagos, Dr. Lane Beck, Dr. Michael Binford, Dr. Steven Brandt, Mr. Christopher Evans, Dr. Susan deFrance, Mrs. Anne Donaldson, Dr. Paul Doughty, Dr. Gerald F. Murray, Dr. John H. Moore, Dr. David Hally, Mr. Thomas James, Sr., Dr. Ricky Lightfoot, Dr. Leslie Sue Leiberman, Dr. William Lipe, Dr. Michael Moseley, Dr. Joann Mossa, Dr. Stuart Needham, Dr. Naomi Norman, Dr. Lynette Norr, Dr. Anthony Oliver- Smith, Dr. Barbara Purdy, Mrs. Frances Reddish, Mrs. Peggy Riggins, Dr. H. Russell vi Bernard, Dr. Kenneth Sassaman, Dr. Helen Schwartzman, Dr. Scot Smith, and Dr. Marie Louise Stig Sørenson. I extend my sincere gratitude (for advice, inspiration, encouragement, or other help) to Ken Adams, John Anagnostopoulos, John Arthur, Keith Ashley, Dr. Dana Austin, Dr. George Avery, Charles Blanchard, Jim Bradley, Chad Braley, Ashley Chapman, Chris Clement, Ed Cooper, Bob Coughter, Dr. Peter Cronkleton, Bob Edic, Tracy Elder, Wilson Elder, Brad Ensor, Chris Espenshade, Daniel Falt, Pat Garrow, Tom Gresham, Jay Hardman, Karla Harrington, Andrew Hemmings, Ryan Hendershot, Mary Herron, David Hess, Dr. James Hay, Sarah Elder Hicks, Joel Jones, Scott van Keuren, Dr. Adam King, Kristin Kuckelman, Aimée Kwiatkowsi, Greg Leblanc, Joseph Long, George Luer, Dr. Ken Mease, Maureen Meyers, Scott Mitchell, Agazi Negash, Matthew Patoun, Dr. Charles Patton, Jack Patton, John (J. T.) Patton, Marianne Patton, Rev. Steven Patton, David L. Popkin, Philip Quirk, John Clark Salyer, Janet Shaver, Dr. Greg Smith, Keith Stephenson, Azhar Talibi, Corbett Torrence, Ruth Troccoli, Dr. Mark Varien, Tom Vogler, Gifford Waters, Kathy Weedman, Terrance Weik, Karen Weinstein, Dr. Mark Williams, Dr. Ryan Williams, and Al Woods. My highest thanks go to Angelica Patton for proofreading, self-sacrifice, and tolerance. vii PREFACE This work represents the culmination of several goals that each evolved over the course of its completion. As it has often been noted, “Research never happens in a vacuum.” It is hoped that my description of the setting in which this work was produced will help the reader appreciate its strengths and weaknesses. From the time I began graduate studies, I was interested in exploring the evolution of Southeastern social and political complexity. Studying and teaching at the University of Florida opened my eyes to the rich prehistory of the coastal zone in the Southeast and worldwide. My professors inspired me, lighting in me the hope that I too would help reveal untold stories of coastal complexity. In doing so, I realized that I might have the opportunity to further explain the mysteries of our own class society. The case of Florida’s Calusa became of special interest to my studies. Excavations by the Florida Museum of Natural History at the Pineland site were drawing to close in 1992, and I welcomed the opportunity to help analyze the archaeological material. My Master’s thesis was based on work accomplished as part of research assistantships. Having planned to pursue the Doctoral degree from the outset, I saw the thesis research as a way of building the tools I would need to pursue a more ambitious project. Southwest Florida chronologies were hampered by lack of sensitivity, so I developed the means of using shell artifacts to supplement existing diagnostic artifacts. After receiving the Master’s degree in 1994, I immediately began to take the necessary courses and to prepare a topic for my dissertation. By 1996 I had developed my viii earlier work into a survey-based research design, had passed the Doctoral examination, and was working as a teaching assistant in the Department of Anthropology. The research was formulated then as an extension of a limited survey by the University of Florida Institute of Archaeology and Paleoenvironmental Studies. Briefly stated, the expanded concept involved establishing a coherent regional baseline for all types and periods of archaeological sites in the Caloosahatchee area, to allow consideration of regional social and political
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