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Monuments, Materiality, and Meaning in the Classical Archaeology of Anatolia

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Monuments, Materiality, and Meaning in the Classical Archaeology of Anatolia MONUMENTS, MATERIALITY, AND MEANING IN THE CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF ANATOLIA by Daniel David Shoup A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Classical Art and Archaeology) in The University of Michigan 2008 Doctoral Committee: Professor Elaine K. Gazda, Co-Chair Professor John F. Cherry, Co-Chair, Brown University Professor Fatma Müge Göçek Professor Christopher John Ratté Professor Norman Yoffee Acknowledgments Athena may have sprung from Zeus’ brow alone, but dissertations never have a solitary birth: especially this one, which is largely made up of the voices of others. I have been fortunate to have the support of many friends, colleagues, and mentors, whose ideas and suggestions have fundamentally shaped this work. I would also like to thank the dozens of people who agreed to be interviewed, whose ideas and voices animate this text and the sites where they work. I offer this dissertation in hope that it contributes, in some small way, to a bright future for archaeology in Turkey. My committee members have been unstinting in their support of what has proved to be an unconventional project. John Cherry’s able teaching and broad perspective on archaeology formed the matrix in which the ideas for this dissertation grew; Elaine Gazda’s support, guidance, and advocacy of the project was indispensible to its completion. Norman Yoffee provided ideas and support from the first draft of a very different prospectus – including very necessary encouragement to go out on a limb. Chris Ratté has been a generous host at the site of Aphrodisias and helpful commentator during the writing process. Fatma Müge Göçek unhesitatingly offered her support to a project with only the feeblest aspirations to sociology, and helped me make indispensible connections within Turkey. ii A number of other faculty at Michigan have provided invaluable guidance at various stages of the process. Elizabeth Brabec, Julia Wondelleck, Scott Campbell, and Karl Longstreth provided important perspectives from the world of urban and environmental planning. Margaret Root, Gary Beckman, and Henry Wright helped me ground my research in the broader perspective of the Near East, and also encouraged me to pursue my own interests, however far they might take me from the traditional focus of the Classical archaeologist. The community of archaeologists in Turkey welcomed me with kindness, enthusiasm, and patience. Dr. Ian Hodder provided important early encouragement. Dr. Francesco D’Andria, Dr. Orhan Bingöl, Dr. Crawford H. Greenewalt, Dr. Felix Pirson, Dr. Christopher Ratté, Dr. Brian Rose, Dr. R.R.R. Smith, Dr. G. Kenneth Sams, and Dr. Marc Waelkens were generous with their hospitality, knowledge, and time during my site visits. This dissertation could not have been completed without their kind permission to visit their sites and conduct interviews. Dr. Bahadır Yıldırım at the American Research Institute in Turkey was instrumental in helping me understand the permit process and the role of the foreign schools in archaeological research. Dr. !engül Aydingün of Kocaeli University was a gracious host and an enthusiastic guide to the 2007 Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı in Kocaeli, and provided me with much needed assistance and encouragement. I have been blessed with friends who have helped me balance life and work through my years of graduate school, including Dave Dobbie, Jonathan DeVore, Geoff Goodman, Leah Long, Emily Squires, Diana Ng, Will Griggs, Lena Van Haren, and many others. My brothers and sisters in the Graduate Employees Organization taught me about solidarity, and helped me remember that academic work can be a form of social iii responsibility. In Hartford, Luis Cotto and the people of La Paloma Sabanera gave me space to work and grow community. Sean Aaberg in Eugene helped me keep it all in perspective. My fellow students in in IPCAA have kept my love for the Classical world alive, while reminding me that being a graduate student can also be a great time. Finally, I’m grateful to Terry Yasuko Ogawa, who has been there for me throughout the writing process, offering love, honest criticism, and true friendship. She has helped me put joy into the work. This dissertation is dedicated to my parents and grandparents, all enthusiasts of the past in their own right. They have taught me strength in adversity, how to keep setbacks in perspective, and how to be loyal to a good cause. I would never have reached this point without the knowledge that their love and support was there for me when needed it. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgments ................................................................................................. ii List of Figures......................................................................................................viii List of Tables ........................................................................................................ ix Abstract ................................................................................................................ xi Chapter 1: Value, Materiality, and Place in Archaeological Stewardship..............1 Cultural Resources Management and Modern “Governmentality”................................ 6 Ethical Codes in Archaeology ..................................................................................... 11 Archaeology and Ethics in the Turkish Context .......................................................... 14 Theoretical Perspectives............................................................................................. 17 Valuing Materiality and Monumentality ................................................................... 18 Archaeological Sites and the Politics of Space ....................................................... 21 Research Questions.................................................................................................... 23 Outline of the Dissertation........................................................................................... 26 Chapter 2: Materializing the Past in Roman Asia Minor......................................31 Antiquarian Culture in the Roman East....................................................................... 33 Pausanias and Periegetic Literature ........................................................................... 37 Making the Past Present: Heroes and Founders ........................................................ 41 Historicizing Urban Space: Ephesos....................................................................... 43 Sculpture and Identity at Aphrodisias...................................................................... 47 Creating a Hellenic History at Pergamon ................................................................ 51 Displaying History: Temple Treasuries ....................................................................... 54 Value and Materiality: Placing the Past ...................................................................... 58 Chapter 3: Classical Travelers and the Crafting of Archaeological Place, 1400- 1800 ....................................................................................................................64 Before Greece: Wilhelm von Boldensele and Medieval Travel in the Aegean............ 69 ‘Turcia Nomen Accipit’: Cristoforo Buondelmonti and the Ancient World under Ottoman Rule .............................................................................................................. 73 Ciriaco of Ancona: The First Archaeologist?............................................................... 79 Spon and Wheler in Anatolia....................................................................................... 85 Chandler’s Ionian Antiquities....................................................................................... 96 The Effectiveness of the Classical Traveler.............................................................. 104 Chapter 4: Colonialism, Archaeology, and the Rise of the State, 1800-2000 ...109 Archaeology and Imperialism in the 19th Century ..................................................... 111 The Tanzimat and Ottoman Resistance.................................................................... 114 Antiquities Policy in the Turkish Republic ................................................................. 119 Archaeology and Identity in the Turkish Republic ................................................. 122 Archaeology and Society in Turkey 1945-1980 ........................................................ 128 v Anadoluculuk and the Popularization of Archaeology........................................... 128 Institutional Transformations and the 1983 Law ................................................... 131 Trends in 1990s and 2000s....................................................................................... 134 The Growth of Salvage and Survey Archaeology ................................................. 134 The Tourism Boom................................................................................................ 136 The Merger of the Ministries and Archaeology’s Economic Imperative ................ 139 A Snapshot of Turkish Archaeology: 2007 Kazı Sonuçlari Toplantısı................... 143 Discussion................................................................................................................. 148 Chapter 5: Introduction to the Interview Data....................................................150 Research in 2006
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