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Separating Fact from Fiction in the Aiolian Migration

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hesperia yy (2008) SEPARATING FACT Pages399-430 FROM FICTION IN THE AIOLIAN MIGRATION ABSTRACT Iron Age settlementsin the northeastAegean are usuallyattributed to Aioliancolonists who journeyed across the Aegean from mainland Greece. This articlereviews the literary accounts of the migration and presentsthe relevantarchaeological evidence, with a focuson newmaterial from Troy. No onearea played a dominantrole in colonizing Aiolis, nor is sucha widespread colonizationsupported by the archaeologicalrecord. But the aggressive promotionof migrationaccounts after the PersianWars provedmutually beneficialto bothsides of theAegean and justified the composition of the Delian League. Scholarlyassessments of habitation in thenortheast Aegean during the EarlyIron Age are remarkably consistent: most settlements are attributed toAiolian colonists who had journeyed across the Aegean from Thessaly, Boiotia,Akhaia, or a combinationof all three.1There is no uniformityin theancient sources that deal with the migration, although Orestes and his descendantsare named as theleaders in mostaccounts, and are credited withfounding colonies over a broadgeographic area, including Lesbos, Tenedos,the western and southerncoasts of theTroad, and theregion betweenthe bays of Adramyttion and Smyrna(Fig. 1). In otherwords, mainlandGreece has repeatedly been viewed as theagent responsible for 1. TroyIV, pp. 147-148,248-249; appendixgradually developed into a Mountjoy,Holt Parker,Gabe Pizzorno, Berard1959; Cook 1962,pp. 25-29; magisterialstudy that is includedhere Allison Sterrett,John Wallrodt, Mal- 1973,pp. 360-363;Vanschoonwinkel as a companionarticle (Parker 2008). colm Wiener, and the anonymous 1991,pp. 405-421; Tenger 1999, It is our hope that readersinterested in reviewersfor Hesperia. Most of trie pp. 121-126;Boardman 1999, pp. 23- the Aiolian migrationwill read both articlewas writtenin the Burnham 33; Fisher2000, pp. 17-20; Bayne articles,since theyconstitute two sides Classics Libraryof the Universityof 2000,pp. 133-135,265-268, 315-316; of the same coin, and each is dependent Cincinnati,and I thankJacquie Riley Hertel2003, pp. 186-191;2007; Le- on the other. and Mike Braunlin,in particular,for mos2007, pp. 722-723. For assistancein the preparationof theirhelp. When I beganwriting this article, this article,I would like to thank Afterthis articlewent to press,a I recognizedthe need for an appendix Carolyn Asian, JohnBennet, Andrea new book on a similarsubject appeared: on theAiolic dialect, and mycolleague Berlin,Barbara Burrell,Jack Davis, Hertel 2008. Holt Parkeragreed to supplyit. That Pavol Hnila, PeterJablonka, Penelope © The American School of Classical Studies at Athens o c O *d .2I j i ! 3 'u I I S I s- & THE AIOLIAN MIGRATION 4OI the Aiolian settlementsin Lesbos and northwesternAsia Minor,which werebelieved to havebeen foundedafter the Trojan War. This featureof earlyGreek history has becomeso widelyaccepted by scholarsthat the evidencefor it is rarelyassessed anymore. The same has been trueof my own work: during the past 18 years,in whichI haveserved as head of Greekand Roman excavationsat Troy,I neverquestioned the migrationmodel, and assumedAiolian colonizationin all of mypublica- tionson thenew excavations.2 In reexaminingthe Iron Age materialfrom Troyin preparationfor final publication, however, it became clearto me thata reassessmentof the evidence for the Aiolian migration was essential, withthe archaeological and literarymaterial given equal weight,and with an eyetoward historiography, both ancient and modern. Assessing the evidence for the migrationrequires an analysisof ancientsettlements on both sides of the Aegean,and it is worthnoting how infrequentlysuch analyses have been undertaken.Even thoughmost archaeologistswould claim thatthe modernpolitical divisions between Greece and Turkeydo not influencetheir evaluations of the historical evidence,the existing scholarship speaks otherwise.3 This holdstrue even forbooks produced recently: historians tend to focuson eitherGreece or Turkey,and publications that accord equal treatment to bothareas are rare.4 In thisarticle, I firstreview the literary accounts of the migration and then presentthe relevant archaeological evidence, focusing on newmaterial from Troy.I nextsituate the evidencein its historicalcontext, examining cases in whichthe promotionof east-westconnections served some social or politicalpurpose, and considerthe extentto whichthe migrationstories areborne out bythe materialrecord. THE ANCIENT LITERARY SOURCES The firstappearance of the term"Aiolic" may be in the LinearB textsof Knossos,where one finds"a3-wo-re-u-si" as a dativeplural. This maybe a formof "Aiwoleusi,"or "Aiolians,"but the firstsign is broken,and cer- taintyis impossible.In laterGreek, "ai6A,o<;" (of uncertainetymology) means"rapid" and "shining,bright."5 Nothing relating to eitherAiolis or Greekcolonization in westernAsia Minor appearsin theHomeric epics. Odysseustravels to Lesbos but establishesno settlement,and the king of the island is a non-Greeknamed Makar (Od. 4.342-344; II 24.544; Diod. Sic. 1.3; 5.57.2).6The firstuse of theword as a geographicalterm comes in the Worksand Days of Hesiod (lines 635-638), wherethe poet describeshis father'splight in Aiolian Kymeand eventualemigration to Boiotia.7"Aiolic" was subsequentlyapplied by Mimnermos to Smyrnaas well,which means that the rubric's link to partof the west central coast of 2. Cf. Snodgrass1987, pp. 52-66, 4. E.g., Spencer1995; Mountjoy Schwertheimtranslates aa3-wo-re-u- forthe impact of Thucydides' descrip- 1998;Latacz 2004. si"as "foreignwarriors," but this is far tionof the Sicilian colonies on their 5. DerNeuePauly 1, 1996, pp. 335- fromcertain. I thankHolt Parkerfor excavators:the archaeological results 342,s.v. Aeolis (E. Schwertheim). assistancehere. weresometimes forced to conformto CoMIKW KN Wm 1707;Aura Jorro 6. See Spencer1995, pp. 303- theliterary accounts. 1985,s.v. Aioles. A fulllist of ancient 304. 3. Spencer1995, p. 272;Janik and literarysources regarding the Aiolian 7. West1978, p. 317. Zawadzka1996, pp. 118-119. migrationappears in Berard1959. 402 C. BRIAN ROSE AsiaMinor was in placeby the 7th century.8 Nevertheless, in no partof Hesioddo wefind mention of the foundation of colonies in the northeast Aegeanby mainland Greeks. The nextrelevant references occur in theArchaic poetry of Lesbos, inthe works of Alkaios and Sappho. The rulingfamily of Lesbos bore the namePenthelidai, after Penthilos, the son of Orestes, who was named by Hellanikos,Strabo, and Pausanias, among others, as theman who led the Aioliansto Lesbos(Tzetz. ad Lykophr.1374; Strabo 13.1.3; Paus. 3.2.1; Pind.Nem. 11.33).9 By thelater 7th century, then, the rulers of Lesbos appearto have claimed descent from the house of Atreus as a consequence ofpost-Trojan War migration. At moreor less the same time, in theHo- mericHymn to Apollo, Makar, king of Lesbos, is namedas a sonof Aiolos who,in turn,is referredto as a Thessalianking and listedwith Doros andXouthos as sonsof Hellen {Hymn. Horn. Ap. 37).10Aiolos therefore entersinto the family of Hellen; Makar and his Mytilinean descendants acquiremainland Greek origins; andThessaly assumes a role in the Aiolian migration. The islandof Tenedos begins to figurein themigration accounts in the5th century: Pindar s 11thNemean Ode celebratesAristagoras, a citizenof Tenedos, whose Spartan ancestor Peisandros joined Orestes in leadingan Aiolianforce to theshores of Tenedos (Pind. Nem. 11.33). The implicationis that one generation after the Trojan War, Tenedos, like Lesbos,had been seized by a groupof men from the Peloponnese, which includedthe ancestor of Aristagoras. Up tothis point, the authors dealing withthe migration had provided no specificreason for its inauguration, buta religiousmotive is suppliedby Demon of Athens (fl. ca. 300 B.C.), whorecords a prophecy that a plaguein central Greece would end only if Oresteswere to foundcolonies and restore shrines in areasthat had been damagedduring the Trojan War.11 Notall of these authors agreed on what or where Aiolis actually was. Bythe 6th century, according to Herodotos,the original region of Aiolis laybetween Pergamon and Smyrna along or near the coast, and was con- trolledby a leagueof 12 citiesheadquartered inthe sanctuary ofApollo at Gryneion,between Elaia and Myrina. Herodotos separated this area from thecities of which he links to Lesbosand Tenedos theTroad/>£r^, (Hdt. 8. ForAiolic West the4th theterm had been Smyrna: 1992, 1.149-151).By centuryB.C., however, applied p. 87,fr. 9. Forthe Iron Age settlement tothe western Troad in additionto theoriginal cities (Strabo 13.1.4, 39). at Smyrna,see Cook andNicholls BothHerodotos and Thucydides also refer to partsof mainland Greece 1998,pp. 43-45; Ozgunel1978. The - as havingoriginally been called Aiolis Thessaly,according to the former, firstfortification wall at thesite dates to thelate 9th andthe part of Aitolia between Pleuron and Kalydon, adjacent to Ozolian century. 9. Page 1955,pp. 149-150. Lokris,according to the latter (Hdt. 7.176.4; Thuc. 3.102.5; see also Diod. 10.The referenceto Aiolosas a Sic.4.67.2). Thessalian,and as brotherto Doros One ofthe fullest accounts of the migration isprovided by Strabo, who andXouthos, appears in the6th-cen- includesunder the rubric "Aiolis" the entire area from Kyzikos to Kyme, turyCatalogue of Women,fr. 9: see Mer- 7. See also includingTenedos and Lesbos, with the first stage of the migration dat- kelbachand West 1967, p. 60 afterthe War Ulf1996, pp. 249-271; Hall 1997, ing years
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    T.C. ÇANAKKALE ONSEKİZ MART ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ÇANAKKALE KENTİ REKREASYON POTANSİYELİNİN KENTLERİN YAŞANABİLİRLİĞİ AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ DOKTORA TEZİ Hazırlayan Alper SAĞLIK Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Abdullah KELKİT T.C. ÇANAKKALE ONSEKİZ MART ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ COĞRAFYA ANABİLİM DALI ÇANAKKALE KENTİ REKREASYON POTANSİYELİNİN KENTLERİN YAŞANABİLİRLİĞİ AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Doktora Tezi Hazırlayan Alper SAĞLIK Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Abdullah KELKİT Bu çalışma, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri kapsamında desteklenmiştir. Proje No: SDK-2013-120 Çanakkale – 2014 TAAHHÜTNAME Doktora Tezi olarak sunduğum "Çanakkale Kenti Rekreasyon Potansiyelinin Kentlerin Yaşanabilirliği Açısından Değerlendirilmesi" adlı çalışmanın, tarafımdan, bilimsel ahlak ve geleneklere aykırı düşecek bir yardıma başvurmaksızın yazıldığını ve yararlandığım eserlerin kaynakçada gösterilenlerden oluştuğunu, bunlara atıf yapılarak yararlanılmış olduğunu belirtir ve bunu onurumla doğrularım. 18/02/2014 Alper SAĞLIK i ÖZET ÇANAKKALE KENTİ REKREASYON POTANSİYELİNİN KENTLERİN YAŞANABİLİRLİĞİ AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Endüstrileşmenin ve kentleşmenin uzantısı olarak oluşturulan yapay çevrede aşırı nüfus artışı ve hızla artan kentleşme baskısı altında bunalan insanlar, sosyal, kültürel, ekonomik ve fizyolojik olanakları ile serbest zamanlarını değerlendirmek ve kaybettikleri enerjilerini yeniden kazanmak amacıyla rekreasyon alanlarına yönelmektedirler. Kent insanının bu yöndeki gereksinmelerinin
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    The Late Bronze Age in the West and the Aegean Oxford Handbooks Online The Late Bronze Age in the West and the Aegean Trevor Bryce The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE) Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman Print Publication Date: Sep 2011 Subject: Archaeology, Archaeology of the Near East Online Publication Date: Nov DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0015 2012 Abstract and Keywords This article presents data on western Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age, wherein it was the homeland of a wide range of states and population groups. The most important and most powerful of these was a group of kingdoms that are attested in Hittite texts as the Arzawa Lands. Most scholars associate the development of these kingdoms with Luwian-speaking populations who had occupied large parts of Anatolia from (at least) the early second millennium BCE. The most enduring link between Anatolia's Late Bronze Age civilizations and their first- millennium-BCE successors is provided by the Lukka people, one of the Luwian-speaking population groups of southwestern Anatolia. They were almost certainly among the most important agents for the continuity and spread of Luwian culture in southern Anatolia throughout the first millennium BCE. Keywords: western Anatolia, Arzawa Lands, Lukka people, Luwian culture In this chapter, the phrase “western Anatolia” encompasses the regions extending along Anatolia’s western and southwestern coasts, from the Troad in the north to Lukka in the south, and inland to the regions stretching north and south of the (Classical) Hermus and Maeander Rivers. During the Late Bronze Age, these regions were occupied by an array of states and population groups known to us from numerous references to them in the tablet archives of the Hittite capital Ḫattuša.
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    MASTER NEGATIVE NO. 93-81605- Y MICROFILMED 1 993 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK / as part of the "Foundations of Western Civilization Preservation Project'' Funded by the NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES Reproductions may not be made without permission from Columbia University Library COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States - Title 17, United photocopies or States Code - concerns the making of other reproductions of copyrighted material. and Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries or other archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy the reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that for any photocopy or other reproduction is not to be "used purpose other than private study, scholarship, or for, or later uses, a research." If a user makes a request photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of fair infringement. use," that user may be liable for copyright a This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept fulfillment of the order copy order if, in its judgement, would involve violation of the copyright law. AUTHOR: VAUX, WILLIAM SANDYS WRIGHT TITLE: GREEK CITIES ISLANDS OF ASIA MINOR PLACE: LONDON DA TE: 1877 ' Master Negative # COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT BIBLIOGRAPHIC MTCROFORM TAR^FT Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record m^m i» 884.7 !! V46 Vaux, V7aiion Sandys Wright, 1818-1885. ' Ancient history from the monuments. Greek cities I i and islands of Asia Minor, by W. S. W. Vaux... ' ,' London, Society for promoting Christian knowledce." ! 1877. 188. p. plate illus. 17 cm. ^iH2n KJ Restrictions on Use: TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA i? FILM SIZE: 3 S'^y^/"^ REDUCTION IMAGE RATIO: J^/ PLACEMENT: lA UA) iB .